4220:
228:
2889:
mahsma vo bei hek nahtha ab amjeth hek
Tatanigi Jiosh. Sha biʼih a mahsh mo kahke hek Tadai mahsh mo mehtk amo tahʼih hek nahtha ha vehhejed ihtham Oʼottham. Tadai shah ma sohhih mahsh mo mehdk amo tahʼih g nahtha hek Tatanigi Jiosh. Tho shuth mehtkam, am "sih ih naihsh hek vohgk" k gau mel mahsh am kih g Tatanigi Jiosh.
2888:
Nahnse ehtha, moh hek jeved uhth sih vehchoch, mahsh hek Tadai siskeg uhth uʼuhig. Hek aʼanach ch vopohch sih vo skegach ch ep sih chechvach. Kush am hebai hai kih g Oʼottham sham oʼoitham k am upam thahtha k am cheh mahsh hehkai chu hek ha nahtha. Ihtham Oʼothham sham eh hehmapa k am aʼaga mahsh has
2875:
Na꞉nse ʼe꞉da, mo꞉ hek jeweḍ ʼu꞉d si we꞉coc, ma꞉ṣ hek Taḏai siskeg ʼu꞉d ʼuʼuhig. Hek ʼaʼanac c wopo꞉c si wo skegac c ʼep si cecwac. Kuṣ ʼam hebai hai ki g ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼoʼoidam k ʼam ʼupam da꞉da k ʼam ce꞉ ma꞉ṣ he꞉kai cu hek ha na꞉da. ʼI꞉dam ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼeh he꞉mapa k ʼam aʼaga ma꞉ṣ has ma꞉sma vo bei
2772:
Three numbers are distinguished in nouns: singular, plural, and distributive, though not all nouns have distinct forms for each. Most distinct plurals are formed by reduplication and often vowel loss plus other occasional morphophonemic changes, and distributives are formed from these by gemination
1508:
and the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian
Community, and is used in this article, but the Saxton orthography is also common and is official in the Gila River Indian Community. It is relatively easy to convert between the two, the differences between them being largely no more than different graphemes
392:
Approximately 8% of Oʼodham speakers in the US speak
English "not well" or "not at all", according to results of the 2000 Census. Approximately 13% of Oʼodham speakers in the US were between the ages of 5 and 17, and among the younger Oʼodham speakers, approximately 4% were reported as speaking
2876:
hek na꞉da ʼab ʼamjeḍ hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Ṣa biʼi ʼa ma꞉ṣ mo ka꞉ke hek Taḏai ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉tk ʼamo ta꞉i hek na꞉da ha we꞉hejeḍ ʼi꞉dam ʼOʼodham. Taḏai ṣa꞉ ma so꞉hi ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉ḍk ʼamo ta꞉i g na꞉da hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Tho ṣud me꞉tkam, ʼam "si ʼi nai꞉ṣ hek wo꞉gk" k gau mel ma꞉ṣ ʼam ki g Tatañki Jioṣ.
2917:
Little gray horned toad youth, he just now learned something and is telling about himself. Over there he visits a girl repeatedly. And comes many times, yet he can't make it. Over there he keeps running, trying to look across at
3080:
El pima bajo es una lengua yutoazteca (yutonahua) de la rama tepimana. Otras tres lenguas de esta rama son el tepehuano del norte, el tepehuano del sur o sureste y el antiguo pápago, actualmente denominado
366:(traditionally called Pima) reside. In 2000 there were estimated to be approximately 9,750 speakers in the United States and Mexico combined, although there may be more due to underreporting.
4854:
2896:
The following is a song from O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida (O'odham
Legends and Lore) by Susanne Ignacio Enos, and Dean and Lucille Saxton. It exemplifies the "Storyteller dialect".
2905:
Ali s-kohmangi chemamangi wiapo'oge'eli, hemu aichu mahch k e ahnga. Wahsh ng uwi chechenga ch mu'ikko ia melopa, oi wa pi e nako. Wahshana memenada ch gahghai chum a neinahim.
4859:
2484:
There is some disagreement among speakers as to whether the spelling of words should be only phonetic or whether etymological principles should be considered as well.
1489:"number". Similarly, for the most part and appear before low vowels while and before high vowels, but there are exceptions to both, often in Spanish loanwords:
1504:
There are two orthographies commonly used for the Oʼodham language: Alvarez–Hale and Saxton. The
Alvarez–Hale orthography is officially used by the
3282:
3332:
3301:
4015:
4258:
3132:
235:
17:
2707:
behavior: verbs agree with the number of the subject in intransitive sentences, but with that of the object in transitive sentences:
493:
dialectal differences are between the Tohono Oʼodham (or Papago) and the Akimel Oʼodham (or Pima) dialect groupings. Some examples:
4849:
169:
2570:
Oʼodham has relatively free word order within clauses; for example, all of the following sentences mean "the boy brands the pig":
4844:
4839:
3008:[General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights] (Ley General) (in Spanish). Congreso de la Unión. 13 March 2003.
3287:
3969:
3927:
3220:
3294: (archived 11 October 2022) - Includes stories with phonetic transcription, audio, and translation created by linguist
2617:
In principle, these could also mean "the pig brands the boy", but such an interpretation would require an unusual context.
1349:
sound, either voiced or unvoiced depending on position, is often interpolated between consonants and at the ends of words.
370:
3325:
1117:
258:
4864:
4008:
1222:
4251:
3195:
3114:
334:
4829:
4224:
2704:
1010:
2837:
Oʼodham adjectives can act both attributively modifying nouns and predicatively as verbs, with no change in form.
4032:
248:
4869:
3889:
3572:
3349:
3318:
125:
4115:
4573:
4100:
4001:
3430:
3304:- O'odham legends with side-by-side English translations by Susanne Ignacio Enos and Dean and Lucille Saxton.
1215:
1150:
1092:
1061:
4244:
1086:
214:
2530:
2472:
2454:
2419:
2382:
2352:
2322:
2292:
2262:
2232:
2199:
2169:
2139:
2109:
2079:
2033:
1987:
1957:
1927:
1897:
1867:
1837:
1807:
1803:
1772:
1742:
1712:
1708:
1677:
1647:
1617:
1587:
1557:
1529:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1335:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1290:
4794:
4201:
4133:
3802:
3651:
1250:
1208:
1103:
758:
The Cukuḍ Kuk dialect has null in certain positions where other Tohono Oʼodham dialects have a bilabial:
164:
3005:
2523:(a warm color roughly equivalent to yellow or brown). Some believe it should be spelled phonetically as
1341:
Additionally, in common with many northern Uto-Aztecan languages, vowels and nasals at end of words are
3956:
3876:
3843:
3622:
3617:
3381:
1266:
1128:
994:
4523:
3777:
3668:
4834:
4784:
4708:
4612:
4498:
4475:
3373:
3057:
1227:
1054:
1001:
1505:
359:
77:
4553:
4054:
1083:
1040:
1017:
892:
Oʼodham phonology has a typical Uto-Aztecan inventory distinguishing 19 consonants and 5 vowels.
637:
There are other major dialectal differences between northern and southern dialects, for example:
374:
3558:
479:
85:
4543:
3807:
1169:
4395:
3276:
4799:
4779:
4703:
4583:
4400:
4352:
4302:
4082:
3963:
3884:
3866:
3643:
3341:
1047:
943:
382:
347:
120:
4372:
4563:
4041:
4024:
1068:
959:
386:
4430:
3851:
1509:
for the same phoneme, but there are distinctions made by
Alvarez–Hale not made by Saxton.
8:
4789:
4698:
4598:
4513:
4445:
4390:
4337:
4332:
4267:
3656:
1277:
Most vowels distinguish two degrees of length: long and short, and some vowels also show
950:
915:
486:
482:, this section currently focuses on the Tohono Oʼodham and Akimel Oʼodham dialects only.
369:
It is the 10th most-spoken indigenous language in the United States, the 3rd most-spoken
4653:
3817:
3533:
2976:
4593:
4538:
4317:
4128:
3797:
3728:
3601:
3488:
3165:
3157:
2935:
2694:
2668:
966:
4628:
3527:
206:
4738:
4668:
4633:
4618:
4558:
4548:
4528:
4480:
4455:
4367:
4322:
4138:
3861:
3786:
3759:
3705:
3628:
3581:
3521:
3495:
3442:
3414:
3409:
3397:
3295:
3216:
3191:
3169:
3149:
3110:
3071:
3020:
2684:
1243:
1033:
930:
920:
130:
4342:
2930:
254:
4758:
4753:
4718:
4688:
4623:
4578:
4518:
4415:
4410:
4362:
4347:
4312:
4307:
4196:
4153:
4148:
4123:
4064:
3856:
3833:
3812:
3741:
3678:
3473:
3465:
3141:
3061:
3046:"La documentación de la tradición oral entre los pima: el diablo pelea con la luna"
1166:
910:
905:
293:
2533:, while others think its spelling should reflect the fact that it is derived from
861:
language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several
4811:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
4763:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4693:
4658:
4603:
4533:
4508:
4435:
4420:
4405:
4292:
4143:
4049:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3792:
3747:
3687:
3513:
3502:
3456:
3402:
3358:
3291:
937:
925:
396:
Native names for the language, depending on the dialect and orthography, include
378:
112:
219:
4748:
4648:
4588:
4465:
4450:
4357:
4327:
4105:
3984:
3911:
3713:
3694:
3662:
3250:
3066:
3045:
2620:
Despite the general freedom of sentence word order, Oʼodham is fairly strictly
2396:
1140:
2954:
1439:
and are largely in complementary distribution, appearing before high vowels
4823:
4643:
4568:
4503:
4470:
4440:
4425:
4169:
4090:
4072:
3736:
3718:
3553:
3183:
3153:
3075:
2621:
1190:
987:
858:
48:
4608:
4460:
1024:
3479:
190:
4663:
3435:
3107:
Tohono O'odham/Pima to
English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary
1294:
1278:
1185:
1111:
490:
363:
100:
81:
3310:
3993:
3161:
2959:
2557:, it is not since it is just a different declension of the same word).
1398:
in
Spanish loanwords, but native words do not have nasal assimilation:
1202:
1195:
4236:
2624:
in its placement of the auxiliary verb (in the above sentences, it is
1258:
1235:
1076:
981:
199:
183:
2863:
The following is an excerpt from Oʼodham
Piipaash Language Program:
227:
3145:
3048:[Pima's oral tradition record: the devil fights the moon].
1342:
862:
283:
266:
2758:
in the above example), but the auxiliary agrees with the subject:
4297:
3768:
3043:
976:
351:
262:
63:
4728:
355:
67:
52:
1483:. However, there are several Spanish loanwords where occurs:
478:
Due to the paucity of data on the linguistic varieties of the
3249:
Ignacio Enos, Susanne; Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille (1969).
3006:
Ley
General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas
2984:
1362:
is realized as voiceless and devoices preceding obstruents:
1346:
234:
Oʼodham is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO
3044:
Estrada Fernández, Zarina; Oseguera Montiel, Andrés (2015).
323:
311:
308:
299:
3140:(1). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 29–35.
305:
265:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3248:
2869:("Roadrunner"). It exemplifies the Salt River dialect.
172:
in Mexico; various tribal agencies in the United States
4855:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
3213:
A comprehensive introduction to grammar in linguistics
335:
4860:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
1465:"next to speaker"), though Saxton analyzes these as
320:
3239:. Salt River, AZ: Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program
3105:Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille; Enos, Susie (1983).
326:
314:
296:
2418:The Saxton orthography does not mark word-initial
2903:
2886:
2873:
2864:
2849:
2841:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2759:
2753:
2752:The main verb agrees with the object for person (
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2646:
2634:
2625:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2467:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2405:
2390:
2370:
2360:
2340:
2330:
2310:
2300:
2280:
2270:
2250:
2240:
2217:
2207:
2187:
2177:
2157:
2147:
2127:
2117:
2097:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2021:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1975:
1965:
1945:
1935:
1915:
1905:
1885:
1875:
1855:
1845:
1825:
1815:
1790:
1780:
1760:
1750:
1730:
1720:
1695:
1685:
1665:
1655:
1635:
1625:
1605:
1595:
1575:
1565:
1545:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1382:
1363:
1322:
1311:
1300:
1285:
839:
832:
820:
813:
801:
794:
782:
775:
745:
738:
720:
713:
695:
688:
670:
663:
621:
614:
602:
595:
581:
574:
567:
555:
548:
536:
529:
517:
510:
409:
403:
397:
39:ʼOʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ, ʼOʼodham ñiʼokĭ, Oʼodham ñiok
4821:
3130:Saxton, Dean (January 1963). "Papago Phonemes".
3104:
3190:. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
3109:. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
422:The Oʼodham language has a number of dialects.
4252:
4009:
3326:
3133:International Journal of American Linguistics
2915:
1352:
2979:[Speakers of Indigenous Languages].
1428:rarely occur initially in native words, and
27:Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico and US
1495:"wine", TO weco / AO veco ("bajo") "under".
302:
4259:
4245:
4016:
4002:
3333:
3319:
3021:"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"
3019:Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre.
3018:
2529:, reflecting the fact that it begins with
381:. It is the third-most spoken language in
226:
3340:
3065:
1381:is a fricative before unrounded vowels:
881:refer to the same language; likewise for
385:, and the fourth-most spoken language in
4023:
3210:
236:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4266:
259:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
159:One of the national languages of Mexico
14:
4822:
3767:
3182:
3129:
2426:generally corresponds to Hale–Alvarez
282:
4240:
3997:
3970:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
3928:Nahuatl language in the United States
3314:
2479:
393:English "not well" or "not at all".
3235:Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program.
24:
2948:
25:
4881:
3270:
1473:, respectively, and final as in
1459:(1st imperfective auxiliary) vs.
1265:
1249:
1242:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1149:
1127:
1116:
1102:
1091:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1000:
993:
965:
958:
949:
942:
362:(formerly called the Papago) and
4219:
4218:
292:
4850:Indigenous languages of Arizona
3277:Oʼodham Swadesh vocabulary list
3242:
3229:
2773:of the reduplicated consonant:
2740:"the boys are branding the pig"
2551:, so while it could be spelled
1453:"sing". They contrast finally (
1443:, appearing before low vowels
170:Secretariat of Public Education
4845:Indigenous languages of Mexico
4840:Languages of the United States
3434:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
3204:
3176:
3123:
3098:
3037:
3012:
2998:
2977:"Hablantes de lengua indígena"
2969:
2858:
2748:"the boy is branding the pigs"
1499:
13:
1:
2941:
2851:ʼs-he꞉pid ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼañ hohoʼid
2832:
2761:ʼa꞉ñi ʼañ g kokji ha-cecposid
2732:"the boy is branding the pig"
2703:). Number agreement displays
2422:or extra-short vowels. Final
1165:The retroflex consonants are
895:
852:
3298:with Jose Pancho and others.
2517:are also seen) derives from
1330:"I don't know", "who knows?"
868:
18:Tohono O'odham language
7:
4795:Plains Indian Sign Language
3283:Papago – English Dictionary
3215:. University Publications.
2924:
2745:ceoj ʼo g kokji ha-cecposid
2505:("frybread"; the spellings
417:
105:1,240 (Mexico, 2020 census)
10:
4886:
3890:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
3067:10.18441/ind.v32i0.125-152
2764:"I am branding the pigs".
2655:"I am not working", not **
2560:
1353:Allophony and distribution
1281:duration (voicelessness).
872:
4808:
4772:
4681:
4489:
4381:
4283:
4274:
4214:
4189:
4182:
4162:
4114:
4081:
4063:
4040:
4031:
3978:
3948:
3920:
3875:
3842:
3826:
3776:
3758:
3727:
3704:
3677:
3642:
3610:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3546:
3512:
3464:
3455:
3423:
3390:
3366:
3357:
3348:
2916:
2843:ʼi꞉da ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼo s-he꞉pid
2611:ceposid ʼo g ko꞉jĭ g ceoj
2604:ceposid ʼo g ceoj g ko꞉jĭ
2565:
1175:
1139:
1110:
1075:
1022:
975:
936:
902:
245:
225:
213:
197:
181:
176:
163:
155:Official language in
153:
148:
109:
91:
73:
58:
44:
37:
32:
4785:Albarradas Sign Language
3257:O'odham Legends and Lore
3188:A Tohono O'odham Grammar
3058:Ibero-American Institute
2767:
2737:cecoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid
2667:Verbs are inflected for
2662:
1338:is pronounced in Pima.
62:Primarily south-central
4830:Agglutinative languages
3803:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
3302:O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida
3252:O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida
3211:Callahan, Rick (2016).
2965:(subscription required)
2904:
2899:In Saxton orthography:
2887:
2882:In Saxton orthography:
2874:
2865:
2850:
2842:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2736:
2729:ceoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid
2728:
2720:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2647:
2635:
2626:
2610:
2603:
2597:ko꞉jĭ ʼo ceposid g ceoj
2596:
2590:ceoj ʼo ceposid g ko꞉jĭ
2589:
2583:ko꞉jĭ ʼo g ceoj ceposid
2582:
2576:ceoj ʼo g ko꞉jĭ ceposid
2575:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2468:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2406:
2391:
2371:
2361:
2341:
2331:
2311:
2301:
2281:
2271:
2251:
2241:
2218:
2208:
2188:
2178:
2158:
2148:
2128:
2118:
2098:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2022:
2016:
2002:
1996:
1976:
1966:
1946:
1936:
1916:
1906:
1886:
1876:
1856:
1846:
1826:
1816:
1791:
1781:
1761:
1751:
1731:
1721:
1696:
1686:
1666:
1656:
1636:
1626:
1606:
1596:
1576:
1566:
1546:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1383:
1364:
1323:
1312:
1301:
1286:
873:For clarity, the terms
840:
833:
821:
814:
802:
795:
783:
776:
746:
739:
721:
714:
696:
689:
671:
664:
622:
615:
603:
596:
582:
575:
568:
556:
549:
537:
530:
518:
511:
410:
404:
398:
4865:Tohono O'odham culture
3808:Central Puebla Nahuatl
2724:"the boys are working"
2226:(Sylvilagus audubonii)
1432:does not occur before
289:English approximation:
247:This article contains
4870:Verb-second languages
4800:Chatino Sign Language
4780:Mexican Sign Language
3885:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
3867:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
3342:Uto-Aztecan languages
2687:(future imperfective
1506:Tohono Oʼodham Nation
383:Pinal County, Arizona
358:, Mexico, where the
350:language of southern
4025:Languages of Arizona
2846:"This water is cold"
2716:"the boy is working"
2545:is itself a form of
1832:prickly pear cactus
387:Pima County, Arizona
126:Southern Uto-Aztecan
4790:Mayan Sign Language
4268:Languages of Mexico
3377:(including Bannock)
3259:]. p. 236.
2854:"I like cold water"
2457:"cottontail rabbit"
1492:tiki꞉la ("tequila")
371:indigenous language
4401:Chontal de Tabasco
3798:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
3652:Downriver Guarijio
3288:The 'O'odham Texts
3093:(pima) en Arizona.
3025:unesdoc.unesco.org
2936:Pima Bajo language
2480:Disputed spellings
2432:⟨ih⟩
764:Other TO dialects
441:Huhuʼula (Huhuwoṣ)
284:[ˈʔɔʔɔðam]
97:15,000 (2007)
4817:
4816:
4677:
4676:
4499:Chontal of Oaxaca
4234:
4233:
4210:
4209:
4178:
4177:
4163:Language isolates
3991:
3990:
3985:extinct languages
3957:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3852:Michoacán Nahuatl
3787:Classical Nahuatl
3638:
3637:
3623:Southern Tepehuan
3618:Northern Tepehuan
3567:
3566:
3542:
3541:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3406:
3378:
3296:Madeleine Mathiot
3222:978-1-283-49963-7
2963:(18th ed., 2015)
2814:"cars (all over)"
2794:"dogs (all over)"
2436:⟨i⟩
2428:⟨ĭ⟩
2424:⟨i⟩
2416:
2415:
1360:⟨ĭ⟩
1275:
1274:
1163:
1162:
1036:
990:
865:strung together.
850:
849:
756:
755:
635:
634:
466:Hia C-ed Oʼodham
405:Oʼottham ha-neoki
399:Oʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ
373:in Arizona after
273:
272:
255:rendering support
251:phonetic symbols.
165:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
4877:
4524:Chichimeca Jonaz
4281:
4280:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4222:
4221:
4187:
4186:
4038:
4037:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3857:Coatepec Nahuatl
3834:Huasteca Nahuatl
3818:Ometepec Náhuatl
3813:Guerrero Nahuatl
3774:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3669:Upriver Guarijio
3587:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3462:
3461:
3433:
3400:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3261:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3069:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2952:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2891:
2878:
2868:
2853:
2845:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2721:cecoj ʼo cicpkan
2715:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2654:
2641:
2629:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2437:
2434:to Hale–Alvarez
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1531:
1512:
1511:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1345:. Also, a short
1337:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1292:
1289:
1269:
1253:
1246:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1131:
1120:
1106:
1095:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
986:
969:
962:
953:
946:
900:
899:
843:
836:
824:
817:
805:
798:
786:
779:
761:
760:
749:
742:
724:
717:
699:
692:
674:
667:
640:
639:
625:
618:
606:
599:
585:
578:
571:
559:
552:
540:
533:
521:
514:
496:
495:
480:Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham
413:
407:
401:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
290:
286:
281:
239:
230:
209:
193:
186:
115:
86:Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham
30:
29:
21:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4835:Piman languages
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4804:
4768:
4673:
4613:whistled speech
4491:
4485:
4421:Sierra Popoluca
4383:
4377:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4265:
4235:
4230:
4206:
4174:
4158:
4110:
4101:Southern Paiute
4077:
4059:
4027:
4022:
3992:
3987:
3974:
3932:
3916:
3907:Tabasco Nahuatl
3902:Isthmus Nahuatl
3895:Orizaba Nahuatl
3871:
3838:
3822:
3793:Morelos Nahuatl
3754:
3723:
3700:
3673:
3634:
3606:
3563:
3538:
3534:Luiseño-Juaneño
3508:
3447:
3419:
3386:
3374:Northern Paiute
3344:
3339:
3308:
3292:Wayback Machine
3273:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3181:
3177:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3103:
3099:
3078:. p. 126:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2927:
2895:
2861:
2835:
2770:
2665:
2568:
2563:
2482:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
1502:
1390:appears before
1359:
1355:
1178:
980:
898:
890:
871:
855:
502:Akimel Oʼodham
499:Tohono Oʼodham
476:
449:Akimel Oʼodham
432:Tohono Oʼodham
420:
336:
319:
295:
291:
288:
279:
253:Without proper
241:
240:
233:
205:
189:
182:
156:
149:Official status
144:
116:
113:Language family
111:
104:
98:
94:
93:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Western Apache
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4382:10,000-100,000
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4184:
4183:Non-Indigenous
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4055:Western Apache
4052:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3431:Colorado River
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3271:External links
3269:
3263:
3262:
3241:
3228:
3221:
3203:
3196:
3184:Zepeda, Ofelia
3175:
3146:10.1086/464708
3122:
3115:
3097:
3091:akimel o'odham
3087:tohono o'odham
3052:(in Spanish).
3036:
3011:
2997:
2983:(in Spanish).
2968:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:Tohono Oʼodham
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2795:
2769:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2713:ceoj ʼo cipkan
2671:(imperfective
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2643:
2642:"I am working"
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2487:For instance,
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2400:
2397:colon (letter)
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2052:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2028:sing, bean(s)
2026:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1437:
1388:
1376:
1354:
1351:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
973:
972:
970:
963:
956:
954:
947:
940:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
894:
883:Akimel Oʼodham
875:Tohono Oʼodham
870:
867:
857:Oʼodham is an
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:
837:
829:
828:
825:
818:
810:
809:
806:
799:
791:
790:
787:
780:
772:
771:
768:
765:
754:
753:
750:
743:
736:
729:
728:
725:
718:
711:
704:
703:
700:
693:
686:
679:
678:
675:
668:
661:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:Early Oʼodham
633:
632:
626:
619:
611:
610:
607:
600:
592:
591:
588:
572:
564:
563:
560:
553:
545:
544:
541:
534:
526:
525:
522:
515:
507:
506:
503:
500:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
447:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
424:
419:
416:
375:Western Apache
364:Akimel Oʼodham
360:Tohono Oʼodham
271:
270:
257:, you may see
243:
242:
232:
231:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
177:Language codes
174:
173:
167:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
103:(1990 census);
95:
92:
89:
88:
82:Akimel Oʼodham
78:Tohono Oʼodham
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:Indo-European
4188:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4116:Yuman-Cochimí
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3197:9780816507924
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3116:9780816519422
3112:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:, perfective
2675:
2670:
2658:
2657:pi cipkan ʼañ
2653:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2460:Hale–Alvarez
2459:
2452:
2446:
2442:Hale–Alvarez
2441:
2440:
2439:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2388:doubled vowel
2386:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1375:"jackrabbit".
1366:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
983:
978:
974:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
939:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
901:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
864:
860:
859:agglutinative
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:wabṣaba, ṣaba
831:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
792:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
735:
731:
730:
727:to be shaded
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
710:
706:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
685:
681:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
660:
656:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
638:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:to be absent
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
577:
573:
570:
566:
565:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
501:
498:
497:
494:
492:
488:
485:The greatest
483:
481:
468:
467:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
448:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
423:
415:
412:
406:
400:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
354:and northern
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
331:
285:
277:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
250:
244:
237:
229:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
175:
171:
168:
166:
162:
158:
152:
147:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
118:
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:and northern
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
49:United States
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4810:
4704:Plautdietsch
4682:Non-official
4638:
4490:Under 10,000
4313:Tzotzil Maya
4308:Tzeltal Maya
4303:Yucatec Maya
4223:
4095:
3980:
3964:Proto-Nahuan
3962:
3955:
3785:
3746:
3693:
3686:
3661:
3627:
3596:
3526:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3307:
3279:(Wiktionary)
3266:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3187:
3178:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3106:
3100:
3090:
3086:
3085:en Sonora y
3082:
3079:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2958:
2950:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2881:
2862:
2836:
2771:
2751:
2666:
2656:
2649:
2637:
2619:
2616:
2569:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2367:
2357:
2337:
2327:
2307:
2297:
2277:
2267:
2247:
2237:
2225:
2214:
2204:
2184:
2174:
2154:
2144:
2124:
2114:
2094:
2084:
2074:angel, bank
2058:
2054:
2038:
2012:
2008:
1992:
1972:
1962:
1942:
1932:
1912:
1902:
1882:
1872:
1852:
1842:
1822:
1812:
1787:
1777:
1757:
1747:
1737:stop crying
1727:
1717:
1692:
1682:
1662:
1652:
1632:
1622:
1602:
1592:
1572:
1562:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1518:Alvarez–Hale
1503:
1358:Extra short
1340:
1333:
1308:"permission"
1276:
1170:postalveolar
1164:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
856:
757:
733:
708:
683:
658:
636:
629:
579:
543:to wait for
484:
477:
461:Western Gila
452:Eastern Gila
427:
421:
411:Oʼodham ñiok
395:
391:
368:
343:
275:
274:
246:
198:
135:
101:monolinguals
38:
4564:Matlatzinca
4396:Tojol-abʼal
4083:Uto-Aztecan
3644:Tarahumaran
3559:Tübatulabal
3401:(including
3060:: 125–152.
2859:Sample text
2622:verb-second
2466:vs. Saxton
2448:vs. Saxton
2257:tree, wood
2224:cottontail
1500:Orthography
1279:extra-short
1112:Approximant
777:jiwia, jiwa
767:Chukuḍ Kuk
597:pi꞉ haʼicug
562:to be cool
491:grammatical
348:Uto-Aztecan
344:Papago-Pima
261:instead of
121:Uto-Aztecan
4824:Categories
4699:Portuguese
4599:Texistepec
4534:Chocholtec
4514:Chiricahua
4476:Qʼanjobʼal
4391:Tarahumara
4277:Indigenous
4042:Athabaskan
4033:Indigenous
3657:Tarahumara
3056:. Berlin:
3030:2022-07-11
2960:Ethnologue
2942:References
2833:Adjectives
2705:absolutive
2430:and final
2317:male deer
1797:something
1416:"monkey".
896:Consonants
853:Morphology
789:to arrive
752:(go) back
590:to fasten
586:, stapler)
458:Salt River
280:pronounced
4594:Kaqchikel
4574:Mezcalero
4539:Pima Bajo
4446:Popolocan
4373:Purépecha
4353:Chinantec
4275:Official/
4129:Havasupai
3983:indicate
3602:Pima Bajo
3489:Kitanemuk
3170:224808393
3154:1545-7001
3076:2365-2225
2911:English:
2811:mammagina
1441:/i//ɨ//ʊ/
1077:Fricative
988:voiceless
982:Affricate
916:Retroflex
869:Phonology
863:morphemes
649:Northern
646:Southern
583:si꞉ṣpakuḍ
557:s-heubagĭ
550:s-hewhogĭ
444:Totoguanh
435:Cukuḍ Kuk
339:-od(h)-əm
200:Glottolog
184:ISO 639-3
74:Ethnicity
4739:Japanese
4709:Venetian
4669:Awakatek
4664:Ayapanec
4559:Jakaltek
4549:Lacandón
4529:Huarijío
4492:speakers
4456:Cuicatec
4431:Tepehuán
4384:speakers
4368:Tlapanec
4286:speakers
4284:100,000+
4225:Category
4139:Maricopa
4134:Hualapai
3862:Pochutec
3827:Huasteca
3729:Corachol
3629:Tepecano
3611:Tepehuan
3573:Southern
3522:Cahuilla
3496:Tataviam
3443:Kawaiisu
3424:Southern
3415:Timbisha
3410:Comanche
3398:Shoshoni
3350:Northern
3186:(2016).
2981:Cuéntame
2925:See also
2808:"cars",
2788:"dogs",
2697:(plural
2690:cipkanad
2526:wuamajda
2514:wuamacda
2377:feather
1952:bean(s)
1524:Meaning
1410:"meet",
1404:"hill",
1369:/tʃʊwi̥/
1343:devoiced
1328:/daːpɪ̥/
796:ʼuʼuwhig
770:English
659:ʼa꞉phi꞉m
652:English
531:nhenhida
524:to send
505:English
418:Dialects
267:Help:IPA
207:toho1245
4759:Chinese
4754:Italian
4719:Catalan
4689:English
4654:Cochimí
4584:Kʼicheʼ
4579:Ixcatec
4544:Qʼeqchí
4519:Tacuate
4481:Tepehua
4416:Chatino
4411:Huichol
4363:Mazahua
4348:Huastec
4338:Mazatec
4333:Totonac
4323:Zapotec
4298:Nahuatl
4293:Spanish
4202:Spanish
4197:English
4154:Yavapai
4149:Quechan
4124:Cocopah
4096:Oʼodham
3981:Italics
3949:History
3877:Eastern
3844:Western
3778:Central
3769:Nahuatl
3760:Aztecan
3742:Huichol
3597:Oʼodham
3582:Tepiman
3480:Vanyume
3474:Serrano
3403:Gosiute
3391:Central
3367:Western
3290:at the
3162:1264104
3050:Indiana
2990:13 July
2955:Oʼodham
2825:mimstol
2822:"cat",
2819:mi꞉stol
2805:mamgina
2802:"car",
2799:ma꞉gina
2791:goggogs
2782:"dog",
2700:cicpkan
2693:), and
2636:cipkan
2561:Grammar
2508:oamacda
2473:/ʔaːpi/
2455:/toːbĭ/
2342:pa-yaso
2089:ʼoʼohan
2049:wa꞉nggo
1817:ʼiibhai
1792:ha'ichu
1582:coyote
1515:Phoneme
1486:nu꞉milo
1334:Papago
1317:/ʔaːpi/
1191:Central
977:Plosive
931:Glottal
921:Palatal
803:ʼuʼuhig
734:ʼu꞉pham
709:ʼe꞉kheg
684:cu꞉khug
576:hoʼiumi
487:lexical
438:Gigimai
428:Oʼodham
352:Arizona
276:Oʼodham
263:Unicode
220:O'odham
136:Oʼodham
131:Tepiman
64:Arizona
33:Oʼodham
4764:German
4744:Korean
4734:Romani
4729:Arabic
4724:Hebrew
4714:Basque
4694:French
4659:Kiliwa
4649:Olutec
4639:Pápago
4634:Kumiai
4629:Qatoʼk
4624:Cucapá
4609:Kikapú
4604:Paipai
4509:Akatek
4436:Triqui
4406:Amuzgo
4318:Mixtec
4144:Mojave
4065:Tanoan
4050:Navajo
3748:Cazcan
3706:Cahita
3688:Eudeve
3679:Opatan
3528:Cupeño
3503:Tongva
3466:Serran
3219:
3194:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3113:
3083:o'otam
3074:
2828:"cats"
2785:gogogs
2695:number
2674:cipkan
2669:aspect
2652:cipkan
2566:Syntax
2347:clown
2332:payaso
2287:knife
2282:vainom
2272:vainom
2189:shoiga
2164:syrup
2104:write
2099:oʼohan
2069:wahngo
2063:anghil
2043:anghil
1922:candy
1917:luhlsi
1907:luulsi
1892:stand
1827:ihbhai
1782:haʼicu
1607:chehia
1521:Saxton
1445:/a//ɔ/
1424:, and
1413:ca꞉ŋgo
1384:wisilo
1291:/ʂɨːɭ/
1176:Vowels
1167:apical
1034:voiced
911:Dental
906:Labial
879:Papago
841:haṣaba
747:ʼu꞉pam
740:ʼu꞉hum
722:ʼe꞉keg
715:ʼe꞉heg
702:flesh
697:cu꞉kug
690:cu꞉hug
672:ʼa꞉pim
665:ʼa꞉ham
623:ʼoʼoid
604:pi ʼac
538:tamiam
455:Kohadk
408:, and
379:Navajo
356:Sonora
68:Sonora
59:Region
53:Mexico
4749:Greek
4589:Lipan
4466:Yaqui
4451:Huave
4343:Chʼol
4328:Otomí
4106:Yaqui
3921:Other
3912:Pipil
3714:Yaqui
3695:Opata
3663:Tubar
3590:Pimic
3547:Other
3514:Cupan
3457:Takic
3359:Numic
3255:[
3237:Taḏai
3166:S2CID
3158:JSTOR
2985:INEGI
2866:Taḏai
2768:Nouns
2685:tense
2663:Verbs
2548:s-oam
2502:majda
2469:ahpih
2463:ʼaapi
2451:tohbi
2445:toobĭ
2412:rain
2407:juhki
2395:(see
2392:juukĭ
2362:ʼaʼan
2219:tohbi
2209:toobĭ
2179:ṣoiga
2159:sitol
2149:sitol
2023:muhni
2003:mu꞉nh
1997:nheʼe
1947:muhni
1937:muunh
1862:rain
1857:juhki
1847:juukĭ
1806:, AO
1722:ʼeʼeb
1711:, AO
1702:bear
1697:judum
1687:juḏum
1642:nose
1637:thahk
1612:girl
1597:cehia
1552:baby
1538:ʼaʼal
1481:/niː/
1476:ʼa꞉ñi
1467:/ani/
1401:to꞉nk
1347:schwa
1324:da꞉pĭ
1319:"you"
1313:ʼa꞉pi
1306:/ʂɨɭ/
1186:Front
938:Nasal
926:Velar
827:only
808:bird
628:hunt
580:(but
569:sisiṣ
512:ʼaʼad
346:is a
342:) or
4773:Sign
4644:Ixil
4619:Teko
4569:Seri
4504:Chuj
4471:Pame
4441:Cora
4426:Mayo
4358:Mixe
4170:Zuni
4091:Hopi
4073:Tewa
3737:Cora
3719:Mayo
3554:Hopi
3382:Mono
3217:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3150:ISSN
3111:ISBN
3072:ISSN
2992:2021
2918:her.
2779:gogs
2680:cipk
2645:but
2554:wuam
2531:/ʊa/
2511:and
2496:vs.
2493:ajda
2372:a'an
2312:wuai
2302:wuai
2242:ʼuus
2194:pet
2134:not
2017:ne'e
1982:ear
1977:nahk
1967:naak
1887:kehk
1877:keek
1838:/dʒ/
1767:dog
1762:gogs
1752:gogs
1732:e'eb
1672:run
1627:daak
1588:/tʃ/
1547:a'al
1471:/an/
1469:and
1450:ñeʼe
1407:namk
1394:and
1365:cuwĭ
1295:Seri
1287:ṣe꞉l
1267:a aː
1251:ɔ ɔː
1216:ɨ ɨː
1209:i iː
1203:High
1196:Back
1141:Flap
887:Pima
885:and
877:and
846:but
815:wabṣ
784:jiia
677:you
519:hotṣ
489:and
377:and
99:180
4461:Mam
3436:Ute
3142:doi
3062:doi
2957:at
2755:ha-
2683:),
2650:ʼañ
2648:pi
2638:ʼañ
2630:):
2542:oam
2536:oam
2520:oam
2500:wua
2491:oam
2475:"I"
2420:/ʔ/
2383:/ː/
2353:/ʔ/
2323:/j/
2293:/w/
2263:/v/
2252:uhs
2233:/u/
2200:/t/
2170:/ʂ/
2140:/s/
2110:/p/
2080:/ɔ/
2034:/ŋ/
1988:/ɲ/
1958:/n/
1928:/m/
1898:/ɭ/
1868:/k/
1808:/ɨ/
1804:/i/
1802:TO
1773:/h/
1743:/ɡ/
1713:/ʌ/
1709:/ɨ/
1707:TO
1678:/d/
1667:med
1657:meḍ
1648:/ɖ/
1618:/ð/
1577:ban
1567:ban
1558:/b/
1530:/a/
1479:as
1456:ʼañ
1434:/i/
1430:/ɖ/
1426:/ɖ/
1422:/ɭ/
1418:/p/
1396:/ɡ/
1392:/k/
1379:/w/
1336:/ɨ/
1302:ṣel
1259:Low
1236:Mid
1062:d͡ʒ
1011:t͡ʃ
822:haṣ
630:tr.
616:wia
249:IPA
215:ELP
191:ood
4826::
3164:.
3156:.
3148:.
3138:29
3136:.
3089:y
3070:.
3054:32
3023:.
2627:ʼo
2438::
2185:sh
2129:pi
2119:pi
2066:,
2057:,
2055:ng
2046:,
2039:ng
2020:,
2013:ni
2011:,
2000:,
1993:nh
1633:th
1603:ch
1462:an
1447::
1420:,
1371:→
1228:uː
1172:.
1151:𝼈
414:.
402:,
389:.
337:OH
318:,-
300:oʊ
287:,
84:,
80:,
51:,
4615:)
4611:(
4260:e
4253:t
4246:v
4017:e
4010:t
4003:v
3751:?
3438:)
3405:)
3334:e
3327:t
3320:v
3225:.
3200:.
3172:.
3144::
3119:.
3064::
3033:.
2994:.
2539:(
2403:h
2399:)
2368:'
2358:ʼ
2338:y
2328:y
2308:w
2298:w
2278:v
2268:v
2248:u
2238:u
2215:t
2205:t
2175:ṣ
2155:s
2145:s
2125:p
2115:p
2095:o
2085:o
2059:n
2009:n
1973:n
1963:n
1943:m
1933:m
1913:l
1903:l
1883:k
1873:k
1853:j
1843:j
1823:i
1813:i
1788:h
1778:h
1758:g
1748:g
1728:e
1718:e
1693:d
1683:ḏ
1663:d
1653:ḍ
1623:d
1593:c
1573:b
1563:b
1543:a
1535:a
1436:.
1387:.
1373:~
1297:"
1293:"
1244:ə
1223:ʊ
1129:j
1118:w
1104:h
1093:ʂ
1087:s
1084:ð
1069:g
1055:ɖ
1048:d
1041:b
1025:ʔ
1018:k
1002:t
995:p
979:/
967:ŋ
960:ɲ
951:n
944:m
889:.
732:*
707:*
682:*
657:*
469:?
330:/
327:m
324:ə
321:d
315:m
312:ə
309:ð
306:ɒ
303:.
297:ˈ
294:/
278:(
269:.
238:.
20:)
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