44:
275:
283:
1273:
357:
31:
309: in). More or less developed annuli at middle and end of the cell connected by a white streak, sometimes with a spot in base of cell also joined by the white streak. The inner margin, vein 1, the interno-median interspace and veins beyond lower angle of cell streaked with crimson. A dark marginal line. The hindwings are plain pale yellow or orange yellow.
347:
species. Usually the caterpillar attacks male flowers where infestation causes abortion of young and results in underdeveloped fruits. A severe attack can wilt the plant and delay plant development. They are not borers, and only show external feeding.
405:
which has not been successfully used elsewhere because of difficulties in rearing sufficient numbers. Another unsuccessful potential biocontrol is the entomoparasitic nematode
364:
Biological control is the most effective method of controlling both larval and egg stages. Many different strains of parasites and pathogens are used. The pathogens such as
613:
564:
393:
407:
381:
1434:
651:
1460:
1153:
1227:
562:
Godfray, H. C. J. (1985). "Mass rearing the tachinid fly argyrophylax basifulva, a parasitoid of the greater coconut spike moth ".
1408:
1284:
1232:
1447:
1168:
1148:
691:
1212:
1465:
1488:
1253:
708:
1258:
1195:
1158:
1248:
854:
1369:
1336:
1222:
1374:
1498:
1452:
1200:
1190:
1077:
836:
43:
660:
1163:
506:
487:
431:
1439:
1304:
980:
807:
684:
372:
533:
454:
138:
30:
1493:
1205:
1092:
924:
767:
1341:
492:. Vol. Moths Volume IV. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
8:
1057:
975:
954:
784:
414:
Other than that, hand picking and other traditional methods are used in many countries.
1052:
1017:
997:
992:
819:
800:
366:
164:
38:
1382:
1277:
929:
747:
677:
630:
581:
331:
1351:
1387:
731:
622:
573:
944:
869:
754:
717:
252:
1327:
1087:
949:
724:
483:
325:
319:
1482:
1217:
1143:
1108:
1042:
1007:
1002:
934:
896:
886:
881:
791:
634:
585:
274:
1361:
1067:
1062:
906:
901:
777:
398:
337:
260:
155:
282:
1421:
1012:
864:
859:
377:
264:
95:
1413:
1082:
987:
939:
891:
626:
577:
268:
1426:
356:
1395:
1113:
1072:
970:
661:
Biological and ecological studies of the greater coconut spike moth (
343:
248:
115:
105:
75:
55:
1298:
1400:
1321:
1125:
876:
700:
386:
256:
1047:
740:
85:
65:
1120:
532:
Herbison-Evans, Don & Crossley, Stella (22 March 2015).
453:
Herbison-Evans, Don & Crossley, Stella (22 March 2015).
669:
402:
244:
599:
Zelazny, B. (1985). "Susceptibility of two
Coconut Pests,
542:
463:
531:
489:
The Fauna of
British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
452:
389:, where they attack larva in November and December.
501:
499:
317:The larvae are an agricultural pest that feeds on
271:, Australia. They are considered as a minor pest.
1480:
496:
685:
1154:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
1228:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
665:Walker) and its natural enemies. [1989]
592:
555:
295:Its wingspan is about 26–30 millimetres (1–
692:
678:
538:(Walker, 1864) Greater Coconut Spike Moth"
459:(Walker, 1864) Greater Coconut Spike Moth"
29:
355:
281:
273:
16:Worms that eat oil-/coconut-palm flowers
598:
561:
482:
1481:
1303:
1302:
673:
312:
1233:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
13:
1169:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
1149:Federal Land Development Authority
607:, to the entomoparasitic nematode
376:are also used in many regions. An
255:to the Pacific islands, including
14:
1510:
1213:Environmental impact of biodiesel
645:
1272:
1271:
401:, is a known parasitoid used in
42:
1196:Certified sustainable palm oil
525:
476:
446:
424:
290:
1:
1159:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
417:
699:
7:
1223:Issues relating to biofuels
267:and the tropical region of
10:
1515:
1201:Deforestation by continent
1191:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
1078:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
837:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
513:. Plantwise Knowledge Bank
351:
237:greater coconut spike moth
206:Melissoblaptes rufovenalis
1311:
1267:
1241:
1181:
1134:
1101:
1035:
1028:
963:
917:
847:
766:
707:
170:
163:
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1164:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
1489:Moths described in 1916
182:Harpagoneura acrocausta
808:Rhynchophorus palmarum
652:Biological control of
373:Metarhizium anisopliae
361:
287:
279:
190:Mucialla fuscolimbalis
796:Little leaf syndrome
792:Cadang-cadang disease
507:"Coconut spike moth (
359:
285:
277:
198:Harpagoneura distorta
1206:Southeast Asian haze
1093:Wilmar International
925:Biodiesel production
815:Oil palm bunch moth
609:Steinernema feltiae
394:Agrophylax basifulva
385:are experimented in
1102:Buyers / processors
1058:Equatorial Palm Oil
955:Transesterification
785:Ganoderma orbiforme
605:Tirathaba rufivena
601:Oryctes rhinoceros
408:Steinernema feltiae
251:. It is found from
241:oil palm bunch moth
24:Coconut spike moth
1342:Tirathaba_rufivena
1313:Tirathaba rufivena
1053:Carson Cumberbatch
998:Girl Scout Cookies
993:Cellulosic ethanol
834:Red ring disease (
827:Tirathaba rufivena
820:Tirathaba mundella
801:Oryctes rhinoceros
663:Tirathaba rufivena
656:in the Philippines
654:Tirathaba rufivena
627:10.1007/BF02372244
578:10.1007/BF02372221
536:Tirathaba rufivena
509:Tirathaba rufivena
457:Tirathaba rufivena
367:Beauveria bassiana
362:
313:Ecology and attack
288:
280:
233:coconut spike moth
228:Tirathaba rufivena
214:Tirathaba ignivena
148:Tirathaba rufivena
1499:Pests of oil palm
1476:
1475:
1305:Taxon identifiers
1296:
1295:
1182:Policies, impacts
1177:
1176:
930:Fat hydrogenation
434:. Tortricidae.com
432:"Tortricidae.com"
382:Venturia palmaris
332:Elaeis guineensis
224:
223:
218:
210:
202:
194:
186:
178:
1506:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1300:
1299:
1275:
1274:
1137:non-governmental
1033:
1032:
782:Basal stem rot (
694:
687:
680:
671:
670:
639:
638:
596:
590:
589:
559:
553:
552:
550:
548:
529:
523:
522:
520:
518:
503:
494:
493:
480:
474:
473:
471:
469:
450:
444:
443:
441:
439:
428:
308:
307:
303:
300:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
176:
174:Lamoria rufivena
150:
130:T. rufivena
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1263:
1237:
1183:
1173:
1136:
1130:
1097:
1024:
959:
913:
843:
769:
762:
703:
698:
648:
643:
642:
597:
593:
560:
556:
546:
544:
530:
526:
516:
514:
505:
504:
497:
481:
477:
467:
465:
451:
447:
437:
435:
430:
429:
425:
420:
360:Living specimen
354:
315:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
253:south-east Asia
159:
152:
146:
133:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1333:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1135:Governmental /
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:TH Plantations
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
984:
983:
978:
967:
965:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
950:Saponification
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
915:
914:
912:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
874:
873:
872:
867:
857:
851:
849:
845:
844:
842:
841:
832:
831:
830:
823:
813:
812:
811:
804:
794:
789:
780:
774:
772:
764:
763:
761:
760:
759:
758:
751:
737:
736:
735:
728:
713:
711:
705:
704:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
668:
667:
658:
647:
646:External links
644:
641:
640:
621:(2): 121–124.
591:
572:(3): 211–215.
554:
524:
495:
484:Hampson, G. F.
475:
445:
422:
421:
419:
416:
353:
350:
326:Nypa fruticans
320:Cocos nucifera
314:
311:
292:
289:
247:of the family
222:
221:
220:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
168:
167:
161:
160:
153:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1511:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Food vs. fuel
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:FELCRA Berhad
1142:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Bumitama Agri
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:Organisations
1027:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:Vegetable oil
1006:
1004:
1003:Oleochemicals
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Fractionation
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:palmitic acid
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:myristic acid
885:
883:
882:linoleic acid
880:
879:
878:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
846:
839:
838:
833:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
816:
814:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
797:
795:
793:
790:
787:
786:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
765:
757:
756:
752:
750:
749:
745:
744:
743:
742:
738:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
719:
715:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
672:
666:
664:
659:
657:
655:
650:
649:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
558:
543:
539:
537:
528:
512:
510:
502:
500:
491:
490:
485:
479:
464:
460:
458:
449:
433:
427:
423:
415:
412:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
368:
358:
349:
346:
345:
341:species, and
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
310:
284:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
217:Hampson, 1917
215:
212:
209:Snellen, 1880
207:
204:
199:
196:
193:Snellen, 1900
191:
188:
185:Meyrick, 1897
183:
180:
175:
172:
171:
169:
166:
162:
157:
151:
149:
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1312:
1283:
1276:
1068:FGV Holdings
1063:Feronia Inc.
902:stearic acid
835:
826:
825:
818:
806:
799:
783:
778:Bagworm moth
768:Diseases and
753:
748:E. guineesis
746:
739:
730:
723:
716:
662:
653:
618:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
569:
563:
557:
545:. Retrieved
541:
535:
527:
515:. Retrieved
508:
488:
478:
466:. Retrieved
462:
456:
448:
436:. Retrieved
426:
413:
406:
399:tachinid fly
392:
391:
380:
371:
365:
363:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
316:
294:
261:Cook Islands
240:
236:
232:
227:
226:
225:
213:
205:
201:Turner, 1937
197:
189:
181:
177:Walker, 1864
173:
147:
145:
129:
128:
116:
18:
1494:Tirathabini
1422:iNaturalist
1349:AfroMoths:
1184:and debates
988:Bioplastics
865:lauric acid
860:Palm kernel
755:E. oleifera
732:A. speciosa
614:Entomophaga
565:Entomophaga
438:October 18,
378:ichneumonid
291:Description
265:Philippines
96:Lepidoptera
1483:Categories
1285:by country
1242:By country
1083:Sime Darby
940:Hydrolysis
892:oleic acid
848:Components
418:References
269:Queensland
76:Arthropoda
1254:Indonesia
1114:GreenPalm
1073:IOI Group
1036:Producers
976:by region
971:Biodiesel
918:Processes
725:A. maripa
709:Oil palms
635:0013-8959
586:0013-8959
517:6 October
344:Phaseolus
249:Pyralidae
124:Species:
117:Tirathaba
106:Pyralidae
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1448:LepIndex
1440:10326138
1359:BioLib:
1352:TIRARUFI
1328:Q7809150
1322:Wikidata
1278:Category
1259:Malaysia
1249:Colombia
1126:Unilever
964:Products
877:Palm oil
855:Mesocarp
701:Palm oil
486:(1896).
387:Malaysia
257:Malaysia
165:Synonyms
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1466:1377509
1414:1873843
1362:1102067
1048:Cargill
1013:cooking
945:Milling
907:stearin
718:Attalea
547:24 July
468:24 July
352:Control
304:⁄
243:, is a
158:, 1916)
112:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1427:538407
1401:TIRTRF
741:Elaeis
633:
584:
370:, and
278:Female
263:, the
259:, the
231:, the
1435:IRMNG
1388:57793
1375:50450
1121:Neste
981:Neste
770:pests
156:Busck
1461:NCBI
1453:3745
1409:GBIF
1396:EPPO
1370:BOLD
1018:fuel
631:ISSN
603:and
582:ISSN
549:2018
519:2016
470:2018
440:2011
403:Fiji
397:, a
338:Musa
286:Male
245:moth
1383:CoL
1337:AFD
1109:AAK
870:oil
623:doi
611:".
574:doi
239:or
1485::
1463::
1450::
1437::
1424::
1411::
1398::
1385::
1372::
1339::
1324::
629:.
619:30
617:.
580:.
570:30
568:.
540:.
511:)"
498:^
461:.
411:.
335:,
329:,
323:,
235:,
840:)
788:)
693:e
686:t
679:v
637:.
625::
588:.
576::
551:.
534:"
521:.
472:.
455:"
442:.
306:4
302:1
299:+
297:1
154:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_cropped.png)
