366:(NSSFC). A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley. The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4.
626:
532:
129:
333:, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains. In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.
32:
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Some researchers argue that there are several
Tornado Alleys. In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics. A coherent
428:
The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the
303:
Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in
Tornado Alley. Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.
608:. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.
323:
to the east. Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and
Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the
593:
spawned a high-end EF3+ and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and
Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the
300:(NSSL) FAQ, "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.
1365:
257:. Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains, and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the
328:
reported
Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley. Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of
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209:
As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of
Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa,
405:, are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town,
614:
between the
Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.
1087:
1369:
875:
Coleman, Timothy A.; Thompson, Richard L.; Forbes, Gregory S. (29 April 2024). "A Comprehensive
Analysis of the Spatial and Seasonal Shifts in Tornado Activity in the United States".
799:
343:
conception considers that there is a single
Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.
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for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per 10,000 square miles (25,899.9 km) per year.
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Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States. The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of
1287:
1156:
1491:
Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell, Charles A.; Kay, Michael P. (August 2003). "Climatological
Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States".
598:
suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".
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Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the
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are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive
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Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.
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706:"Evidence of Smaller Tornado Alleys Across the United States Based on a Long Track F3-F5 Tornado Climatology Study from 1880-2003"
385:
The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain
363:
1745:
681:
1525:
Dotzek, Nikolai; Grieser, Jürgen; Brooks, Harold E. (July 2003). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions".
1142:
132:
A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems
96:
1276:
68:
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995:
800:"Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear"
409:, managed to increase its building requirements in 2014. Other common precautionary measures include the construction of
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as well as through portions of Central Quebec. Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region.
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1512:
798:
Levenson, Michael; Patel, Vimal; Grullón Paz, Isabella; Ives, Mike; Choi-Schagrin, Winston (December 11, 2021).
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Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.
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389:(1920–1998), as the title of a research project to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.
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570:. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions, although they are not unknown, and some, such as the
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705:
547:. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to
402:
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The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower
1048:
1020:. Northern Illinois University & NOAA/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory. January 29, 2007.
369:
In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the
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307:
No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the
42:
574:, have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from
401:, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its
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373:. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and
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195:, and New York. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas and
8:
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649:
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1277:"Average Annual Number of EF0-EF5 Tornadoes per 10,000 square miles during 1991 - 2010"
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804:
347:
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293:(NWS). Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.
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1080:
Taking Shelter from the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home or Small Business
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1242:. Midwest City, Oklahoma: Tinker Air Force Base. January 16, 1953. Archived from
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933:"Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say"
852:
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1117:"A historical and statistical comparison of 'Tornado Alley' to 'Dixie Alley'"
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Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and
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1018:"Climatology Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes In the United States"
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weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the
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is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The
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Geographical place in the United States where tornadoes commonly occur
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are most frequent. The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a
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1086:(Technical report) (4th ed.). FEMA. December 2014. P-320.
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In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the
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152:
1334:"A Fresh Spin on Tornado Occurrence and Intensity in Ontario"
168:
797:
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10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0626:CEOLDT>2.0.CO;2
1157:"Tornado Alley: The Most Tornado Prone Region In The World"
1110:
1108:
826:
Gensini, Vittorio A.; Brooks, Harold E. (17 October 2018).
262:
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1186:
931:
Stein, Emma; Marini, Miriam; Moran, Darcie (27 May 2022).
676:(2nd ed.). Boston: American Meteorological Society.
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Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes,
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1434:"Weather Predictions Made by the Global Warming Model"
1143:"USA's infamous 'Tornado Alley' may be shifting east"
874:
727:
Prentice, Robert A. (Nov–Dec 1992). "When to Chase".
1191:
Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller
621:
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1312:. Government of Canada. 9 June 2010. Archived from
1115:Gagan, John P.; Gerard, Alan; Gordon, John (2010).
828:"Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency"
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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703:
551:in strength have been documented in this region.
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746:https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/stalley.gif
712:. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society.
699:
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877:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
1597:
1259:"Opinion | An Oklahoma Suburb, Tornado-Ready"
825:
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147:is a loosely defined location of the central
909:. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from
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704:Broyles, Chris; C. Crosbie (October 2004).
554:Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike
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19:For the book by William S. Burroughs, see
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440:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1459:"When is Peak Tornado Season in Canada?"
1320:
904:
726:
667:
645:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
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354:, are sometimes called by the nickname "
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1385:"Where is the Tornado Alley in Canada?"
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1218:"How Did 'Tornado Alley' Get Its Name?"
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562:, especially in the region between the
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1286:. U.S. Tornado Climatology: NOAA.gov.
710:22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms
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364:National Severe Storms Forecast Center
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1368:. The Weather Network. Archived from
1290:from the original on October 29, 2013
1197:from the original on November 3, 2016
1167:from the original on October 25, 2016
968:from the original on October 30, 2013
779:from the original on October 18, 2013
591:2018 National Capital Region Outbreak
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285:Tornado activity in the United States
1520:Tornado hazards in the United States
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1364:Meiklejohn, Scott (11 April 2012).
1310:"Spring and Summer Weather Hazards"
1216:Singer-Vine, Jeremy (21 May 2013).
832:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
13:
1383:Salazar, Antoinette (2021-12-13).
1093:from the original on July 21, 2015
1059:from the original on June 29, 2011
998:from the original on March 2, 2012
14:
1757:
1479:
1331:
1257:Simmons, Kevin M. (14 May 2015).
962:National Severe Storms Laboratory
958:"Severe Weather 101: Tornado FAQ"
750:
298:National Severe Storms Laboratory
1024:from the original on May 3, 2007
716:from the original on 2013-10-02.
690:from the original on 2015-05-18.
624:
425:weather coverage are also high.
30:
1465:from the original on 2014-01-18
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1440:from the original on 2014-02-01
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1346:from the original on 2014-01-18
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1141:Rice, Doyle (17 October 2018).
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566:and the nation's capital city,
445:These figures, reported by the
41:needs additional citations for
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720:
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1:
1543:10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00050-4
1432:Scott, Cameron (2012-04-11).
1366:"The current 'Tornado Alley'"
1284:National Climatic Data Center
1053:National Climatic Data Center
905:Ferguson, Mark (2012-10-09).
655:
447:National Climatic Data Center
326:National Climatic Data Center
1746:Regions of the United States
1409:"Northern Tornadoes Project"
1236:"Weather officers commended"
7:
1461:. AccuWeather. 2010-05-14.
772:. Smithsonian Institution.
617:
10:
1762:
1413:Northern Tornadoes Project
994:. NOAA. January 29, 2007.
964:. NOAA. January 29, 2007.
668:Glickman, Todd S. (2000).
245:, and eastern portions of
18:
1620:
853:10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2
392:
362:, former director of the
199:have long recognized the
1486:NSSL Tornado Climatology
889:10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0143.1
413:and the installation of
291:National Weather Service
1493:Weather and Forecasting
1124:National Weather Digest
992:Storm Prediction Center
907:"The new tornado alley"
674:Glossary of Meteorology
437:occur every few years.
1339:. Environment Canada.
1163:. September 16, 2016.
536:
535:Canadian Tornado Alley
441:Frequency of tornadoes
431:southern United States
311:, particularly in the
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133:
1049:"Tornado Climatology"
572:2011 Goderich tornado
534:
417:. Tornado awareness,
358:", coined in 1971 by
321:Appalachian Mountains
284:
131:
1615:of the United States
1527:Atmospheric Research
1055:. January 29, 2007.
602:Southwestern Ontario
50:improve this article
21:Tornado Alley (book)
1564: /
1535:2003AtmRe..67..163D
1505:2003WtFor..18..626B
1372:on 21 January 2014.
844:2018npCAS...1...38G
650:Tornado climatology
508:Tornadoes in Canada
493:North Carolina: 6.4
1529:. 67–68: 163–187.
1263:The New York Times
1161:www.worldatlas.com
937:Detroit Free Press
805:The New York Times
537:
381:Origin of the term
348:Mississippi Valley
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134:
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1316:on 2 August 2016.
683:978-1-878220-34-9
475:South Carolina: 9
466:Mississippi: 9.2
296:According to the
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259:Canadian Prairies
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556:Southern Ontario
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387:Robert C. Miller
352:Tennessee Valley
319:to the west and
271:Southern Ontario
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670:"Tornado Alley"
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407:Moore, Oklahoma
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317:Rocky Mountains
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1480:External links
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165:severe weather
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141:also known as
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39:This article
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1392:. Retrieved
1389:About Canada
1388:
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1370:the original
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1314:the original
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1145:. USA Today.
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911:the original
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499:Indiana: 6.1
478:Alabama: 8.6
457:Kansas: 11.7
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419:preparedness
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185:South Dakota
167:in areas of
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1571: /
1294:October 26,
1171:October 15,
606:Great Lakes
564:Great Lakes
472:Oklahoma: 9
356:Dixie Alley
331:waterspouts
1735:Categories
1720:Unchurched
1469:2014-01-16
1444:2014-01-17
1418:2022-01-18
1394:2022-01-18
1350:2014-01-17
917:2014-01-16
783:October 2,
735:(1): 8–11.
729:Stormtrack
656:References
502:Texas: 5.9
403:foundation
251:New Mexico
106:April 2024
76:newspapers
1568:35°N 88°W
1063:April 26,
1028:April 26,
862:134206119
838:(1): 38.
596:Barrhaven
469:Iowa: 9.1
435:outbreaks
375:supercell
215:Wisconsin
211:Minnesota
173:Louisiana
163:to study
157:tornadoes
1463:Archived
1438:Archived
1341:Archived
1288:Archived
1240:Take-Off
1195:Archived
1165:Archived
1097:July 18,
1088:Archived
1057:Archived
1022:Archived
996:Archived
966:Archived
774:Archived
714:Archived
688:Archived
618:See also
522:Manitoba
267:Michigan
247:Colorado
231:Arkansas
227:Missouri
219:Illinois
193:Nebraska
177:Oklahoma
1741:Tornado
1715:Tornado
1680:Pretzel
1645:Borscht
1573:35; -88
1531:Bibcode
1501:Bibcode
840:Bibcode
576:Windsor
526:Ontario
514:Alberta
255:Wyoming
239:Montana
223:Indiana
90:scholar
1705:Stroke
1665:Jell-O
1655:Cotton
1625:Banana
860:
680:
580:Ottawa
568:Ottawa
560:Quebec
524:, and
421:, and
393:Impact
269:, and
181:Kansas
155:where
153:Canada
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63:
1660:Fruit
1640:Black
1635:Bison
1630:Bible
1344:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1280:(gif)
1222:Slate
1120:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
1084:(PDF)
858:S2CID
777:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
423:media
169:Texas
97:JSTOR
83:books
1700:Snow
1695:Salt
1690:Rust
1685:Rice
1675:Pine
1670:Lead
1650:Corn
1559:88°W
1556:35°N
1296:2013
1203:2015
1173:2016
1099:2015
1065:2007
1030:2007
1004:2013
974:2013
813:2021
785:2013
678:ISBN
558:and
263:Ohio
253:and
243:Ohio
189:Iowa
151:and
69:news
1710:Sun
1539:doi
1509:doi
885:doi
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578:to
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