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monuments were some of the grandest ever constructed. Decoration turned to cherubs, urns, drapery, garlands of fruit and flowers. In the 18th century, church monuments became more restrained, placed before two-dimensional pyramids, but more Roman-like, with the deceased often depicted in Roman dress
283:
were carved in stone, marble or wood, or cast in bronze or brass. Often the stone effigies were painted to resemble life, but on the vast majority of medieval monuments, the paint has long since disappeared. The cross-legged attitude of many armoured figures of the late 13th or early 14th centuries
292:; but these theories are now rejected by scholars. Feet were often supported by stylised animals, usually either a lion indicating valour and nobility (generally for men), or a dog indicative of loyalty (generally for women). Sometimes the footrest was an heraldic beast from the deceased's family
371:
left plenty of bare spaces. Over the following centuries, these were gradually filled by monuments of the wealthy. It is the lack of competition from religious paintings and a tolerance of figurative sculpture in memorials, which most
Protestant countries did not share, that produced the
391:, etc.), particularly in France, the Netherlands and, eventually, England. There were major innovations in effigial posture, the deceased often being shown reclining or kneeling in prayer and surrounded by the whole family, as in life. Cadavers were replaced by skeletons. The 'hanging'
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The church monuments of
England, in particular, have been preserved in far greater numbers and, generally, in better condition than those of other countries. They are second to none in artistic merit. Fine examples may be found in cathedrals and parish churches in every county.
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form is one of the earliest types. The first attempts at commemorative portraiture emerged in the 13th century, executed in low relief, horizontal but as in life. Gradually these became full high-relief
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885:, and the fact that the husband and wife subjects were portrayed holding hands. The photo at right also shows the stylized lion and dog figures at the feet of the lord and lady, respectively.
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saw many differing styles, until large-scale monuments fell out of fashion at the end of the century. 20th-century large-scale monuments are not unknown, but quite rare.
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347:. Around the 13th century, smaller two-dimensional effigies incised in plates of brass and affixed to monumental slabs of stone became popular too. These
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monuments, some quite plain wall plaques, some with sentimental and romantically realistic figures (perhaps rising to heaven), or other devices such as
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detailing. Soon such chests stood alone with varying degrees of decorations. By the end of the century, these often had architectural
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or mural tablet affixed to a wall, to a large and elaborate structure, on the ground or as a mural monument, which may include an
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722:. The sculpture dates from after 1697. It includes a skeleton and figures representing the four cardinal virtues.
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613:(1600). The kneeling figures in the frieze below depict his ten children and are known as "weepers". In the
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Monumental
Industry: the production of tomb Monuments in England and Wales in the long fourteenth century
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Medieval Combat
Society: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century Armorial Monumental Effigy and Brass Timeline
411:. Effigies might be sitting or standing, grief-stricken, shrouded or, unusually, rising from the grave.
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also became popular, sometimes with half-length 'demi-figures'; and also the floor-bound heraldic
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Once only the subject of antiquarian curiosity, church monuments are today recognised as works of
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followed, with the obvious return to alabaster, tomb chests and recumbent effigies. However, the
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as a permanent and contemporary record of familial relationships and dates, and by students of
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Part of the memorial placed by Ann
Bellamy Lynn to her husband George at St Mary's Church,
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By the early 13th century, the effigies were raised on tomb-style chests (known as
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or symbolic nature. It is usually placed immediately above or close to the actual
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were somewhat cheaper and particularly popular with the emerging middle class.
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959:"Antiquarian attitudes: crossed legs, crusaders and the evolution of an idea"
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The removal of almost all the many wall-paintings in
English churches in the
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exceptionally rich
English holdings of large sculptural church monuments.
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In the 16th century, church monuments became increasingly influenced by
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English Church
Monuments in the Middle Ages: history and representation
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798:. The angelic heads depict the couple and their seven children (1898).
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Tomb depicting a cross-legged knight, thought to be Hamon Belers, in
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266:-shaped grave coverings incised with a cross or similar design; the
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Churchmouse: Church
Monuments & Other Memorials of Interest
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Monument to Emily, the wife of
Admiral Charles Lister Oxley in
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was long supposed to imply that the deceased had served in the
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877:", one of the best-known works by 20th-century English poet
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forms and detailing (pilasters, wreaths, strapwork, skulls,
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where before had existed only generalised representations.
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The earliest English church monuments were simple stone
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Church of Saint John the Baptist, Maddermarket, Norwich
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202:, commemorating a person buried at another location.
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is constructed within it. Sometimes the monument is a
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of the deceased person and other figures of familial,
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
589:Church, Cornwall, but moved to St Peter's Church,
174:. It can take various forms ranging from a simple
1612:
1091:Badham, Sally; Oosterwijk, Sophie, eds. (2010).
1090:
327:(often friends or relatives identified by their
617:, allegorical figures of Fame and Time look on.
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225:as providing reliable depictions for heraldic
1253:
1150:Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation England
1188:Monuments and Memory in Early Modern England
1057:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 153.
1267:
428:style gave more movement to these figures.
1260:
1246:
651:Monument to Richard Stone and his wife at
343:. The most refined monuments were made of
1217:Royal Berkshire History: Church Monuments
1152:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1147:
1008:Chaucer's dream visions and shorter poems
529:and his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, at the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1185:
1113:English Church Monuments, A.D. 1150–1550
1110:
1074:Medieval Church and Churchyard Monuments
855:
632:Marble polychrome mural monument at the
415:and relief portraits were popular. High
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131:
1119:
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559:St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford
14:
1613:
1233:Handbook for identification and repair
1071:
956:
762:symbolises the general's death at the
758:, London (1815). The winged figure of
403:. The 17th century saw an increase in
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1166:
1128:
778:A Victorian wall monument (1890) at
653:St Mary's Church, Holme-next-the-Sea
456:Examples of English church monuments
167:person or persons, located within a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1171:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1122:English Church Monuments, 1510–1840
674:'s mural monument in the chapel at
527:John Harington, 4th Baron Harington
431:
24:
1631:Monuments and memorials in England
752:Major-General Sir William Ponsonby
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25:
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555:John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland
194:, although very occasionally the
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475:St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray
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424:-like 'medallion portrait'. The
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1621:Burial monuments and structures
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989:from the original on 2016-03-05
531:Church of St Dubricius, Porlock
436:The early 19th century brought
45:needs additional citations for
27:Memorials in Christian churches
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1:
1212:The Church Monuments Society
7:
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736:Southwick, Northamptonshire
10:
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780:St Paul's Church, Shadwell
311:) decorated with foliage,
248:, in cross-legged attitude
69:"English church monuments"
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1452:National Trust properties
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1148:Llewellyn, Nigel (2000).
1133:. London: B.T. Batsford.
1095:. Donington: Shaun Tyas.
975:10.1017/s0003581510000053
860:The subject of the poem
834:Mural memorial to Bishop
1586:English landscape garden
1186:Sherlock, Peter (2008).
1131:English Church Monuments
1124:. London: B.T. Batsford.
1115:. London: B.T. Batsford.
1055:The Buildings of England
922:, Forgotten Books, 1926
905:
585:(d.1597); originally in
567:Gerard Johnson the elder
1626:Architecture in England
1269:Architecture of England
1111:Crossley, F.H. (1921).
136:Effigy and monument to
1338:Strawberry Hill Gothic
1190:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
1120:Esdaile, K.A. (1946).
1072:Badham, Sally (2011).
870:
820:William Blake Richmond
810:Monument in bronze to
525:Alabaster effigies of
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145:
1224:(mostly Lincolnshire)
957:Harris, O.D. (2010).
859:
690:Effigial monument in
676:Jesus College, Oxford
239:
135:
1432:Renaissance theatres
1412:Round-tower churches
1167:Saul, Nigel (2009).
1129:Kemp, Brian (1980).
1049:(1952). "Tawstock".
883:Chichester Cathedral
868:Chichester Cathedral
710:The monument to Sir
611:Waltham Abbey Church
369:English Commonwealth
323:. Small figures of
242:William II Longespee
176:commemorative plaque
54:improve this article
1402:Medieval cathedrals
1397:Abbeys and priories
1010:, Routledge, 1999.
963:Antiquaries Journal
918:Puckle, Bertram S.
840:Guildford Cathedral
756:St Paul's Cathedral
692:Worcester Cathedral
389:allegorical figures
365:English Reformation
355:Early modern period
281:monumental effigies
246:Salisbury Cathedral
142:Southwark Cathedral
1561:Dartmoor longhouse
1556:Wealden hall house
1033:2023-12-11 at the
1006:Quinn, William A.
944:2023-12-11 at the
895:Funerary hatchment
871:
812:Bishop Edward King
764:Battle of Waterloo
630:The Layer Monument
250:
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1608:
1607:
1518:Brighton and Hove
1407:Former cathedrals
1358:Bristol Byzantine
1197:978-0-7546-6093-4
1076:. Oxford: Shire.
1047:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1024:978-0-8153-3100-1
936:978-1-60506-807-7
852:"An Arundel Tomb"
816:Lincoln Cathedral
593:, Devon, in 1924.
507:Lincoln Cathedral
140:(c.1330–1408) in
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330:
329:coats of arms
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317:architectural
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1538:Bastle house
1446:
1417:Roman villas
1187:
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1130:
1121:
1112:
1092:
1073:
1066:Bibliography
1050:
1041:
1007:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
966:
962:
952:
919:
914:
900:Ledger stone
872:
861:
750:Monument to
716:South Dalton
695:
636:
607:Edward Denny
581:Monument to
553:Monument to
538:
499:cadaver tomb
482:
459:
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401:ledger stone
396:
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374:
358:
308:
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300:
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294:coat of arms
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261:
244:(d.1250) in
219:genealogists
207:funerary art
204:
188:burial vault
149:
147:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1472:Lighthouses
1427:Hall houses
1308:Elizabethan
1288:Saxo-Norman
1283:Anglo-Saxon
1051:North Devon
712:John Hotham
377:Renaissance
309:table tombs
305:altar tombs
301:tomb chests
253:Development
231:portraiture
1615:Categories
1571:Bath stone
1548:Oast house
1503:Manchester
1493:Birmingham
1384:structures
1348:Jacobethan
1328:Queen Anne
1140:0713417358
993:2014-05-15
969:: 401–40.
501:of Bishop
405:classicism
361:iconoclasm
275:, usually
240:Effigy of
158:sculptural
138:John Gower
80:newspapers
18:Tomb chest
1581:Flushwork
1533:Almshouse
1528:Fan vault
1498:Liverpool
1457:Windmills
1363:Brutalist
1353:Edwardian
1343:Victorian
983:206212438
782:, London.
615:spandrels
583:John Wrey
345:alabaster
277:recumbent
169:Christian
1602:Category
1467:Stadiums
1333:Georgian
1318:Carolean
1313:Jacobean
1031:Archived
987:Archived
942:Archived
889:See also
846:(1956).
672:Thelwall
591:Tawstock
535:Somerset
420:or as a
385:obelisks
383:arches,
381:coffered
367:and the
321:canopies
313:heraldry
286:Crusades
273:effigies
223:heraldry
200:cenotaph
184:heraldic
165:deceased
161:memorial
144:, London
110:May 2009
1513:Bristol
1442:Museums
1392:Castles
822:(1913).
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738:(1758).
678:(1630).
659:(1607).
657:Norfolk
569:(1588).
513:(1431).
417:Baroque
363:of the
341:cadaver
325:weepers
268:hogback
227:blazons
211:costume
94:scholar
1551:(cowl)
1488:London
1293:Norman
1276:Styles
1194:
1175:
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1080:
1028:p. 190
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587:St Ive
541:1471).
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333:angels
264:coffin
215:armour
180:effigy
172:church
152:is an
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1303:Tudor
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906:Notes
698:1640.
696:circa
639:1600.
637:circa
565:, by
539:circa
483:circa
422:cameo
413:Busts
393:mural
217:, by
192:grave
163:to a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1508:Bath
1192:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1135:ISBN
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1078:ISBN
1020:ISBN
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924:ISBN
497:The
213:and
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971:doi
866:in
838:in
818:by
814:at
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557:in
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315:or
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