Toothpaste - Knowledge

1147: 5300: 33: 4934: 1316: 948: 553: 5407: 5647: 4928: 541:. However, this process can be enhanced by various remineralisation agents. Fluoride promotes remineralization, but is limited by bioavailable calcium. Casein phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is a toothpaste ingredient containing bioavailable calcium that has been widely researched to be the most clinically effective remineralization agent that enhances the action of saliva and fluoride. Peptide-based systems, 83:). Owing to differences in composition and fluoride content, not all toothpastes are equally effective in maintaining oral health. The decline of tooth decay during the 20th century has been attributed to the introduction and regular use of fluoride-containing toothpastes worldwide. Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be poisonous. Common colors for toothpaste include white (sometimes with colored stripes or green tint) and blue. 895: 969: 5469: 1359: 381:

ingredient from well-known toothpaste formulations. This may be attributed to concerns about adverse effects associated with triclosan exposure. Triclosan use in cosmetics has been positively correlated with triclosan levels in human tissues, plasma and breast milk, and is considered to have potential neurotoxic effects. Long-term studies are needed to substantiate these concerns.

5173: 992:) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about halfway up its length. Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is a space for the material for one color, which issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes. 791:

dentifrices that are specifically formulated for tooth whitening were shown to have a beneficial effect in reducing extrinsic stains, irrespective of whether or not a chemical discoloration agent was added. However, the whitening process can permanently reduce the strength of the teeth, as the process scrapes away a protective outer layer of enamel.

1201:, who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. 1268:

lesions). After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials, its hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives.

276:. Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain and calculus removal. A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque, gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in 965:, which marketed the novelty under the Stripe brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year. 2456:

Papas A, He T, Martuscelli G, Singh M, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR (August 2007). "Comparative efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice and sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the prevention of periodontitis in xerostomic patients: a 2-year randomized

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Archila L, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T (December 2004). "The comparative efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice and sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the control of gingivitis: a 6-month randomized clinical study".

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that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which thereby issues out through small holes (in the

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Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material

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to break down or dissolve stains. When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear whiter. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel. A recent systematic review in 2017 concluded that nearly all

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Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts, but instances are exceedingly rare and result from prolonged and excessive use of toothpaste (i.e. several tubes per week). Approximately 15 mg/kg body weight is the acute lethal dose, even though as small amount

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A systematic review reported two out of ten studies by the same authors on the same population showed toothpastes with xylitol as an ingredient were more effective at preventing dental caries in permanent teeth of children than toothpastes containing fluoride alone. Furthermore, xylitol has not been

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greater than sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste. This is thought to contribute to a reduction in plaque and gingivitis when using stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes when compared to other toothpastes, and has been evidenced through numerous clinical trials. In addition to its antibacterial

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and there was no evidence either of any harmful effects associated with the use of triclosan toothpastes for more than 3 years. The evidence relating to plaque and gingivitis was considered to be of moderate quality while for periodontitis was low quality. Recently, triclosan has been removed as an

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that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving food a bitter taste. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste. Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an

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Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially

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Toothpastes are generally useful to maintain dental health. Toothpastes containing fluoride are effective at preventing tooth decay. Toothpastes may also help to control and remove plaque build-up, promoting healthy gums. A 2016 systematic review indicated that using toothpaste when brushing the

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In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries

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Many toothpastes make whitening claims. Abrasion is the principal way that toothpaste removes stains, and toothpastes that are not marketed as whitening can still remove stains by abrasion. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. Whitening

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The red area represents the material used for stripes, and the rest is the main toothpaste material. The two materials are not in separate compartments; they are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. Applying pressure to the tube causes the main material to issue out through the pipe.

1068:. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste". It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as 1263:

fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care."

300:. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm are not likely to be preventive, and the preventive effect increases with concentration. Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride (5,000 ppm fluoride) dentifrices, for prevention of root caries in elderly adults by reducing the amount of 3473:"Exploratory randomised controlled clinical study to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two occluding toothpastes – a 5% calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpaste and an 8% arginine/calcium carbonate toothpaste – for the longer-term relief of dentine hypersensitivity" 881:. Drugs require scientific studies and FDA approval in order to be legally marketed in the United States, but cosmetic ingredients do not require pre-approval, except for color additives. The FDA does have labelling and requirements and bans certain ingredients. 643:

The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of full-strength toothpaste (1350–1500 ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages. However, smaller volumes are used for young children, for example, a smear of toothpaste until three years old. A major concern of

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Twetman S, Petersson L, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Källestål C, Lagerlöf F, Lingström P, Mejàre I, Nordenram G, Norlund A, Söder B (August 2004). "Caries-preventive effect of sodium fluoride mouthrinses: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials".

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Pithon MM, Baião FS, Sant'Anna LI, Tanaka OM, Cople-Maia L (May 2019). "Effectiveness of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate-containing products in the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients: A systematic review".

1185:. The name is a combination of two Greek words, meaning "beautifier" and "disease preventer". Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe proved uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with 198:, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetic glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the removal of 3561:

Slot DE, Berchier CE, Addy M, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden GA (February 2014). "The efficacy of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel on plaque, clinical parameters of gingival inflammation and tooth discoloration: a systematic review".

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toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to gently polish the teeth or additives such as

597:, and calcium sodium phosphosilicate – CSPS containing toothpastes are also effective in alleviating dentinal hypersensitivity respectively. Another randomized clinical trial found superior effects when both formulas were combined. 287:

Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a sodium fluoride content of 0.312% w/w (1,450

429:. A 2020 systematic metareview found that herbal toothpastes are as effective as non-herbal toothpastes in reducing dental plaque at shorter period of follow-up (4 weeks). However, this evidence comes from low-quality studies. 677:. An animal study revealed the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and many other lab researches proved bacteria might be able to develop resistance to triclosan in a way which can help them to resist antibiotics also. 267:

F) are also used. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and

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Herbal toothpastes are marketed to consumers who wish to avoid some of the artificial ingredients commonly found in regular toothpastes. The ingredients found in so-called natural toothpastes vary widely but often include

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Hu D, Li X, Liu H, Mateo LR, Sabharwal A, Xu G, et al. (April 2019). "Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up".

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Toothpaste is usually dispensed via a collapsible tube or with a more rigid pump. Several traditional and innovative designs have been developed. The dispenser must be matched to the flow properties of the toothpaste.

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toothpastes and found insufficient evidence to support its use, tooth surface discoloration was observed as a side effect upon using it, which is considered a negative side effect that can affect patients' compliance.

1287:. The "biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into 1005:) for suitable sorts of differently colored toothpastes to be filled directly into tubes to produce a striped mix without any separate compartments. This required adjustment of the different components' behavior ( 626:

found to cause any harmful effects. However, further investigation into the efficacy of toothpastes containing xylitol is required as the currently available studies are of low quality and high risk of bias.

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in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a recall in 2007 involving multiple toothpaste brands in several nations. The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.

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Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. The abrasive effect of toothpaste is indicated by its

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properties, stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes have been shown to protect against dental erosion and dentine hypersensitivity, making it a multifunctional component in toothpaste formulations.

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and halitosis compared to other toothpastes. Furthermore, numerous clinical trials have shown gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpastes possess superior protection against dental erosion and

477:. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include Anethole 3215:

Wu L, Geng K, Gao Q (December 20, 2019). "Early Caries Preventive Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) Compared with Conventional Fluorides: A Meta-analysis".

2401:"Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 395:, a foaming agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient that also possesses some antimicrobial activities. There are also many commercial products available in the market containing different 108:

Abrasives constitute 8-20% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles are designed to help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque inhibits the accumulation of tartar (

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Shen P, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Stanton DP, Fernando JR, Reynolds EC (November 2018). "Importance of bioavailable calcium in fluoride dentifrices for enamel remineralization".

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Cheng X, Liu J, Li J, Zhou X, Wang L, Liu J, Xu X (February 2017). "Comparative effect of a stannous fluoride toothpaste and a sodium fluoride toothpaste on a multispecies biofilm".

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DeSimone JA, Heck GL, Bartoshuk LM (1980). "Surface active taste modifiers: a comparison of the physical and psychophysical properties of gymnemic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate".

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in some people, as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged. In studies conducted by the university of Oslo on

978:(this was red in Stripe) fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments, but they are sufficiently 648:

is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste. Nausea and vomiting are also problems which might arise with topical fluoride ingestion.

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Hu ML, Zheng G, Zhang YD, Yan X, Li XC, Lin H (August 2018). "Effect of desensitizing toothpastes on dentine hypersensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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in various forms is the most popular and effective active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluoride is present in small amounts in plants, animals, and

440:, has been shown to have antibacterial effects in the mouth. Research has shown that stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste inhibits extracellular polysaccharide ( 92:

teeth does not necessarily impact the level of plaque removal. However, the active ingredients in toothpastes are able to prevent dental diseases with regular use.

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was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until

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Zhao X, He T, He Y, Chen H (June 2020). "Efficacy of a Stannous-containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ".

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layer, with high affinity for proteins, thereby increasing epithelial permeability. In a double-blind cross-over study, a significantly higher frequency of

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Simultaneously, some of the pressure is forwarded to the stripe-material, which is thereby pressed onto the main material through holes in the pipe.

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Rule KL, Ebbett VR, Vikesland PJ (May 2005). "Formation of chloroform and chlorinated organics by free-chlorine-mediated oxidation of triclosan".

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Seventeen studies support the antiplaque, antigingivitis effects of dentifrices containing 0.30 percent triclosan, 2.0 percent Gantrez copolymer.

708:(delayed and immediate) to PEG-containing substances have been reported since 1977, suggesting that they have unrecognized allergenic potential. 4701:"Get the lead out didn't always mean for soldiers to speed up during World War II. It meant removing lead from toothpaste tubes to make bullets" 1243:(ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, 843:

A 2020 meta-analysis showed some evidence for the efficacy of herbal toothpaste, albeit from poor quality studies. According to a study by the

2502:"Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review" 1060:, improved the recipes by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. In the 9th century, Iraqi musician and fashion designer 4137: 3845:

Fruijtier-Pölloth C (October 2005). "Safety assessment on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and their derivatives as used in cosmetic products".

1197:. After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son 606:

mouthwash has been popular for its positive effect on controlling plaque and gingivitis, however, a systemic review studied the effects of

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Valkenburg C, Slot DE, Bakker EW, Van der Weijden FA (December 2016). "Does dentifrice use help to remove plaque? A systematic review".

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and possibly promoting calcium fluoride deposits to a higher degree than after the use of traditional fluoride containing dentifrices.

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fluoride) or stannous fluoride content of 0.454% w/w (1,100 ppm fluoride) is common. All of these concentrations are likely to prevent

372:. Another Cochrane review in 2013 has found that triclosan achieved a 22% reduction in plaque, and in gingivitis, a 48% reduction in 4230: 3647: 3360:

Simon Quellen Field "Why There's Antifreeze in Your Toothpaste: The Chemistry of Household Ingredients" 2008, Chicago Review Press.

2564:"Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta-analyses: Effects on dentine hypersensitivity and enamel erosion" 1806: 1722: 857:

has also been incorporated in toothpaste formulas; however, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness, and the

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Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Huq NL, Burrow MF, Reynolds EC (November 2010). "New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel".

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Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO

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Barkvoll P, Rølla G (November 1994). "Triclosan protects the skin against dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate exposure".

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have been advocated as remineralization agents; however, more clinical evidence is required to substantiate their effectiveness.

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Herlofson BB, Barkvoll P (June 1996). "The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers".

2950:"Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque & gingivitis – a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2894:"Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque & gingivitis – a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1247:

started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by

4477: 4450: 4423: 4019: 3824: 3731: 1692: 728:. Tartar fighting toothpastes have been debated. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been proposed to increase the frequency of 215: 1124:

An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burned bread. Another formula around this time called for

4813: 4536: 3252:"Efficacy of fluorides and CPP-ACP vs fluorides monotherapy on early caries lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1343:

Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of

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Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar alcohols, such as

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dentifrice versus an arginine-sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice: results from in vitro and in situ clinical studies"

617:, also known as lye or caustic soda, is listed as an inactive ingredient in some toothpaste, for example Colgate Total. 4787: 4388: 364:. A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence for the effectiveness of 0.30% triclosan in reducing 3365: 1146: 934: 744:

was demonstrated when patients brushed with an SLS-containing versus a detergent-free toothpaste. Also patients with

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van der Weijden F, Slot DE (February 2011). "Oral hygiene in the prevention of periodontal diseases: the evidence".

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Toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, the three main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and detergent.

4276: 3746: 2081:"Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice" 1588:

Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VC, Jeroncic A, et al. (Cochrane Oral Health Group) (March 2019).

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Featherstone JD (August 2009). "Remineralization, the natural caries repair process—the need for new approaches".

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Lippert F (2013). "An Introduction to Toothpaste - Its Purpose, History and Ingredients". In van Loveren C (ed.).

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in toothpaste has been discontinued in the US, however since 2015 the industry has shifted toward instead using

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in toothpastes. Also, it is used in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulas, for example: ointments, osmotic

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Gunsolley JC (December 2006). "A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents".

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made a tooth powder, which consisted of powdered ashes of ox hooves, myrrh, powdered and burnt eggshells, and

5815: 5785: 5380: 5223: 3926: 240: 3379:"Arginine-containing desensitizing toothpaste for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: a meta-analysis" 1018:), in which two or three layers extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO 243:. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. 5754: 5716: 5059: 4875: 4102: 870: 716:

With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by

441: 4351: 1024:), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the 5668: 4751: 4601: 2562:

West, Nicola X.; He, Tao; Zou, Yuanshu; DiGennaro, Joe; Biesbrock, Aaron; Davies, Maria (February 2021).

2217:"Gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride dentifrice: a 24-week randomized controlled trial" 1240: 1190: 912: 858: 219: 17: 4180: 593:

is included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity. Two systemic meta-analysis reviews reported that

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Wenande E, Garvey LH (July 2016). "Immediate-type hypersensitivity to polyethylene glycols: a review".

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Ruszkiewicz JA, Li S, Rodriguez MB, Aschner M (February 17, 2017). "Is Triclosan a neurotoxic agent?".

2318:"Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice" 1031:

The iconic depiction of a wave-shaped blob of toothpaste sitting on a toothbrush is called a "nurdle".

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Reports have suggested triclosan, an active ingredient in many kinds of toothpastes, can combine with

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value. Toothpastes with RDA values above 250 are potentially damaging to the surfaces of teeth. The

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added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual

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America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century

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America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century

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Soeteman GD, Valkenburg C, Van der Weijden GA, Van Loveren C, Bakker E, Slot DE (February 2018).

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Roos J, Dumolard A, Bourget S, Grange L, Rousseau A, Gaudin P, et al. (November 2005). "".

1834: 352:, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the United Kingdom. Triclosan or 5729: 5683: 5625: 5531: 5398: 5005: 4879: 2165:"The relative anticaries effectiveness of three fluoride-containing dentifrices in Puerto Rico" 1206: 761: 392: 321: 1335:. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In 425:). These ingredients are claimed by the manufacturers to fight plaque, bad breath and prevent 5805: 5795: 5739: 5620: 5033: 4773: 4756: 4440: 3512:

James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. (March 2017).

1236: 1093:, a "toothpaste in a box." Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century. 837: 760:

and other fruit juices are known to have an unpleasant taste if consumed shortly afterwards.

112:) helping to minimize the risk of gum disease. Representative abrasives include particles of 4153:"Whitening dentifrice and tooth surface discoloration-a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2500:

Johannsen A, Emilson CG, Johannsen G, Konradsson K, Lingström P, Ramberg P (December 2019).

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considers toothpastes with an RDA below 250 to be safe and effective for a lifetime of use.

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is another antimicrobial agent used in toothpastes; however, it is more commonly added in

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Stookey GK, Mau MS, Isaacs RL, Gonzalez-Gierbolini C, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR (2004).

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Delivering Better Oral Health: An evidence-based toolkit for prevention. NHS. UK, 2007.

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Mankodi S, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T (January 2005).

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West NX, He T, Hellin N, Claydon N, Seong J, Macdonald E, et al. (August 2019).

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West NX, He T, Macdonald EL, Seong J, Hellin N, Barker ML, Eversole SL (March 2017).

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Striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent

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Malea, Anestasia (2020), "Innovative and sustainable toothpaste packaging design",

4579: 4510: 4197: 4175: 4167: 4081: 4044: 4007: 3976: 3912: 3892: 3854: 3797: 3693: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3571: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3484: 3437: 3400: 3390: 3333: 3325: 3281: 3271: 3224: 3181: 3137: 3094: 3051: 3016: 2979: 2961: 2915: 2905: 2864: 2856: 2815: 2807: 2760: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2677: 2657: 2585: 2575: 2531: 2521: 2466: 2420: 2412: 2370: 2329: 2279: 2238: 2228: 2176: 2137: 2100: 2092: 2045: 2004: 1996: 1925: 1780: 1741: 1737: 1680: 1646: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1555: 1486: 1462: 1440: 1382: 1300: 1248: 1216: 705: 688:

is a common ingredient in some of the formulas of toothpastes; it is a hydrophilic

645: 614: 437: 356:

prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce

336:, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power. 231: 4818: 4553: 2796:"Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review" 2764: 2526: 2198: 1528: 1001: 5385: 5069: 4933: 4605: 4467: 4072: 3954: 3599:"Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults" 3276: 1364: 1276: 1194: 829: 764:, used as a surfactant in toothpaste, alters taste perception. It can break down 737: 465:, intended to encourage use of the product. The three most common flavorants are 328:(detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products as well, such as 297: 244: 184: 4514: 3489: 3472: 3441: 3141: 2811: 2580: 2563: 2374: 5810: 5446: 5079: 4537:"Kolynos Toothpaste and Nalgiri Cosmetics – A curious blend of Greek and Hindu" 2283: 2233: 1590:"Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries" 1328: 1053: 983:

side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes.

809: 774: 542: 518: 462: 191: 153: 4671: 4568:"Effect to Apatite-containing Dentifrices on Dental Caries in School Children" 3980: 3858: 2975: 2966: 2910: 2000: 1498: 1490: 1020: 1014: 988: 957: 5779: 5589: 5511: 5480: 5245: 5074: 4797: 4747:"I've always wondered: how mint flavoring became associated with clean teeth" 4632: 4398: 4085: 3098: 3055: 2948:

Janakiram C, Venkitachalam R, Fontelo P, Iafolla TJ, Dye BA (February 2020).

2892:

Janakiram C, Venkitachalam R, Fontelo P, Iafolla TJ, Dye BA (February 2020).

2860: 2599: 1929: 1178: 1083: 833: 607: 603: 458: 396: 384: 377: 365: 357: 353: 333: 309: 301: 199: 76: 60: 4150: 2470: 376:. However, there was insufficient evidence to show a difference in fighting 5630: 5566: 5551: 5526: 5364: 5084: 4522: 4415:

From Patent to Profit: Secrets & Strategies for the Successful Inventor

4189: 3904: 3866: 3809: 3705: 3632: 3583: 3547: 3498: 3449: 3414: 3347: 3295: 3236: 3193: 3149: 3106: 3063: 3028: 2993: 2929: 2878: 2829: 2772: 2729: 2669: 2607: 2545: 2478: 2434: 2382: 2343: 2291: 2252: 2190: 2149: 2114: 2057: 2018: 1792: 1749: 1702: 1658: 1623: 1567: 1506: 1454: 1372: 1288: 1284: 1275:

appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic

1057: 847:, many of the herbal toothpastes being sold in India were adulterated with 765: 757: 269: 56: 4337: 4056: 3988: 3228: 2141: 720:, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause 5724: 5612: 5485: 5441: 5419: 5406: 5337: 5307: 5241: 5090: 5029: 4858: 4554:

Early dental fluoride preparations (dentifrice, mouthwash, tablets, etc.)

3514:"Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health" 3395: 1163: 1159: 1109: 801: 729: 474: 426: 293: 52: 3801: 947: 5646: 5608: 5579: 5139: 4975: 4584: 4567: 3185: 2745:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews

1893: 1650: 1255:

to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's

1079: 1065: 919: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 693: 674: 466: 422: 369: 361: 325: 273: 176: 80: 48: 44: 4927: 4171: 4011: 3896: 3575: 3329: 2416: 2181: 2164: 2096: 2049: 1684: 1445: 1428: 1112:-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and 704:, other medications and household products. However, 37 cases of PEG 5218: 5108: 4960: 4950: 3670: 3668: 2794:

Brookes ZL, Bescos R, Belfield LA, Ali K, Roberts A (December 2020).

1377: 1069: 1045: 979: 874: 821: 717: 486: 470: 417: 404: 388: 349: 284:

compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes.

64: 4566:

Kani T, Kani M, Isozaki A, Shintani H, Ohashi T, Tokumoto T (1989).

2947: 2891: 894: 32: 5760: 5749: 5541: 5521: 5516: 5490: 5434: 5327: 5317: 5312: 5015: 4980: 4965: 4907: 4004:

Understanding dental caries. prevention: basic and clinical aspects

3597:

Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV (March 2015).

3250:

Tao S, Zhu Y, Yuan H, Tao S, Cheng Y, Li J, He L (April 30, 2018).

2499: 2162: 1636: 1280: 1212: 1129: 1006: 962: 854: 848: 817: 725: 697: 670: 600:

Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar.

594: 570: 566: 498: 490: 412: 236: 72: 4002:

Nikiforuk G (1985). "5 Fluoride Dentifrices and Fluoride Rinses".

3934: 3665: 1889:"The Glitter Conspiracy Theory: Who Is Taking All Of The Glitter?" 1143:

company began the mass production of aromatic toothpaste in jars.

968: 5546: 5475: 5414: 5359: 5354: 5322: 5162: 5118: 4995: 4324: 1215:

was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing

1182: 770: 689: 574: 510: 482: 445: 329: 187: 149: 5468: 4774:"Chapter 2: The Craving Brain: How to Create New Habits: Part I" 1475: 5536: 5456: 5369: 5189: 5100: 4990: 4955: 4942: 4256:

Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (March 4, 2022).

4097: 4095: 3825:"FDA Reviewing Triclosan, an Antibacterial Agent Found in Soap" 2842: 2359: 2315: 2033: 1410: 1224: 1074: 1064:

invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout

1061: 1049: 721: 538: 506: 494: 145: 4598: 4275:

Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (May 16, 2022).

3560: 3511: 3170: 2843:

Vranić E, Lacević A, Mehmedagić A, Uzunović A (October 2004).

5424: 5149: 5051: 5010: 4889: 4779:

The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business

2742: 1587: 1315: 813: 552: 514: 478: 436:) ion, commonly added to toothpastes as stannous fluoride or 4092: 2696:"Triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes for oral health" 1150:

Promotional poster for the Kolynos toothpaste from the 1940s

1116:

currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries.

736:, it was found that SLS has a denaturing effect on the oral 4608:. BioRepair (January 18, 2013). Retrieved on April 4, 2013. 4103:"Is Teeth Whitening Safe? What to Know and Products to Use" 1835:"What Is Glitter? A strange journey to the glitter factory" 1723:"Oral care product formulations, properties and challenges" 1720: 1344: 1336: 1133: 878: 825: 805: 522: 502: 408: 400: 195: 5172: 4853: 4231:"Toothpastes contain cancer causing nicotine, finds study" 2628: 2032:

Ganss C, Lussi A, Grunau O, Klimek J, Schlueter N (2011).

1009:) so that stripes are produced when the tube is squeezed. 5288: 5233: 3683: 2845:"Formulation ingredients for toothpastes and mouthwashes" 2214: 869:

In the United States toothpaste is regulated by the U.S.

433: 180: 3377:

Yang ZY, Wang F, Lu K, Li YH, Zhou Z (January 7, 2016).

2793: 4565: 2455: 1721:

Aspinall SR, Parker JK, Khutoryanskiy VV (April 2021).

986:

In 1990, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO

845:

Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

4130:"Whitening toothpaste: Does it actually whiten teeth?" 3127: 2031: 4258:"Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)" 4069: 3596: 2215:

Parkinson CR, Milleman KR, Milleman JL (March 2020).

1408:

American Dental Association Description of Toothpaste

836:. Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or 3084: 1978: 1679:. Vol. 23. Basel: S. Karger AG. pp. 1–14. 1354: 36:

Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrush

4656:"Rheological and sensory properties of toothpastes" 4321:"Colgate, Glaxo settle toothpaste 'nurdle' lawsuit" 3957:. Dentalgentlecare.com. Retrieved on April 4, 2013. 3927:"Tartar Fighting Toothpastes & Toxic Reactions" 3779: 2078: 1770: 1716: 1714: 1712: 711: 51:to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of 4556:. Fluoride-history.de. Retrieved on April 4, 2013. 2694:Riley P, Lamont T (December 2013). Riley P (ed.). 2561: 3966: 3844: 1886: 1546:O'Mullane DM (2016). "Fluoride and Oral Health". 1331:manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, 951:A brand of red, blue and white striped toothpaste 794: 751: 748:who avoided SLS-containing toothpaste benefited. 247:(NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but 5777: 3383:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry 2398: 1709: 1404: 1402: 1227:, Germany, based upon the early work of chemist 537:) of early tooth decay is promoted naturally by 63:and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing 3427: 3174:Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 640:as 5 mg/kg may be fatal to some children. 525:. Alternatively, unflavored toothpastes exist. 4814:Chemistry of Plaque Prevention with Toothpaste 4802:On the history of the marketing of toothpaste. 3470: 3006: 1981:"Erosion protection benefits of stabilized SnF 1922:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1670: 1668: 4839: 4493:Johnson TB (March 1942). "Harry Ward Foote". 4034: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3761:"The Everyman Who Exposed Tainted Toothpaste" 3721: 3249: 2629:Office of the Commissioner (April 17, 2010). 2622: 1860: 1545: 1399: 1209:in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars. 4181:11245.1/70dfdb36-d5af-412c-8032-423c258f89cf 3773: 3376: 3041: 2268: 2127: 1832: 769:unresolved issue and it is thought that the 680: 320:Many, although not all, toothpastes contain 3603:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3518:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2700:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2693: 1920:Weinert W (2005). "Oral Hygiene Products". 1915: 1913: 1911: 1665: 1594:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1469: 1283:for the remineralization and reparation of 560: 4846: 4832: 4721: 4381:Japanese fashion : a cultural history 4338:The History of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes 3873: 2650:Journal of the American Dental Association 2272:Journal of the American Dental Association 1177:developed the first toothpaste containing 832:, plant extract (strawberry extract), and 59:: it is an abrasive that aids in removing 4698: 4631: 4620:Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design 4583: 4411: 4274: 4255: 4179: 4001: 3822: 3758: 3648:"Toothpaste a Hazard? Just Ask the F.D.A" 3622: 3537: 3488: 3404: 3394: 3337: 3285: 3275: 3214: 2983: 2965: 2919: 2909: 2868: 2849:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2819: 2719: 2647: 2591:1983/34d78138-703d-484f-864f-ece3d3610d64 2589: 2579: 2535: 2525: 2424: 2333: 2242: 2232: 2180: 2104: 2008: 1613: 1444: 1426: 935:Learn how and when to remove this message 656:The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic 4340:. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on April 4, 2013. 2954:BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2898:BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2399:Clark-Perry D, Levin L (December 2020). 1908: 1314: 1145: 967: 961:, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to 946: 864: 780: 551: 528: 31: 4749:. I've Always Wondered (story series). 4744: 4599:An enamel toothpaste that repairs teeth 4492: 4465: 4438: 4349: 4228: 4160:International Journal of Dental Hygiene 3726:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 3564:International Journal of Dental Hygiene 2943: 2941: 2939: 2631:"Triclosan: What Consumers Should Know" 2085:International Journal of Dental Hygiene 1919: 1887:Dr. Beccy Corkill (December 21, 2022). 1730:Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 1674: 1189:(1875–1942), professor of chemistry at 999:-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO 421:), and natural or plant extracts (e.g. 344: 14: 5778: 4771: 3782:Environmental Science & Technology 3645: 3311: 3217:Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry 2130:Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry 1219:as the active ingredient, was sold by 304:accumulated, decreasing the number of 4827: 4653: 4617: 4293: 3749:, New York Times, September 30, 2007. 3747:"Tainted toothpaste across the world" 3717: 3715: 3471:Hall C, Mason S, Cooke J (May 2017). 3354: 3307: 3305: 2557: 2555: 2394: 2392: 2355: 2353: 2311: 2309: 2264: 2262: 2210: 2208: 884: 216:American National Standards Institute 194:. Some brands contain powdered white 27:Substance to clean and maintain teeth 4722:Cooper HS, Gill B (August 6, 1960). 4466:Segrave, Kerry (November 29, 2014). 4378: 4296:"How the Toothpaste Got its Stripes" 4222: 2936: 1807:"What Are Microbeads In Toothpaste?" 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1429:"Changes in dental caries 1953–2003" 1422: 1420: 1119: 1089:(1769) contained advertisements for 1039: 917:adding citations to reliable sources 888: 702:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 651: 5203:Heated humidified high-flow therapy 4724:"The Talk of the Town: Collapsible" 4127: 339: 24: 5467: 5405: 5298: 4737: 4383:(English ed.). Oxford: Berg. 4049:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1994.tb00792.x 4037:Journal of Clinical Periodontology 4006:. Basel: Karger. pp. 87–112. 3712: 3302: 2552: 2389: 2350: 2322:Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2306: 2259: 2205: 1861:Trisha Bartle (October 17, 2022). 1833:Caity Weaver (December 21, 2018). 1639:Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1239:, was initially criticized by the 1102:marketed did more harm than good. 577:, or related derivatives, such as 556:Toothpaste is sold in many brands. 25: 5827: 4807: 4699:Schlosser J (December 20, 2005). 4140:from the original on May 3, 2008. 3885:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 3823:Mukherjee K (September 4, 2010). 3021:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.030 1574: 1417: 457:Toothpaste comes in a variety of 173:Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 5645: 5171: 4932: 4926: 4705:Architecture Antiquity Artifacts 4412:DeMatteis, Bob (February 2004). 4229:Chandra N (September 11, 2011). 2335:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x 1785:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00337.x 1535:. National Institutes of Health. 1357: 1333:Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice 1319:Modern toothpaste gel, in a tube 893: 712:Miscellaneous issues and debates 55:. Toothpaste is used to promote 4715: 4692: 4647: 4611: 4592: 4559: 4547: 4529: 4486: 4459: 4432: 4405: 4372: 4350:Lebling RW (July–August 2003). 4343: 4331: 4313: 4287: 4268: 4249: 4204: 4144: 4121: 4063: 4028: 3995: 3960: 3941: 3919: 3838: 3816: 3759:Bogdanich W (October 1, 2007). 3752: 3740: 3677: 3639: 3590: 3554: 3505: 3464: 3421: 3370: 3243: 3208: 3164: 3121: 3078: 3035: 3000: 2885: 2836: 2787: 2736: 2687: 2662:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0110 2641: 2493: 2449: 2156: 2121: 2072: 2025: 1972: 1946: 1880: 1854: 1826: 1799: 1764: 1096: 904:needs additional citations for 444:) production in a multispecies 75:) to help prevent tooth decay ( 4439:Segrave K (January 27, 2010). 4418:. Square One Publishers, Inc. 3969:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 3615:10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2 3530:10.1002/14651858.CD008676.pub2 2712:10.1002/14651858.CD010514.pub2 1742:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111567 1630: 1606:10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3 1539: 1521: 1479:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 795:Herbal and natural toothpastes 752:Alteration of taste perception 545:nanocrystals and a variety of 315: 95: 13: 1: 4971:Effervescent powder or tablet 4768:On the history of toothpaste. 3698:10.1016/S0755-4982(05)84216-2 2765:10.1080/10937404.2017.1281181 2527:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850 1960:. American Dental Association 1393: 1294: 1191:Sheffield Chemical Laboratory 452: 86: 5755:Patient-controlled analgesia 5060:Orally disintegrating tablet 4745:Hartman M (March 16, 2018). 4212:"Are yellow teeth stronger?" 3722:Kidd E, Fejerskov O (2016). 3277:10.1371/journal.pone.0196660 2405:International Dental Journal 1989:Clinical Oral Investigations 1533:National Library of Medicine 1231:. An analogous invention by 1205:took over the production of 871:Food and Drug Administration 861:does not recommend its use. 664: 225: 103: 7: 4819:Fluoride toothpaste history 4541:Collecting Vintage Compacts 4515:10.1126/science.95.2462.241 3724:Essentials of Dental Caries 3646:Canedy D (March 24, 1998). 3490:10.1016/j.jdent.2017.02.009 3442:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.05.012 3142:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.005 3044:Advances in Dental Research 2812:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497 2581:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103566 2375:10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1592 1560:10.1922/CDH_3707O’Mullane31 1350: 1241:American Dental Association 859:American Dental Association 634: 322:sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 220:American Dental Association 142:calcium hydrogen phosphates 10: 5832: 5266:Relative analgesia machine 4782:. New York: Random House. 3087:Journal of Dental Research 2284:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.005 2234:10.1186/s12903-020-01079-6 1677:Monographs in Oral Science 1304: 1298: 1034: 1002:U.S. patent 20,160,228,347 620: 257:sodium monofluorophosphate 241:some natural water sources 229: 5710: 5682: 5654: 5643: 5607: 5574: 5455: 5393: 5346: 5282: 5232: 5188: 5169: 5148: 5134: 5099: 5050: 5028: 4941: 4924: 4888: 4874: 4865: 4672:10.1007/s00397-018-1090-z 4472:. McFarland. p. 35. 4445:. McFarland. p. 35. 4352:"Flight of the Blackbird" 3981:10.3109/00016359609003515 3953:February 8, 2006, at the 3859:10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.001 2967:10.1186/s12906-020-2812-1 2911:10.1186/s12906-020-2812-1 2459:Journal of Periodontology 2363:Journal of Periodontology 2001:10.1007/s00784-016-1905-1 1491:10.1080/00016350410001658 1388:List of toothpaste brands 1307:Toothpaste pump dispenser 1154:By 1900, a paste made of 734:recurrent aphthous ulcers 681:Polyethylene glycol – PEG 629: 4855:Routes of administration 4633:10.24867/jged-2020-2-019 4572:Journal of Dental Health 4264:– via www.fda.gov. 3099:10.1177/0022034510376046 3056:10.1177/0895937409335590 3009:Archives of Oral Biology 2861:10.17305/bjbms.2004.3362 1930:10.1002/14356007.a18_209 1221:Karl F. Toellner Company 756:After using toothpaste, 561:Miscellaneous components 282:dentine hypersensitivity 5381:Extra-amniotic infusion 4986:Molecular encapsulation 4918:Osmotic delivery system 4913:Time release technology 4604:March 31, 2012, at the 2471:10.1902/jop.2007.060479 1924:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1548:Community Dental Health 788:sodium tripolyphosphate 5684:Central nervous system 5472: 5410: 5338:Mucoadhesive microdisc 5303: 4277:"Cosmetic Ingredients" 4086:10.1093/chemse/5.4.317 1320: 1207:American Home Products 1151: 974: 952: 557: 393:Sodium laureth sulfate 296:, according to a 2019 272:, as well as reducing 183:-approved "rinse-off" 37: 5801:Drug delivery devices 5527:Transfersome vesicles 5471: 5409: 5386:Intravesical infusion 5302: 4757:American Public Media 4294:Weiss, Haley (2021). 3229:10.3290/j.ohpd.a43637 2142:10.3290/j.ohpd.a44926 1529:"Toothpaste overdose" 1427:Marthaler TM (2004). 1341:Colgate & Company 1318: 1279:as an alternative to 1237:Kansas City, Missouri 1149: 971: 950: 865:Government regulation 838:sodium lauryl sulfate 781:Whitening toothpastes 762:Sodium lauryl sulfate 673:in tap water to form 555: 529:Remineralizing agents 35: 5816:Preventive dentistry 5786:Brands of toothpaste 5213:Metered-dose inhaler 5198:Anesthetic vaporizer 4711:on October 13, 2008. 4654:Ahuja, Amit (2018), 3692:(20 Pt 1): 1518–20. 3477:Journal of Dentistry 3430:Journal of Dentistry 3396:10.2147/CCIDE.S95660 3130:Journal of Dentistry 2800:Journal of Dentistry 2568:Journal of Dentistry 1325:Washington Sheffield 1245:Procter & Gamble 1171:Willoughby D. Miller 913:improve this article 579:1,2-propylene glycol 345:Antibacterial agents 5638:Transdermal implant 5598:(into tissue/blood) 5375:Intrauterine device 5256:Anaesthetic machine 5251:Oxygen concentrator 4507:1942Sci....95..241J 4327:. November 8, 2011. 3931:toxictoothpaste.org 3794:2005EnST...39.3176R 3268:2018PLoSO..1396660T 2757:2017JTEHB..20..104R 2518:2019Heliy...502850J 1773:Periodontology 2000 1259:launched its first 1175:Newell Sill Jenkins 1044:Since 5000 BC, the 306:mutans streptococci 130:magnesium carbonate 79:) and gum disease ( 5750:Nanocell injection 5473: 5411: 5304: 5158:Dry-powder inhaler 4585:10.5834/jdh.39.104 4357:Saudi Aramco World 4107:The New York Times 3937:on April 23, 2012. 3766:The New York Times 3186:10.1111/jicd.12391 1840:The New York Times 1651:10.1111/jcpe.12615 1321: 1253:Indiana University 1199:Leonard A. Jenkins 1152: 975: 953: 885:Striped toothpaste 746:Oral Lichen Planus 587:Strontium chloride 583:polyethyleneglycol 558: 547:calcium phosphates 403:ingredients (e.g. 332:, and is mainly a 185:metallized-plastic 138:sodium bicarbonate 114:aluminum hydroxide 69:active ingredients 43:is a paste or gel 38: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5600: 5562:Transdermal spray 5557:Transdermal patch 5547:Medicated shampoo 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5261:Medical inhalants 5208:Medical inhalants 5136:Respiratory tract 5130: 5129: 5024: 5023: 4772:Duhigg C (2012). 4479:978-0-7864-5684-0 4452:978-0-7864-5684-0 4425:978-0-7570-0140-6 4172:10.1111/idh.12289 4109:. October 3, 2022 4021:978-3-8055-3905-0 4012:10.1159/000409915 3897:10.1111/cea.12760 3802:10.1021/es048943+ 3733:978-0-19-873826-8 3576:10.1111/idh.12050 3330:10.1159/000493031 3312:Philip N (2019). 2457:clinical trial". 2417:10.1111/idj.12588 2182:10.1159/000080584 2097:10.1111/idh.12379 2050:10.1159/000334318 1694:978-3-318-02206-3 1685:10.1159/000350456 1645:(12): 1050–1058. 1446:10.1159/000077752 1413:. April 15, 2010. 1261:clinically proven 1203:Colgate-Palmolive 1156:hydrogen peroxide 1120:Modern toothpaste 1078:. During Japan's 1040:Early toothpastes 945: 944: 937: 658:diethylene glycol 652:Diethylene glycol 591:potassium nitrate 533:Chemical repair ( 438:stannous chloride 249:stannous fluoride 190:as their primary 122:calcium carbonate 16:(Redirected from 5823: 5649: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5146: 5145: 5075:Sublingual drops 5048: 5047: 4936: 4930: 4886: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4801: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4707:. Archived from 4696: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4635: 4615: 4609: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4216:sciencefocus.com 4208: 4202: 4201: 4183: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3933:. Archived from 3923: 3917: 3916: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3524:(12): CD008676. 3509: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3398: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3289: 3279: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2969: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2913: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2706:(12): CD010514. 2691: 2685: 2684: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2593: 2583: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2529: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2428: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2236: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2184: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2012: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1867:Collective World 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1727: 1718: 1707: 1706: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1585: 1572: 1571: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1448: 1424: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1383:Fluoride therapy 1367: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1323:In 1880, Doctor 1301:Tube (container) 1249:Joseph C. Muhler 1217:calcium fluoride 1187:Harry Ward Foote 1106:Arm & Hammer 1023: 1017: 1004: 991: 960: 940: 933: 929: 926: 920: 897: 889: 706:hypersensitivity 646:dental fluorosis 615:Sodium hydroxide 535:remineralization 340:Other components 232:Fluoride therapy 21: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5765: 5745:Intraperitoneal 5717:musculoskeletal 5715: 5706: 5678: 5674:Intra-articular 5650: 5641: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5570: 5451: 5389: 5342: 5287: 5270: 5228: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5126: 5095: 5020: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4876:Digestive tract 4861: 4852: 4810: 4805: 4790: 4761: 4759: 4740: 4738:Further reading 4735: 4720: 4716: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4660:Rheologica Acta 4652: 4648: 4616: 4612: 4606:Wayback Machine 4597: 4593: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4501:(2462): 241–2. 4491: 4487: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4391: 4379:Toby S (2009). 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4323:. Market News. 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4237:. indiatoday.in 4227: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4073:Chemical Senses 4068: 4064: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4000: 3996: 3965: 3961: 3955:Wayback Machine 3946: 3942: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3881: 3874: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3778: 3774: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3720: 3713: 3686:Presse Médicale 3682: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3640: 3609:(3): CD010743. 3595: 3591: 3559: 3555: 3510: 3506: 3469: 3465: 3426: 3422: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3318:Caries Research 3310: 3303: 3262:(4): e0196660. 3248: 3244: 3213: 3209: 3169: 3165: 3126: 3122: 3093:(11): 1187–97. 3083: 3079: 3040: 3036: 3005: 3001: 2946: 2937: 2890: 2886: 2841: 2837: 2792: 2788: 2741: 2737: 2692: 2688: 2656:(12): 1649–57. 2646: 2642: 2627: 2623: 2560: 2553: 2498: 2494: 2454: 2450: 2397: 2390: 2358: 2351: 2314: 2307: 2278:(4S): S32–S37. 2267: 2260: 2221:BMC Oral Health 2213: 2206: 2169:Caries Research 2161: 2157: 2126: 2122: 2077: 2073: 2038:Caries Research 2030: 2026: 1984: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1918: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1769: 1765: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1695: 1673: 1666: 1635: 1631: 1600:(3): CD007868. 1586: 1575: 1544: 1540: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1474: 1470: 1433:Caries Research 1425: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1396: 1365:Medicine portal 1363: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1277:hydroxylapatite 1229:Albert Deninger 1195:Yale University 1122: 1099: 1084:Hiraga Gennai's 1056:, and then the 1042: 1037: 1019: 1013: 1000: 987: 956: 941: 930: 924: 921: 910: 898: 887: 867: 830:toothbrush tree 797: 783: 754: 742:aphthous ulcers 714: 692:that acts as a 683: 667: 654: 637: 632: 623: 563: 531: 455: 347: 342: 318: 298:Cochrane review 266: 262: 254: 245:Sodium fluoride 234: 228: 167: 163: 159: 135: 127: 119: 106: 98: 89: 71:(most commonly 67:, and delivers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5829: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5664:Intracavernous 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5466: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5447:Nutrient enema 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5404: 5402: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5297: 5295: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4808:External links 4806: 4804: 4803: 4789:978-1400069286 4788: 4769: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728:The New Yorker 4714: 4691: 4666:(6–7): 19–29, 4646: 4610: 4591: 4558: 4546: 4528: 4485: 4478: 4458: 4451: 4431: 4424: 4404: 4390:978-0857851451 4389: 4371: 4342: 4330: 4312: 4300:Inside Science 4286: 4267: 4248: 4221: 4203: 4143: 4120: 4091: 4080:(4): 317–330. 4062: 4027: 4020: 3994: 3959: 3940: 3918: 3872: 3837: 3815: 3788:(9): 3176–85. 3772: 3751: 3739: 3732: 3711: 3676: 3664: 3652:New York Times 3638: 3589: 3553: 3504: 3463: 3420: 3369: 3353: 3324:(3): 284–295. 3301: 3242: 3223:(6): 495–503. 3207: 3163: 3120: 3077: 3034: 2999: 2935: 2884: 2835: 2786: 2751:(2): 104–117. 2735: 2686: 2640: 2621: 2551: 2512:(12): e02850. 2492: 2465:(8): 1505–14. 2448: 2411:(6): 418–426. 2388: 2369:(12): 1592–9. 2349: 2305: 2258: 2204: 2155: 2136:(1): 619–624. 2120: 2091:(3): 261–267. 2071: 2024: 1995:(2): 533–540. 1982: 1971: 1945: 1938: 1907: 1879: 1853: 1825: 1798: 1763: 1708: 1693: 1664: 1629: 1573: 1538: 1520: 1468: 1416: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1352: 1349: 1329:New London, CT 1305:Main article: 1299:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1169:Together with 1126:dragon's blood 1121: 1118: 1098: 1095: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 943: 942: 925:September 2017 901: 899: 892: 886: 883: 866: 863: 834:essential oils 810:eucalyptus oil 796: 793: 782: 779: 775:cold receptors 753: 750: 713: 710: 700:, some of the 682: 679: 666: 663: 653: 650: 636: 633: 631: 628: 622: 619: 608:chlorohexidine 604:Chlorohexidine 562: 559: 543:hydroxyapatite 530: 527: 454: 451: 432:The stannous ( 397:essential oils 346: 343: 341: 338: 317: 314: 270:dental erosion 264: 260: 252: 230:Main article: 227: 224: 192:abrasive agent 165: 161: 157: 154:hydroxyapatite 133: 125: 117: 105: 102: 97: 94: 88: 85: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5828: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Intramuscular 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Intracerebral 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:Iontophoresis 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Topical cream 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Nasal cannula 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043:(10): 717–9. 4042: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891:(7): 907–22. 3890: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3853:(1–2): 1–38. 3852: 3848: 3841: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3366:1-55652-697-0 3363: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180:(2): e12391. 3179: 3175: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2175:(6): 542–50. 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1954:"Toothpastes" 1949: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779:(1): 104–23. 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