225:(indicating beam) runs directly above the deflecting beam for about half of the length then bends away to the side at an angle from the deflecting beam. The indicating beam retains its orientation and shape during operation. Because of this, there is relative displacement between the two beams. The deflecting beam torque wrench differs from the ordinary beam torque wrench in how it utilizes this relative displacement. Attached to the deflecting beam is a scale and onto that is fitted a wedge which can be slid along the length of the scale parallel to the flexing beam. This wedge is used to set the desired torque. Directly facing this wedge is the side of the angled indicating beam. From this side protrudes a pin, which acts as a trigger for another pin, the latter pin is spring loaded, and fires out of the end of the indicating beam once the trigger pin contacts the adjustable wedge. This firing makes a loud click and gives a visual and tactile indication that the desired torque has been met. The indicator pin can be reset by simply pressing it back into the indicating beam.
383:
tightened to be recognized. The inbuilt readings memory enables measurements to be statistically evaluated. Tightening curves can be analyzed using the software via the integrated tightening-curve system (force/path graph). This type of torque wrench can also be used to determine breakaway torque, prevail torque and the final torque of a tightening job. Thanks to a special measuring process, it is also possible to display the yield point (yield controlled tightening). This design of torque wrench is highly popular with automotive manufacturers for documenting tightening processes requiring both torque and angle control because, in these cases, a defined angle has to be applied to the fastener on top of the prescribed torque (e.g. 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft + 90° – here the 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft means the snug point/threshold and +90° indicates that an additional angle has to be applied after the threshold).
181:. The second beam is only attached at one end to the wrench head and free on its other, this serves as the indicator beam. Both of these beams run parallel to each other when the tool is at rest, with the indicator beam usually on top. The indicator beam's free end is free to travel over a calibrated scale attached to the lever or handle, marked in units of torque. When the wrench is used to apply torque, the lever bends and the indicating beam stays straight. Thus, the end of the indicating beam points to the magnitude of the torque that is currently being applied. This type of wrench is simple, inherently accurate, and inexpensive.
359:·ft) and shown on the digital display. A number of different joints (measurement details or limit values) can be stored. These programmed limit values are then permanently displayed during the tightening process by means of LEDs or the display. At the same time, this generation of torque wrenches can store all the measurements made in an internal readings memory. This reading's memory can then be easily transferred to a PC via the interface (RS232) or printed. A popular application of this kind of torque wrench is for in-process documentation or quality assurance purposes. Typical accuracy level would be ±0.5% to 4%.
930:
278:
157:
105:
306:, calibrated in torque units. The ball detent transmits force until the preset torque is reached, at which point the force exerted by the spring is overcome and the ball "clicks" out of its socket. This design yields greater precision as well as giving tactile and audible feedback. The wrench will not start slipping once the desired torque is reached, it will only click and bend slightly at the head; the operator can continue to apply torque to the wrench without any additional action or warnings from the wrench.
143:
31:
217:
209:
234:
256:
399:
1230:
333:
634:
class designations within each type as well as additional style and design variants within each class. The standard also separates manual and electronic tools into different sections and designations. The ASME and ISO standards cannot be considered compatible. The table below gives some of the types and tolerances specified by the standard for manual torque tools.
1280:
Calibration, when performed by a specialist service which follows ISO standards, follows a specific process and constraints. The operation requires specialist torque wrench calibration equipment with an accuracy of ±1% or better. The temperature of the area where calibration is being performed should
241:
A slipper type torque wrench consists of a roller and cam (or similar) mechanism. The cam is attached to the driving head, the roller pushes against the cam locking it in place with a specific force which is provided by a spring (which is in many cases adjustable). If a torque which is able to defeat
188:
for the
Chrysler Corporation and a company known as Micromatic Hone. Paul Allen Sturtevant—a sales representative for the Cedar Rapids Engineering Company at that time—was licensed by Chrysler to manufacture his invention. Sturtevant patented the torque wrench in 1938 and became the first individual
1398:
While professional calibration is recommended, for some people it would be out of their means. It is possible to calibrate a torque wrench in the home shop or garage. The process generally requires that a certain mass is attached to a lever arm and the torque wrench is set to the appropriate torque
367:
Interchangeable head torque wrenches are designed to connect several different types of wrench heads, thereby reducing the number of torque wrenches needed. These wrenches are ideal for applications that require multiple fastening tools. They typically have a standard mounting interface that allows
620:
Tools should be marked with their torque range and the unit of torque as well as the direction of operation for unidirectional tools and the maker's mark. If a calibration certificate is provided, the tool must be marked with a serial number that matches the certificate or a calibration laboratory
616:
The ISO standard also states that even when overloaded by 25% of the maximum rating, the tool should remain reliably usable after being re-calibrated. Re-calibration for tools used within their specified limits should occur after 5000 cycles of torquing or 12 months, whichever is soonest. In cases
119:
In 1935, Conrad Bahr and George
Pfefferle patented an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench. The tool featured audible feedback and restriction of back-ratcheting movement when the desired torque was reached. Bahr, who worked for the New York City Water Department, was frustrated at the inconsistent
1276:
As with any precision tool, torque wrenches should be periodically re-calibrated. As previously stated, according to ISO standards calibration should happen every 5000 operations or every year, whichever comes first. It is possible that torque wrenches can fall up to 10% out of calibration in the
1215:
These equations only apply if the extension is colinear with the length of the torque wrench. In other cases, the distance from the torque wrench's head to the bolt's head, as if it were in line, should be used. If the extension is set at 90° then no adjustment is required. These methods are not
633:
maintains standard ASME B107.300. This standard has the same type designation as the ISO standard with the addition of the type 3, (limiting) torque tool. This type will release the drive once the desired torque is met so that no more torque can be applied. This standard, however, uses different
1288:
Before any calibration work can be done, the tool should be preloaded and torqued without measure according to its type. The tool is then connected to the tester and force is applied to the handle (at no more than 10° from perpendicular) for values of 20%, 60% and 100% of the maximum torque and
1267:
For click (or other micrometer) types, when not in use, the force acting on the spring should be removed by setting the scale to its minimum rated value in order to prevent permanent set in the spring. Never set a micrometer style torque wrench to zero as the internal mechanism requires a small
913:
error, as a result of the large distance between indicator arm and scale (on some older designs). There is also the issue of increased user error with the beam type—the torque has to be read at every use and the operator must use caution to apply loads only at the floating handle's pivot point.
406:
Torque measurement is achieved in the same way as with a click-type torque wrench but, at the same time, the torque is measured as a digital reading (click and final torque) as with an electronic torque wrench. This is, therefore, a combination of electronic and mechanical measurements. All the
204:
company in 1948. It employs the principle of applying torque to a deflecting beam rather than a coil spring. This is claimed to help prolong the accuracy of the wrench throughout its working life, with a greater safety margin on maximum loading and provides more consistent and accurate readings
382:
Torque measurement is conducted in the same way as with an electronic torque wrench but the tightening angle from the snug point or threshold is also measured. The angle is measured by an angle sensor or electronic gyroscope. The angle measurement process enables joints which have already been
224:
The wrench functions in the same general way as an ordinary beam torque wrench. There are two beams both connected to the head end but only one through which torque is applied. The load carrying beam is straight and runs from head to handle, it deflects when torque is applied. The other beam
427:
maintains standard ISO 6789. This standard covers the construction and calibration of hand-operated torque tools. They define two types of torque tool encompassing twelve classes, these are given by the table below. Also given is the percentage allowable deviation from the desired torque.
904:
sooner than the beam type, where there is little to no malfunction, (however the thin indicator rod can be accidentally bent out of true). Beam type torque wrenches are impossible to use in situations where the scale cannot be directly read—and these situations are common in
1562:
242:
the holding force of the roller and spring is applied, the wrench will slip and no more torque will be applied to the bolt. A slipper torque wrench will not overtighten the fastener by continuing to apply torque beyond a predetermined limit.
368:
for quick changeover from one wrench head to another while ensuring that the torque applied remains accurate. Common interface sizes include 9×12mm and 12×14mm, and interchangeable heads include open-end, ring-end, adjustable, ratchet, etc.
70:
with an indicating scale, or an internal mechanism which will indicate (as by 'clicking', a specific movement of the tool handle in relation to the tool head) when a specified (adjustable) torque value has been reached during application.
1636:
1683:
1515:
1867:
1937:
1289:
repeated according to their class. The force should be applied slowly and without jerky or irregular motion. The table below gives more specifics regarding the pattern of testing for each class of torque wrench.
886:
Tools should be marked with the model number of the tool, the unit of torque and the maker's mark. For unidirectional tools, the word "TORQUES" or "TORQUE" and the direction of operation must also be marked.
120:
tightness of flange bolts he found while attending to his work. He claimed to have invented the first torque limiting tool in 1918 to alleviate these problems. Bahr's partner, Pfefferle, was an engineer for
192:
A more sophisticated variation of the beam type torque wrench has a dial gauge indicator on its body that can be configured to give a visual or electrical indication when a preset torque is reached.
1082:
929:
1000:
2026:
ISO6789 - Assembly tools for screws and nuts. Hand torque tools. Requirements and test methods for design conformance testing, quality conformance testing and recalibration procedure
617:
where the tool is in use in an organization which has its own quality control procedures, then the calibration schedule can be arranged according to company standards.
1143:
1114:
407:
measurements are transferred and documented via wireless data transmission. Users will know they have achieved the desired torque setting when the wrench "beeps".
2698:
1209:
1187:
1165:
2178:
205:
throughout the range of each wrench. The operator can both hear the signal click and see (and feel) a physical indicator when the desired torque is reached.
1965:
1895:
1711:
1664:
1590:
1543:
1609:
1990:
309:
A number of variations of this design exist for different applications and different torque ranges. A modification of this design is used in some
2093:
1399:
to lift said mass. The error within the tool can be calculated and the tool may be able to be altered or any work done adjusted for this error.
173:
used to apply the torque to the fastener being tightened and serves also as the handle of the tool. When force is applied to the handle it will
2029:
424:
162:
Detailed view of the torque display scale on a beam type torque wrench. This one is displaying an applied torque of about 160 in.lbf or 18 N·m.
1803:
2691:
1736:
390:
applied for an international patent for the first electronic torque wrench with angle measurement which did not require a reference arm.
322:
148:
Beam-type torque wrench. The indicator bar remains straight while the main shaft bends proportionally to the force applied at the handle.
1768:
1009:
2072:
2050:
630:
2993:
2639:
945:
313:
to prevent gouging the heads of screws while tightening them. The drill will start slipping once the desired torque is reached.
3003:
2684:
2649:
1838:
355:
attached to the torsion rod. The signal generated by the transducer is converted to the required unit of torque (e.g. N·m or lb
2148:
1489:
ASME Type 2 is somewhat complicated and cannot be elaborated on in depth without the table becoming too large for the article.
2252:
1910:
1568:
1521:
2968:
2614:
900:
Click type torque wrenches are precise when properly calibrated—however the more complex mechanism can result in loss of
2208:
1240:
329:
and clutch. They are preset to a fixed torque designed to secure the coupling adequately but insufficient to damage it.
1943:
1873:
1689:
1642:
1189:
is the length of the crow's foot extension, from the center of the torque wrench head to the center line of the bolt,
112:
The first patent for a torque wrench was filed by John H. Sharp of
Chicago in 1931. This wrench was referred to as a
2170:
17:
1560:, Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H., "Torque measuring wrench", published Mar 16, 1937
926:
that extend from the handle end can damage the wrench, so only manufacturer specified equipment should be used.
1605:
3040:
2804:
2749:
914:
Dual-beam or "flat" beam versions reduce the tendency for the pointer to rub, as do low-friction pointers.
377:
2385:
1979:
933:
Diagrammatic torque wrench with extensions. Showing lengths and torques referenced in the section text.
387:
3008:
2654:
2086:
1004:
using a combination of handle and crow's foot extensions requires the use of the following equation:
82:
applied to the fastener to meet the specification for a particular application. This permits proper
2570:
2245:
174:
2345:
1792:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2619:
2609:
2604:
1424:
321:
These are specialized torque wrenches used by plumbers to tighten the clamping bands on hubless
2998:
2988:
2744:
2644:
2634:
621:
should give the tool a reference number corresponding with the tool's calibration certificate.
1935:, Bosko Grabovac & Ivan Vuceta, "Torque wrench", published Dec 4, 1984
1725:
78:
and bolts is a crucial parameter of assembly or adjustment. It allows the operator to set the
2978:
2624:
1419:
346:
185:
1760:
3018:
3013:
2719:
2707:
2664:
2659:
2047:
ASME B107.300-2010 (Incorporation of ASME B107.14, B107.28, and B107.29) Torque
Instruments
1409:
1121:
1092:
1211:
is the length of the handle extension, from the extension end to the torque wrench handle.
8:
2983:
2829:
2764:
2629:
2330:
2238:
1464:
1434:
83:
2914:
2739:
2490:
2390:
2295:
1454:
1281:
be between 18 °C and 28 °C with no more than a 1 °C fluctuation and the
1247:
1194:
1172:
1150:
121:
93:
3050:
2784:
2585:
1959:
1889:
1705:
1658:
1584:
1537:
1282:
1268:
amount of tension in order to prevent components shifting and reduction of accuracy.
940:
Using a crow's foot or similar extension requires the use of the following equation:
277:
2140:
1827:
2799:
2759:
2460:
1634:, Zimmerman Herman W, "Torque measuring wrench", published Feb 11, 1941
1444:
1414:
326:
201:
184:
The beam type torque wrench was developed in between late 1920s and early 1930s by
2839:
156:
104:
3045:
2864:
2510:
299:
87:
59:
2676:
1918:
1681:, Willard C Kress, "Torque-indicating wrench", published Aug 1, 1939
1557:
1510:
30:
2939:
2934:
2859:
2754:
2560:
2500:
2485:
2470:
2415:
1556:
1449:
178:
142:
55:
1513:, Sharp John H., "Torque-measuring wrench", published July 9, 1935
1167:
is the length of the torque wrench, from the handle to the center of the head,
3034:
2944:
2924:
2894:
2819:
2814:
2550:
2535:
2465:
2435:
2410:
2405:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2200:
1459:
1429:
262:
200:
The dual-signal deflecting beam torque wrench was patented by the
Australian
67:
2066:
216:
208:
2904:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2844:
2809:
2779:
2769:
2724:
2555:
2530:
2525:
2505:
2450:
2340:
2315:
2305:
2300:
1932:
1862:
1678:
1631:
1439:
352:
351:
With electronic (indicating) torque wrenches, measurement is by means of a
303:
169:
The most basic form of torque wrench consists of two beams. The first is a
96:
and torque wrenches have similar purposes and may have similar mechanisms.
2455:
325:
couplings. They are usually T-handled wrenches with a one-way combination
2794:
2774:
2520:
2515:
2475:
2325:
2310:
923:
901:
295:
233:
1865:, Wilfred A Pouliot, "Safety wrench", published May 31, 1932
2919:
2909:
2854:
2824:
2789:
2734:
2545:
2540:
2445:
2440:
2420:
2400:
2370:
2067:
Warren Brown; Scott
Hamilton; An Nguyen; Tom Smith (July 17–21, 2011).
906:
937:
Using socket extensions requires no adjustment of the torque setting.
290:
A more sophisticated method of presetting torque is with a calibrated
255:
2834:
2565:
2430:
2355:
2282:
2261:
63:
2124:"Chapter 20-50-11: Standard torque values - maintenance practices".
2087:"Premium and Standard Manual Torque Wrenches Pre-Set and Adjustable"
2899:
2729:
2580:
2272:
2071:. ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference. The
1726:"DIAL TORQUE WRENCH REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING MANUAL"
910:
266:
51:
371:
177:
predictably and proportionally with said force in accordance with
2884:
2495:
2395:
2350:
2320:
2277:
283:
Conceptual drawing of the operation of a click type torque wrench
2590:
2480:
2425:
2375:
1469:
310:
291:
79:
47:
398:
116:
and would be classified today as an indicating torque wrench.
2849:
2335:
2230:
170:
75:
2929:
43:
909:
applications. The scale on a beam type wrench is prone to
332:
1931:
108:
Conceptual illustration of J. H. Sharp's patented wrench
362:
1828:"Deflecting beam torque wrench operating instructions"
1197:
1175:
1153:
1124:
1095:
1012:
948:
212:
Simplified diagram of a deflecting beam torque wrench
1630:
1329:Preload five times at the highest certified value
1203:
1181:
1159:
1137:
1108:
1076:
994:
490:Wrench with rigid body and electronic measurement
2706:
2069:Field Calibration and Accuracy of Torque Wrenches
1861:
1077:{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}(A+C)}{A+B+C}}}
607:Adjustable wrench with flexing bar and indicator
3032:
1964:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1946:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016
1894:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1876:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016
1710:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1692:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016
1663:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1645:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016
1589:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1571:. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019
1542:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1524:. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019
1116:is the wrench indicated torque (setting torque),
413:
2041:
2039:
1677:
372:Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches
74:A torque wrench is used where the tightness of
2030:International Organization for Standardization
1793:"Warren & Brown Precision Tools Catalogue"
1216:recommended except for extreme circumstances.
425:International Organization for Standardization
393:
2692:
2246:
1550:
1509:
340:
302:, with the spring preloaded by an adjustable
2036:
1315:Preload once at the highest certified value
316:
2062:
2060:
995:{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}A}{A+B}}}
237:Simplified principle of a slipper type head
2699:
2685:
2253:
2239:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
692:Class B: Deflecting beam, changeable head
1925:
1624:
596:Adjustable screwdriver without indicator
2198:
2132:
2073:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
2057:
2051:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1855:
1820:
1606:"The Most Important Tool: Torque Wrench"
1382:10 measurements in a row for all values
1352:10 measurements in a row for all values
890:
728:Class D: Rigid housing, changeable head
631:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
515:Screwdriver with electronic measurement
397:
331:
232:
215:
207:
103:
29:
2128:. Vol. 20. 2007. pp. 202–203.
2110:
2007:
1972:
1915:The Unofficial Honda / Acura Usenet FAQ
1902:
1603:
1392:5 measurements in a row for all values
1362:5 measurements in a row for all values
1332:5 measurements in a row for all values
1318:5 measurements in a row for all values
14:
3033:
1597:
574:Adjustable screwdriver with indicator
2680:
2234:
1787:
1785:
1671:
1612:from the original on January 19, 2019
1503:
476:Wrench with rigid body and indicator
2162:
2079:
1761:"Warren & Brown company history"
1223:
842:Style 4: Flexible head with ratchet
798:Style 4: Flexible head with ratchet
560:Adjustable wrench without indicator
363:Interchangeable Head Torque Wrenches
27:Tool used to apply a specific torque
2192:
2138:
1835:Kincrome Professional Quality Tools
1718:
465:Wrench with torsion or flexing bar
24:
2201:"How-To Calibrate A Torque Wrench"
2171:"How to Calibrate a Torque Wrench"
2141:"How to Calibrate a Torque Wrench"
2126:Boeing 737-200 maintenance manuals
1908:
1782:
1753:
928:
294:mechanism. One common form uses a
265:attached, adjusted by turning the
195:
25:
3062:
2226:
1250:and remove advice or instruction.
746:Class E: Screwdriver, indicating
532:Adjustable wrench with indicator
66:. It is usually in the form of a
1911:"How does a torque wrench work?"
1372:5 measurements at nominal value
1342:5 measurements at nominal value
1228:
276:
254:
155:
141:
2211:from the original on 2015-02-26
2181:from the original on 2016-10-23
2175:Helicopter Maintenance Magazine
2168:
2151:from the original on 2016-10-23
2099:from the original on 2016-10-21
1996:from the original on 2015-10-01
1980:"Raptor No-Hub Torque Wrenches"
1844:from the original on 2016-10-26
1809:from the original on 2016-11-12
1771:from the original on 2016-10-21
1742:from the original on 2015-10-16
1483:
2260:
1271:
1051:
1039:
261:Click-type torque wrench with
13:
1:
1604:Fleming, Wes (Dec 18, 2017).
1496:
917:
414:Torque wrench standardization
122:S.R. Dresser Manufacturing Co
2750:Coordinate-measuring machine
895:
875:Style 1: Without graduation
856:Style 1: Without graduation
806:Class B: Without graduation
378:Torque-angle tension control
7:
1402:
754:Style 2: Scale with signal
741:Style 3: Scale with memory
736:Style 2: Scale with signal
723:Style 3: Scale with memory
718:Style 2: Scale with signal
705:Style 3: Scale with memory
700:Style 2: Scale with signal
687:Style 3: Scale with memory
682:Style 2: Scale with signal
504:Screwdriver with indicator
394:Mechatronic torque wrenches
220:Two W&B torque wrenches
10:
3067:
1690:"Torque-indicating wrench"
1219:
676:
673:
664:
388:Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH
375:
344:
341:Electronic torque wrenches
228:
124:and held several patents.
99:
2953:
2715:
2599:
2291:
2268:
1643:"Torque measuring wrench"
1569:"Torque measuring wrench"
1522:"Torque-measuring wrench"
1328:
880:Style 2: With graduation
871:
867:Style 2: With graduation
861:
858:
852:
849:
844:
831:Style 3: Changeable head
809:Style 1: Without ratchet
805:
800:
787:Style 3: Changeable head
765:Style 1: Without ratchet
762:Class A: With graduation
761:
758:
745:
727:
709:
691:
668:Class A: Deflecting beam
667:
642:
639:
609:
598:
587:
576:
525:
506:
467:
458:
436:
433:
402:Mechatronic torque wrench
189:to sell torque wrenches.
46:used to apply a specific
2994:Machine and metalworking
2640:Machine and metalworking
2571:Tongue-and-groove pliers
1476:
643:Torque wrench tolerance
437:Torque wrench tolerance
336:Electronic torque wrench
245:
127:
3004:Measuring and alignment
2650:Measuring and alignment
1425:Hydraulic torque wrench
1285:should not exceed 90%.
710:Class C: Rigid housing
624:
132:
114:torque measuring wrench
1304:Calibration procedure
1205:
1183:
1161:
1145:is the desired torque,
1139:
1110:
1078:
996:
934:
820:Style 2: With ratchet
776:Style 2: With ratchet
418:
403:
337:
238:
221:
213:
109:
35:
1420:Battery torque wrench
1206:
1184:
1162:
1140:
1138:{\displaystyle T_{d}}
1111:
1109:{\displaystyle T_{w}}
1079:
997:
932:
891:Using torque wrenches
853:Class A: Screwdriver
749:Style 1: Plain scale
731:Style 1: Plain scale
713:Style 1: Plain scale
695:Style 1: Plain scale
671:Style 1: Plain scale
401:
347:Battery torque wrench
335:
236:
219:
211:
186:Walter Percy Chrysler
107:
34:A click torque wrench
33:
2969:Cutting and abrasive
2805:Laser measuring tool
2615:Cutting and abrasive
2092:. ASG Jergens, Inc.
1410:Dental torque wrench
1248:rewrite this article
1195:
1173:
1151:
1122:
1093:
1010:
946:
640:Torque wrench types
546:Fixed torque wrench
434:Torque wrench types
3041:American inventions
2710:and alignment tools
1733:CDI Torque Products
1465:Torsion (mechanics)
1277:first year of use.
665:Type 1: Indicating
660:20–100% max rating
657:<20% max rating
459:Type 1: Indicating
94:Torque screwdrivers
2915:Thread pitch gauge
2740:Combination square
2296:Adjustable spanner
1800:Warren & Brown
1765:Warren & Brown
1455:Torque screwdriver
1201:
1179:
1157:
1135:
1106:
1074:
992:
935:
872:Class B: T handle
585:Fixed screwdriver
404:
338:
239:
222:
214:
110:
36:
3028:
3027:
2720:Architect's scale
2674:
2673:
2586:Upholstery hammer
1396:
1395:
1283:relative humidity
1265:
1264:
1241:a manual or guide
1204:{\displaystyle C}
1182:{\displaystyle B}
1160:{\displaystyle A}
1072:
990:
884:
883:
850:Type 3: Limiting
614:
613:
16:(Redirected from
3058:
2800:Laser line level
2765:Engineer's scale
2760:Drafting machine
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2461:Pencil sharpener
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:. Archived from
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1490:
1487:
1445:Torque converter
1415:Foot-pound force
1301:Pre-calibration
1292:
1291:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1239:is written like
1232:
1231:
1224:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
991:
989:
978:
974:
973:
963:
958:
957:
759:Type 2: Setting
637:
636:
526:Type 2: Setting
431:
430:
280:
258:
202:Warren and Brown
159:
145:
21:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3023:
2949:
2865:Sliding T bevel
2711:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2595:
2511:Punch down tool
2491:Plumber's snake
2287:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:"Torque wrench"
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1874:"Safety wrench"
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1405:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1055:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
979:
969:
965:
964:
962:
953:
949:
947:
944:
943:
920:
898:
893:
627:
421:
416:
410:
396:
380:
374:
365:
358:
349:
343:
319:
317:"No-hub" wrench
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
272:
271:
270:
259:
248:
231:
198:
196:Deflecting beam
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
151:
150:
149:
146:
135:
130:
102:
28:
23:
22:
18:Torque wrenches
15:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Types of tools
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2945:Winding sticks
2942:
2937:
2935:Weighing scale
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Gunter's chain
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Diagonal scale
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Types of tools
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Tactical light
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Podger spanner
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Plumber wrench
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Locking pliers
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2227:External links
2225:
2222:
2221:
2199:Sleepy Gomez.
2191:
2161:
2131:
2109:
2078:
2056:
2035:
2006:
1971:
1924:
1921:on 2016-03-03.
1901:
1854:
1819:
1781:
1752:
1717:
1670:
1623:
1596:
1549:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:Torque limiter
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1190:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1016:
988:
985:
982:
977:
972:
968:
961:
956:
952:
919:
916:
897:
894:
892:
889:
882:
881:
877:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
702:
701:
697:
696:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
626:
623:
612:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
420:
417:
415:
412:
395:
392:
376:Main article:
373:
370:
364:
361:
356:
342:
339:
318:
315:
282:
275:
274:
273:
260:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
247:
244:
230:
227:
197:
194:
161:
154:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
101:
98:
90:of all parts.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Vernier scale
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Measuring rod
2818:
2816:
2815:Marking gauge
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Torque wrench
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Stitching awl
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Socket wrench
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Persian drill
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Monkey wrench
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Impact driver
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Hammer tacker
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Glass breaker
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Antique tools
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:Ivy, Aubrey.
2165:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Torque tester
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Impact wrench
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:This article
1235:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1002:
986:
983:
980:
975:
970:
966:
959:
954:
950:
941:
938:
931:
927:
925:
915:
912:
908:
903:
888:
879:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
855:
848:
845:See standard
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:See standard
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
757:
753:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
735:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
717:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
699:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
681:
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663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
638:
635:
632:
622:
618:
606:
603:
602:
595:
592:
591:
584:
581:
580:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
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481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
432:
429:
426:
411:
408:
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391:
389:
384:
379:
369:
360:
354:
348:
334:
330:
328:
324:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
279:
268:
264:
257:
243:
235:
226:
218:
210:
206:
203:
193:
190:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
158:
144:
125:
123:
117:
115:
106:
97:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:socket wrench
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:torque wrench
32:
19:
2905:Tape measure
2890:Straightedge
2880:Steel square
2875:Spirit level
2870:Speed square
2845:Radius gauge
2810:Lesbian rule
2780:French curve
2770:Feeler gauge
2725:Beam compass
2575:
2556:Strap wrench
2531:Slide hammer
2526:Sledgehammer
2451:Paint roller
2336:Caulking gun
2306:Basin wrench
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2134:
2125:
2101:. Retrieved
2081:
2068:
2046:
2025:
1998:. Retrieved
1987:Raptor tools
1986:
1974:
1948:. Retrieved
1927:
1919:the original
1914:
1904:
1878:. Retrieved
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1799:
1773:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1744:. Retrieved
1732:
1720:
1694:. Retrieved
1673:
1647:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1599:
1573:. Retrieved
1552:
1526:. Retrieved
1505:
1485:
1440:Newton metre
1397:
1312:All classes
1287:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1253:
1246:Please help
1238:
1214:
1085:
1006:
1003:
942:
939:
936:
924:cheater bars
921:
899:
885:
628:
619:
615:
448:Description
422:
409:
405:
385:
381:
366:
353:strain gauge
350:
320:
308:
304:screw thread
289:
240:
223:
199:
191:
183:
168:
118:
113:
111:
92:
73:
39:
37:
3019:Woodworking
2795:Laser level
2775:Flat spline
2665:Woodworking
2521:Screwdriver
2516:Scratch awl
2476:Pipe wrench
2326:Breaker bar
2311:Block plane
2205:rcramer.com
1950:October 20,
1880:October 20,
1696:October 20,
1649:October 20,
1575:January 17,
1528:January 17,
1272:Calibration
922:The use of
902:calibration
296:ball detent
179:Hooke's law
3035:Categories
2920:Try square
2910:Theodolite
2855:Set square
2840:Protractor
2830:Micrometer
2825:Meterstick
2735:Chalk line
2546:Staple gun
2541:Spike maul
2456:Paintbrush
2446:Nut driver
2441:Multi-tool
2421:Lug wrench
2401:Hole punch
2371:Grease gun
2262:Hand tools
2215:2016-10-23
2185:2016-10-22
2155:2016-10-22
2103:2016-10-20
2000:2016-10-20
1933:US 4485703
1863:US 1860871
1848:2016-10-25
1813:2016-10-20
1775:2016-10-20
1746:2016-10-20
1679:US 2167720
1632:US 2231240
1558:US 2074079
1511:US 2007880
1497:References
1435:Micrometer
918:Extensions
907:automotive
454:>10 Nm
345:See also:
54:such as a
2835:Plumb-bob
2708:Measuring
2566:Tire iron
2431:Mitre box
2356:Fish tape
2331:Cat's paw
2283:Workbench
2139:Various.
1256:July 2024
896:Precision
386:In 1995,
323:soil pipe
64:lag screw
3051:Wrenches
2974:Forestry
2964:Cleaning
2900:T-square
2730:Calipers
2620:Forestry
2610:Cleaning
2581:Tweezers
2391:Headlamp
2273:Sawhorse
2209:Archived
2179:Archived
2149:Archived
2094:Archived
1991:Archived
1960:cite web
1909:Tegger.
1890:cite web
1839:Archived
1804:Archived
1769:Archived
1737:Archived
1735:. 2002.
1706:cite web
1659:cite web
1610:Archived
1585:cite web
1538:cite web
1403:See also
1389:Class G
1379:Class F
1369:Class E
1359:Class D
1349:Class C
1339:Class B
1326:Class A
911:parallax
604:Class G
593:Class F
582:Class E
571:Class D
557:Class C
543:Class B
529:Class A
512:Class E
501:Class D
487:Class C
473:Class B
462:Class A
451:≤ 10 Nm
52:fastener
2999:Masonry
2989:Kitchen
2940:Wiggler
2885:Stencil
2860:Skirret
2745:Compass
2645:Masonry
2635:Kitchen
2496:Plunger
2471:Pincers
2396:Hex key
2351:Crowbar
2346:Crimper
2321:Bradawl
2278:Toolbox
2145:wikiHow
2053:. 2010.
2032:. 2003.
1616:Jan 17,
1323:Type 2
1309:Type 1
1220:Storage
1086:where:
327:ratchet
267:knurled
229:Slipper
175:deflect
100:History
88:loading
84:tension
3046:Torque
3009:Mining
2979:Garden
2895:Square
2655:Mining
2625:Garden
2591:Wrench
2481:Pliers
2426:Mallet
2376:Hammer
2361:Gimlet
2049:. The
1939:
1869:
1685:
1638:
1564:
1517:
1470:Wrench
1298:Class
859:±1.2%
834:±0.8%
823:±0.8%
812:±0.8%
790:±0.8%
779:±0.8%
768:±0.8%
674:±0.8%
654:Style
651:Class
445:Class
311:drills
300:spring
292:clutch
269:handle
263:socket
80:torque
76:screws
48:torque
3014:Power
2850:Ruler
2660:Power
2506:Punch
2341:Clamp
2316:Brace
2097:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1831:(PDF)
1807:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1477:Notes
1295:Type
648:Type
442:Type
246:Click
171:lever
128:Types
62:, or
50:to a
42:is a
2984:Hand
2930:Vise
2630:Hand
2411:Jack
2386:Hawk
1966:link
1952:2016
1896:link
1882:2016
1712:link
1698:2016
1665:link
1651:2016
1618:2019
1591:link
1577:2019
1544:link
1530:2019
862:±4%
837:±4%
826:±4%
815:±4%
793:±4%
782:±4%
771:±4%
677:±4%
629:The
625:ASME
610:±6%
599:±6%
588:±6%
577:±6%
566:±4%
563:±6%
552:±4%
549:±6%
538:±4%
535:±6%
521:±4%
518:±6%
507:±6%
496:±4%
493:±6%
482:±4%
479:±6%
468:±6%
423:The
298:and
133:Beam
86:and
60:bolt
44:tool
2790:Jig
419:ISO
56:nut
3037::
2207:.
2203:.
2177:.
2173:.
2147:.
2143:.
2112:^
2059:^
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2028:.
2009:^
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1958:{{
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2075:.
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1968:)
1954:.
1898:)
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1816:.
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1700:.
1667:)
1653:.
1620:.
1593:)
1579:.
1546:)
1532:.
1258:)
1254:(
1243:.
1199:C
1177:B
1155:A
1131:d
1127:T
1102:w
1098:T
1069:C
1066:+
1063:B
1060:+
1057:A
1052:)
1049:C
1046:+
1043:A
1040:(
1035:d
1031:T
1024:=
1019:w
1015:T
987:B
984:+
981:A
976:A
971:d
967:T
960:=
955:w
951:T
357:f
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