439:
Under his administration the number of immigrants increased from 10,000 in 1902 to 40,000 in 1905. Estrada Palma was regarded a fiscal conservative, preferring to keep any budget deficits at a minimum if possible. He is also credited for being one of the few Cuban
Presidents for not significantly misusing public funds. By the time Estrada Palma left office it is said that the Cuban Treasury had a few million dollars at its disposable. Estrada Palma summarized his budget plans through in one his statements “it is most imperative that the State has at its disposal secure and sufficient sources of revenue in order to cover, within a framework of prudent economic policies, the inevitable expenses of multiple departments within the public administration.”
272:, July 9, 1835, to Dr. Andrés María Estrada y Oduardo and María Candelaria Palma Tamayo. His exact birth date is not known because of a fire in Bayamo Town Hall on January 19, 1869, that destroyed his birth records. An article in Bohemia magazine issued October 4, 1944 indicates that his baptism document, contained in his University of Havana file, shows of a birth date of July 6, 1832. His paternal grandfather was Dr. Manuel José de Estrada, well-known professional in the region of Cauto, Cuba (current-day Bayamo). He was given his name "Tomás" in honor of his maternal grandfather, Don Tomás de Palma, a rich landowner. What is known about his early life is his schooling in the private school of Toribio Hernández, Havana, and his attendance in the
493:
authority of the
Executive (Cuban President), while the rebels continue to roam free at arms and with a menacing attitude. Wishing, on the other hand, honestly and wholeheartedly that the country return to a normal state of order and general tranquility and unable to accept the conditions proposed by the aforementioned Commission, I have resolved as a patriotic act to present unto the Cuban Congress, with irrevocable character, my resignation to the post of President of the Republic. Ensuring that it will be accepted, I give thanks to the members of both chambers and I offer you the assurances of my highest consideration. Signed at the Palace of the Presidency, September 28, 1906.
435:
stationed in the island. His policies were also responsible for improvements in education, communications, and public health, which had suffered from the devastation created by the war. As an example, land prices between 1902 and 1905 went up and he built over 328 km of roads in Cuba. In 1905 Palma formed the “Gabinete de
Combate” or the “Fighting Cabinet” as the cabinet ministers consisted of all veterans who fought during the Cuban Wars of Independence. The principal figure in the new cabinet was General Fernando Freyde de Andrade, Secretary of the Government.
50:
256:, between May 20, 1902, and September 28, 1906. His collateral career as a New York City area educator and writer enabled Estrada Palma to create pro-Cuban literature aimed at gaining sympathy, assistance and publicity. He was eventually successful in garnering the attention of influential Americans. He was an early and persistent voice calling for the United States to intervene in Cuba on humanitarian grounds. During his presidency his major accomplishments include improving Cuba's infrastructure, communication, and public health.
524:
1308:
466:
The main issue in the second election was the equal representation of the Cuban provinces. Critics of
Estrada Palma such as General Faustino Guerra Puente accused him of ignoring the constitution. Still, other politicians and generals, possibly even including Guerra Puente himself, recognized Estrada
434:
in perpetuity for use as a naval base and coaling station. That was a minor victory for the
Estrada Palma administration for Washington had wanted five naval bases on the island. It is a testament to his diplomatic skills that Estrada Palma was able to obtain the reduction, even with American troops
438:
Estrada Palma paid much attention to public works especially as they related to improving the sanitary conditions of the country as well as expanding the means of communication throughout the island. Admittedly funds originally destined for educational buildings were at first reduced and later cut.
368:
After the
Spanish–American War, Estrada Palma dissolved one of the leading factions of the Cuban revolutionary armies: the Liberation Army, mostly black and rural. He gave more political power to the Assembly of Representatives, the allegedly more pragmatic white urban dwellers, neo-annexationists,
492:
The course of events that has taken hold as a result of the public disorder caused by the armed revolt in the
Province of Pinar del Rio; the fact that a U.S. Commission of Peace, in representation of Washington, is currently in place in the Cuban capital, which has in turn caused the loss of
345:
After the
Government in Arms was established, it sent Estrada Palma to Washington, DC, as its diplomat. He was largely successful. Estrada Palma received assistance from various individuals including an American banker who attempted to offer Spain $ 150 million to give up the island.
400:, withdrew his candidacy in protest against favoritism by the occupational government and the manipulation of the political machine by Estrada Palma's followers. Thus, Estrada Palma was left as the only candidate. On December 31, 1901, Estrada Palma was elected president.
360:
to pass a joint resolution on April 19, 1898. The resolution disavowed the
Spanish colonization of Cuba and supported the independence of the Republic of Cuba. It also highlighted that the United States had no intention of occupying or annexing the island. (see
479:. Finally, on September 28, 1906, Estrada Palma, by then 71 years old, resigned along with the rest of the executive branch, leaving Cuba without a successor president. This choice of action allowed the United States to take control under the Platt Amendment.
1290:
Libro De Cuba, Una
Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, Y ElProgreso General De La Nacion Cubana – Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba,
470:
The response to the opponents Alfredo Zayas was to have the force of the police and the rural guard to allow Estrada Palma to claim victory. Estrada Palma and the moderate camp appealed to the US for intervention, and in 1906, the US began the
353:'s newspapers to spread the cause of the Cuban Revolutionary Party by posting articles sympathetic to the Cuban revolutionaries. The newspapers assisted the revolutionaries in gaining materials, support, and popularity for the movement.
418:
American troops left after the Cuban government signed a bill lowering tariffs on American products and incorporated the Platt Amendment into its constitution. Many American companies came to do business in Cuba.
407:
would be equal to whites in society. Before his presidency, Estrada Palma assured that he would bring 100 public service jobs to Afro-Cubans and repeal American regulations that supported segregation in Cuba.
372:
He had effectively given power a chosen few of the former revolutionaries to achieve political dominance within Cuban politics. At the same time, he would attract US assistance in Cuba to rebuild the country.
606:
Estrada Palma is known less for his accomplishments in education, revolution, and infrastructure than for being a part of the annexation agenda of and his subservience to the United States.
403:
To his credit, Estrada Palma did not want to have a presidency based on racial barriers. Like many other Cuban revolutionaries, he had seen the new nation as a nonracial republic in which
637:), he ran a summer camp, which has since been abandoned. During his presidency, Estrada Palma kept an "T. Estrada Palma Fund" to buy prizes for academic achievements in Orange County.
211:
385:'s rule in Cuba, elections were to be held on December 31, 1901. There were two political parties, the Republicans, who were conservative and wanted national autonomy, headed by
1104:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 8, 1908 - Office of the Historian"
415:
was signed on March 2, 1901. The amendment allowed the United States to interfere in the domestic policies of Cuba and to lease land for naval bases or coal stations.
342:. His role in the party was to be its chief representative. With that authorization, he was able to have diplomatic relations with other countries, including the US.
94:
1148:
Garcia, Margarita. (2016). Before "Cuba Libre" The Making of Cuba's First President Tomas Estrada Palma. Denver, Colorado: Outskirt Press. pp. Kindle Location 1950.
90:
622:'s revolutionaries, reportedly because they blamed Estrada Palma for starting the trend of US interventions in Cuba. The plinth, with a pair of shoes, remains.
1646:
591:
Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III and Alyce Mae Carroll married and continued the name with their first-born child, Tomás Ramón Estrada-Palma IV, born in Miami.
594:
Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III had three more children, Patrick Carroll Estrada-Palma, Candita Margaret Estrada-Palma, and Kathleen Riordan Estrada-Palma.
292:, Estrada Palma and his wife had six children. He was regarded as a courteous man of a few words. It is also said that Estrada Palma had great tenacity.
1089:
1075:
475:
and installed a provisional occupation government, which lasted from 1906 to 1909. Another pro-American government was established in Cuba under
280:
on January 29 in 1857 for excessive absences. He withdrew on June 29, 1857, of the same year for personal reasons. On May 15, 1881, he married
1626:
423:
1360:
980:
725:
1324:
1611:
1631:
1579:
1656:
545:
393:. Both supported Estrada Palma. However, he did not campaign but instead remained in the United States, where he was a citizen.
1159:
Auxier, George W. (1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish American War, 1895–1898,"
739:
Auxier, George W. (1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish–American War, 1895–1898".
1426:
1636:
1278:
1267:
1245:
1230:
1208:
1190:
1175:
1153:
1129:
1036:
952:
918:
836:
808:
783:
695:
856:
994:
597:
Estrada Palma's name ends with Tomás Ramón Estrada-Palma IV since he decided to not continue the name with his children.
1606:
626:
588:
Tomás Estrada Palma, with their first-born child, Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III, born on May 12, 1911, in New York.
571:
553:
1353:
300:
From 1857 to 1868, he returned to Bayamo and became an administrator and a local teacher. He continued to teach in
1394:
1373:
549:
389:, and the National Liberals, who were a popular party that wanted Cuba to go toward local autonomy, headed by
510:
at 11:45 p.m. on November 4, 1908, from pneumonia. He was temporarily residing in Calle Sagarra No. 17
173:
451:, with his second term officially commencing May 20, 1906. This time, there was violent opposition by the
281:
201:
1641:
1601:
1346:
448:
1513:
250:
189:
1496:
1447:
1485:
1420:
472:
269:
183:
634:
534:
362:
427:
285:
1525:
1410:
630:
538:
356:
In a move that showed some real statesmanship and an ability to use media, Estrada Palma got the
350:
305:
276:
in which he received a philosophy degree on July 19, 1854. He was taken out of the roster in the
1465:
1459:
1405:
1651:
1400:
386:
116:
84:
1508:
1470:
1103:
1090:"Panorama histórico : Ensayo de cronología cubana : Desde 1492 hasta 1933 Tomo III"
452:
289:
277:
1621:
1616:
1502:
944:
938:
273:
1559:
1543:
1321:
8:
397:
891:
756:
49:
1490:
1475:
1431:
1369:
1263:
1241:
1226:
1204:
1186:
1171:
1149:
1125:
1057:
1032:
948:
914:
895:
852:
832:
804:
779:
691:
614:
In 1903, a statue of Estrada Palma was erected in the Avenida de los Presidentes, in
317:
253:
246:
65:
851:
Navarro, José Cantón: History of Cuba, Editorial SI-MAR, Havana, Cuba, 1998, p. 81,
881:
748:
507:
487:
169:
1453:
1415:
1328:
585:
Tomás Andrés Estrada-Palma Guardiola and Helen Douglas Browne continued the name.
456:
412:
332:
1251:
Puente, Faustino Guerra. (September 1906). "Causes of the Cuban Insurrection."
1214:
Fuente, Alejandro de la. (1991). "Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900–1912."
476:
1538:
1008:
Puente, Faustino Guerra (September 1906). "Causes of the Cuban Insurrection".
886:
869:
1595:
1196:
688:
Before "Cuba Libre": The Making of Cuba's First President Tomas Estrada Palma
459:
had affected the outcome. One story being that The National Labor Party used
431:
390:
328:
1480:
1436:
1338:
316:
Estrada Palma became the President of the Cuban Republic in Arms during the
1533:
1441:
619:
382:
153:
20:
1313:
357:
339:
711:
655:
1282:
1262:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
1124:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
1061:
760:
633:. Along a road that now bears his name (Estrada Road, in the hamlet of
404:
242:
1277:. Brasted, Kent: United Kingdom: Russell & Russell. p. 121.
1056:. Brasted, Kent: United Kingdom: Russell & Russell. p. 121.
1332:
752:
523:
913:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 63.
301:
690:. Denver, Colorado: Outskirt Press. pp. Kindle Location 61.
24:
338:
After Martí's death, Estrada Palma became the new leader of the
335:
to gather political support for a political revolution in Cuba.
615:
503:
265:
239:
149:
1260:
A Cultural History of Cuba during the US Occupation, 1898–1902
1122:
A Cultural History of Cuba during the US Occupation, 1898–1902
625:
Estrada Palma spent many years of his US exile in the town of
324:
1225:
Chapel Hill. NC: University of North Carolina Press. P. 63.
245:, the president of The Republic of Cuba in Arms during the
463:, fraud to prevent minority victory in the first election.
327:
troops and sent into exile. While in exile, he traveled to
1027:
Mellander, Gustavo A.; Mellander, Nelly Maldonado (1999).
1203:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 2005.
1076:"Cuba los primeros años de independencia Segunda parte"
831:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 2005.
1322:
Digital Images from the Tomás Estrada Palma Collection
1303:
1031:. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor.
1026:
803:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 62.
660:University of Florida George A Smathers Libraries
1593:
1223:Black Political Activism and the Cuban Republic.
778:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9.
911:Black Political Activism and the Cuban Republic
482:President Palma's resignation read as follows:
422:On February 16, 1903, Estrada Palma signed the
31: and the second or maternal family name is
653:
447:Estrada Palma was re-elected unopposed in the
1647:People from Woodbury, Orange County, New York
1368:
1354:
1582:acted as president during part of this term.
1240:. New York: Harper & Hugh. p. 472.
1185:. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 62.
870:"Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900–1912"
467:Palma as the only person able to lead Cuba.
1170:. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 9.
552:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1361:
1347:
1201:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
1051:
908:
829:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
656:"Estrada Palma, Primer Presidente de Cuba"
259:
48:
885:
572:Learn how and when to remove this message
981:"Historia de la nación cubana Tomo VIII"
943:. New York: Harper & Hugh. pp.
726:"Historia de la nación cubana Tomo VIII"
78:20 May 1902 – 28 September 1906
1161:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1029:Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years
741:The Hispanic American Historical Review
311:
238:July 9, 1835 – November 4, 1908) was a
1594:
1007:
995:"Historia de la nación cubana Tomo IX"
936:
867:
826:
798:
738:
685:
1342:
1287:
1275:Cuba and the United States, 1900–1935
1119:
1115:
1113:
1054:Cuba and the United States, 1900–1935
968:Cuba and the United States: 1900-1935
932:
930:
773:
1627:Cuban emigrants to the United States
1335:of the University of Miami Libraries
970:, Russell H Fitzgibbon, 1935, p. 113
822:
820:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
550:adding citations to reliable sources
517:
349:Estrada Palma was also assisted by
13:
1110:
927:
424:Cuban-American Treaty of Relations
396:Estrada Palma's opponent, General
14:
1668:
1299:
1168:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
817:
776:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
666:
284:(1854–1926), daughter of General
1306:
1258:Utset, Marial Iglesias. (2011).
868:Fuente, Alejandro de la (1999).
618:. His statue was pulled down by
522:
1632:Cuban people of Spanish descent
1273:Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1964).
1120:Utset, Marial Iglesias (2011).
1096:
1082:
1068:
1052:Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1964).
1045:
1020:
1001:
987:
973:
961:
902:
861:
295:
212:Jose M. Estrada-Palma Guardiola
16:1st President of Cuba (1902–06)
1657:20th-century Cuban politicians
1216:Latin American Research Review
874:Latin American Research Review
845:
792:
767:
732:
718:
704:
647:
513:
442:
323:Estrada Palma was captured by
1:
1255:. Vol. 183, No. 599: 538–540.
1078:. Ed. "Le livre libre". 1929.
640:
381:After a few years of General
376:
235:
1637:Cuban independence activists
1612:People of the Ten Years' War
1288:Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954).
1238:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
1163:. Vol. 19: pp. 286–305.
940:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
23:, the first or paternal
7:
1221:Pappademos, Melina (2011).
1092:. Ucar, García y Cía. 1934.
909:Pappademos, Melina (2011).
449:1905 Cuban general election
10:
1673:
1142:
686:Garcia, Margarita (2016).
190:Republican Party of Havana
18:
1607:People of the Banana Wars
1568:
1552:
1522:
1381:
1333:Cuban Heritage Collection
1253:The North American Review
1010:The North American Review
887:10.1017/S0023879100039364
609:
601:
473:Second Occupation of Cuba
282:Genoveva Guardiola Arbizú
225:
217:
207:
202:Genoveva Guardiola Arbizú
197:
184:Cuban Revolutionary Party
179:
159:
131:
126:
122:
110:
100:
82:
71:
63:
59:
47:
40:
1218:. Vol. 34, No. 3: 39–73.
1181:Kapcia, Antoni. (2000).
1166:Sweig, Julia E. (2009).
774:Sweig, Julia E. (2009).
654:Portell Vila, Herminio.
497:
426:, agreeing to lease the
827:Nohlen, Dieter (2005).
799:Kapcia, Antoni (2000).
631:Orange County, New York
351:William Randolph Hearst
331:, where he worked with
306:Orange County, New York
260:Personal and early life
1395:US occupation, 1906–09
1236:Thomas, Hugh. (1971).
1183:Cuba: Island of Dreams
801:Cuba: Island of Dreams
495:
937:Thomas, Hugh (1971).
484:
290:President of Honduras
286:José Santos Guardiola
278:University of Seville
95:Domingo Méndez Capote
54:Estrada Palma in 1899
546:improve this section
455:. Each side claimed
363:Spanish–American War
312:War for independence
274:University of Havana
232:Tomás Estrada Palma
136:Tomás Estrada Palma
91:Luis Estévez Romero
42:Tomás Estrada Palma
1642:People from Bayamo
1602:Presidents of Cuba
1370:Presidents of Cuba
1327:2011-12-13 at the
502:Estrada Palma, an
106:Office established
1589:
1588:
1523:Presidents of the
1432:Pentarchy of 1933
1268:978-0-8078-7192-8
1246:978-0-06-014259-9
1231:978-0-8078-3490-9
1209:978-0-19-928357-6
1191:978-1-85973-331-8
1176:978-0-19-989670-7
1154:978-1-4787-7391-7
1131:978-0-8078-7192-8
1038:978-1-56328-155-6
954:978-0-06-014259-9
920:978-0-8078-3490-9
838:978-0-19-928357-6
810:978-1-85973-331-8
785:978-0-19-989670-7
697:978-1-4787-7391-7
582:
581:
574:
387:José Miguel Gómez
254:President of Cuba
229:
228:
117:José Miguel Gómez
66:President of Cuba
1664:
1526:Council of State
1448:Márquez Sterling
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1136:
1135:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1005:
999:
998:
991:
985:
984:
977:
971:
965:
959:
958:
934:
925:
924:
906:
900:
899:
889:
865:
859:
857:978-959-7054-191
849:
843:
842:
824:
815:
814:
796:
790:
789:
771:
765:
764:
736:
730:
729:
722:
716:
715:
708:
702:
701:
683:
664:
663:
651:
577:
570:
566:
563:
557:
526:
518:
508:Santiago de Cuba
488:Congress of Cuba
237:
170:Santiago de Cuba
166:
163:November 4, 1908
146:
144:
127:Personal details
113:
103:
87:
76:
52:
38:
37:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1564:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1377:
1367:
1329:Wayback Machine
1312:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1021:
1016:(599): 538–540.
1006:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
979:
978:
974:
966:
962:
955:
935:
928:
921:
907:
903:
866:
862:
850:
846:
839:
825:
818:
811:
797:
793:
786:
772:
768:
753:10.2307/2507259
737:
733:
724:
723:
719:
710:
709:
705:
698:
684:
667:
652:
648:
643:
612:
604:
578:
567:
561:
558:
543:
527:
516:
500:
491:
490:
457:electoral fraud
445:
413:Platt Amendment
379:
314:
298:
264:He was born in
262:
192:
188:
186:
180:Political party
168:
164:
148:
142:
140:
138:
137:
111:
101:
83:
77:
72:
55:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1317:
1301:
1300:External links
1298:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1197:Nohlen, Dieter
1194:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1044:
1037:
1019:
1000:
986:
972:
960:
953:
926:
919:
901:
860:
844:
837:
816:
809:
791:
784:
766:
747:(3): 286–305.
731:
717:
703:
696:
665:
645:
644:
642:
639:
635:Central Valley
611:
608:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
580:
579:
530:
528:
521:
515:
512:
499:
496:
477:Charles Magoon
444:
441:
428:Guantanamo Bay
398:Bartolomé Masó
378:
375:
369:and elitists.
318:Ten Years' War
313:
310:
297:
294:
261:
258:
247:Ten Years' War
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
181:
177:
176:
167:(aged 73)
161:
157:
156:
135:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
88:
85:Vice President
80:
79:
69:
68:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:1900s in Cuba
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1575:‡ Provisional
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
990:
982:
976:
969:
964:
956:
950:
946:
942:
941:
933:
931:
922:
916:
912:
905:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
858:
854:
848:
840:
834:
830:
823:
821:
812:
806:
802:
795:
787:
781:
777:
770:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
727:
721:
713:
707:
699:
693:
689:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
661:
657:
650:
646:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
607:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
576:
573:
565:
555:
551:
547:
541:
540:
536:
531:This section
529:
525:
520:
519:
511:
509:
505:
494:
489:
483:
480:
478:
474:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
440:
436:
433:
432:United States
429:
425:
420:
416:
414:
409:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
391:Alfredo Zayas
388:
384:
374:
370:
366:
364:
359:
354:
352:
347:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
329:New York City
326:
321:
319:
309:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:
233:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
191:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
162:
158:
155:
151:
134:
130:
125:
121:
118:
115:
109:
105:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
81:
75:
70:
67:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1393:
1388:
1331:held by the
1289:
1274:
1259:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1182:
1167:
1160:
1121:
1098:
1084:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1003:
989:
975:
967:
963:
939:
910:
904:
880:(3): 39–73.
877:
873:
863:
847:
828:
800:
794:
775:
769:
744:
740:
734:
720:
706:
687:
659:
649:
624:
620:Fidel Castro
613:
605:
568:
559:
544:Please help
532:
501:
485:
481:
469:
465:
460:
446:
437:
430:area to the
421:
417:
410:
402:
395:
383:Leonard Wood
380:
371:
367:
355:
348:
344:
337:
322:
315:
299:
296:Early career
270:Spanish Cuba
263:
231:
230:
165:(1908-11-04)
154:Spanish Cuba
147:July 6, 1835
112:Succeeded by
73:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
1622:1908 deaths
1617:1835 births
1314:Cuba portal
514:Descendants
443:Second term
405:Afro-Cubans
358:US Congress
340:Cuban Junta
193:(1902–1906)
187:(1892–1902)
102:Preceded by
1596:Categories
1560:Díaz-Canel
1553:Presidents
1544:Díaz-Canel
1382:Presidents
1283:B00656T7SO
1062:B00656T7SO
641:References
506:, died in
377:First term
333:José Martí
249:, and the
243:politician
218:Occupation
143:1835-07-06
1572:* Interim
1539:R. Castro
1534:F. Castro
1295:(Spanish)
1291:1902–1952
896:252748307
712:"Bohemia"
533:does not
74:In office
1514:Dorticós
1497:Alliegro
1466:M. Gómez
1454:Mendieta
1427:Céspedes
1401:J. Gómez
1325:Archived
1199:(2005).
627:Woodbury
562:May 2022
504:attorney
453:liberals
302:Honduras
221:Attorney
208:Children
64:1st
19:In this
1580:Domingo
1509:Urrutia
1491:Batista
1476:Batista
1421:Herrera
1416:Machado
1389:Estrada
1143:Sources
997:. 1952.
983:. 1952.
761:2507259
728:. 1952.
554:removed
539:sources
486:To the
461:el copo
325:Spanish
29:Estrada
25:surname
1503:Piedra
1471:Laredo
1460:Barnet
1406:García
1281:
1266:
1244:
1229:
1207:
1189:
1174:
1152:
1128:
1060:
1035:
951:
917:
894:
855:
835:
807:
782:
759:
694:
616:Havana
610:Honors
602:Legacy
266:Bayamo
198:Spouse
150:Bayamo
1442:Hevia
1411:Zayas
892:S2CID
757:JSTOR
498:Death
251:first
240:Cuban
33:Palma
1486:Prío
1481:Grau
1437:Grau
1374:list
1279:ASIN
1264:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1058:ASIN
1033:ISBN
949:ISBN
915:ISBN
853:ISBN
833:ISBN
805:ISBN
780:ISBN
692:ISBN
537:any
535:cite
411:The
304:and
174:Cuba
160:Died
132:Born
93:and
1014:183
945:472
882:doi
749:doi
629:in
548:by
365:).
139:c.
27:is
1598::
1578:^
1112:^
1012:.
947:.
929:^
890:.
878:34
876:.
872:.
819:^
755:.
745:19
743:.
668:^
658:.
320:.
308:.
288:,
268:,
236:c.
172:,
152:,
1505:*
1499:*
1493:^
1462:*
1456:*
1450:*
1444:*
1423:‡
1376:)
1372:(
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1293:.
1270:.
1248:.
1233:.
1211:.
1193:.
1178:.
1156:.
1134:.
1106:.
1064:.
1041:.
957:.
923:.
898:.
884::
841:.
813:.
788:.
763:.
751::
714:.
700:.
662:.
575:)
569:(
564:)
560:(
556:.
542:.
234:(
145:)
141:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
