Tottenham Outrage - Knowledge

22: 615: 444:; many of the passengers escaped, and the driver, who saw the armed men, ran up the front stairs of the vehicle and hid on the top deck. Lepidus threatened the conductor with a pistol and ordered him to drive; although he had never driven a tram before, he managed to get the vehicle moving. Lepidus stayed with his pistol trained on the conductor, while Helfeld shot at the pursuers behind them. One policeman commandeered a pony and cart; he was armed and tried to get close enough to manage an aimed shot, but Helfeld shot the horse and the cart overturned. A tram on the return journey from that of number 9 was commandeered by a policeman; 40 others boarded it and it reversed down the track in pursuit. The conductor, wanting to get rid of the two men, told them that there was a police station around the next corner. The two criminals jumped off the tram near a horse-drawn 511: 657: 352: 629: 643: 98: 417: 460:. The footpath was bordered by a six-foot (1.8 m)-high fence and, as it continued, it narrowed to the point of being impassable. It was too late for the men to turn back and they decided to climb over; Lepidus managed to make it, but Helfeld, exhausted by the chase, could not manage to climb. He shouted to Lepidus to save himself and, as the police closed in, he put the gun to his head and shot himself. The bullet entered the head half an inch above the right eye and exited through the forehead on the other side. He was disarmed before he could fire again, and was struggling as he was overpowered; he was taken to Tottenham Hospital. 493:

safety catch worked, and the gun failed to fire. Eagles descended and entered the house with PC John Cater and Detective Constable Charles Dixon. The three noticed sooty hand prints on the wall, where Lepidus had tried to hide up the chimney. Using a double-barrelled shotgun, Dixon shot through the door of the bedroom Lepidus had entered, while Cater and Eagles shot with revolvers. All three entered the room as Lepidus pulled a sheet over his head. Eagles and Dixon both fired as they entered, while Lepidus shot himself in the head. The police dragged him outside, where he died a few minutes later.

469: 228: 380:(PCs)—Tyler and Newman—at the nearby police station heard the shots, left the station and chased the two men down Chesnut Road. Part way down the road, George Smith, a passer-by, threw Lepidus to the ground. As they wrestled, Helfeld fired at Smith four times; two shots went through his cap—one of which scraped his scalp—another hit him in the collarbone and one missed altogether. As the two gunmen ran down the street, other members of the public joined the chase, as did several off-duty policemen from the station— 213: 397:. PCs Tyler and Newman took a short cut, and confronted the two men near the site of a rubbish incinerator. Tyler approached the men and, when he was within 9 yards (8.2 m), was heard to say "Come on; give in, the game's up". Helfeld took aim and shot him; the bullet went through his head. The two criminals took off again, while Tyler was carried to a nearby house and an ambulance summoned. He was taken to Tottenham Hospital, where he died five minutes after arrival. 329:—and returned to the factory, arriving at about 10:30 am. The car stopped to allow Keyworth—holding the bag of money—to open the gates; as it started to pull off, Lepidus grabbed the boy and tried to take the bag from him, but Keyworth held him off. Wilson stopped the car and came to Keyworth's assistance. As the trio wrestled, Wilson fell to the ground and Lepidus managed to take the bag. Helfeld joined the fight; he drew his gun—a 721:. That event led to the murder of three policemen, the wounding of two others and a gun battle which involved the military being deployed in London. A further review after the Sidney Street murders resulted in the Metropolitan Police replacing the Webley revolver with the Webley & Scott .32 calibre MP semi-automatic pistol in 1911; the City of London Police adopted the same weapon in 1912. 364: 413:, then crossed another bridge and again held off the chasing crowd from the bridge's parapet. One policeman, PC Nicod, borrowed a pistol from a bystander and made his way through the scrub until he was close enough to fire, but the gun was faulty; he was seen by Helfeld and Lepidus, who fired on him, wounding him in the calf and thigh. 681:, dated 7 July 1909, to recognise the bravery of the officers who had pursued Lepidus and Helfeld. Eagles, Cater and Dixon, the three officers who broke into Oak Cottage to apprehend Lepidus, were among the first recipients announced on 9 November 1909. The three were also among five officers promoted to the rank of 496:

The incident had lasted over two hours and covered a distance of six miles (10 km); Helfeld and Lepidus had fired an estimated 400 rounds of ammunition. Twenty-three casualties were reported, two of them fatal and several others serious. Seven policemen were among the casualties. The bulk of the

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The milk cart overturned when the men tried to take a corner too fast, and they threatened a grocer's boy before stealing his delivery cart; Lepidus drove while Helfeld sat at the back, shooting at pursuers. A policeman commandeered a car and he, with an armed colleague, kept up pursuit. The cart did

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until they crossed over; they were able to hold off the crowd from the bridge. Men who had been duck shooting on the marshes used their shotguns to return fire and when the two criminals moved on from the bridge, local footballers joined in the chase. Helfeld and Lepidus ran along the western bank of

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Paul Helfeld (also given as Hefeld), aged 21 in 1909, and Jacob Lepidus (also reported as Lapidus), who was 25 the same year, were Jewish-Latvian immigrants. They had been members of a Latvian socialist party and, although they had not held positions of responsibility, they had smuggled revolutionary

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Helfeld and Lepidus were members of a Latvian socialist party responsible for smuggling revolutionary literature into Russia. Both had been living with Lepidus's brother Paul in Paris in 1907 when Paul was killed by the premature detonation of the bomb he was carrying to assassinate the president of

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Ralph Joscelyne's father died soon after his son's murder; Ralph's mother kept the shoes her son had been wearing on the day he was killed. Following her wishes, they were buried with her when she died in 1953. A collection was taken for PC Tyler's widow, which raised £1,055; she was only paid the

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When Lepidus went upstairs, one policeman, PC Dewhurst, broke in through a downstairs window and removed the children from the house. PC Charles Eagles borrowed a pistol from a bystander and climbed a ladder at the back of the house. He was in a position to shoot, but he did not understand how the

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William Tyler and Ralph Joscelyne, a ten-year-old boy—was attended by a crowd of up to half a million mourners, including 2,000 policemen. The event exacerbated ill feeling towards immigrants in London, and much of the press coverage was anti-Semitic in nature. This affected public sentiment after

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Several revolutionary factions were active in East and North London. One tactic often employed by revolutionaries in Russia was the expropriation of private property to fund radical activities. The influx of émigrés, and the associated rising rates of violent crime, led to widespread concerns and

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were held on 26 January 1909, that of Lepidus in Walthamstow, and that of PC Tyler and 10-year-old Ralph Joscelyne in Tottenham. The coroner in the Walthamstow inquest described Lepidus as a "secret revolutionary agent", and said that the law would have to change to stop such criminal elements

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Both men joined a small group of Latvian agitators living in north London; according to other members of the group, the pair had criminal records and had joined as a cover for the robberies they carried out. Lepidus was employed, briefly, at a furniture factory, while Helfeld took a job at the

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where a Mrs Rolstone and her children were present. Mrs Rolstone was at the front gate, having left the house on hearing the police whistles, when Lepidus entered the house behind her and bolted the door. When she saw Lepidus through the window—locked in with her children—she screamed, which

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fired by the thieves. The robbery, of workers' wages from the Schnurmann rubber factory, was carried out by Paul Helfeld and Jacob Lepidus, Jewish Latvian immigrants. Of the twenty-three casualties, two were fatal and several others serious, among them seven policemen. The two thieves killed

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As the car approached them, the two criminals turned and opened fire. One round broke the car's water pipe, disabling it, and Wilson received a minor wound to the neck; Newman's cheek and ear were damaged by one shot. Members of the public attempted to take cover, but one—Ralph Joscelyne, a

564:. The cortège passed along a two-and-a-half mile (four km) route lined by 2,000 police officers and a large crowd, estimated at up to 500,000. The lengthy procession included white-plumed horses drawing Joscelyne's coffin and black-plumed horses drawing Tyler's; each was draped with a 388:

bicycles from passers-by. One policeman was able to return fire with a pistol borrowed from a member of the public. The car from the factory joined in the pursuit, driven by Wilson; he paused and PC Newman boarded the car before they gave chase again. Tyler ran alongside the car.

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harbours some of the worst alien anarchists and criminals who seek our too hospitable shore. And these are the men who use the pistol and the knife. The present affair inevitably recalls the extraordinary and fatal outrage which occurred at Tottenham less than two years

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interest, in addition to her widow's pension of £15 a year. She later married PC Williams, who had taken part in the chase; he died in 1925. On her death, the capital sum of the money raised for her was paid to the Metropolitan and City of London Police orphanage fund.

592:. Surgery was carried out on 9 February to remove pieces of bone pressing into the wound; the meningitis worsened and he died on 12 February. Before his death he said the only words he was heard to have uttered in hospital: "My mother is in 685:

without the need for the usual examination; Nicod and Dewhurst were the others who rose in rank. Two others were raised to the highest level of their pay grades. Seven were granted financial awards from the Bow Street Court Reward Fund.

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suspected another individual, the Russian revolutionary Christian Salnish, of having organised the robbery. Salnish, who often went under the name Jacob Fogel, had been an active revolutionary since the age of 13. He participated in the

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called Helfeld and Lepidus "our audacious comrades" who came "under attack" from what they called "citizens, believers in the State and authority". The perception of immigrants was affected by the outrage and, according to the

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Following the events at Tottenham, Sir Edward Henry set up a board to examine compensation claims made by members of the public. The board was also instructed to examine whether the firearm used by the police—the .450

440:. As they crossed an area of open land, they sheltered behind a haystack and held off the pursuers, who numbered about 20 at this point. The two ran on until they reached Chingford Road, where they boarded a number 9 456:

not travel very fast because, unbeknown to Lepidus, its brake was still on, and one of the wheels was not operating. The horse was soon spent, and the two men abandoned it, taking off on foot along the bank of the

333:—and fired several times at Wilson. The shots hit Wilson's coat; one pierced his clothes and cut across his abdomen. The police report stated that it was "in a miraculous and unaccountable way he escaped injury". 796:, it "provoked some misplaced public anti-Semitism", which affected public opinion two years later in the siege of Sidney Street. In December 1909, during the events that led to the siege, a leading article in 2460: 277:

Schnurmann rubber factory in Tottenham. Helfeld refused to give his name when he joined the company, so he was listed on the time sheets as "Elephant" in reference to his bulk. Situated on the corner of

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entering Britain. Although Constable Eagles believed he had fired the shot that killed Lepidus, the round extracted from the dead man's head indicated otherwise. The jury passed a verdict of suicide.

308:. Special Branch suspected a political element to the crime based on Salnish's involvement, but as both Helfeld and Lepidus died during the chase, the motivation for the crime was never established. 866:

PC Tyler was 31 years-old at the time. He had been a policeman since 1903 and was described by one of his superiors as "an exemplary man". Prior to joining the police, he had been a gunner with the

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in a Walthamstow cemetery in a ceremony closed to the public. An armed guard was kept around Tottenham Hospital in case Helfeld tried to escape. Although his wounds had begun to heal, he contracted

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of PC Tyler by Helfeld, for which the coroner used the authority of his court to commit the Latvian to trial. Joscelyne's death, the jury decided, had been caused by Helfeld and Lepidus together.

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ten-year-old boy—was caught by a round to the chest. Someone took him to hospital on a bicycle, but he was pronounced dead on arrival. The gunmen continued their escape, and headed towards

2762: 68:. They fled France to north London, where they became members of a small group of Latvian agitators. For some time before the robbery, Helfeld was employed at the Schnurmann factory. 717:. These changes had not been implemented by the end of December 1910, when a group of Latvian revolutionaries undertook an attempted break-in at a jewellery shop, which led to the 2715: 701:

in memory of Joscelyne was placed at the Church of the Good Shepherd, Tottenham, and one indicating the end of the chase at the approximate site of Oak Cottage (now destroyed).

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On 23 January 1909 Helfeld and Lepidus waited outside the Schnurmann factory. At the same time every week Schnurmann's chauffeur, Joseph Wilson, drove to a bank in nearby

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Hagedorn, Julia (31 January 1989). "Education Guardian: Death stalks the streets – Reliving history took on new meaning for children at a North London school recently".

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canal; local workmen followed on the opposite bank in an attempt to cut them off, but several were wounded when the two men fired at them. The pair crossed the canal at

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In November 1909 a monument to PC Tyler was built at his grave; the £200 cost was paid by members of the Metropolitan Police. The memorial was designated a

2314: 1786: 1602: 1600: 1598: 3260: 2979: 1595: 783:, focused on attacking the Aliens Act 1905, blaming it for being too open and making it too easy to enter the country. The French anarchist newspaper 273:, the President of France, exploded prematurely. Lepidus and Helfeld fled the country and lived in Scotland for a year, before moving to Tottenham. 3146: 557: 129:; the concentration of Jews in some areas of London was almost 100 per cent of the population. Because of the influx of Russians into one part of 125:. The influx reached its peak in the late 1890s when large numbers of Jewish immigrants—mostly poor and semi-skilled or unskilled—settled in the 614: 2754: 1792: 1708: 2972: 269:

as a "member of a notorious Russian revolutionary family". On 1 May 1907 Paul Lepidus was killed when a bomb he was carrying to assassinate

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another armed robbery by Latvian immigrants in December 1910, which resulted in the murder of three policemen; the events culminated in the

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The inquest at Tottenham heard evidence through the day and adjourned until the following week. When the verdict was given, it was for the

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supported the bill to bar "the dirty, destitute, diseased, verminous and criminal foreigner who dumps himself on our soil". The journalist

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for ten years and had an excellent character reference when he left the army. He had been married for a year; the couple had no children.

1633: 2719: 1479: 1477: 2735: 2617: 2561: 1422: 760: 1474: 697:). A cross was carved into a wall where PC Tyler was shot, and a plaque in his memory was installed at Tottenham police station. A 549: 3037: 1840: 3255: 2806: 2785: 756: 1580: 709:—was suitable, and whether sufficient numbers had been issued. The recommendation was that the Webley should be replaced by the 21: 2477: 2111: 1443: 2830: 1693: 1666: 1620: 1618: 2955: 2936: 2915: 2846: 2433: 2414: 2374: 2355: 2292: 2220: 2201: 2182: 2160: 2139: 2120: 2096: 2056: 973: 935: 828: 122: 774:'s record on immigration, citing the number of foreign dissidents who had been expelled from Britain for criminal activity. 1615: 596:." An inquest recorded a verdict of suicide. He was buried in an unconsecrated area of a cemetery near Tottenham Hospital. 325:

with Albert Keyworth, a 17-year-old office boy. They collected the week's wages—on the 23rd it was £80 in gold, silver and

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Donald Rumbelow, in his history of the event, states the shot went through the neck; the witnesses at the inquest say the

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Some of the expatriates were revolutionaries, and many were unable to adapt to life in London. The social historian

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Lepidus was reported as having a blood-stained face at this point, which was probably the result of wounds from

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money from the robbery was never recovered, with the exception of a £5 bag of silver coins found on Lepidus.

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was released in 1960. A highly fictionalised re-imagining of the events form a sub-plot of the 2014 novel

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Literature, Immigration, and Diaspora in Fin-de-Siècle England: A Cultural History of the 1905 Aliens Act

793: 351: 27: 1903: 1793:"Information Leaflet Number 43; Records of City of London Police Officers", London Metropolitan Archives 827:£80 in 1909 equates to around equivalent to £10,533 in 2023, according to calculations based on the 656: 281:

and Chesnut Road, the factory sat opposite Tottenham Police Station, which was under the control of the

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and tramway employees. A volley of guns was fired at the end. The two were buried near each other at

568:. They were escorted by policemen, a police band, men from the local fire brigade, a contingent from 322: 75:, which was awarded to several of those involved in the pursuit. A joint funeral for the two victims— 1939: 3220: 3097: 3055: 2449: 1483: 867: 569: 2533: 1846: 972:£200 in 1909 equates to equivalent to £26,333 in 2023, according to calculations based on the 628: 168:" had been conflated by the British press to refer generally to those with revolutionary beliefs. 3230: 3225: 3170: 3049: 674: 293: 2662: 1586: 642: 3079: 2825: 2581: 1921: 1449: 718: 81: 72: 2683: 2626: 2608: 1699: 1672: 3182: 2907:

The Tottenham Outrage and Walthamstow Tram Chase: The Most Spectacular Hot Pursuit in History

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literature into Russia for the party. The pair had been living in Paris in 1907, along with

3121: 2515: 1624: 585: 2805: 2739: 1957: 121:, many emigrated, and between 1875 and 1914 around 120,000 arrived in the United Kingdom, 8: 3103: 3043: 1492: 952: 841: 713:, although no change was made. A subsequent decision was for a British-made firearm, the 573: 282: 278: 180:

in an attempt to reduce immigration. The popular press reflected the opinions of many; a

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Although there was some initial confusion about the backgrounds of Helfeld and Lepidus—

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Helfeld and Lepidus crossed the nearby railway line and followed the west bank of the

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and the City of London Police Act 1839, the capital was policed by two forces, the

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The popular press reported the case extensively, and some newspapers, particularly

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Scholes, Lucy (31 July 2014). "A streetwise murder tale for crime connoisseurs".

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Joscelyne and Tyler's joint funeral was held on 29 January 1909, attended by Sir

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reported that they were Italians—the actions of the two men led to a debate on

743: 406: 106: 2877: 2304: 448:, shooting the driver and stealing his vehicle. They fled in the direction of 3204: 2995: 2395: 2240: 2077: 880: 678: 533: 484:. He crossed the nearby railway line and took refuge in Oak Cottage, a small 449: 385: 305: 234: 191: 2699: 584:

Lepidus was buried the same day as Joscelyne and Tyler. He was interred in

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The Jew in London. A Study of Racial Character and Present-Day Conditions

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The bravery of the police during the chase led to the creation of the

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were almost accepted as part of the East End landscape"; the terms "

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Helfeld and Lepidus continued their flight along the south side of

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term for "felon of himself"; it is an archaic legal term meaning

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inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017).

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Lepidus was also carrying a weapon, a 6.5mm 1894 model Bergmann

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Morgan, D. J. (26 January 1909). "The Shooting Outrage".

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The estimate of numbers attending differed in the press.

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said there were "considerably more than 100,000", while

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Scotland Yard Casebook, the Making of the CID 1865–1935

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The events of the Tottenham Outrage were re-enacted in

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Webley & Scott .32 calibre MP semi-automatic pistol

2876:. Police Firearms Officers Association. Archived from 2367:

The Houndsditch Murders and the Siege of Sidney Street

1910:"Conservation areas", London Borough of Waltham Forest 1867: 1762: 1681: 1556: 1393: 1340: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1224: 1197: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1136: 959:, who were responsible for law enforcement within the 1975: 1963: 1723: 1109: 2084: 1958:"The Siege of Sidney Street", British Film Institute 1568: 1528: 1431: 1325: 1236: 1121: 1103: 1061: 1007: 989: 296:

and afterwards helped to build resistance groups in

1266: 1164: 1073: 3086:West Bromwich/Nuneaton, Staffordshire/Warwickshire 2682:. London Borough of Waltham Forest. Archived from 2303: 2280: 2085:Cohen, Steve; Humphries, Beth; Mynott, Ed (2002). 1946:"The Croydon film pioneers", Huntley Film Archives 955:, who held sway over most of the capital, and the 2663:"The Tottenham Outrage: Verdict at the Inquest". 2645:"The Tottenham Outrage: Inquest on Paul Hefeld". 1891: 1715:"The Tottenham Outrage: Inquest on Paul Hefeld", 1587:"The Tottenham Outrage: Verdict at the Inquest", 1049: 3202: 1879: 2627:"The Tottenham Outrage: The Funeral of Jacob". 2507:"Imposing Funeral of London's Policeman Hero". 2498:"Mr Herbert Gladstone: The Tottenham Outrage". 1673:"The Tottenham Outrage: The Funeral of Jacob", 1607:"Imposing Funeral of London's Policeman Hero", 101:Schnurmann rubber factory: scene of the robbery 2761:. London Metropolitan Archives. Archived from 2191: 1933: 2980: 2829:. Metropolitan Police Service. Archived from 2738:. Metropolitan Police Service. Archived from 2718:. Metropolitan Police Service. Archived from 2562:"Tottenham Outrage's young victim remembered" 2088:From Immigration Controls to Welfare Controls 150: 2383: 2318:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2129: 2048:Victoria's Madmen: Revolution and Alienation 1506: 1019: 800:described the Whitechapel area as one that: 785: 257: 255:, a revolutionary bomber who went under the 2283:The East End: Four Centuries of London Life 894: 726:Doctor Brian Pellie and the Secret Despatch 2987: 2973: 2543:"The Murdered Policeman: Public Funeral". 2229: 2169: 1741: 1643:"The Murdered Policeman: Public Funeral", 1218: 1031: 693:on 24 March 1997 by English Heritage (now 2155:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1320:UK Consumer Price Index Inflation Figures 2809:. British Film Institute. Archived from 2488: 2458: 2364: 2192:Keily, Jackie; Hoffbrand, Julia (2015). 2130:Gould, Robert; Waldren, Michael (1986). 2115:. Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications. 1873: 1768: 1687: 1562: 1550: 1522: 1502: 1468: 1399: 1365: 1349: 1287: 1230: 1206: 1158: 1142: 1079: 509: 467: 415: 96: 20: 2868: 2654:"The Tottenham Outrage: The Inquests". 2590: 2478:"Tottenham Remembers Outrageous Deaths" 2315:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2105: 1969: 1834: 1729: 1574: 1546: 1534: 1518: 1498: 1464: 1437: 1385:"The Tottenham Outrage: The Inquests", 1361: 1334: 1245: 1043: 809: 472:The bed where Lepidus committed suicide 3203: 2931:. London: Wilson Harris Publications. 2524: 2423: 2402: 2345: 2301: 2275: 2271:. 9 November 1909. pp. 8243–8244. 2148: 2065: 2008: 1981: 1191: 1179: 1154: 1115: 1091: 1067: 1055: 995: 892:The verdict of the coroners court was 579: 93:Immigration and demographics in London 60:themselves at the end of the pursuit. 3261:Murder–suicides in the United Kingdom 2968: 2950:. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2559: 2384:Russell, Charles; Lewis, H S (1900). 2232:Middlesex: Biographical and Pictorial 2044: 2038: 1897: 1258:"An outrage that appalled a nation", 1130: 2736:"History of the Metropolitan Police" 2716:"Historical Organisation of the Met" 2566:Tottenham and Wood Green Independent 2560:Pears, Elizabeth (2 February 2011). 2482:Tottenham and Wood Green Independent 2475: 2406:Special Branch: A History: 1883–2006 2210: 1885: 1275: 311: 2948:The Black Museum: New Scotland Yard 2807:"The Siege of Sidney Street (1960)" 2553:"An Outrage that Appalled a Nation" 2476:Gray, Charlotte (26 January 2009). 2461:"Face Has Changed but Fear Remains" 648:Plaque in memory of Ralph Joscelyne 539: 520:, reporting the funeral of PC Tyler 432:6. Where Lepidus committed suicide 426:3. Where Ralph Joscelyne was killed 35:'s interpretation of the tram chase 13: 3216:1909 murders in the United Kingdom 2897: 2791:National Heritage List for England 2573:"The Police Murders in the City". 2450:"Alien Desperadoes at Tottenham". 2257:. 9 July 1909. pp. 5281–5282. 2112:East End Jewish Radicals 1875–1914 2072:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 2021:"The Police Murders in the City", 1484:"Alien Desperadoes at Tottenham", 1104:Cohen, Humphries & Mynott 2002 1008:Cohen, Humphries & Mynott 2002 620:Sculpture on the grave of PC Tyler 476:Lepidus continued his flight into 14: 3272: 2609:"The Tottenham Outrage: Burial". 2536:The Hackney and Kingsland Gazette 2516:"London's Last Tribute to Hero". 2177:. London: John Blake Publishing. 2134:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1849:The Hackney and Kingsland Gazette 1700:"The Tottenham Outrage: Burial", 1625:"London's Last Tribute to Hero", 420:The route of the chase, showing: 304:—and the area now covered by the 263:"Striga"; Jacob was described in 172:press coverage. As a result, the 3116:Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire 2459:Cesarani, David (27 June 2003). 2443: 2175:Dark Secrets of the Black Museum 655: 641: 634:Plaque commemorating the outrage 627: 613: 422:1. The Schnurmann rubber factory 362: 350: 226: 211: 2613:. 19 February 1909. p. 10. 2586:. 30 January 1909. p. 148. 2577:. 19 December 1910. p. 11. 2409:. London: Biteback Publishing. 966: 941: 928: 911: 886: 873: 860: 847: 834: 821: 384:—some on foot, but some having 316: 137:, the area gained the nickname 3256:Metropolitan Police operations 3159:Tyne & Wear/Northumberland 2928:Outrage!: An Edwardian Tragedy 2649:. 17 February 1909. p. 8. 2582:"Portraits and World's News". 2547:. 30 January 1909. p. 10. 2538:. 15 November 1909. p. 4. 2509:The Illustrated Police Gazette 2051:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 1609:The Illustrated Police Gazette 1450:"Portraits and World's News", 919:The Illustrated Police Gazette 463: 357:Police Constable William Tyler 1: 2667:. 3 February 1909. p. 4. 2658:. 27 January 1909. p. 4. 2640:. 30 January 1909. p. 9. 2631:. 30 January 1909. p. 9. 2622:. 27 January 1909. p. 4. 2604:. 3 February 1909. p. 8. 2520:. 30 January 1909. p. 3. 2511:. 6 February 1909. p. 2. 2502:. 5 February 1909. p. 7. 2454:. 30 January 1909. p. 2. 2235:. London: Allan North. 1906. 983: 430:5. Where Helfeld shot himself 87: 2827:"The Siege of Sidney Street" 2555:. BBC News. 23 January 2009. 2339:UK public library membership 949:Metropolitan Police Act 1829 857:was on the back of the head. 662:Plaque in memory of PC Tyler 500: 428:4. Where PC Tyler was killed 197: 187:Manchester Evening Chronicle 16:1909 armed robbery in London 7: 2700:"The Croydon film pioneers" 2672: 2534:"Memorial to Police Hero". 2452:The Illustrated Police News 1847:"Memorial to Police Hero", 1486:The Illustrated Police News 925:stated that it was 500,000. 794:Metropolitan Police Service 505: 424:2. Tottenham police station 28:The Illustrated London News 10: 3277: 3056:Sheffield, South Yorkshire 2390:. London: T Fisher Unwin. 2194:The Crime Museum Uncovered 2032: 1934:Keily & Hoffbrand 2015 735:The Siege of Sidney Street 246:Lepidus's brother Vladimir 43:of 23 January 1909 was an 3236:20th century in Middlesex 3137: 3122:Monkseaton, Tyne and Wear 3050:Knowsley Hall, Merseyside 3022: 3003: 2904:Barton, Geoffrey (2017). 2365:Rumbelow, Donald (1988). 759:. In early February 1909 732:; A second film version, 691:Grade II listed structure 599: 3098:Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex 3062:Smethwick, West Midlands 2302:Porter, Bernard (2011). 1994:"Mr Herbert Gladstone", 1507:Gould & Waldren 1986 1020:Russell & Lewis 1900 961:historic City boundaries 868:Royal Garrison Artillery 814: 570:Royal Garrison Artillery 558:Under-Secretary of State 336: 105:In the 19th century the 3241:Child murder in England 3211:1900s murders in London 3044:Eastbourne, East Sussex 3013:Stanfield Hall, Norwich 2871:"The Tottenham Outrage" 2847:UK Consumer Price Index 2702:. Huntley Film Archives 2647:The Manchester Guardian 2620:The Manchester Guardian 2611:The Manchester Guardian 2602:The Manchester Guardian 2584:Illustrated London News 2545:The Manchester Guardian 2500:The Manchester Guardian 2424:Winder, Robert (2005). 2287:. London: John Murray. 2215:. London: Robert Hale. 1996:The Manchester Guardian 1717:The Manchester Guardian 1702:The Manchester Guardian 1645:The Manchester Guardian 1452:Illustrated London News 1425:The Manchester Guardian 1302:The Manchester Guardian 294:1905 Russian Revolution 2946:Waddell, Bill (1993). 2925:Harris, Janet (2000). 2869:Waldren, Mike (2015). 2465:Times Higher Education 2346:Rogers, Colin (1981). 2324:10.1093/ref:odnb/92479 2149:Glover, David (2012). 2069:The New Eastern Europe 2066:Butler, Ralph (1919). 895: 807: 786: 719:siege of Sidney Street 550:Commissioner of Police 521: 489:attracted the police. 473: 433: 382:none carrying firearms 258: 151: 102: 82:siege of Sidney Street 36: 3171:Moss Side, Manchester 3165:Horden, County Durham 3104:Hungerford, Berkshire 2998:in the United Kingdom 2369:. London: W H Allen. 2348:The Battle of Stepney 2196:. London: IB Tauris. 2132:London's Armed Police 2091:. London: Routledge. 2045:Bloom, Clive (2013). 1300:"Tottenham Murders", 976:measure of inflation. 957:City of London Police 938:measure of inflation. 831:measure of inflation. 802: 740:The Tottenham Outrage 711:Colt Automatic pistol 677:was established by a 513: 471: 419: 300:—then the capital of 100: 24: 3246:London crime history 3183:Wallasey, Merseyside 3128:Dunblane, Perthshire 2680:"Conservation areas" 2403:Wilson, Ray (2015). 1046:, pp. 269, 287. 974:Consumer Price Index 936:Consumer Price Index 829:Consumer Price Index 810:Notes and references 586:unconsecrated ground 331:.32 calibre Browning 205:Types of weapon used 113:, was home to about 57:rounds of ammunition 3092:Westminster, London 3080:Westminster, London 3068:Westminster, London 3038:Houndsditch, London 2910:. Waterside Press. 2833:on 25 February 2016 2211:Lock, Joan (1993). 953:Metropolitan Police 842:self-loading pistol 757:immigration control 675:King's Police Medal 580:Lepidus and Helfeld 574:Abney Park Cemetery 283:Metropolitan Police 279:Tottenham High Road 73:King's Police Medal 3074:Penmaenmawr, Clwyd 2813:on 19 January 2018 2686:on 1 December 2017 2428:. London: Abacus. 2350:. London: R Hale. 2305:"Piatkoff, Peter ( 2268:The London Gazette 2254:The London Gazette 2171:Honeycombe, Gordon 2107:Fishman, William J 2039:Books and journals 2011:, pp. 182–83. 1822:The London Gazette 1807:The London Gazette 1505:, pp. 22–24; 1094:, pp. 123–25. 1022:, p. xxxviii. 772:Asquith government 522: 514:The front page of 474: 434: 174:British government 146:William J. Fishman 127:East End of London 103: 37: 3198: 3197: 3147:Aston, Birmingham 3032:Tottenham, London 2957:978-0-751-51033-1 2938:978-0-9539641-0-9 2917:978-1-909976-40-5 2435:978-0-349-11566-5 2426:Bloody Foreigners 2416:978-1-84954-963-9 2376:978-0-491-03178-3 2357:978-0-7091-9146-9 2337:(Subscription or 2294:978-0-7195-6640-0 2222:978-0-7090-4660-8 2203:978-1-78130-041-1 2184:978-1-7821-9904-5 2162:978-1-139-53678-3 2141:978-0-85368-880-8 2122:978-0-907123-45-3 2098:978-0-415-25083-2 2058:978-1-137-31897-8 1837:, pp. 10–11. 1553:, pp. 26–27. 1525:, pp. 24–25. 1471:, pp. 19–20. 1010:, pp. 13–14. 761:Herbert Gladstone 438:Banbury Reservoir 395:Tottenham Marshes 378:police constables 312:Robbery and chase 218:6.5mm 1894 model 148:writes that "the 123:mostly in England 115:five million Jews 109:, then including 41:Tottenham Outrage 3268: 3110:Southall, London 2989: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2942: 2921: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2883:on 17 March 2016 2882: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2782:Historic England 2777: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2556: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2518:The Daily Mirror 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2472: 2471:on 7 March 2016. 2467:. Archived from 2455: 2439: 2420: 2399: 2380: 2361: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2311: 2298: 2286: 2272: 2258: 2244: 2226: 2207: 2188: 2166: 2145: 2126: 2102: 2081: 2062: 2027: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1664: 1655: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1627:The Daily Mirror 1622: 1613: 1604: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1549:, pp. 7–8; 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1521:, pp. 6–7; 1516: 1510: 1501:, pp. 5–6; 1496: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1467:, pp. 4–5; 1462: 1456: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1420: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1382: 1369: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1323: 1317: 1306: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1162: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 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1006: 1002: 998:, pp. 3–4. 994: 990: 986: 981: 980: 971: 967: 946: 942: 933: 929: 916: 912: 891: 887: 881:shotgun pellets 878: 874: 865: 861: 852: 848: 839: 835: 826: 822: 817: 812: 707:Webley Revolver 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 660: 651: 650: 649: 646: 637: 636: 635: 632: 623: 622: 621: 618: 609: 608: 602: 582: 562:Home Department 542: 508: 503: 486:two-up two-down 466: 431: 429: 427: 425: 423: 421: 374: 373: 372: 371: 370: 369:Ralph Joscelyne 367: 359: 358: 355: 346: 345: 344:The two victims 339: 319: 314: 302:Imperial Russia 248: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 231: 223: 222: 216: 207: 206: 200: 182:leading article 178:Aliens Act 1905 95: 90: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3274: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3231:1900s in Essex 3228: 3226:1909 in London 3223: 3218: 3213: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3189:Euston, London 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2996:Mass shootings 2992: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2943: 2937: 2922: 2916: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2866: 2855:MeasuringWorth 2843: 2823: 2803: 2778: 2752: 2732: 2712: 2696: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2557: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2473: 2456: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2421: 2415: 2400: 2381: 2375: 2362: 2356: 2343: 2299: 2293: 2273: 2259: 2245: 2227: 2221: 2208: 2202: 2189: 2183: 2167: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2127: 2121: 2103: 2097: 2082: 2063: 2057: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2013: 2001: 1986: 1984:, p. 183. 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1866: 1854: 1839: 1827: 1812: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1746: 1744:, p. 244. 1734: 1722: 1707: 1692: 1680: 1665: 1650: 1632: 1614: 1594: 1579: 1567: 1555: 1539: 1527: 1511: 1491: 1473: 1457: 1442: 1430: 1404: 1392: 1370: 1354: 1339: 1324: 1307: 1292: 1280: 1278:, p. 186. 1265: 1250: 1235: 1223: 1221:, p. 231. 1211: 1196: 1184: 1163: 1157:, p. 45; 1147: 1135: 1133:, p. 269. 1120: 1118:, p. 260. 1108: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1070:, p. 111. 1060: 1048: 1036: 1034:, p. 361. 1032:Middlesex 1906 1024: 1012: 1000: 987: 985: 982: 979: 978: 965: 947:Following the 940: 927: 910: 885: 872: 859: 846: 833: 819: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 780:The Daily Mail 768:Home Secretary 744:Matthew Baylis 661: 654: 653: 652: 647: 640: 639: 638: 633: 626: 625: 624: 619: 612: 611: 610: 606: 605: 604: 603: 601: 598: 581: 578: 554:Herbert Samuel 541: 538: 507: 504: 502: 499: 465: 462: 407:Lee Navigation 368: 361: 360: 356: 349: 348: 347: 343: 342: 341: 340: 338: 335: 318: 315: 313: 310: 289:Special Branch 232: 225: 224: 217: 210: 209: 208: 204: 203: 202: 201: 199: 196: 107:Russian Empire 94: 91: 89: 86: 25:Front page of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3273: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 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2005: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1972:, p. 42. 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1936:, p. 64. 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1876:, p. 25. 1875: 1874:Hagedorn 1989 1870: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1823: 1820:"No. 28306", 1816: 1809: 1808: 1805:"No. 28269", 1801: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1771:, p. 31. 1770: 1769:Rumbelow 1988 1765: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1743: 1738: 1732:, p. 11. 1731: 1726: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1690:, p. 29. 1689: 1688:Rumbelow 1988 1684: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1565:, p. 27. 1564: 1563:Rumbelow 1988 1559: 1552: 1551:Rumbelow 1988 1548: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1523:Rumbelow 1988 1520: 1515: 1509:, p. 64. 1508: 1504: 1503:Rumbelow 1988 1500: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1469:Rumbelow 1988 1466: 1461: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1402:, p. 18. 1401: 1400:Rumbelow 1988 1396: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1368:, p. 18. 1367: 1366:Rumbelow 1988 1364:, p. 3; 1363: 1358: 1352:, p. 17. 1351: 1350:Rumbelow 1988 1346: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1290:, p. 47. 1289: 1288:Rumbelow 1988 1284: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1233:, p. 16. 1232: 1231:Rumbelow 1988 1227: 1220: 1215: 1209:, p. 44. 1208: 1207:Rumbelow 1988 1203: 1201: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1161:, p. 44. 1160: 1159:Rumbelow 1988 1156: 1151: 1145:, p. 11. 1144: 1143:Rumbelow 1988 1139: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1106:, p. 14. 1105: 1100: 1093: 1088: 1081: 1080:Cesarani 2003 1076: 1069: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1009: 1004: 997: 992: 988: 975: 969: 962: 958: 954: 950: 944: 937: 931: 924: 920: 914: 907: 903: 899: 897: 889: 882: 876: 869: 863: 856: 850: 843: 837: 830: 824: 820: 806: 801: 799: 795: 790: 788: 782: 781: 775: 773: 770:defended the 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