9371:
9610:
9556:
9394:
9313:
9571:
9410:
9340:
9355:
9465:
9434:
9526:
9583:
9511:
9325:
9541:
9496:
9598:
9298:
9484:
9422:
29:
9449:
4523:
on the basis that they were "deceitful exaggerations of bizarre things far removed from the testimony of people's ears and eyes," and that "the expeditions of Sanbao to the
Western Ocean wasted tens of myriads of money and grain, and moreover the people who met their deaths may be counted in the
4524:
myriads. Although he returned with wonderful precious things, what benefit was it to the state? This was merely an action of bad government of which ministers should severely disapprove. Even if the old archives were still preserved they should be destroyed in order to suppress at the root."
9370:
9609:
2224:
and 27,800 men depart from
Nanjing on 255 ships, of which 62 are treasure ships, "bearing imperial letters to the countries of the Western Ocean and with gifts to their kings of gold brocade, patterned silks, and colored silk gauze, according to their status."
2835:, which is given the following description: "Foreign ships from every place, together with foreign merchants traveling by land, all come to this territory in order to gather together and buy and sell, and therefore the people of this country are all rich"
17005:
16159:
Cathay and the Way
Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route
15576:
2842:
5919:
15318:
History of civilizations of
Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting
5052:
The
Minister of Revenue petitions the emperor to execute all the eunuchs in his personal employ, but the emperor refuses, and as a result all the grand secretaries resign
5828:
The
Jiajing Emperor announces his intention to seclude himself for several years to pursue immortality; a court official says this is nonsense and gets tortured to death
17082:
7452:
16558:
809:
3151:: Orders are issued for the sixth voyage and envoys from 16 countries including Hormuz are given gifts of paper and coin money, and ceremonial robes and linings
9393:
2910:
17397:
16947:
3855:
3810:
16541:
3397:
4543:
17392:
7556:
6682:
16970:
16578:
6885:
3177:
and envoys from 16 countries passage back to their countries; the
Treasure fleet takes its usual route to Ceylon where it splits up and heads for the
16305:
9409:
9400:
3288:
3254:
3215:
3090:, the Ming imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.
2895:
2687:
15386:
The
Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
7924:
7411:
7274:
Ming cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled matchlock before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.
491:
1613:
1164:
17029:
17011:
158:
An epidemic, locusts, and drought kills Zhu
Yuanzhang's family, leaving only himself, his sister-in-law and her young son as the sole survivors
17214:
15568:
An
Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
9464:
7006:
6984:
6764:
2156:
17407:
16785:
16187:
3914:
1640:
1520:
432:
8787:
4411:
4256:
4142:
4105:
16437:
4860:
4585:
4520:
4502:
3277:
3276:
to confer "a gauze cap, a ceremonial robe with floral gold woven into gold patterns in the silk, and a silver seal" on Shi Jinqing's son
390:
9555:
16940:
4700:
3896:
2479:
1705:
1538:
1405:
1387:
17417:
16590:
7061:
5041:
4194:
4026:
2483:
2475:
2040:
1300:
plots to assassinate the Hongwu Emperor but gets arrested; the ensuing investigations lead to the execution of roughly 15,000 people
1189:
2043:
opens the Jinchuan Gate of Nanjing to lets Zhu Di in without a fight; the Jianwen Emperor disappears and his family is incarcerated
3740:
3680:
1524:
9570:
17412:
17362:
9312:
9354:
17189:
16976:
16736:
16643:
7414:(which Taiwan takes its name from) during a Ming dynasty anti-pirate mission and provides the first significant description of
2427:: Wang Hao is ordered to refit 249 "sea transport ships" in "preparation for embassies to the countries of the Western Ocean"
17293:
17105:
17076:
16999:
16933:
16631:
16479:
16240:
15952:
15865:
15695:
15604:
15375:
15356:
15306:
9634:
8570:
lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing
9619:—the last sovereign of the Southern Ming dynasty—from 1647 to 1661. The provincial and national boundaries are those of the
9525:
7441:
A thunderbolt knocks down the flagpole at the Altar of Heaven, which is very inauspicious, causing some officials to resign
4863:
successfully directs the river to flow south of Shandong, stabilizing the course of the Yellow River until the 19th century
17402:
17255:
17173:
16681:
16536:
2397:
170:
as a novice to do menial work; eventually he's sent out to beg for food - it's speculated that he ends up joining the army
7075:: Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops
2134:
sends an embassy to the Ming dynasty declaring himself "your subject, the King of Japan", and receives trading privileges
16351:
16245:
15876:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)
2862:
2474:: Zheng He departs with a fleet of 249 ships and takes a route similar to the first voyage with the addition of stops at
1420:
8052:
The Chongzhen Emperor cuts funding for the imperial post service, causing out of work postal workers to rebel in Shanxi
3258:: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats
16648:
16112:
15748:
6874:
Ming forces defeat Atai of the Jianzhou Jurchens, and accidentally kill Giocangga and Taksi, grandfather and father of
8203:
capable of holding large cannons under the supervision of Zheng Zhilong; they get blown up by a Dutch surprise attack
453:
and Zhang Shicheng hangs himself; 2,400 large and small cannons are deployed by the Ming army at the siege of Suzhou.
17111:
17052:
16180:
16148:
16065:
15838:
15791:
15766:
15623:
15540:
15519:
15432:
2540:: Ming troops seize 13,600,000 tons of rice; 235,900 cattles and livestock and vast amounts of materials in Vietnam
16816:
9339:
1152:
The Hongwu Emperor halts constructions at Fengyang due to expenses and waste; construction plans shift to Nanjing
16371:
9510:
4690:
Ming forces launch an attack on Hami in conjunction with Mongol allies but retreat when the Mongols abandon them
2438:: The Yongle Emperor issues orders for the second voyage and to confer formal investiture on the king of Calicut
2370:
2126:
16280:
9582:
1445:
17387:
17382:
17377:
17372:
17288:
17250:
16331:
16094:
16087:
Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)
15984:
15586:
15405:
3891:
266:: Guo Zixing dies and his eldest son succeeds him, but he also dies, making Zhu Yuanzhang leader of the rebels
6600:
The Jiajing Emperor reduces all imperial clansmen to commoner status in response to their demand for stipends
17315:
17310:
17262:
17235:
17158:
17143:
17064:
16863:
16585:
9620:
6238:
4732:
Vagrant population around Xiangyang rebel until the government allows them to claim lands with reduced taxes
17298:
5918:
The Jiajing Emperor withdraws from his formal duties completely and spends the remainder of his life in the
17305:
17099:
17058:
17046:
17023:
16843:
16621:
16489:
16459:
16173:
9561:
2584:
23:
19:
15944:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
14534:
4519:: Documents of the treasure voyages are removed from the archives of the Ministry of War and destroyed by
4327:
The Zhengtong Emperor is released and arrives back in Beijing, where he is kept under house arrest by the
17325:
17163:
17017:
16982:
16956:
16853:
16838:
16573:
16205:
6864:
Officials criticize the Wanli Emperor for negligence and the questionable propriety of his personal life
5084:
Two garrisons in Liaodong revolt and are quelled after 2,500 ounces of silver are distributed among them
3292:: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them
2819:: Zheng He departs from Nanjingand takes the usual route with the addition of four new destinations: the
9540:
3181:, Hormuz, and the Arabian states of Djofar, Lasa, and Aden, and the two African states of Mogadishu and
604:
Zhu Yuanzhang proclaims himself the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty (note that Ming and Qing use the
17320:
17283:
17168:
16664:
16386:
16285:
15511:
9597:
6466:
The Nanjing garrison rebels in response to cuts in rations until they're given 40,000 ounces of silver
17240:
16422:
9433:
9297:
5238:
30,000 troops from the capital garrisons and Imperial Bodyguard are dispatched to rebuild the palaces
1358:
The Hongwu Emperor relocates government agencies from the palace to outside the city walls of Nanjing
1182:
The Hongwu Emperor announces that he will accept straightforward criticism of his rule from officials
17341:
16833:
16669:
16595:
16366:
16356:
12252:
12193:
9474:
9384:
7552:
7087:
5840:
5539:
5175:
5116:
9324:
2529:: Orders for the construction of 48 treasure ships are issued from the Ministry of Works in Nanjing
1861:: Zhu Di's forces fall to explosives and suffer heavy casualties in Shandong, forcing their retreat
17209:
16896:
16775:
16674:
16361:
16275:
11506:
11495:
11030:
9639:
9531:
7782:
7591:
7199:
5561:
5528:
5290:
4443:
4369:
3732:
3624:
3239:
3199:
2927:
2883:
2652:
2303:
2243:
2175:
16858:
11616:
9495:
9448:
2903:, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments
17245:
17230:
17204:
17199:
16806:
16715:
16381:
16235:
9483:
9243:
9238:
8822:
6299:
5907:
4855:
4754:
of the Lê dynasty sends gold, silver utensils, local silk products to the Chinese court as gifts
4153:
1323:
9254:
The Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland
7389:; the Wanli Emperor blames a eunuch for aggravating the Spanish by asking if they could mine in
1772:: The Jianwen Emperor's forces lay siege to Beiping but are forced to retreat three weeks later
17267:
16743:
16691:
16499:
16391:
15501:
9588:
8562:
6407:
4844:
Europe reaches parity with China in health, fertility rate, life expectancy, and human capital
3796:
2287:
1476:
1199:
The Hongwu Emperor executes all officials connected to the "Case of the Pre-stamped Documents"
16031:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
15920:
A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598
4481:: Cao Qin rebels and tries to storm Beijing but gets arrested and is forced to commit suicide
17367:
17133:
16848:
16826:
16811:
16452:
16432:
16310:
16270:
16260:
15481:(1938), "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century",
15400:, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
15348:
9383:
of the Ming dynasty. Yishiha's route is in blue, along with those of Zheng He (in black) and
9361:
9060:
Sun Kewang's forces are defeated by Li Dingguo in eastern Yunnan and he retreats to Guizhou
8228:
8192:
7103:
6979:
6515:
5865:
2853:
2623:
549:
483:
375:
8217:
4751:
2310:, where the people are described as "very honest and genuine," and from there 3 days to the
17153:
17138:
16879:
16447:
16346:
16225:
15285:
14535:"The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period"
9303:
7855:
7477:
7415:
5922:
obsessed with physical immortality through drugs, rituals, and esoteric physical regimens.
5491:
4477:
2450:
envoys to demand restitution for killing 710 Chinese and settles for 10,000 ounces of gold
1220:
Palace construction in Nanjing is completed and the city is designated "Jingshi" (Capital)
212:
15759:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
15733:
The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436-1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography
15680:
The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436-1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography
15290:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15277:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15264:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15251:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15238:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15225:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15212:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15199:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15186:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15173:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15160:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
15147:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9421:
8487:
7128:
Ming officials issue ten licenses each year for Chinese junks to trade in northern Taiwan
8:
17148:
16729:
16568:
16511:
16464:
16396:
16250:
16060:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press.
15368:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
9041:
Qing forces try to invade Kinmen Island (Quemoy) but their fleet is destroyed in a storm
7798:
7753:
5588:
4704:
3588:
2775:
2740:
2502:
2258:
2131:
2063:
1440:
16300:
15299:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
7923:: Ming forces evict the Dutch from Penghu and they retreat to Taiwan, settling near the
3478:
3474:
2998:
17128:
16341:
16295:
16255:
16022:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907-1279
15942:
15885:"Enemy at the Gates - Macao, Manila and the "Pinhal Episode" (end of the 16th Century)"
15530:
9546:
8469:
8119:
7979:
7959:
6896:
6593:
Eunuchs drop peaches into the Jiajing Emperor's bed and tell him they fell from heaven
6541:
6250:
for an annual payment of 500 taels and 20 percent imperial duty on half their products
6100:: Ming forces attack a large merchant fleet anchored off the coast of southern Fujian.
5604:
5219:
Gunpowder tents in the palace courtyard catch fire and destroy the residential palaces
4613:
3460:
2802:
2726:
2717:
2299:
1627:
1567:
167:
16474:
15398:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
8212:
7605:
6184:
The Jiajing Emperor selects 800 girls between the ages of 8 and 14 for palace service
3591:
of the Lê dynasty offers a nominate tributary relation with Ming China and was titled
1737:
A military official seizes two of Zhu Di's junior officials on the charge of sedition
16553:
16290:
16230:
16144:
16108:
16090:
16061:
15980:
15948:
15861:
15834:
15787:
15762:
15744:
15691:
15619:
15600:
15582:
15536:
15515:
15505:
15428:
15401:
15371:
15352:
15302:
8656:
8590:
8443:
8197:
8004:
7634:
7623:
7618:
7373:
7231:
7215:
6375:
6321:
6246:
bribes the vice-commissioner of maritime defense into letting the Portuguese stay at
6198:
6005:
5184:
5180:
4581:
3800:
3782:
2648:
2618:
2552:
2178:
arrives in Nanjing and requests the Ming dynasty to restore him to the throne of the
2116:
1369:
1231:
844:
830:
436:
15884:
15272:
15259:
15246:
15233:
15220:
15207:
15194:
15181:
15168:
15155:
7399:
Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories
6772:
4270:: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi
16722:
16531:
16494:
16484:
16469:
16442:
16427:
16265:
15490:
15478:
9345:
8723:
8255:
8045:: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing
7769:
7701:
7586:
7570:
7163:
6930:
6900:
6814:
6643:
6228:
5566:
5458:
5071:
4493:
3841:
3411:
3126:
3087:
2779:
2179:
2103:
1746:
1693:
1072:
940:
393:
and moves the Song court west of Nanjing where it remains militarily insignificant
6008:
returns to Japan with the Japanese mission and leads a trade mission to Shuangyu.
5278:
The Zhengde Emperor imprisons the court at Beijingfor not giving him enough money
4289:
Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days
2385:
2359:
17194:
16913:
16765:
16708:
16626:
16401:
16376:
15828:
9501:
9470:
9091:
8992:
8419:
7814:
7378:
7220:
6853:
6819:
6243:
5790:: Japanese envoys are apprehended and forbidden from trading upon reaching China
5516:
5511:
5447:
5012:
4812:
4328:
4279:
3762:
3646:
2926:: Treasure fleet captures Sekandar, a rebel against Zain al-'Abidin, king of the
2706:
2447:
2311:
1683:
1571:
1563:
1308:
1143:
996:
Cannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the Ming dynasty.
929:
889:
814:
667:
124:
16077:
China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions
15597:
The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium
15142:
4237:: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi
3501:
The Xuande Emperor conducts a major military review on the outskirts of Beijing
3429:
2247:
16925:
16889:
16884:
16760:
15938:
15775:
15182:"Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan"
9616:
9380:
9204:
8768:
8753:
8671:
7728:
7650:
7520:
7183:
6686:
6224:
5888:
4061:
3491:
raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them
3342:
3312:
3121:
2828:
2052:
712:
408:
43:
5044:, complains about the emperor's expenditures using the ministerial treasuries
17356:
16770:
16563:
16506:
15138:
9229:
Qing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor
9194:
9101:
Qing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo 's army, securing Yunnan
8833:
8200:
8179:
8138:
8041:
8026:
7937:: Ming forces defeat rebels but are unable to decisively quell the rebellion
7689:
7151:
The Wanli Emperor dispatches eunuchs as tax collectors and mining intendants
6737:
6709:
6485:
6432:
6287:
The Jiajing Emperor selects 180 girls under the age of 10 for palace service
5496:
4223:
3378:
2832:
2092:
352:
236:: Zhu Yuanzhang receives an independent command from Guo Zixing and captures
83:
15494:
6335:
The three main audience halls in the Forbidden City are destroyed in a fire
5435:
5413:
5412:
The Portuguese bribe a eunuch official in Guangzhou to let them through and
5264:
4535:
Ming forces defeat and capture Hou Dagou but the rebellion continues anyway
3470:
3459:: The Xuande Emperor orders Zheng He to supervise the reconstruction of the
3393:
3003:
2274:
16546:
16196:
16004:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part 2
15995:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I
15671:
The East Asian War, 1592-1598: International Relations, Violence and Memory
15393:
8542:
7819:
7359:
7355:
7188:
6913:
5520:
5021:
The Zhengde Emperor starts using eunuchs as military and fiscal intendants
4296:
Yellow River dikes burst again causing the river to change course slightly
4158:
2107:: Orders are issued for the construction of 200 "seagoing transport ships"
716:
621:
513:
479:
417:
Zhu Yuanzhang sets up a school with a teaching staff of "Erudites" (boshi)
47:
39:
32:
16605:
6046:: Ming forces attack Shuangyu but many of the ships in the harbor escape.
5059:
The Zhengde Emperor takes to wandering the streets of Beijing in disguise
4870:
National military reforms switch to recruiting volunteers for local units
4145:, but his rebels remain intact and retreat further south to siege Chuzhou
2461:: A eunuch Grand Director departs with an imperial letter for the king of
16801:
16336:
9439:
9330:
8764:
8586:
7830:
7654:
6565:
6493:
6021:: A censor reports that piracy on the southeast coast is out of control.
5709:: The governor of Guangzhou is recalled for failing to eradicate pirates
5295:
5198:
4341:
4219:
4214:
3509:
2344:
1458:
971:
738:
609:
379:: Chen Youliang's fleet is demolished by Zhu Yuanzhang's forces and dies
298:
16141:
Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代
15551:
Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382-1454)
8685:
becomes regent of Ming at Shaoxing, taking control of Ming loyalists at
7335:
7282:
4897:: Japanese envoys kill several people on their return trip from Beijing
16780:
16636:
15471:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
9379:'s voyages in the context of military and diplomatic activities in the
9263:
8973:
8667:
8307:
8284:
7092:
7065:: Ming forces mobilize to intervene in the Japanese invasion of Joseon
6396:
6146:
Towns and villages in Zhejiang erect palisades in response to brigands
6092:
Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties.
6078:
5851:
5652:: Several commanders at Wenzhou are exiled for consorting with pirates
5146:
5142:
5121:
4708:
4506:
4337:
4126:
3744:
3017:: Zheng He departs China taking the previous route to Hormuz, and then
2900:
2692:
1986:
1872:: Zhu Di's forces deal a heavy defeat to the imperial army near Dezhou
1297:
1236:
1052:
1026:
975:
758:
356:
254:
217:
16165:
15653:
China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan
8232:: Ming forces defeat a Dutch pirate fleet near Kinmen Island (Quemoy)
5032:
The Ministry of Revenue is ordered to investigate the lack of revenue
2976:: The Yongle Emperor bestows gifts upon ambassadors from 18 countries
1644:: Si Lunfa is deposed and requests Ming aid in restoring him to power
1092:
Cannons made specifically for naval usage appear in the Ming dynasty.
16821:
9121:
8783:
8749:
8682:
8567:
8342:
8294:
8164:
7964:
7803:
7738:
7524:
7382:
7264:
6741:
5861:
4956:
4918:
4567:
4190:
4064:
hands over Si Renfa to Ming in return for their support in attacking
3778:
3488:
3352:
3273:
3022:
2766:
2340:
2336:
2189:
2088:
2025:
1472:
1062:
986:
960:
867:
805:
769:
655:
499:
15964:
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906
8655:
All nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu
6303:: An earthquake devastates Shaanxi, with over 800,000 reported dead
5527:, seizes ships, and kills a Ming commander before setting sail; the
16051:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute
15462:
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433
9516:
9283:
The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan
8958:
8701:
8521:
8439:
8353:
8143:
8124:
7758:
7331:
7168:
6917:
6790:
6776:
6474:
6264:
5593:
5349:
5310:
4660:
4656:
4563:
3959:
3948:
3220:
3178:
3174:
3162:: The Yongle Emperor orders the suspension of the Treasure voyages
3066:
3057:: Ambassadors present exotic animals to the Ming court including a
2866:
2820:
2512:
2221:
2160:
2000:
1892:
1761:: Zhu Di defeats a 130,000 strong army sent by the Jianwen Emperor
1575:
1425:
1251:
1016:
951:
The Hongwu Emperor authorizes the first Ming imperial examinations
749:
633:
605:
315:
15529:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),
8842:
Zhu Yihai conducts raids on the coast of Fujian from island bases
7009:
brings cannons and additional Miao troops to the siege of Ningxia
5757:
The garrisons at Liaodong and Guangning revolt and are suppressed
5740:: A pirate with over 50 large ships under his command is captured
4129:
rebels with a group of tenant farmers northwest of the Fujian and
2691:: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the
2515:
wadding is added to Ming cannons, increasing their effectiveness.
9376:
9215:
9090:
Qing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to
8854:
8601:
8553:
Li Zicheng takes Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor hangs himself
8241:
7984:
7639:
7528:
7463:
7407:
7204:
7121:
Middle and junior grade assignments are assigned by drawing lots
6992:
6875:
6725:
6399:
begins applying his tactical reforms on newly recruited soldiers
6278:
6067:
5911:: Consort Fang prevents an assassination on the Jiajing Emperor.
4908:
4663:, attacks the Jurchens and demands bribes from Jurchen embassies
4598:
4442:
The former emperor is reinstated by the military and becomes the
4349:
4345:
4130:
3869:
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3837:
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3628:
3607:
3443:
3374:
3062:
3058:
3030:
2858:
2762:
2556:
2402:
2347:
as "grand chieftain ruling over the native people of that place"
2322:, which is described as "the Great country of the Western Ocean"
2319:
2291:
2077:
1211:
1112:
1030:
878:
856:
784:
727:
708:
693:
671:
644:
487:
465:
360:
281:
237:
221:
28:
9139:
Zheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen
6557:: Ming forces retake Xinghua and destroy pirate bases in Fujian
6507:
The Forbidden City 's residential palace is destroyed in a fire
6496:
technique and his experience training the Ming army in its use.
3606:: The Changle Inscription is erected and the fleet departs from
3543:
The Xuande Emperor orders a tax reduction on all imperial lands
3322:
Metropolitan graduates fill posts down to the county magistrate
2246:
and his Ming escort are ambushed and killed while crossing into
2148:: Orders are issued for the construction of 50 "seagoing ships"
1132:
Ming officials draw up the first "house law" in Chinese history
15715:
Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores'
9185:
Zheng Chenggong departs from Kinmen Island (Quemoy) for Taiwan
9171:
9052:
Ming forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta
8865:
8782:
Zhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies
8712:
8153:
8108:
7889:
7575:
7390:
7386:
7281:
Cantonese officials give permission to the Spanish to trade in
6580:
6569:
6490:
6418:
6385:
Imperial treasuries fall to less than 200,000 ounces of silver
6343:
6055:
5524:
5463:
5324:
4960:
4881:
4602:
4398:
4065:
3736:
3684:
3632:
3182:
3026:
2960:
2595:
2491:
2487:
2462:
2315:
1972:
1936:
1896:
1834:
1822:: Zhu Di's forces deal heavy casualties upon the imperial army
1726:
1701:
1697:
1598:
1345:
1328:
1264:
1122:
834:
826:
795:
682:
566:
528:
495:
450:
16040:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
15455:, Western Imprints, The Press of the Oregon Historical Society
15247:"Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines"
13820:
3079:: Orders are issued for the construction of 41 Treasure ships
2076:
The Yongle Emperor designates Beiping the "Northern Capital",
1883:: The imperial army forces Zhu Di to retreat north to Beiping
363:
before attacking Zhu Yuanzhang at Nanjing only to be repulsed
16686:
13377:
13375:
12130:
12128:
12126:
11777:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11769:
11767:
11194:
11192:
11190:
9455:
9415:
Region suffering from Miao rebellions during the Ming dynasty
9022:
Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong establishes Xiamen as his base
8991:
Zhu Yihai settles on Kinmen Island (Quemoy) with the help of
8686:
8328:
7107:: An advance Ming scout party is defeated by Japanese forces
6988:
6935:
6768:
6745:
6721:
6313:: Pirates raid the entire coastline from Nanjing to Hangzhou
6247:
4553:
3698:: Treasure fleet departs from Hormuz and heads back to China
3676:
2959:: Zheng He's colleague is sent on a mission bearing gifts to
2824:
2722:
2192:
launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty but dies on the way
1255:
1076:
704:
539:
120:
87:
15444:
Ming China 1368-1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire
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10664:
7345:
The size of European book collections surpass that of China
6775:; the embassy fails due to the Spanish inability to capture
5747:
The Jiajing Emperor stops attending routine court audiences
2318:
where the king reacts with hostility. The fleet departs for
1457::Mong Mao is defeated by the Ming artillery corps utilizing
314:: Defending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of
16600:
10861:
10859:
10846:
10844:
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9925:
9110:
8805:
Qing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan
4880:
Ming forces briefly occupy Hami before reinforcements from
3900:
3645:
to present seals to Ming-allied Jurchens and to repair the
3235:
3203:
3137:
Beijing officially becomes the capital of the Ming dynasty
3018:
2636:: Zheng He departs with 27,000 men, taking the usual route
2401:: The Yongle Emperor announces the formal incorporation of
2307:
2295:
1549:
15979:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
14062:
14060:
13940:
13793:
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13597:
13372:
12123:
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9828:
9826:
9774:
9772:
9170:
Qing forces launch an attack on Kinmen Island(Quemoy) and
8926:
Qing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees
6967:
Chinese from Fujian start settling in southwestern Taiwan
6346:, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong
3554:: The Xuande Emperor issues orders for the seventh voyage
3410:: Lam Sơn forces drive out the Ming army from most of the
2013:: Zhu Di is stopped at the Changjiang across from Nanjing
1847:: Zhu Di lifts the siege of Dezhou and returns to Beiping
1192:
is starved to death in prison for criticising the emperor
15858:
Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤
15820:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics
15688:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
15115:
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12455:
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12428:
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12384:
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12354:
12337:
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12072:
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12030:
12009:
11997:
11985:
11973:
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11877:
11838:
11792:
11790:
11744:
11732:
11722:
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11124:
11112:
11100:
11081:
11064:
10761:
10531:
10459:
9684:
9682:
9669:
9667:
7235:: Ming and Joseon naval forces defeat the Japanese fleet
7219:: Ming and Joseon forces fail to evict the Japanese from
7203:: Ming and Joseon forces fail to evict the Japanese from
7187:: Ming and Joseon forces fail to evict the Japanese from
7053:: The north wall collapses and the rebellion is defeated
6623:: Ming forces eradicate pirates in Jiangxi and Guangdong
4556:
as well as the Sichuan-Guizhou border and are suppressed
985:
Gunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of
13704:
13702:
11802:
11399:
11362:
11360:
11248:
11246:
11160:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11014:
11012:
10985:
10907:
10856:
10829:
10812:
10788:
10773:
10749:
10732:
10720:
10705:
10676:
10645:
10624:
10612:
10597:
10570:
10543:
10495:
10483:
10471:
10447:
10435:
10420:
10396:
10384:
10345:
10321:
10297:
10285:
10234:
10217:
10178:
10151:
10136:
10112:
10100:
10064:
10052:
10017:
10005:
9967:
9955:
9922:
7523:
estimates that European civilization surpassed China in
5933:
Construction on a new Imperial Ancestral Temple begins.
4907:
A trade embargo on Turpan forces them to return Hami to
2987:: The Yongle Emperor issues orders for the fifth voyage
2795::The Yongle Emperor issues orders for the fourth voyage
2028:
defects to Zhu Di and rebel forces cross the Changjiang
15234:"Chapter 8: "The Only Bees on Formosa That Give Honey""
14515:
14392:
14338:
14314:
14302:
14057:
13892:
13594:
13582:
13307:
13268:
13052:
12967:
12717:
12693:
11867:
11865:
11306:
11148:
10975:
10973:
10948:
10946:
10931:
10871:
10585:
10519:
10372:
9910:
9895:
9883:
9852:
9823:
9796:
9784:
9769:
9759:
9757:
9706:
7042:: Rebels make one last attempt to break out of Ningxia
5070:
350,000 ounces of silver are spent on lanterns for the
4492:
The Tianshun Emperor dies and Zhu Qianshen becomes the
3982:
Flooding strikes the northern China Plain and Shandong
3234:: Treasure fleet returns to China bringing envoys from
3223:
but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing
2232:
Construction of new palace buildings in Beijing begins
2206:
10,000 households from Shanxi are relocated to Beijing
1910:: Imperial forces are expelled from the Beiping region
1750:: Zhu Di launches an offensive on neighboring counties
14084:
13988:
13295:
12111:
11826:
11787:
11717:
11693:
11669:
11657:
11645:
11621:
11595:
11583:
11571:
11511:
11438:
11426:
11411:
11345:
10997:
10408:
10309:
10166:
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10042:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10032:
9995:
9993:
9943:
9813:
9811:
9742:
9730:
9718:
9694:
9679:
9664:
9652:
8631:
Qing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor
5953:: Ming officials refuse to meet with Japanese envoys.
5257:
The Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party
3396:'s forces inflict heavy casualties on Ming attacks in
898:
Construction of the Central Capital (Fengyang) begins
14940:
14326:
13856:
13781:
13699:
13687:
13558:
13534:
13509:
13507:
13331:
12770:
11372:
11357:
11333:
11282:
11270:
11258:
11243:
11219:
11136:
11047:
11035:
11009:
10800:
8797:
Qing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor
7541:
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing
6378:
presents 1,860 magical plants to the Jiajing Emperor
5404:
The Zhengde Emperor forbids the slaughtering of pigs
5167:
Bandits burn imperial grain carriages around Beijing
1390:
is executed for embezzling 7 million piculs of grain
15532:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
14169:
13964:
13609:
13570:
13546:
13132:
11913:
11862:
11850:
11814:
11633:
11547:
10970:
10958:
10943:
10919:
10895:
10883:
10205:
9754:
7091:: Ming and Joseon forces evict Japanese troops from
6529:
The Forbidden City 's residential palace is rebuilt
6435:(Quemoy) and launch raids into Fujian and Guangdong
6277:: Ming forces defeat a large raiding party north of
6167:
Ming forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong
3428:: Ming reinforcements are encircled and defeated in
16107:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
15849:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
15662:
The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2
15635:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492
15528:
13319:
10558:
10507:
10360:
10333:
10261:
10249:
10193:
10124:
10029:
9990:
9808:
8530:Zhang Xianzhong declares the Xi dynasty in Huguang
8297:are used for aiming artillery in the Ming dynasty.
8196:: Ming dockyards start construction of multidecked
7909:The Yellow River bursts its dikes and flood Xuzhou
6367:Sengge retreats upon the arrival of reinforcements
5979:Dust storms destroy winter wheat and barley crops.
5483:Portuguese are forbidden from trading in Guangzhou
5373:: Zhu Chenhao flees from his fleet and is captured
4003:: Mong Mao is defeated but Si Renfa escapes to Ava
2373:arrives in Nanjing to perform religious ceremonies
1714:Last recorded instance of human sacrifice in China
15902:Unbounded Loyalty Frontier Crossings in Liao China
14548:
13904:
13504:
12681:
12286:
10273:
8910:Qing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou
8786:and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of
8156:trade with China reaches 2 million pesos per year
6156:Fishing boats are forbidden from going out to sea
5797:The garrison at Liaodong rebels and is suppressed
1103:The Hongwu Emperor suspends imperial examinations
1085:Registered students at the Guozijian reach 10,000
301:is captured by Zhu Yuanzhang and starves to death
16123:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN
15221:"Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier"
9262:Zheng Chenggong dies and is succeeded by his son
9218:massacres most of the Yongli Emperor's entourage
7859:: Dutch vessels start raiding Ming trading ships
7294:All major ports have senior eunuchs in residence
6324:to find some magical plants to make him immortal
4168:Drought and locust plague strike northwest China
4108:rebels with a group of silver miners in Zhejiang
3895:: Ming carries out a punitive expedition against
2778:refuses the Yongle Emperor's request to suppress
2725:in Ceylon and captures King Vijayabahu VI of the
2416:: Chinese Treasure fleet arrives back at Nanjing
1960:: Zhu Di is repulsed by imperial troops in Anhui
1692:The Jianwen Emperor eliminates the princedoms of
1040:Registered students at the Guozijian reach 3,728
17354:
16955:
15336:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
8578:Qing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees
8352:Portuguese merchants from Macau are banned from
5987:The new Imperial Ancestral Temple is completed.
4703:directs the reconstruction and extension of the
4431:Miao people in Huguang rebel and are suppressed
1121:The Hongwu Emperor limits tribute missions from
180:Zhu Yuanzhang returns to the Buddhist monastery
15708:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
8604:and proceeds to massacre the Sichuanpopulation
6177:: Raiding parties attack the coast of Zhejiang
5495:: A Portuguese fleet runs a Ming blockade near
5227:The Zhengde Emperor is badly mauled by a tiger
4612:1,000 Vietnamese troops occupy the border town
3709:: Relations between Ming and Japan are renewed
3006:leads an insurrection against the Ming dynasty
15327:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
15143:"Chapter 1: Taiwan on the Eve of Colonization"
9401:Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
7822:attack on Macau is repelled by the Portuguese
7330:The Portuguese in Macau attack the Spanish in
6803:Portuguese are allowed to travel to Guangzhou
4721:Miao people rebel in Hunan and are suppressed
4397:Unusually heavy snowfall causes starvation in
4074:Drought and a plague epidemic strike Zhejiang
3272:: Zheng He is sent on a diplomatic mission to
2362:'s counteroffensive against Ming forces fails
86:is born to a family of poor tenant farmers in
17398:States and territories disestablished in 1644
16941:
16786:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
16181:
16033:, vol. 1, University of California Press
15930:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty
8659:to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty
8501:breach in Ming fortifications using cannons.
6771:and returns with a Spanish embassy headed by
6201:raids the coast of Zhejiang north of Taizhou
5971:An outbreak of pestilence occurs in Beijing.
5727:The Datong garrison rebels and is suppressed
5603:Some merchants from Fujian are able to speak
4625:The Mongol rebellion at Guyuan is suppressed
3813:and Shandong suffer from drought and plagues
2598:receives princely titles from the Ming court
2388:and his son are captured and sent to Nanjing
2199:Empirewide imperial examinations are resumed
16143:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
15860:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
8733:The Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces
8276:Ming forces are defeated by rebels in Gansu
7967:is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded and dies
7874:An earthquake strikes Gansu, killing 12,000
6360:: Pirates raid Zhejiang and northern Fujian
5899:Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan.
5462:: Ming forces expel a Portuguese fleet from
3826:: Ming dynasty bans building seagoing ships
2805:are used as ammunition in the Ming dynasty.
2314:, and then 8 more days to the west coast of
1380:The imperial examinations are reestablished
478:: Zhu Yuanzhang issues orders for Xu Da and
16125:, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7
15882:
15446:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
13826:
13799:
9015:Li Dingguo 's army is routed by Qingforces
8984:Sun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces
8497:Li Zicheng's rebels manage to create a two
8142:: Troops from Shandong mutiny and capture
7983:: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack
7609:: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin
6888:accumulates over 6 million taels of silver
6514:The Ming dynasty starts producing portable
6131:Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing
5639:: Turpan's trading privileges are restored
5499:and manages to leave with heavy casualties
3747:, Hormuz, Kayal, and Mecca present tribute
3173:: Orders are issued to Zheng He to provide
1949:: Zhu Di defeats imperial troops in Suzhou
932:lays siege to Lanzhou but fails to take it
17393:States and territories established in 1368
16948:
16934:
16188:
16174:
16058:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition
16001:
15908:
15808:
15724:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
15706:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
15659:
15581:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge,
15507:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
15450:
14009:
13946:
13381:
12134:
11198:
11024:
10465:
9068:Sun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty
8995:and renounces his title as Regent of Ming
7846:The Dutch start building a fort at Penghu
5887:Ming forces are defeated by Altan Khan at
4670:Remnants of Liu Tong's rebels rebel again
4414:finishes repairs on the Yellow Riverdikes
2705:: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the
1891:The Jianwen Emperor restricts the size of
1489:: Si Lunfa surrenders to the Ming dynasty
1142:Ming starts issuing a new note called the
16055:
16046:
16019:
16010:
15992:
15970:
15961:
15889:Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies
15833:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
15548:
15477:
15208:"Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization"
15121:
15109:
15094:
15077:
15062:
15047:
15032:
15017:
15005:
14990:
14978:
14963:
14934:
14922:
14903:
14891:
14874:
14862:
14850:
14835:
14823:
14811:
14796:
14784:
14772:
14757:
14745:
14730:
14713:
14701:
14689:
14674:
14662:
14650:
14635:
14620:
14608:
14593:
14581:
14569:
14509:
14494:
14477:
14465:
14448:
14427:
14410:
14386:
14371:
14356:
14296:
14284:
14267:
14252:
14240:
14223:
14211:
14199:
14187:
14163:
14148:
14131:
14112:
14078:
14051:
14039:
14024:
13982:
13958:
13934:
13922:
13886:
13874:
13850:
13838:
13814:
13775:
13763:
13751:
13732:
13720:
13681:
13669:
13657:
13642:
13630:
13528:
13498:
13486:
13474:
13462:
13450:
13438:
13426:
13411:
13396:
13366:
13354:
13289:
13262:
13250:
13235:
13210:
13198:
13186:
13174:
13153:
13126:
13114:
13097:
13085:
13073:
13046:
13027:
13010:
12985:
12961:
12938:
12921:
12909:
12897:
12880:
12865:
12853:
12838:
12826:
12809:
12797:
12764:
12747:
12735:
12711:
12675:
12663:
12646:
12634:
12615:
12600:
12588:
12576:
12561:
12549:
12537:
12522:
12507:
12488:
12476:
12461:
12449:
12434:
12422:
12405:
12390:
12378:
12363:
12348:
12331:
12316:
12304:
12280:
12263:
12240:
12228:
12216:
12204:
12181:
12166:
12149:
12105:
12090:
12078:
12066:
12054:
12039:
12024:
12003:
11991:
11979:
11967:
11955:
11943:
11931:
11907:
11890:
11844:
11781:
11738:
11687:
11565:
11541:
11529:
11483:
11468:
11456:
11393:
11327:
11300:
11237:
11213:
11181:
11130:
11118:
11106:
11094:
11075:
10991:
10913:
10865:
10850:
10823:
10794:
10782:
10755:
10743:
10726:
10714:
10699:
10670:
10658:
10639:
10618:
10606:
10591:
10579:
10552:
10537:
10525:
10501:
10489:
10477:
10453:
10441:
10429:
10402:
10390:
10354:
10327:
10303:
10291:
10243:
10228:
10187:
10160:
10145:
10118:
10106:
10070:
10058:
10023:
10011:
9984:
9961:
9937:
9916:
9904:
9889:
9877:
9846:
9834:
9802:
9790:
9778:
9748:
9736:
9724:
9712:
9700:
9688:
9673:
9658:
9193:Zheng Chenggong arrives on the shores of
7841:White Lotus rebels block the Grand Canal
7786:: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed
7773:: Yi people rebel in Sichuan and Guizhou
4421:Widespread drought affects Central China
4226:launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty
2948:: Treasure fleet arrives back in Nanjing
2572:: Orders are issued for the third voyage
15977:Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368
15756:
15721:
15383:
15365:
15333:
15283:
15270:
15257:
15244:
15231:
15218:
15205:
15192:
15179:
15166:
15153:
15137:
14946:
13862:
13693:
12776:
6572:after being chased by Ming naval forces
5337:: Rebel forces lift the siege on Anqing
4222:of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the
3951:, the northern China Plain and Shandong
3675:arrive in Calicut and send seven men to
1924:: Zhu Di conquers northwestern Shandong
482:to head north with 250,000 soldiers and
27:
16195:
16105:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
16028:
15899:
15817:
15774:
15761:, New York: Columbia University Press,
15717:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
15703:
15632:
15441:
15342:
15296:
15195:"Chapter 5: The Fall of Spanish Taiwan"
14521:
14398:
14344:
14320:
14308:
14097:
14066:
13997:
13898:
13708:
13313:
13301:
13274:
13058:
12973:
12723:
12699:
11312:
11154:
11003:
10414:
10315:
10172:
10094:
10082:
9949:
9763:
8327:Ming forces are defeated on the Shanxi-
6212:Serious epidemics break out in Beijing
5716:A really inauspicious comet is sighted
4179:
3720:: Treasure fleet arrives back in China
2326:
1914:
776:
620:Ming forces conquer Fujian and capture
597:
17355:
16737:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
15826:
15565:
15468:
15459:
15413:
15324:
15315:
15273:"Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan"
15260:"Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End"
14527:
12117:
11796:
11726:
11711:
11699:
11675:
11663:
11651:
11627:
11604:
11589:
11577:
11517:
11444:
11432:
11420:
11405:
11378:
11366:
11351:
11339:
11288:
11276:
11264:
11252:
11225:
11166:
11142:
11058:
11041:
11018:
10979:
10964:
10952:
10937:
10925:
10901:
10889:
10877:
10806:
10767:
9222:
9178:
9131:Zheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing
9083:
9045:
9033:The Yongli Emperor arrives in Yunnan
9026:
9009:
8965:
8894:Ming loyalists at Datong are defeated
8871:
8846:
8775:
8693:
8608:
8534:
8505:
8461:
8434:
8397:
8335:
8314:
8261:
8183:: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin
8171:
8130:
8100:
8033:
8010:
7971:
7913:
7878:
7837:
7790:
7745:
7681:
7597:
7562:
7451:Army officers in Yunnan riot and kill
7445:
7365:
7323:
7246:: Japanese forces withdraw from Korea
7175:
7141:: Ming forces are defeated in Sichuan
7079:
6971:
6868:
6846:
6731:
6693:
6652:The ban on overseas trading is lifted
6627:
6587:
6547:
6522:
6500:
6459:
6389:
6350:
6328:
6291:
6254:
6205:
6160:
6124:
6088:
6085:
6025:
5964:
5944:
5926:
5872:
5832:
5781:
5731:
5700:
5683:
5643:
5573:
5546:
5503:
5477:
5420:
5397:
5282:
5242:
5212:
5190:
5152:
5108:
5025:
4996:
4901:
4848:
4788:
4736:
4649:
4591:
4528:
4485:
4405:
4362:
4320:
4119:
4099:
4078:
4050:
4033:
3993:
3965:
3941:
3899:of Mong Mao for attacking neighboring
3862:
3817:
3788:
3652:
3613:
3568:: Treasure fleet departs from Nanjing
3558:
3536:
3495:
3449:
3418:
3381:to construct shipyards and warehouses
3367:
3326:
3262:
3189:
3141:
3114:
3036:
2991:
2966:
2917:
2872:
2809:
2785:
2732:
2679:
2562:
2519:
2431:
2236:
2210:
2138:
2069:
1851:
1801:
1718:
1648:
1619:
1531:
1464:
1432:
1362:
1291:
1243:
1203:
1156:
1136:
1096:
1044:
1000:
922:
520:
421:
397:
367:
243:
216:: Zhu Yuanzhang becomes a rebel under
151:
16929:
16169:
16102:
16089:, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES,
16084:
16074:
15971:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
15936:
15927:
15917:
15873:
15846:
15712:
15685:
15668:
15650:
15594:
15574:
15556:
15500:
15422:
15392:
15156:"Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence"
14554:
14332:
14175:
13970:
13787:
13615:
13603:
13588:
13576:
13564:
13552:
13540:
13337:
13325:
13138:
11639:
11553:
10513:
10366:
10279:
10211:
9635:Timeline of the Ming treasure voyages
8902:Qing forces conquer southern Huguang
8853:Ming loyalists rebel at Nanchang and
7244:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
7073:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
7062:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
7020:: Dikes around Ningxia are completed
5767:Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled
4580:A Ming-Joseon expedition defeats the
3219:: Ming forces are dispatched against
2865:to create postal stations and spread
1597:Tributary relations between Ming and
1174:Ming forces defeat Bayan Temür again
1051:Ming forces defeat Köke Temür at the
46:to the rise and establishment of the
17408:14th-century establishments in China
17006:Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms
16156:
16138:
16037:
15883:Sousa Pinto, Paulo Jorge de (2008).
15855:
15799:
15738:
15730:
15677:
11919:
11871:
11856:
11832:
11820:
11808:
10564:
10378:
10339:
10267:
10255:
10199:
10130:
10046:
9999:
9817:
8711:Qing forces defeat the Ming army at
7462:Ming muskets are attached with plug
7455:, a eunuch superintendent of mining
6139:Ming forces are defeated by Mongols
4972:Yi rebels in Guizhou are suppressed
4387:Northern China experiences flooding
3579:: Liujiagang Inscription is erected
3315:and terminates the Treasure voyages
2880:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
2754:: Treasure fleet returns to Nanjing
2645:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
2549:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
2538:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
2398:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
1971:: Zhu Di defeats imperial forces at
1311:are manufactured for the Ming army.
16129:
15909:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997),
15780:Science & Civilisation in China
15641:
15613:
15416:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
13910:
13513:
12687:
12292:
8163:Ming defensive planners build some
7385:massacre the Chinese population in
7256:: The Miao rebellion is suppressed
6767:, a Ming naval officer, arrives at
6406:A drought causes starvation in the
6035:: Pirates raid Ningbo and Taizhou.
5689:Datong comes under raid by Mongols
5473:Palace reconstruction is completed
4380:Yao and Miao rebels are suppressed
2899:: Ming forces engage Oirats at the
2863:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
2739:Dredging and reconstruction of the
2062:The Yongle Emperor commissions the
1421:Ming campaign against the Uriankhai
13:
16120:
15660:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964),
15425:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
12253:Cheng-hua: Year 15, Month 4, Day 7
12194:Cheng-hua: Year 4, Month 4, Day 21
9318:Yellow River course change in 1358
8490:are produced in the Ming dynasty.
8167:but they don't catch on in China.
7114:Expansion of the Jia Canal begins
5249:Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty
5183:sends a plea for help against the
4046:Flooding strikes northern Jiangsu
4039:Famine strikes Shanxi and Shaanxi
3879:Flooding strikes northern Jiangsu
3046:: Treasure fleet returns to China
2843:Lopön Chenpo Gushri Lodrö Gyaltsen
2609:: Treasure fleet returns to China
2273:: Ming forces capture Đa Bang and
318:and defeat Zhu Yuanzhang's forces
14:
17429:
15644:The Great Knowledge Transcendence
15578:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
15366:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009),
15345:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
9079:Zheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou
9005:Li Dingguo retreats to Guangdong
8345:massacre 20,000 Chinese in Luzon
7711:The Taichang Emperor becomes ill
7430:: The Donglin Academy is founded
6473:The Jiajing Emperor suffers from
6223:: Pirates kill the magistrate of
5994:Datong rebels and is suppressed.
5696:An inauspicious comet is sighted
5659:An inauspicious comet is sighted
5438:' party is expelled from Beijing
5362:: Zhu Chenhao's army is defeated
4542:The Ming execute Dongshan of the
4248:: The Ming rearguard is defeated
4205:Deng Maoqi's rebels are defeated
4197:, but he manages to escape again
3442:: Ming forces are withdrawn from
2937:The Grand Canal is reconstructed
2087:The Yongle Emperor settles loyal
2051:Zhu Di ascends the throne as the
1111:Ming forces defeat Köke Temür at
939:Ming forces defeat Köke Temür at
538:: Xu Da and Chang Yuchun conquer
42:(1368–1644) from the rise of the
17418:1640s disestablishments in China
16013:The Cambridge History of China 1
15822:, University of California Press
15384:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987),
12246:
12187:
11610:
11500:
11496:Xuan-de: Year 1, Month 12, Day 2
11489:
11031:Yong-le: Year 6, Month 6, Day 12
9608:
9596:
9581:
9576:Li Zicheng's rebellion 1637–1644
9569:
9554:
9539:
9524:
9509:
9494:
9482:
9463:
9447:
9432:
9420:
9408:
9392:
9369:
9353:
9338:
9323:
9311:
9296:
7867:White Lotus rebels are defeated
6740:kills Wang Gao with the help of
6610:The Jiajing Emperor becomes ill
6583:on the orders of a Ming general
5879:Altan Khan raids Shaanxi again.
4784:Number of eunuchs passes 10,000
4115:Famine strikes northern Jiangsu
1658:: Si Lunfa is restored to power
1373:: The Kam rebellion is defeated
658:and receive He Zhen's surrender
548:Zhu Yuanzhang reestablishes the
17030:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
17012:Northern and Southern dynasties
16372:Japanese missions to Ming China
15570:, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
15469:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005),
15325:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004),
15131:
11617:Xuan-de: Year 6, Month 5, Day 3
8878:Ming loyalists rebel at Datong
8320:Qing dynasty conquers Shandong
7947:The Donglin movement is purged
7737:Ming foundries start producing
7300:
7167:: The Japanese advance towards
6754:A wall is erected around Macau
6002:Japanese missions to Ming China
5960:Famine strikes Zhejiang again.
5951:Japanese missions to Ming China
5920:Palace of Everlasting Longevity
5788:Japanese missions to Ming China
5580:The Datong rebels are defeated
5208:The bandit armies are defeated
4927:
4895:Japanese missions to Ming China
4795:The Chenghua Emperor falls ill
4680:Liu Tong's rebels are defeated
3707:Japanese missions to Ming China
3631:detach from the fleet to visit
3512:are employed by the Ming army.
2371:Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama
2127:Japanese missions to Ming China
2115:The Yongle Emperor creates the
2024:: Assistant chief commissioner
1778:
1666:The Hongwu Emperor becomes ill
761:are employed by the Ming army.
574:
359:and proclaims the Great Han at
17413:1644 disestablishments in Asia
17363:Timelines of Chinese dynasties
16971:Warring States and Qin dynasty
16246:Campaign against the Uriankhai
15973:The Cambridge History of China
15922:, University of Oklahoma Press
15874:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012),
15809:Rubinstein, Murray A. (1999),
15786:, Cambridge University Press,
15690:, Cambridge University Press,
15427:, Cambridge University Press,
15370:, Princeton University Press,
15343:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008),
15301:, Princeton University Press,
9603:Southern Ming in November 1644
9246:surrenders to Zheng Chenggong
9207:surrenders to Zheng Chenggong
8430:Zhang Xianzhong takes Wuchang
7267:, the Ming commander-in-chief
6077:The Ming army starts fielding
6054:Mongols defeat Ming forces at
5553:The garrison of Datong rebels
5159:Bandits around Beijing revolt
3975:: Ming forces attack Mong Mao
3913:Flooding strikes the northern
3398:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động
2622:: Ming forces are defeated by
1631:: A Kam rebellion is defeated
711:) and the Yuan court flees to
1:
16306:Campaigns against the Mongols
16103:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
16085:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000),
16049:Chinese History: A New Manual
15904:, University of Hawai'i Press
15802:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
9645:
9149:
8936:
8647:Qing forces capture Hangzhou
8623:Qing forces capture Yangzhou
8600:Zhang Xianzhong relocates to
8473:: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou
8372:
8362:Zhejiang experiences drought
8072:
7667:
7500:
7358:settles in Beijing to preach
7309:
6947:
6832:
6662:
6445:
6320:The Jiajing Emperor asks the
6239:Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)
6110:
5807:
5669:
5626:Floods sweep through Huguang
5542:based on Portuguese designs.
5383:
5094:
4936:
4824:
4764:
4742:Miao people rebel in Sichuan
4635:
4455:
4306:
3927:
3687:before heading back to China
3683:, Lasa, Aden, Mogadishu, and
3522:
3473:reestablished the kingdom of
3206:before heading back to China
3198:: Treasure fleet regroups at
3100:
2665:
2655:becomes leader of the rebels
2446:: The Yongle Emperor summons
2382:Ming–Đại Ngu (Hồ dynasty) War
2356:Ming–Đại Ngu (Hồ dynasty) War
2262:: Ming forces invade Đại Ngu
1787:
1499:
1277:
908:
583:
431:: Zhu Yuanzhang's army under
328:
190:
166:Zhu Yuanzhang enters a local
137:
99:
62:
53:
16957:Timelines of Chinese history
16844:Covered jar with carp design
16460:Transition from Ming to Qing
16079:, Cambridge University Press
16056:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015).
16047:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012),
16042:, University of Hawaii Press
16024:, Cambridge University Press
16015:, Cambridge University Press
16006:, Cambridge University Press
15997:, Cambridge University Press
15966:, Cambridge University Press
15962:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979),
15913:, University of Hawaii Press
15851:, Cambridge University Press
15743:, Harvard University Press,
15595:Graff, David Andrew (2016),
15535:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
15453:Russia's Conquest of Siberia
15388:, Princeton University Press
9562:Late Ming peasant rebellions
9109:The Yongli Emperor reaches
8700:Ming forces are defeated in
8615:Qing forces capture Luoyang
8593:of Southern Ming in Nanjing
7480:are translated into Chinese
5323:: Rebel forces lay siege to
4992:Datong is raided by Mongols
4011:Empress Zhang (Hongxi) dies
3795:The Xuande Emperor dies and
3623:: Treasure fleet arrives at
2585:Galle Trilingual Inscription
1985:: Zhu Di's forces cross the
1725:The Jianwen Emperor returns
1007:Ming forces capture Wenzhou
516:surrenders to Zhu Yuanzhang
253:: Zhu Yuanzhang crosses the
24:Timeline of the Qing dynasty
20:Timeline of the Yuan dynasty
7:
17403:1368 establishments in Asia
17083:Japanese invasions of Korea
16839:Ming presentation porcelain
16438:Japanese invasions of Korea
15818:Schafer, Edward H. (1985),
15726:, Columbia University Press
15704:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009),
15292:, Columbia University Press
15279:, Columbia University Press
15266:, Columbia University Press
15253:, Columbia University Press
15240:, Columbia University Press
15227:, Columbia University Press
15214:, Columbia University Press
15201:, Columbia University Press
15188:, Columbia University Press
15175:, Columbia University Press
15169:"Chapter 3: Pax Hollandica"
15162:, Columbia University Press
15149:, Columbia University Press
9628:
9489:Realm of Altan Khan in 1571
8918:Qing forces capture Guilin
8512:Li Zicheng takes Xiangyang
8310:proclaims the Qing dynasty
8096:: Later Jin forces retreat
7902:: Ming forces are defeated
7490:The Jia Canal is completed
6724:trade with China begins in
5531:loses maritime trade value
4373:: Yellow River dikes burst
1548:Ming forces briefly occupy
10:
17434:
16701:Compilations and Documents
16332:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
16029:Wakeman, Frederic (1985),
16002:Twitchett, Denis (1998b),
15937:Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (1985).
15918:Swope, Kenneth M. (2009),
15655:, The University of Hawaii
15512:Cambridge University Press
15460:Dreyer, Edward L. (2007),
15451:Dmytryshyn, Basil (1985),
9621:People's Republic of China
9289:
8886:Qing forces take Nanchang
8813:Qing forces take Changsha
8062:: The rebels are defeated
7833:rebels appear in Shandong
7719:The Taichang Emperor dies
6857:: Tax laws are simplified
6700:The Longqing Emperor dies
6579:A walled town is built in
5596:becomes a trading enclave
5540:breech-loading swivel guns
5538:The Ming dynasty produces
5519:trade mission attacks the
5466:when they refuse to leave
5416:' party arrive at Nanjing
5348:: Imperial forces capture
4859:: Yellow River floods but
4803:The Chenghua Emperor dies
4187:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
4086:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
4058:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
4023:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
4001:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
3973:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
3903:, but fails to defeat him
3892:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
3850:Flooding strikes northern
3508:Mounted infantry carrying
3185:; Zheng He visits Ganbali
2721:: Treasure fleet lands at
1656:Ming–Mong Mao Intervention
1641:Ming–Mong Mao Intervention
1428:surrenders to Ming forces
1125:to once every three years
1061:Ming forces are routed at
847:surrenders to Ming forces
579:
17:
17334:
17276:
17223:
17182:
17121:
17092:
17039:
16992:
16963:
16905:
16872:
16834:Chinese lacquerware table
16794:
16753:
16700:
16657:
16614:
16596:Embroidered Uniform Guard
16524:
16410:
16357:Prince of Anhua rebellion
16319:
16213:
16204:
16020:Twitchett, Denis (2009),
16011:Twitchett, Denis (2008),
15993:Twitchett, Denis (1998),
15878:, Oxford University Press
15651:Knapp, Ronald G. (1980),
15616:Macau History and Society
15566:Golden, Peter B. (1992),
15334:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
9477:'s Turpan Khanate in 1517
8864:Qing forces fail to take
8541:Li Zicheng proclaims his
8450:Li Zicheng takes Kaifeng
8411:Li Zicheng takes Luoyang
7927:next to a pirate village
7700:Zhu Changluo becomes the
7171:is halted by Ming forces
7088:Siege of Pyongyang (1593)
6634:The Jiajing Emperor dies
6568:retreats to southwestern
6483:Qi Jiguang publishes his
5940:Famine strikes Zhejiang.
5841:Imperial Ancestral Temple
5427:The Zhengde Emperor dies
5176:Capture of Malacca (1511)
5135:: Zhu Zhifan is captured
5133:Prince of Anhua rebellion
5117:Prince of Anhua rebellion
5040:The Minister of Revenue,
5003:The Hongzhi Emperor dies
4982:Li rebels are suppressed
4175:Drought strikes Jiangnan
3947:Flooding strikes Suzhou,
3311:: Zhu Gaozhi becomes the
2761:The Yongle Emperor sends
2335:: Treasure fleet defeats
1541:rebels and is suppressed
1527:surrender to Ming forces
1267:sends tribute to Nanjing
16985:(202 BC–AD 9, AD 25–220)
16897:Great Ming Treasure Note
16776:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
16559:Administrative divisions
16362:Prince of Ning rebellion
15741:Imperial China: 900–1800
15731:Ming, Liew Foon (1996),
15722:Millward, James (2009),
15686:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
15678:Liew, Foon Ming (1996),
15575:Graff, David A. (2002),
15549:Fernquest, John (2006),
15284:Andrade, Tonio (2008l),
15271:Andrade, Tonio (2008k),
15258:Andrade, Tonio (2008j),
15245:Andrade, Tonio (2008i),
15232:Andrade, Tonio (2008h),
15219:Andrade, Tonio (2008g),
15206:Andrade, Tonio (2008f),
15193:Andrade, Tonio (2008e),
15180:Andrade, Tonio (2008d),
15167:Andrade, Tonio (2008c),
15154:Andrade, Tonio (2008b),
9640:Timeline of the Jurchens
9534:, 15th to 16th centuries
9145:
8932:
8741:Qing forces take Fuzhou
8457:Locusts attack Zhejiang
8403:Li Zicheng enters Henan
8368:
8254:Rebellion breaks out at
8068:
8003:Zhu Youjian becomes the
7995:The Tianqi Emperor dies
7963:: A Later Jin attack on
7783:Battle of Fort Zhenjiang
7727:Zhu Youjiao becomes the
7663:
7496:
7410:spends some time at the
7305:
7200:Battle of Sacheon (1598)
6943:
6828:
6658:
6441:
6106:
5803:
5665:
5529:Chinese tributary system
5523:trade mission and loots
5446:Zhu Houcong becomes the
5379:
5371:Prince of Ning rebellion
5360:Prince of Ning rebellion
5346:Prince of Ning rebellion
5335:Prince of Ning rebellion
5321:Prince of Ning rebellion
5307:Prince of Ning rebellion
5291:Prince of Ning rebellion
5090:
5011:Zhu Houzhao becomes the
4932:
4820:
4811:Zhu Youtang becomes the
4760:
4631:
4451:
4370:1452 Yellow River floods
4358:Famine strikes Shandong
4302:
4088:: Si Renfa is executed.
4029:but fail to capture him
3989:Famine strikes Zhejiang
3923:
3733:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3625:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3518:
3333:The Hongxi Emperor dies
3300:The Yongle Emperor dies
3240:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3200:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3096:
2928:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2709:and withdraw to Nanjing
2661:
2304:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
1811:: Zhu Di invades Shanxi
1783:
1674:The Hongwu Emperor dies
1495:
1273:
970:The Hongwu Emperor bans
943:but fail to capture him
904:
407:: Zhu Yuanzhang attacks
324:
186:
133:
95:
58:
16716:The Hundred-word Eulogy
16382:Great Rites Controversy
16236:Ming conquest of Yunnan
16130:Xue, Zongzheng (1992),
16121:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005),
16075:Wills, John E. (2011),
16038:Wang, Zhenping (2013),
15947:. Taipei: Caves Books.
15928:Swope, Kenneth (2014),
15900:Standen, Naomi (2007),
15830:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
15800:Rong, Xinjiang (2013),
15559:The Kam People of China
15502:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
15495:10.1163/156853238X00171
15423:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
15297:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
11507:Year 2, Month 11, Day 1
9519:'s (1587–1641) travels
9239:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
8488:Composite metal cannons
8480:Floods strike Zhejiang
8029:surrenders to the Ming
7476:The first six books of
7334:. The Spanish abandons
6934:: Miao people rebel in
6899:more accurate than the
6689:raids Ming settlements
6642:Zhu Zaihou becomes the
6300:1556 Shaanxi earthquake
5908:Renyin palace rebellion
5616:Famine strikes Beijing
5309:: Rebel forces capture
4856:1494 Yellow River flood
4259:'s rebels are defeated
4154:1448 Yellow River flood
4095:Floods strike Jiangnan
3799:becomes regent for the
3341:Zhu Zhanji becomes the
1833:: Zhu Di lays siege to
1682:Zhu Yunwen becomes the
1446:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
1342:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1324:Ming conquest of Yunnan
759:Crouching-tiger cannons
527:: Hu Mei's forces take
16754:Palaces and Mausoleums
16744:Ming Veritable Records
16392:Luso-Chinese agreement
15827:Shaban, M. A. (1979),
15713:Mills, J.V.G. (1970),
15642:Jin, Dengjian (2016),
15633:Haywood, John (1998),
15557:Geary, Norman (2003),
15442:Dardess, John (2012),
9589:Battle of Shanhai Pass
9454:14th and 16th century
9120:Zheng Chenggong takes
8563:Battle of Shanhai Pass
8438:Zhang Xianzhong takes
6903:is produced in Europe
6708:Zhu Yijun becomes the
6408:Changjiang River Delta
4884:force them to retreat
3797:Empress Zhang (Hongxi)
3679:while Hong Bao visits
3363:Zhu Gaoxu is defeated
3255:Fourth Mongol Campaign
3125:: Construction of the
2896:Second Mongol Campaign
2647:: Ming forces capture
2405:into the Ming dynasty
2298:before heading up the
2163:receives the title of
1587:Ming forces sack Hami
1344:: Ming forces conquer
449:: Zhu Yuanzhang takes
389:: Zhu Yuanzhang saves
280:: Zhu Yuanzhang takes
35:
17388:17th century in China
17383:16th century in China
17378:15th century in China
17373:14th century in China
17277:Neighboring countries
16849:Yongning Temple Stele
16586:Imperial Commissioner
16311:Reign of Ren and Xuan
16271:Ming treasure voyages
16261:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
15847:Sinor, Denis (1990),
15811:Taiwan: A New History
15757:Narangoa, Li (2014),
15669:Lewis, James (2015),
15614:Hao, Zhidong (2011),
15414:Bregel, Yuri (2003),
15349:Yale University Press
15316:Asimov, M.S. (1998),
8393:Rebels enter Sichuan
8268:Rebels take Fengyang
8229:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
8193:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
7551:Nurhaci declares the
7104:Battle of Byeokjegwan
7031:: Ningxia is flooded
6793:trade is established
5868:in the Ming dynasty.
5866:hydraulic engineering
5267:arrives at Guangzhou
4552:Miao people rebel in
4278:Zhu Qiyu becomes the
4189:: Ming forces invade
4025:: Ming forces defeat
3595:by the Ming emperor.
3414:and Northern Vietnam
3289:Fifth Mongol Campaign
3216:Third Mongol Campaign
2857:: Ming dynasty sends
2854:Yongning Temple Stele
2703:First Mongol Campaign
2688:First Mongol Campaign
1444:: Ming forces defeat
989:in the Ming dynasty.
550:imperial examinations
376:Battle of Lake Poyang
371:30 August - 4 October
31:
16973:(5th century–207 BC)
16448:Sino-Dutch conflicts
16347:Rebellion of Cao Qin
16276:Ming–Turpan conflict
16226:Red Turban Rebellion
16157:Yule, Henry (1915),
15856:Sima, Guang (2015),
15739:Mote, F. W. (2003),
15646:, Palgrave Macmillan
15637:, Barnes & Noble
9532:Ming–Turpan conflict
9304:Red Turban Rebellion
8961:and Zhu Yihai flees
8957:Qing forces capture
8722:Qing forces capture
8017:Drought hits Shanxi
7921:Sino-Dutch conflicts
7886:Sino-Dutch conflicts
7856:Sino-Dutch conflicts
7555:, also known as the
7416:Taiwanese aborigines
6916:sets up a church in
6431:: Pirates take over
5839:A fire destroys the
5777:Mongols raid Datong
5637:Ming–Turpan conflict
5562:Ming–Turpan conflict
5492:Battle of Shancaowan
4478:Rebellion of Cao Qin
3856:Northern China Plain
3811:Northern China Plain
2765:to explore northern
2167:from the Ming court
1071:Ming forces capture
1033:to the Ming dynasty
1015:Ming forces capture
959:Ming forces capture
888:Ming forces capture
877:Ming forces capture
866:Ming forces capture
855:Ming forces capture
825:Ming forces conquer
812:start compiling the
794:Ming forces capture
783:Ming forces capture
748:Ming forces capture
737:Ming forces capture
726:Ming forces capture
703:Ming forces capture
692:Ming forces conquer
681:Ming forces capture
643:Ming forces capture
632:Ming forces conquer
563:Red Turban Rebellion
536:Red Turban Rebellion
525:Red Turban Rebellion
510:Red Turban Rebellion
476:Red Turban Rebellion
464:: Zhu Liangzi takes
462:Red Turban Rebellion
447:Red Turban Rebellion
429:Red Turban Rebellion
405:Red Turban Rebellion
387:Red Turban Rebellion
349:Red Turban Rebellion
312:Red Turban Rebellion
295:Red Turban Rebellion
278:Red Turban Rebellion
264:Red Turban Rebellion
251:Red Turban Rebellion
234:Red Turban Rebellion
213:Red Turban Rebellion
17183:Non-Han ethnicities
16795:Society and Culture
16730:Yongle Encyclopedia
16569:Imperial Clan Court
16512:Kingdom of Tungning
16465:Jurchen unification
16397:Jiajing wokou raids
16286:Battle of Palembang
16251:Battle of Buir Lake
15320:, UNESCO Publishing
9427:Tumu Crisis in 1449
8216:: Later Jin seizes
8123:: Later Jin seizes
7802:: Later Jin seizes
7799:Battle of Guangning
7754:Battle of Shen-Liao
7574:: Later Jin seizes
6779:, a Chinese pirate
6621:Jiajing wokou raids
6555:Jiajing wokou raids
6538:Jiajing wokou raids
6429:Jiajing wokou raids
6358:Jiajing wokou raids
6311:Jiajing wokou raids
6275:Jiajing wokou raids
6261:Jiajing wokou raids
6221:Jiajing wokou raids
6195:Jiajing wokou raids
6175:Jiajing wokou raids
6098:Jiajing wokou raids
6044:Jiajing wokou raids
6033:Jiajing wokou raids
6019:Jiajing wokou raids
5738:Jiajing wokou raids
5707:Jiajing wokou raids
5650:Jiajing wokou raids
5589:Jiajing wokou raids
4750:Vietnamese emperor
4705:Great Wall of China
4544:Left Jianzhou Guard
3872:experience drought
3641:Ming dynasty sends
3587:Vietnamese emperor
3373:Ming dynasty sends
2776:Ashikaga Yoshimochi
2503:Yongle Encyclopedia
2339:'s pirate fleet at
2132:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
2064:Yongle Encyclopedia
1612:Ming forces defeat
1471:Ming forces defeat
1441:Battle of Buir Lake
1408:of Mong Mao rebels
1327:: Ming forces take
1250:Ming forces defeat
1210:Ming forces invade
1163:Ming forces defeat
666:Ming forces defeat
17026:(618–690, 705–907)
16977:Chu–Han Contention
16644:Military conquests
16490:Peasant rebellions
16367:Capture of Malacca
16342:Defense of Beijing
16256:Lin Kuan rebellion
16139:Yuan, Shu (2001),
15784:The Gunpowder Epic
13829:, pp. 33, 39.
11811:, p. 174-175.
11714:, p. 162-163.
10770:, p. 104-105.
10673:, p. 190-191.
10381:, p. 163-164.
9615:The flight of the
9547:Battle of Ningyuan
8470:Battle of Song-Jin
8120:Battle of Dalinghe
7980:Battle of Ning-Jin
7960:Battle of Ningyuan
7888:: A Dutch raid on
7757:: Later Jinseizes
7657:, reaches Beijing
7638:: Later Jin takes
7622:: Later Jin takes
7590:: Later Jin takes
6897:Gregorian calendar
6540:: Pirates capture
6421:garrison mutinies
5605:Formosan languages
5298:rebels in Jiangxi
4614:Pingxiang, Guangxi
4509:rebels in Guangxi
3461:Great Baoen Temple
2911:Chöje Shakya Yeshe
2727:Kingdom of Gampola
2300:Straits of Malacca
1628:Lin Kuan rebellion
654:Ming forces reach
624:, who is executed
565:: Hu Mei captures
168:Buddhist monastery
38:A timeline of the
36:
17350:
17349:
17294:Early independent
17112:Chinese Civil War
17106:Republic of China
16923:
16922:
16632:Gunpowder weapons
16591:Grand coordinator
16554:Grand Secretariat
16520:
16519:
16414:(1572–1683)
16323:(1435–1572)
16291:Battle of Kherlen
16241:Ming–Mong Mao War
16231:Wu Mian rebellion
16217:(1368–1435)
16161:, Hakluyt Society
15954:978-0-521-08690-5
15911:Liao Architecture
15867:978-957-32-0876-1
15813:, East Gate Books
15782:, vol. V:7:
15697:978-0-521-60954-8
15606:978-0-415-46034-7
15561:, RoutledgeCurzon
15479:Duyvendak, J.J.L.
15464:, Pearson Longman
15377:978-0-691-13589-2
15358:978-0-300-12728-7
15347:, Great Britain:
15338:, Basil Blackwell
15308:978-0-691-13597-7
9287:
9286:
9143:
9142:
8930:
8929:
8832:Qing forces take
8821:Qing forces raid
8591:Hongguang Emperor
8520:Li Zicheng takes
8366:
8365:
8287:rebels in Shanxi
8066:
8065:
8005:Chongzhen Emperor
7987:but are repelled
7661:
7660:
7635:Battle of Tieling
7619:Battle of Kaiyuan
7557:Amaga Aisin Gurun
7531:around this time
7494:
7493:
7478:Euclid's Elements
7374:Sangley Rebellion
7298:
7297:
7232:Battle of Noryang
7216:Siege of Suncheon
6941:
6940:
6826:
6825:
6820:Donglin Academies
6656:
6655:
6439:
6438:
6376:Ministry of Rites
6322:Ministry of Rites
6263:: Pirates attack
6104:
6103:
5801:
5800:
5663:
5662:
5565:: Turpan attacks
5377:
5376:
5181:Malacca Sultanate
5124:rebels in Shanxi
5088:
5087:
4925:
4924:
4921:rebel in Guizhou
4818:
4817:
4758:
4757:
4629:
4628:
4582:Jianzhou Jurchens
4449:
4448:
4300:
4299:
4141:Ming forces kill
3921:
3920:
3801:Zhengtong Emperor
3783:Xiyang Fanguo Zhi
3627:and Hong Bao and
3516:
3515:
3094:
3093:
2659:
2658:
2619:Battle of Kherlen
1776:
1775:
1493:
1492:
1487:Ming–Mong Mao War
1455:Ming–Mong Mao War
1402:Ming–Mong Mao War
1370:Wu Mian rebellion
1271:
1270:
1232:Wu Mian rebellion
902:
901:
572:
571:
322:
321:
184:
183:
131:
130:
93:
92:
17425:
17077:Treasure voyages
16950:
16943:
16936:
16927:
16926:
16723:Huang-Ming Zuxun
16495:Jiashen Incident
16485:She-An Rebellion
16470:Seven Grievances
16443:Donglin movement
16428:Bozhou rebellion
16415:
16324:
16301:Lam Sơn uprising
16281:Ming–Đại Ngu War
16266:Jingnan campaign
16218:
16211:
16210:
16190:
16183:
16176:
16167:
16166:
16162:
16153:
16135:
16126:
16117:
16099:
16080:
16071:
16052:
16043:
16034:
16025:
16016:
16007:
15998:
15989:
15967:
15958:
15933:
15923:
15914:
15905:
15896:
15879:
15870:
15852:
15843:
15823:
15814:
15805:
15796:
15771:
15753:
15735:
15727:
15718:
15709:
15700:
15682:
15674:
15665:
15656:
15647:
15638:
15628:
15609:
15591:
15571:
15562:
15553:
15545:
15524:
15497:
15474:
15465:
15456:
15447:
15437:
15419:
15410:
15389:
15380:
15361:
15339:
15330:
15321:
15311:
15293:
15280:
15267:
15254:
15241:
15228:
15215:
15202:
15189:
15176:
15163:
15150:
15125:
15119:
15113:
15107:
15098:
15092:
15081:
15075:
15066:
15060:
15051:
15045:
15036:
15030:
15021:
15015:
15009:
15003:
14994:
14988:
14982:
14976:
14967:
14961:
14950:
14944:
14938:
14932:
14926:
14920:
14907:
14901:
14895:
14889:
14878:
14872:
14866:
14860:
14854:
14848:
14839:
14833:
14827:
14821:
14815:
14809:
14800:
14794:
14788:
14782:
14776:
14770:
14761:
14755:
14749:
14743:
14734:
14728:
14717:
14711:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14687:
14678:
14672:
14666:
14660:
14654:
14648:
14639:
14633:
14624:
14618:
14612:
14606:
14597:
14591:
14585:
14579:
14573:
14567:
14558:
14552:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14541:
14531:
14525:
14519:
14513:
14507:
14498:
14492:
14481:
14475:
14469:
14463:
14452:
14446:
14431:
14425:
14414:
14408:
14402:
14396:
14390:
14384:
14375:
14369:
14360:
14354:
14348:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14318:
14312:
14306:
14300:
14294:
14288:
14282:
14271:
14265:
14256:
14250:
14244:
14238:
14227:
14221:
14215:
14209:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14152:
14146:
14135:
14129:
14116:
14110:
14101:
14095:
14082:
14076:
14070:
14064:
14055:
14049:
14043:
14037:
14028:
14022:
14013:
14007:
14001:
13995:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13968:
13962:
13956:
13950:
13944:
13938:
13932:
13926:
13920:
13914:
13908:
13902:
13896:
13890:
13884:
13878:
13872:
13866:
13860:
13854:
13848:
13842:
13836:
13830:
13827:Sousa Pinto 2008
13824:
13818:
13812:
13803:
13800:Sousa Pinto 2008
13797:
13791:
13785:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13761:
13755:
13749:
13736:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13712:
13706:
13697:
13691:
13685:
13679:
13673:
13667:
13661:
13655:
13646:
13640:
13634:
13628:
13619:
13613:
13607:
13606:, p. 32-33.
13601:
13592:
13591:, p. 31-32.
13586:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13544:
13538:
13532:
13526:
13517:
13511:
13502:
13496:
13490:
13484:
13478:
13472:
13466:
13460:
13454:
13448:
13442:
13436:
13430:
13424:
13415:
13409:
13400:
13394:
13385:
13379:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13352:
13341:
13335:
13329:
13323:
13317:
13311:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13278:
13272:
13266:
13260:
13254:
13248:
13239:
13233:
13214:
13208:
13202:
13196:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13172:
13157:
13151:
13142:
13136:
13130:
13124:
13118:
13112:
13101:
13095:
13089:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13062:
13056:
13050:
13044:
13031:
13025:
13014:
13008:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12942:
12936:
12925:
12919:
12913:
12907:
12901:
12895:
12884:
12878:
12869:
12863:
12857:
12851:
12842:
12836:
12830:
12824:
12813:
12807:
12801:
12795:
12780:
12774:
12768:
12762:
12751:
12745:
12739:
12733:
12727:
12721:
12715:
12709:
12703:
12697:
12691:
12685:
12679:
12673:
12667:
12661:
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12619:
12613:
12604:
12598:
12592:
12586:
12580:
12574:
12565:
12559:
12553:
12547:
12541:
12535:
12526:
12520:
12511:
12505:
12492:
12486:
12480:
12474:
12465:
12459:
12453:
12447:
12438:
12432:
12426:
12420:
12409:
12403:
12394:
12388:
12382:
12376:
12367:
12361:
12352:
12346:
12335:
12329:
12320:
12314:
12308:
12302:
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12267:
12261:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12238:
12232:
12226:
12220:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12196:
12191:
12185:
12179:
12170:
12164:
12153:
12147:
12138:
12132:
12121:
12115:
12109:
12103:
12094:
12088:
12082:
12076:
12070:
12064:
12058:
12052:
12043:
12037:
12028:
12022:
12007:
12001:
11995:
11989:
11983:
11977:
11971:
11965:
11959:
11953:
11947:
11941:
11935:
11929:
11923:
11917:
11911:
11905:
11894:
11888:
11875:
11869:
11860:
11854:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11835:, p. 181-2.
11830:
11824:
11818:
11812:
11806:
11800:
11794:
11785:
11779:
11742:
11736:
11730:
11724:
11715:
11709:
11703:
11697:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11637:
11631:
11625:
11619:
11614:
11608:
11602:
11593:
11587:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11533:
11527:
11521:
11515:
11509:
11504:
11498:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11472:
11466:
11460:
11454:
11448:
11442:
11436:
11430:
11424:
11418:
11409:
11408:, p. 57-58.
11403:
11397:
11391:
11382:
11376:
11370:
11364:
11355:
11349:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11316:
11310:
11304:
11298:
11292:
11286:
11280:
11274:
11268:
11262:
11256:
11250:
11241:
11235:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11211:
11202:
11196:
11185:
11179:
11170:
11169:, p. 77-78.
11164:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11098:
11092:
11079:
11073:
11062:
11056:
11045:
11039:
11033:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11007:
11001:
10995:
10989:
10983:
10977:
10968:
10962:
10956:
10950:
10941:
10940:, p. 62-63.
10935:
10929:
10923:
10917:
10911:
10905:
10899:
10893:
10887:
10881:
10880:, p. 51-52.
10875:
10869:
10863:
10854:
10848:
10827:
10821:
10810:
10804:
10798:
10792:
10786:
10780:
10771:
10765:
10759:
10753:
10747:
10741:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10712:
10703:
10697:
10674:
10668:
10662:
10656:
10643:
10637:
10622:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10595:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10568:
10562:
10556:
10550:
10541:
10535:
10529:
10523:
10517:
10511:
10505:
10499:
10493:
10487:
10481:
10475:
10469:
10463:
10457:
10451:
10445:
10439:
10433:
10427:
10418:
10412:
10406:
10400:
10394:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10343:
10337:
10331:
10325:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10241:
10232:
10226:
10215:
10209:
10203:
10197:
10191:
10185:
10176:
10170:
10164:
10158:
10149:
10143:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10027:
10021:
10015:
10009:
10003:
9997:
9988:
9982:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9935:
9920:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9850:
9849:, p. 34-35.
9844:
9838:
9832:
9821:
9815:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9767:
9761:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9692:
9686:
9677:
9671:
9662:
9656:
9612:
9600:
9585:
9573:
9558:
9543:
9528:
9513:
9498:
9486:
9467:
9451:
9436:
9424:
9412:
9396:
9373:
9357:
9346:Jingnan Campaign
9342:
9327:
9315:
9300:
9150:
8937:
8639:Li Zicheng dies
8422:takes Xiangyang
8373:
8341:The Spanish and
8073:
8060:She-An Rebellion
7935:She-An Rebellion
7900:She-An Rebellion
7770:She-An Rebellion
7702:Taichang Emperor
7668:
7587:Battle of Qinghe
7571:Battle of Fushun
7501:
7428:Donglin movement
7406:Chinese scholar
7310:
7254:Bozhou rebellion
7164:Battle of Jiksan
7139:Bozhou rebellion
6948:
6931:Bozhou rebellion
6901:Chinese calendar
6886:Taicang Treasury
6833:
6815:Donglin movement
6663:
6644:Longqing Emperor
6446:
6229:Chongming Island
6111:
5808:
5670:
5569:and is repelled
5459:Battle of Tunmen
5384:
5095:
5072:Lantern Festival
4937:
4825:
4765:
4655:The governor of
4636:
4570:and is defeated
4517:Treasure voyages
4494:Chenghua Emperor
4456:
4444:Tianshun Emperor
4307:
3928:
3842:Xingcha Shenglan
3834:Treasure voyages
3824:Treasure voyages
3775:Treasure voyages
3755:Treasure voyages
3729:Treasure voyages
3718:Treasure voyages
3696:Treasure voyages
3669:Treasure voyages
3661:: Zheng He dies
3659:Treasure voyages
3621:Treasure voyages
3604:Treasure voyages
3577:Treasure voyages
3566:Treasure voyages
3552:Treasure voyages
3523:
3479:Later Lê dynasty
3457:Treasure voyages
3440:Lam Sơn uprising
3426:Lam Sơn uprising
3408:Lam Sơn uprising
3390:Lam Sơn uprising
3309:Treasure voyages
3270:Treasure voyages
3232:Treasure voyages
3196:Treasure voyages
3171:Treasure voyages
3160:Treasure voyages
3149:Treasure voyages
3101:
3088:Lantern Festival
3077:Treasure voyages
3055:Treasure voyages
3044:Treasure voyages
3015:Treasure voyages
2999:Lam Sơn uprising
2985:Treasure voyages
2974:Treasure voyages
2957:Treasure voyages
2946:Treasure voyages
2924:Treasure voyages
2817:Treasure voyages
2793:Treasure voyages
2780:Japanese pirates
2752:Treasure voyages
2666:
2634:Treasure voyages
2624:Öljei Temür Khan
2607:Treasure voyages
2581:Treasure voyages
2570:Treasure voyages
2527:Treasure voyages
2472:Treasure voyages
2459:Treasure voyages
2444:Treasure voyages
2436:Treasure voyages
2425:Treasure voyages
2414:Treasure voyages
2333:Treasure voyages
2284:Treasure voyages
2218:Treasure voyages
2146:Treasure voyages
2104:Treasure voyages
2037:Jingnan Campaign
2022:Jingnan Campaign
2011:Jingnan Campaign
1997:Jingnan Campaign
1983:Jingnan Campaign
1969:Jingnan Campaign
1958:Jingnan Campaign
1947:Jingnan Campaign
1933:Jingnan Campaign
1922:Jingnan Campaign
1908:Jingnan Campaign
1881:Jingnan Campaign
1870:Jingnan Campaign
1859:Jingnan Campaign
1845:Jingnan Campaign
1831:Jingnan Campaign
1820:Jingnan Campaign
1809:Jingnan Campaign
1788:
1770:Jingnan Campaign
1759:Jingnan Campaign
1747:Jingnan Campaign
1500:
1309:rocket launchers
1278:
909:
584:
329:
191:
138:
100:
63:
17433:
17432:
17428:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17423:
17422:
17353:
17352:
17351:
17346:
17330:
17272:
17219:
17178:
17117:
17088:
17035:
16988:
16959:
16954:
16924:
16919:
16914:History of Ming
16901:
16868:
16790:
16766:Chaotian Palace
16749:
16709:History of Yuan
16696:
16653:
16610:
16516:
16416:
16413:
16406:
16402:Single whip law
16377:Ningbo incident
16352:Miao rebellions
16325:
16322:
16315:
16219:
16216:
16200:
16194:
16151:
16115:
16097:
16068:
15987:
15955:
15939:Needham, Joseph
15868:
15841:
15794:
15776:Needham, Joseph
15769:
15751:
15698:
15626:
15607:
15589:
15543:
15522:
15435:
15408:
15378:
15359:
15329:, Facts On File
15309:
15134:
15129:
15128:
15120:
15116:
15108:
15101:
15093:
15084:
15076:
15069:
15061:
15054:
15046:
15039:
15031:
15024:
15016:
15012:
15004:
14997:
14989:
14985:
14977:
14970:
14962:
14953:
14945:
14941:
14933:
14929:
14921:
14910:
14902:
14898:
14890:
14881:
14873:
14869:
14861:
14857:
14849:
14842:
14834:
14830:
14822:
14818:
14810:
14803:
14795:
14791:
14783:
14779:
14771:
14764:
14756:
14752:
14744:
14737:
14729:
14720:
14712:
14708:
14700:
14696:
14688:
14681:
14673:
14669:
14661:
14657:
14649:
14642:
14634:
14627:
14619:
14615:
14607:
14600:
14592:
14588:
14580:
14576:
14568:
14561:
14553:
14549:
14539:
14537:
14533:
14532:
14528:
14520:
14516:
14508:
14501:
14493:
14484:
14476:
14472:
14464:
14455:
14447:
14434:
14426:
14417:
14409:
14405:
14397:
14393:
14385:
14378:
14370:
14363:
14355:
14351:
14343:
14339:
14331:
14327:
14319:
14315:
14307:
14303:
14295:
14291:
14283:
14274:
14266:
14259:
14251:
14247:
14239:
14230:
14222:
14218:
14210:
14206:
14198:
14194:
14186:
14182:
14174:
14170:
14162:
14155:
14147:
14138:
14130:
14119:
14111:
14104:
14096:
14085:
14077:
14073:
14065:
14058:
14050:
14046:
14038:
14031:
14023:
14016:
14010:Dmytryshyn 1985
14008:
14004:
13996:
13989:
13981:
13977:
13969:
13965:
13957:
13953:
13947:Twitchett 1998b
13945:
13941:
13933:
13929:
13921:
13917:
13909:
13905:
13897:
13893:
13885:
13881:
13873:
13869:
13861:
13857:
13849:
13845:
13837:
13833:
13825:
13821:
13813:
13806:
13798:
13794:
13786:
13782:
13774:
13770:
13762:
13758:
13750:
13739:
13731:
13727:
13719:
13715:
13707:
13700:
13692:
13688:
13680:
13676:
13668:
13664:
13656:
13649:
13641:
13637:
13629:
13622:
13614:
13610:
13602:
13595:
13587:
13583:
13575:
13571:
13563:
13559:
13551:
13547:
13539:
13535:
13527:
13520:
13512:
13505:
13497:
13493:
13485:
13481:
13473:
13469:
13461:
13457:
13449:
13445:
13437:
13433:
13425:
13418:
13410:
13403:
13395:
13388:
13382:Twitchett 1998b
13380:
13373:
13365:
13361:
13353:
13344:
13336:
13332:
13324:
13320:
13312:
13308:
13300:
13296:
13288:
13281:
13273:
13269:
13261:
13257:
13249:
13242:
13234:
13217:
13209:
13205:
13197:
13193:
13185:
13181:
13173:
13160:
13152:
13145:
13137:
13133:
13125:
13121:
13113:
13104:
13096:
13092:
13084:
13080:
13072:
13065:
13057:
13053:
13045:
13034:
13026:
13017:
13009:
12992:
12984:
12980:
12972:
12968:
12960:
12945:
12937:
12928:
12920:
12916:
12908:
12904:
12896:
12887:
12879:
12872:
12864:
12860:
12852:
12845:
12837:
12833:
12825:
12816:
12808:
12804:
12796:
12783:
12775:
12771:
12763:
12754:
12746:
12742:
12734:
12730:
12722:
12718:
12710:
12706:
12698:
12694:
12686:
12682:
12674:
12670:
12662:
12653:
12645:
12641:
12633:
12622:
12614:
12607:
12599:
12595:
12587:
12583:
12575:
12568:
12560:
12556:
12548:
12544:
12536:
12529:
12521:
12514:
12506:
12495:
12487:
12483:
12475:
12468:
12460:
12456:
12448:
12441:
12433:
12429:
12421:
12412:
12404:
12397:
12389:
12385:
12377:
12370:
12362:
12355:
12347:
12338:
12330:
12323:
12315:
12311:
12303:
12299:
12291:
12287:
12279:
12270:
12262:
12258:
12251:
12247:
12239:
12235:
12227:
12223:
12215:
12211:
12203:
12199:
12192:
12188:
12180:
12173:
12165:
12156:
12148:
12141:
12135:Twitchett 1998b
12133:
12124:
12116:
12112:
12104:
12097:
12089:
12085:
12077:
12073:
12065:
12061:
12053:
12046:
12038:
12031:
12023:
12010:
12002:
11998:
11990:
11986:
11978:
11974:
11966:
11962:
11954:
11950:
11942:
11938:
11930:
11926:
11918:
11914:
11906:
11897:
11889:
11878:
11870:
11863:
11855:
11851:
11843:
11839:
11831:
11827:
11819:
11815:
11807:
11803:
11795:
11788:
11780:
11745:
11737:
11733:
11725:
11718:
11710:
11706:
11698:
11694:
11686:
11682:
11674:
11670:
11662:
11658:
11650:
11646:
11638:
11634:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11611:
11603:
11596:
11588:
11584:
11576:
11572:
11564:
11560:
11552:
11548:
11540:
11536:
11528:
11524:
11516:
11512:
11505:
11501:
11494:
11490:
11482:
11475:
11467:
11463:
11455:
11451:
11443:
11439:
11431:
11427:
11419:
11412:
11404:
11400:
11392:
11385:
11377:
11373:
11365:
11358:
11350:
11346:
11338:
11334:
11326:
11319:
11311:
11307:
11299:
11295:
11287:
11283:
11275:
11271:
11263:
11259:
11251:
11244:
11236:
11232:
11224:
11220:
11212:
11205:
11199:Twitchett 1998b
11197:
11188:
11180:
11173:
11165:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11141:
11137:
11129:
11125:
11117:
11113:
11105:
11101:
11093:
11082:
11074:
11065:
11057:
11048:
11040:
11036:
11029:
11025:
11017:
11010:
11002:
10998:
10990:
10986:
10978:
10971:
10963:
10959:
10951:
10944:
10936:
10932:
10924:
10920:
10912:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10888:
10884:
10876:
10872:
10864:
10857:
10849:
10830:
10822:
10813:
10805:
10801:
10793:
10789:
10781:
10774:
10766:
10762:
10754:
10750:
10742:
10733:
10725:
10721:
10713:
10706:
10698:
10677:
10669:
10665:
10657:
10646:
10638:
10625:
10617:
10613:
10605:
10598:
10590:
10586:
10578:
10571:
10563:
10559:
10551:
10544:
10540:, p. 47-8.
10536:
10532:
10524:
10520:
10512:
10508:
10500:
10496:
10488:
10484:
10476:
10472:
10466:Twitchett 1998b
10464:
10460:
10452:
10448:
10440:
10436:
10428:
10421:
10413:
10409:
10401:
10397:
10389:
10385:
10377:
10373:
10365:
10361:
10353:
10346:
10338:
10334:
10326:
10322:
10314:
10310:
10302:
10298:
10290:
10286:
10278:
10274:
10266:
10262:
10254:
10250:
10242:
10235:
10227:
10218:
10210:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10186:
10179:
10171:
10167:
10159:
10152:
10144:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10093:
10089:
10081:
10077:
10069:
10065:
10057:
10053:
10045:
10030:
10022:
10018:
10010:
10006:
9998:
9991:
9983:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9944:
9936:
9923:
9915:
9911:
9903:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9876:
9853:
9845:
9841:
9833:
9824:
9816:
9809:
9801:
9797:
9789:
9785:
9777:
9770:
9762:
9755:
9747:
9743:
9735:
9731:
9723:
9719:
9711:
9707:
9699:
9695:
9687:
9680:
9672:
9665:
9657:
9653:
9648:
9631:
9624:
9613:
9604:
9601:
9592:
9586:
9577:
9574:
9565:
9559:
9550:
9544:
9535:
9529:
9520:
9514:
9505:
9502:Yarkent Khanate
9499:
9490:
9487:
9478:
9471:Yarkent Khanate
9468:
9459:
9452:
9443:
9437:
9428:
9425:
9416:
9413:
9404:
9397:
9388:
9374:
9365:
9358:
9349:
9343:
9334:
9328:
9319:
9316:
9307:
9301:
9292:
9273:Zhu Yihai dies
9148:
9092:Toungoo dynasty
8993:Zheng Chenggong
8935:
8420:Zhang Xianzhong
8371:
8213:Siege of Lüshun
8107:Rebels capture
8071:
7815:Battle of Macau
7666:
7606:Battle of Sarhū
7499:
7377:: The Spanish,
7308:
7303:
7221:Suncheon Castle
6946:
6854:Single whip law
6831:
6661:
6489:describing the
6444:
6244:Leonel de Sousa
6109:
5854:raids Shaanxi.
5806:
5668:
5512:Ningbo incident
5448:Jiajing Emperor
5382:
5197:Bandits attack
5093:
5013:Zhengde Emperor
4935:
4930:
4823:
4813:Hongzhi Emperor
4763:
4711:from the south
4634:
4454:
4329:Jingtai Emperor
4305:
4280:Jingtai Emperor
3958:Famine strikes
3926:
3763:Yingya Shenglan
3671:: Hong Bao and
3647:Yongning Temple
3521:
3412:Red River Delta
3127:Altar of Heaven
3099:
2913:visits Nanjing
2884:Trần Quý Khoáng
2845:visits Nanjing
2707:Greater Khingan
2664:
2653:Trần Quý Khoáng
2312:Andaman Islands
2244:Trần Thiêm Bình
2176:Trần Thiêm Bình
1999:: Zhu Di takes
1935:: Zhu Di takes
1786:
1781:
1684:Jianwen Emperor
1601:are normalized
1572:Taejo of Joseon
1498:
1276:
1144:Da Ming Baochao
907:
815:History of Yuan
582:
577:
327:
189:
136:
125:Fengyang County
98:
61:
56:
26:
12:
11:
5:
17431:
17421:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17348:
17347:
17345:
17344:
17338:
17336:
17332:
17331:
17329:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17302:
17301:
17296:
17286:
17280:
17278:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17259:
17258:
17251:Tibetan Empire
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17227:
17225:
17221:
17220:
17218:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17186:
17184:
17180:
17179:
17177:
17176:
17171:
17169:Yunnan-Guizhou
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17125:
17123:
17119:
17118:
17116:
17115:
17109:
17103:
17096:
17094:
17090:
17089:
17087:
17086:
17080:
17074:
17068:
17062:
17056:
17050:
17043:
17041:
17037:
17036:
17034:
17033:
17027:
17021:
17015:
17009:
17003:
17000:Three Kingdoms
16996:
16994:
16990:
16989:
16987:
16986:
16980:
16974:
16967:
16965:
16961:
16960:
16953:
16952:
16945:
16938:
16930:
16921:
16920:
16918:
16917:
16909:
16907:
16903:
16902:
16900:
16899:
16894:
16893:
16892:
16890:Yongle Tongbao
16887:
16885:Hongwu Tongbao
16876:
16874:
16870:
16869:
16867:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16831:
16830:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16809:
16804:
16798:
16796:
16792:
16791:
16789:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16761:Forbidden City
16757:
16755:
16751:
16750:
16748:
16747:
16740:
16733:
16726:
16719:
16712:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16697:
16695:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16678:
16677:
16672:
16661:
16659:
16655:
16654:
16652:
16651:
16649:Nine Garrisons
16646:
16641:
16640:
16639:
16629:
16624:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16582:
16581:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16550:
16549:
16544:
16539:
16528:
16526:
16522:
16521:
16518:
16517:
16515:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16503:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16457:
16456:
16455:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16433:Ordos campaign
16430:
16425:
16419:
16417:
16412:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16404:
16399:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16328:
16326:
16321:
16317:
16316:
16314:
16313:
16308:
16303:
16298:
16296:Ming–Kotte War
16293:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16222:
16220:
16215:
16208:
16202:
16201:
16193:
16192:
16185:
16178:
16170:
16164:
16163:
16154:
16149:
16136:
16132:Turkic peoples
16127:
16118:
16114:978-0810860537
16113:
16100:
16095:
16082:
16072:
16066:
16053:
16044:
16035:
16026:
16017:
16008:
15999:
15990:
15985:
15968:
15959:
15953:
15934:
15925:
15915:
15906:
15897:
15880:
15871:
15866:
15853:
15844:
15839:
15824:
15815:
15806:
15797:
15792:
15772:
15767:
15754:
15750:978-0674012127
15749:
15736:
15728:
15719:
15710:
15701:
15696:
15683:
15675:
15666:
15657:
15648:
15639:
15630:
15624:
15611:
15605:
15592:
15587:
15572:
15563:
15554:
15546:
15541:
15526:
15520:
15498:
15489:(5): 341–413,
15475:
15466:
15457:
15448:
15439:
15433:
15420:
15411:
15406:
15390:
15381:
15376:
15363:
15357:
15340:
15331:
15322:
15313:
15307:
15294:
15281:
15268:
15255:
15242:
15229:
15216:
15203:
15190:
15177:
15164:
15151:
15139:Andrade, Tonio
15133:
15130:
15127:
15126:
15124:, p. 725.
15122:Twitchett 1998
15114:
15112:, p. 724.
15110:Twitchett 1998
15099:
15097:, p. 710.
15095:Twitchett 1998
15082:
15080:, p. 723.
15078:Twitchett 1998
15067:
15065:, p. 722.
15063:Twitchett 1998
15052:
15050:, p. 721.
15048:Twitchett 1998
15037:
15035:, p. 720.
15033:Twitchett 1998
15022:
15020:, p. 708.
15018:Twitchett 1998
15010:
15008:, p. 707.
15006:Twitchett 1998
14995:
14993:, p. 719.
14991:Twitchett 1998
14983:
14981:, p. 718.
14979:Twitchett 1998
14968:
14966:, p. 706.
14964:Twitchett 1998
14951:
14939:
14937:, p. 699.
14935:Twitchett 1998
14927:
14925:, p. 704.
14923:Twitchett 1998
14908:
14906:, p. 698.
14904:Twitchett 1998
14896:
14894:, p. 692.
14892:Twitchett 1998
14879:
14877:, p. 690.
14875:Twitchett 1998
14867:
14865:, p. 686.
14863:Twitchett 1998
14855:
14853:, p. 691.
14851:Twitchett 1998
14840:
14838:, p. 684.
14836:Twitchett 1998
14828:
14826:, p. 695.
14824:Twitchett 1998
14816:
14814:, p. 683.
14812:Twitchett 1998
14801:
14799:, p. 712.
14797:Twitchett 1998
14789:
14787:, p. 682.
14785:Twitchett 1998
14777:
14775:, p. 679.
14773:Twitchett 1998
14762:
14760:, p. 702.
14758:Twitchett 1998
14750:
14748:, p. 678.
14746:Twitchett 1998
14735:
14733:, p. 676.
14731:Twitchett 1998
14718:
14716:, p. 675.
14714:Twitchett 1998
14706:
14704:, p. 673.
14702:Twitchett 1998
14694:
14692:, p. 665.
14690:Twitchett 1998
14679:
14677:, p. 662.
14675:Twitchett 1998
14667:
14665:, p. 658.
14663:Twitchett 1998
14655:
14653:, p. 660.
14651:Twitchett 1998
14640:
14638:, p. 656.
14636:Twitchett 1998
14625:
14623:, p. 644.
14621:Twitchett 1998
14613:
14611:, p. 639.
14609:Twitchett 1998
14598:
14596:, p. 637.
14594:Twitchett 1998
14586:
14584:, p. 638.
14582:Twitchett 1998
14574:
14572:, p. 701.
14570:Twitchett 1998
14559:
14547:
14526:
14524:, p. 334.
14514:
14512:, p. 636.
14510:Twitchett 1998
14499:
14497:, p. 635.
14495:Twitchett 1998
14482:
14480:, p. 634.
14478:Twitchett 1998
14470:
14468:, p. 632.
14466:Twitchett 1998
14453:
14451:, p. 631.
14449:Twitchett 1998
14432:
14430:, p. 630.
14428:Twitchett 1998
14415:
14413:, p. 629.
14411:Twitchett 1998
14403:
14401:, p. 412.
14391:
14389:, p. 622.
14387:Twitchett 1998
14376:
14374:, p. 623.
14372:Twitchett 1998
14361:
14359:, p. 621.
14357:Twitchett 1998
14349:
14347:, p. 208.
14337:
14335:, p. 102.
14325:
14323:, p. 204.
14313:
14311:, p. 212.
14301:
14299:, p. 617.
14297:Twitchett 1998
14289:
14287:, p. 618.
14285:Twitchett 1998
14272:
14270:, p. 616.
14268:Twitchett 1998
14257:
14255:, p. 614.
14253:Twitchett 1998
14245:
14243:, p. 615.
14241:Twitchett 1998
14228:
14226:, p. 612.
14224:Twitchett 1998
14216:
14214:, p. 611.
14212:Twitchett 1998
14204:
14202:, p. 602.
14200:Twitchett 1998
14192:
14190:, p. 610.
14188:Twitchett 1998
14180:
14168:
14166:, p. 605.
14164:Twitchett 1998
14153:
14151:, p. 604.
14149:Twitchett 1998
14136:
14134:, p. 603.
14132:Twitchett 1998
14117:
14115:, p. 601.
14113:Twitchett 1998
14102:
14083:
14081:, p. 600.
14079:Twitchett 1998
14071:
14069:, p. 201.
14056:
14054:, p. 595.
14052:Twitchett 1998
14044:
14042:, p. 593.
14040:Twitchett 1998
14029:
14027:, p. 591.
14025:Twitchett 1998
14014:
14002:
13987:
13985:, p. 579.
13983:Twitchett 1998
13975:
13963:
13961:, p. 577.
13959:Twitchett 1998
13951:
13949:, p. 271.
13939:
13937:, p. 558.
13935:Twitchett 1998
13927:
13925:, p. 553.
13923:Twitchett 1998
13915:
13903:
13901:, p. 456.
13891:
13889:, p. 541.
13887:Twitchett 1998
13879:
13877:, p. 540.
13875:Twitchett 1998
13867:
13855:
13853:, p. 561.
13851:Twitchett 1998
13843:
13841:, p. 934.
13839:Wilkinson 2012
13831:
13819:
13817:, p. 531.
13815:Twitchett 1998
13804:
13792:
13790:, p. 148.
13780:
13778:, p. 557.
13776:Twitchett 1998
13768:
13766:, p. 574.
13764:Twitchett 1998
13756:
13754:, p. 573.
13752:Twitchett 1998
13737:
13735:, p. 572.
13733:Twitchett 1998
13725:
13723:, p. 530.
13721:Twitchett 1998
13713:
13698:
13686:
13684:, p. 539.
13682:Twitchett 1998
13674:
13672:, p. 552.
13670:Twitchett 1998
13662:
13660:, p. 570.
13658:Twitchett 1998
13647:
13645:, p. 576.
13643:Twitchett 1998
13635:
13633:, p. 568.
13631:Twitchett 1998
13620:
13608:
13593:
13581:
13569:
13567:, p. 239.
13557:
13545:
13543:, p. 209.
13533:
13531:, p. 562.
13529:Twitchett 1998
13518:
13503:
13501:, p. 522.
13499:Twitchett 1998
13491:
13489:, p. 575.
13487:Twitchett 1998
13479:
13477:, p. 515.
13475:Twitchett 1998
13467:
13465:, p. 525.
13463:Twitchett 1998
13455:
13453:, p. 532.
13451:Twitchett 1998
13443:
13441:, p. 560.
13439:Twitchett 1998
13431:
13429:, p. 559.
13427:Twitchett 1998
13416:
13414:, p. 505.
13412:Twitchett 1998
13401:
13399:, p. 514.
13397:Twitchett 1998
13386:
13384:, p. 270.
13371:
13369:, p. 512.
13367:Twitchett 1998
13359:
13357:, p. 508.
13355:Twitchett 1998
13342:
13340:, p. 117.
13330:
13318:
13316:, p. 380.
13306:
13294:
13292:, p. 506.
13290:Twitchett 1998
13279:
13277:, p. 173.
13267:
13265:, p. 507.
13263:Twitchett 1998
13255:
13253:, p. 489.
13251:Twitchett 1998
13240:
13238:, p. 504.
13236:Twitchett 1998
13215:
13213:, p. 503.
13211:Twitchett 1998
13203:
13201:, p. 482.
13199:Twitchett 1998
13191:
13189:, p. 502.
13187:Twitchett 1998
13179:
13177:, p. 478.
13175:Twitchett 1998
13158:
13156:, p. 498.
13154:Twitchett 1998
13143:
13131:
13129:, p. 487.
13127:Twitchett 1998
13119:
13117:, p. 481.
13115:Twitchett 1998
13102:
13100:, p. 477.
13098:Twitchett 1998
13090:
13088:, p. 476.
13086:Twitchett 1998
13078:
13076:, p. 495.
13074:Twitchett 1998
13063:
13061:, p. 171.
13051:
13049:, p. 475.
13047:Twitchett 1998
13032:
13030:, p. 494.
13028:Twitchett 1998
13015:
13013:, p. 496.
13011:Twitchett 1998
12990:
12988:, p. 462.
12986:Twitchett 1998
12978:
12976:, p. 543.
12966:
12964:, p. 473.
12962:Twitchett 1998
12943:
12941:, p. 460.
12939:Twitchett 1998
12926:
12924:, p. 480.
12922:Twitchett 1998
12914:
12912:, p. 470.
12910:Twitchett 1998
12902:
12900:, p. 493.
12898:Twitchett 1998
12885:
12883:, p. 472.
12881:Twitchett 1998
12870:
12868:, p. 469.
12866:Twitchett 1998
12858:
12856:, p. 465.
12854:Twitchett 1998
12843:
12841:, p. 468.
12839:Twitchett 1998
12831:
12829:, p. 490.
12827:Twitchett 1998
12814:
12812:, p. 456.
12810:Twitchett 1998
12802:
12800:, p. 479.
12798:Twitchett 1998
12781:
12769:
12767:, p. 452.
12765:Twitchett 1998
12752:
12750:, p. 453.
12748:Twitchett 1998
12740:
12738:, p. 451.
12736:Twitchett 1998
12728:
12726:, p. 141.
12716:
12714:, p. 492.
12712:Twitchett 1998
12704:
12702:, p. 130.
12692:
12680:
12678:, p. 443.
12676:Twitchett 1998
12668:
12666:, p. 434.
12664:Twitchett 1998
12651:
12649:, p. 432.
12647:Twitchett 1998
12639:
12637:, p. 430.
12635:Twitchett 1998
12620:
12618:, p. 429.
12616:Twitchett 1998
12605:
12603:, p. 428.
12601:Twitchett 1998
12593:
12591:, p. 421.
12589:Twitchett 1998
12581:
12579:, p. 420.
12577:Twitchett 1998
12566:
12564:, p. 417.
12562:Twitchett 1998
12554:
12552:, p. 415.
12550:Twitchett 1998
12542:
12540:, p. 416.
12538:Twitchett 1998
12527:
12525:, p. 433.
12523:Twitchett 1998
12512:
12510:, p. 413.
12508:Twitchett 1998
12493:
12491:, p. 467.
12489:Twitchett 1998
12481:
12479:, p. 410.
12477:Twitchett 1998
12466:
12464:, p. 409.
12462:Twitchett 1998
12454:
12452:, p. 407.
12450:Twitchett 1998
12439:
12437:, p. 405.
12435:Twitchett 1998
12427:
12425:, p. 404.
12423:Twitchett 1998
12410:
12408:, p. 403.
12406:Twitchett 1998
12395:
12393:, p. 371.
12391:Twitchett 1998
12383:
12381:, p. 382.
12379:Twitchett 1998
12368:
12366:, p. 381.
12364:Twitchett 1998
12353:
12351:, p. 491.
12349:Twitchett 1998
12336:
12334:, p. 395.
12332:Twitchett 1998
12321:
12319:, p. 374.
12317:Twitchett 1998
12309:
12307:, p. 357.
12305:Twitchett 1998
12297:
12285:
12283:, p. 351.
12281:Twitchett 1998
12268:
12266:, p. 365.
12264:Twitchett 1998
12256:
12245:
12243:, p. 383.
12241:Twitchett 1998
12233:
12231:, p. 388.
12229:Twitchett 1998
12221:
12219:, p. 401.
12217:Twitchett 1998
12209:
12207:, p. 394.
12205:Twitchett 1998
12197:
12186:
12184:, p. 399.
12182:Twitchett 1998
12171:
12169:, p. 387.
12167:Twitchett 1998
12154:
12152:, p. 380.
12150:Twitchett 1998
12139:
12137:, p. 269.
12122:
12120:, p. 173.
12110:
12108:, p. 377.
12106:Twitchett 1998
12095:
12093:, p. 343.
12091:Twitchett 1998
12083:
12081:, p. 341.
12079:Twitchett 1998
12071:
12069:, p. 339.
12067:Twitchett 1998
12059:
12057:, p. 337.
12055:Twitchett 1998
12044:
12042:, p. 335.
12040:Twitchett 1998
12029:
12027:, p. 336.
12025:Twitchett 1998
12008:
12006:, p. 330.
12004:Twitchett 1998
11996:
11994:, p. 328.
11992:Twitchett 1998
11984:
11982:, p. 327.
11980:Twitchett 1998
11972:
11970:, p. 325.
11968:Twitchett 1998
11960:
11958:, p. 324.
11956:Twitchett 1998
11948:
11946:, p. 323.
11944:Twitchett 1998
11936:
11934:, p. 322.
11932:Twitchett 1998
11924:
11922:, p. 192.
11912:
11910:, p. 313.
11908:Twitchett 1998
11895:
11893:, p. 312.
11891:Twitchett 1998
11876:
11874:, p. 185.
11861:
11859:, p. 184.
11849:
11847:, p. 307.
11845:Twitchett 1998
11837:
11825:
11823:, p. 178.
11813:
11801:
11799:, p. 171.
11786:
11784:, p. 310.
11782:Twitchett 1998
11743:
11741:, p. 303.
11739:Twitchett 1998
11731:
11729:, p. 219.
11716:
11704:
11702:, p. 161.
11692:
11690:, p. 300.
11688:Twitchett 1998
11680:
11678:, p. 160.
11668:
11666:, p. 158.
11656:
11654:, p. 165.
11644:
11632:
11630:, p. 153.
11620:
11609:
11607:, p. 145.
11594:
11592:, p. 151.
11582:
11580:, p. 144.
11570:
11568:, p. 296.
11566:Twitchett 1998
11558:
11546:
11544:, p. 294.
11542:Twitchett 1998
11534:
11532:, p. 299.
11530:Twitchett 1998
11522:
11520:, p. 142.
11510:
11499:
11488:
11486:, p. 290.
11484:Twitchett 1998
11473:
11471:, p. 289.
11469:Twitchett 1998
11461:
11459:, p. 288.
11457:Twitchett 1998
11449:
11447:, p. 135.
11437:
11435:, p. 140.
11425:
11423:, p. 137.
11410:
11398:
11396:, p. 228.
11394:Twitchett 1998
11383:
11371:
11356:
11354:, p. 138.
11344:
11332:
11330:, p. 241.
11328:Twitchett 1998
11317:
11315:, p. 516.
11305:
11303:, p. 402.
11301:Duyvendak 1938
11293:
11281:
11269:
11257:
11242:
11240:, p. 239.
11238:Twitchett 1998
11230:
11218:
11216:, p. 227.
11214:Twitchett 1998
11203:
11201:, p. 264.
11186:
11184:, p. 263.
11182:Twitchett 1998
11171:
11159:
11157:, p. 264.
11147:
11135:
11133:, p. 270.
11131:Twitchett 1998
11123:
11121:, p. 361.
11119:Duyvendak 1938
11111:
11109:, p. 252.
11107:Twitchett 1998
11099:
11097:, p. 231.
11095:Twitchett 1998
11080:
11078:, p. 226.
11076:Twitchett 1998
11063:
11046:
11034:
11023:
11021:, p. 104.
11008:
11006:, p. 311.
10996:
10994:, p. 221.
10992:Twitchett 1998
10984:
10969:
10957:
10942:
10930:
10918:
10916:, p. 262.
10914:Twitchett 1998
10906:
10894:
10882:
10870:
10868:, p. 212.
10866:Twitchett 1998
10855:
10853:, p. 230.
10851:Twitchett 1998
10828:
10826:, p. 223.
10824:Twitchett 1998
10811:
10809:, p. 105.
10799:
10797:, p. 269.
10795:Twitchett 1998
10787:
10785:, p. 267.
10783:Twitchett 1998
10772:
10760:
10758:, p. 222.
10756:Twitchett 1998
10748:
10746:, p. 238.
10744:Twitchett 1998
10731:
10729:, p. 220.
10727:Twitchett 1998
10719:
10717:, p. 201.
10715:Twitchett 1998
10704:
10702:, p. 200.
10700:Twitchett 1998
10675:
10671:Twitchett 1998
10663:
10661:, p. 199.
10659:Twitchett 1998
10644:
10642:, p. 198.
10640:Twitchett 1998
10623:
10621:, p. 196.
10619:Twitchett 1998
10611:
10609:, p. 195.
10607:Twitchett 1998
10596:
10592:Twitchett 2008
10584:
10582:, p. 194.
10580:Twitchett 1998
10569:
10567:, p. 583.
10557:
10555:, p. 181.
10553:Twitchett 1998
10542:
10538:Fernquest 2006
10530:
10526:Fernquest 2006
10518:
10506:
10504:, p. 178.
10502:Twitchett 1998
10494:
10492:, p. 168.
10490:Twitchett 1998
10482:
10480:, p. 257.
10478:Twitchett 1998
10470:
10468:, p. 247.
10458:
10456:, p. 165.
10454:Twitchett 1998
10446:
10444:, p. 162.
10442:Twitchett 1998
10434:
10432:, p. 160.
10430:Twitchett 1998
10419:
10417:, p. 158.
10407:
10405:, p. 159.
10403:Twitchett 1998
10395:
10393:, p. 158.
10391:Twitchett 1998
10383:
10371:
10359:
10357:, p. 151.
10355:Twitchett 1998
10344:
10342:, p. 557.
10332:
10330:, p. 144.
10328:Twitchett 1998
10320:
10318:, p. 514.
10308:
10306:, p. 140.
10304:Twitchett 1998
10296:
10294:, p. 139.
10292:Twitchett 1998
10284:
10272:
10270:, p. 568.
10260:
10258:, p. 573.
10248:
10246:, p. 136.
10244:Twitchett 1998
10233:
10231:, p. 130.
10229:Twitchett 1998
10216:
10214:, p. 100.
10204:
10202:, p. 565.
10192:
10190:, p. 166.
10188:Twitchett 1998
10177:
10175:, p. 296.
10165:
10163:, p. 129.
10161:Twitchett 1998
10150:
10148:, p. 128.
10146:Twitchett 1998
10135:
10133:, p. 540.
10123:
10121:, p. 126.
10119:Twitchett 1998
10111:
10109:, p. 125.
10107:Twitchett 1998
10099:
10097:, p. 105.
10087:
10085:, p. 110.
10075:
10073:, p. 122.
10071:Twitchett 1998
10063:
10061:, p. 120.
10059:Twitchett 1998
10051:
10049:, p. 572.
10028:
10026:, p. 119.
10024:Twitchett 1998
10016:
10014:, p. 118.
10012:Twitchett 1998
10004:
10002:, p. 567.
9989:
9987:, p. 117.
9985:Twitchett 1998
9966:
9964:, p. 116.
9962:Twitchett 1998
9954:
9952:, p. 313.
9942:
9940:, p. 115.
9938:Twitchett 1998
9921:
9917:Twitchett 1998
9909:
9905:Twitchett 1998
9894:
9890:Twitchett 1998
9882:
9878:Twitchett 1998
9851:
9847:Twitchett 1998
9839:
9835:Twitchett 1998
9822:
9820:, p. 571.
9807:
9803:Twitchett 1998
9795:
9791:Twitchett 1998
9783:
9779:Twitchett 1998
9768:
9753:
9749:Twitchett 1998
9741:
9737:Twitchett 1998
9729:
9725:Twitchett 1998
9717:
9715:, p. 583.
9713:Twitchett 1994
9705:
9701:Twitchett 1998
9693:
9689:Twitchett 1998
9678:
9674:Twitchett 1998
9663:
9659:Twitchett 1998
9650:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9617:Yongli Emperor
9614:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9595:
9593:
9587:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9568:
9566:
9560:
9553:
9551:
9545:
9538:
9536:
9530:
9523:
9521:
9515:
9508:
9506:
9500:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9481:
9479:
9469:
9462:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9444:
9438:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9407:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9389:
9375:
9368:
9366:
9362:treasure ships
9359:
9352:
9350:
9344:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9310:
9308:
9302:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9252:
9248:
9247:
9244:Fort Zeelandia
9235:
9231:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9205:Fort Provintia
9202:
9198:
9197:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9176:
9175:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9154:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9069:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8996:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8972:Rebel general
8970:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8868:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8830:
8826:
8825:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8769:Yongli Emperor
8762:
8758:
8757:
8754:Shaowu Emperor
8747:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8672:Longwu Emperor
8665:
8661:
8660:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8539:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8135:
8132:
8128:
8127:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7976:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7925:Bay of Tayouan
7918:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7742:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:Tianqi Emperor
7725:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7521:Joseph Needham
7518:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7432:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7418:
7412:Bay of Tayouan
7404:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7184:Siege of Ulsan
7180:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7051:Ordos Campaign
7048:
7044:
7043:
7040:Ordos Campaign
7037:
7033:
7032:
7029:Ordos Campaign
7026:
7022:
7021:
7018:Ordos Campaign
7015:
7011:
7010:
7003:Ordos Campaign
7000:
6996:
6995:
6980:Ordos Campaign
6976:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:are shut down
6818:: All private
6811:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6773:Martín de Rada
6762:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6687:Jianzhou Guard
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6516:breech-loading
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4193:for harboring
4184:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:publishes his
3831:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3781:publishes his
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3761:publishes his
3752:
3749:
3748:
3731:: Envoys from
3726:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:Xuande Emperor
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:Hongxi Emperor
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:Forbidden City
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3061:imported from
3052:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2829:Chetlat Island
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2718:Ming–Kotte War
2714:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2288:Treasure fleet
2281:
2278:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:Jianzhou Guard
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:Yongle Emperor
2049:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
990:
983:
980:
979:
968:
964:
963:
957:
953:
952:
949:
945:
944:
937:
934:
933:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
906:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
892:
886:
882:
881:
875:
871:
870:
864:
860:
859:
853:
849:
848:
842:
838:
837:
823:
819:
818:
803:
799:
798:
792:
788:
787:
781:
778:
774:
773:
766:
763:
762:
756:
753:
752:
746:
742:
741:
735:
731:
730:
724:
720:
719:
715:; so ends the
713:Inner Mongolia
701:
697:
696:
690:
686:
685:
679:
675:
674:
664:
660:
659:
652:
648:
647:
641:
637:
636:
630:
626:
625:
618:
614:
613:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
560:
557:
553:
552:
546:
543:
542:
532:
531:
522:
518:
517:
507:
503:
502:
492:Liao Yongzhong
473:
469:
468:
459:
455:
454:
444:
440:
439:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
411:
409:Zhang Shicheng
402:
399:
395:
394:
384:
381:
380:
372:
369:
365:
364:
346:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
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323:
320:
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309:
307:
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302:
292:
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285:
284:
275:
272:
268:
267:
261:
258:
257:
248:
245:
241:
240:
231:
229:
225:
224:
220:'s command in
209:
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201:
198:
195:
188:
185:
182:
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178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
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78:
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60:
57:
55:
52:
44:Hongwu Emperor
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17430:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
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17391:
17389:
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17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17360:
17358:
17343:
17342:Chinese texts
17340:
17339:
17337:
17335:Miscellaneous
17333:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
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17290:
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17285:
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17281:
17279:
17275:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17263:Mongol Empire
17261:
17257:
17256:Fragmentation
17254:
17253:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
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17239:
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17069:
17066:
17065:Northern Yuan
17063:
17060:
17057:
17054:
17053:Jin–Song Wars
17051:
17048:
17045:
17044:
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17031:
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16793:
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16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16771:Ming Xiaoling
16769:
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16762:
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16607:
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16602:
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16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16580:
16579:Vassal prince
16577:
16576:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16564:Eastern Depot
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16530:
16529:
16527:
16523:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16507:Southern Ming
16505:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
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16468:
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16409:
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16380:
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16340:
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16299:
16297:
16294:
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16279:
16277:
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16221:
16212:
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16207:
16203:
16198:
16191:
16186:
16184:
16179:
16177:
16172:
16171:
16168:
16160:
16155:
16152:
16150:957-32-4273-7
16146:
16142:
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16133:
16128:
16124:
16119:
16116:
16110:
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16067:9780674088467
16063:
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16023:
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16014:
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15991:
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15978:
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15921:
15916:
15912:
15907:
15903:
15898:
15894:
15890:
15886:
15881:
15877:
15872:
15869:
15863:
15859:
15854:
15850:
15845:
15842:
15840:0-521-29534-3
15836:
15832:
15831:
15825:
15821:
15816:
15812:
15807:
15803:
15798:
15795:
15793:0-521-30358-3
15789:
15785:
15781:
15777:
15773:
15770:
15768:9780231160704
15764:
15760:
15755:
15752:
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15729:
15725:
15720:
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15711:
15707:
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15689:
15684:
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15676:
15672:
15667:
15663:
15658:
15654:
15649:
15645:
15640:
15636:
15631:
15627:
15625:9789888028542
15621:
15618:, HKU Press,
15617:
15612:
15608:
15602:
15599:, Routledge,
15598:
15593:
15590:
15584:
15580:
15579:
15573:
15569:
15564:
15560:
15555:
15552:
15547:
15544:
15542:0-618-13384-4
15538:
15534:
15533:
15527:
15523:
15521:0-521-66991-X
15517:
15513:
15510:, Cambridge:
15509:
15508:
15503:
15499:
15496:
15492:
15488:
15484:
15480:
15476:
15472:
15467:
15463:
15458:
15454:
15449:
15445:
15440:
15436:
15434:0-521-82274-2
15430:
15426:
15421:
15417:
15412:
15409:
15403:
15399:
15395:
15394:Biran, Michal
15391:
15387:
15382:
15379:
15373:
15369:
15364:
15360:
15354:
15350:
15346:
15341:
15337:
15332:
15328:
15323:
15319:
15314:
15310:
15304:
15300:
15295:
15291:
15287:
15282:
15278:
15274:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15256:
15252:
15248:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15230:
15226:
15222:
15217:
15213:
15209:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15191:
15187:
15183:
15178:
15174:
15170:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15152:
15148:
15144:
15140:
15136:
15135:
15123:
15118:
15111:
15106:
15104:
15096:
15091:
15089:
15087:
15079:
15074:
15072:
15064:
15059:
15057:
15049:
15044:
15042:
15034:
15029:
15027:
15019:
15014:
15007:
15002:
15000:
14992:
14987:
14980:
14975:
14973:
14965:
14960:
14958:
14956:
14948:
14947:Andrade 2008j
14943:
14936:
14931:
14924:
14919:
14917:
14915:
14913:
14905:
14900:
14893:
14888:
14886:
14884:
14876:
14871:
14864:
14859:
14852:
14847:
14845:
14837:
14832:
14825:
14820:
14813:
14808:
14806:
14798:
14793:
14786:
14781:
14774:
14769:
14767:
14759:
14754:
14747:
14742:
14740:
14732:
14727:
14725:
14723:
14715:
14710:
14703:
14698:
14691:
14686:
14684:
14676:
14671:
14664:
14659:
14652:
14647:
14645:
14637:
14632:
14630:
14622:
14617:
14610:
14605:
14603:
14595:
14590:
14583:
14578:
14571:
14566:
14564:
14556:
14551:
14536:
14530:
14523:
14518:
14511:
14506:
14504:
14496:
14491:
14489:
14487:
14479:
14474:
14467:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14450:
14445:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14429:
14424:
14422:
14420:
14412:
14407:
14400:
14395:
14388:
14383:
14381:
14373:
14368:
14366:
14358:
14353:
14346:
14341:
14334:
14329:
14322:
14317:
14310:
14305:
14298:
14293:
14286:
14281:
14279:
14277:
14269:
14264:
14262:
14254:
14249:
14242:
14237:
14235:
14233:
14225:
14220:
14213:
14208:
14201:
14196:
14189:
14184:
14178:, p. 12.
14177:
14172:
14165:
14160:
14158:
14150:
14145:
14143:
14141:
14133:
14128:
14126:
14124:
14122:
14114:
14109:
14107:
14100:, p. 10.
14099:
14094:
14092:
14090:
14088:
14080:
14075:
14068:
14063:
14061:
14053:
14048:
14041:
14036:
14034:
14026:
14021:
14019:
14012:, p. 90.
14011:
14006:
14000:, p. 63.
13999:
13994:
13992:
13984:
13979:
13973:, p. 14.
13972:
13967:
13960:
13955:
13948:
13943:
13936:
13931:
13924:
13919:
13913:, p. 24.
13912:
13907:
13900:
13895:
13888:
13883:
13876:
13871:
13864:
13863:Andrade 2008a
13859:
13852:
13847:
13840:
13835:
13828:
13823:
13816:
13811:
13809:
13802:, p. 22.
13801:
13796:
13789:
13784:
13777:
13772:
13765:
13760:
13753:
13748:
13746:
13744:
13742:
13734:
13729:
13722:
13717:
13710:
13705:
13703:
13695:
13694:Andrade 2008d
13690:
13683:
13678:
13671:
13666:
13659:
13654:
13652:
13644:
13639:
13632:
13627:
13625:
13618:, p. 33.
13617:
13612:
13605:
13600:
13598:
13590:
13585:
13579:, p. 30.
13578:
13573:
13566:
13561:
13555:, p. 10.
13554:
13549:
13542:
13537:
13530:
13525:
13523:
13516:, p. 30.
13515:
13510:
13508:
13500:
13495:
13488:
13483:
13476:
13471:
13464:
13459:
13452:
13447:
13440:
13435:
13428:
13423:
13421:
13413:
13408:
13406:
13398:
13393:
13391:
13383:
13378:
13376:
13368:
13363:
13356:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13339:
13334:
13327:
13322:
13315:
13310:
13304:, p. 33.
13303:
13298:
13291:
13286:
13284:
13276:
13271:
13264:
13259:
13252:
13247:
13245:
13237:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13222:
13220:
13212:
13207:
13200:
13195:
13188:
13183:
13176:
13171:
13169:
13167:
13165:
13163:
13155:
13150:
13148:
13141:, p. 38.
13140:
13135:
13128:
13123:
13116:
13111:
13109:
13107:
13099:
13094:
13087:
13082:
13075:
13070:
13068:
13060:
13055:
13048:
13043:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13029:
13024:
13022:
13020:
13012:
13007:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12987:
12982:
12975:
12970:
12963:
12958:
12956:
12954:
12952:
12950:
12948:
12940:
12935:
12933:
12931:
12923:
12918:
12911:
12906:
12899:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12882:
12877:
12875:
12867:
12862:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12840:
12835:
12828:
12823:
12821:
12819:
12811:
12806:
12799:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12778:
12777:Andrade 2008f
12773:
12766:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12749:
12744:
12737:
12732:
12725:
12720:
12713:
12708:
12701:
12696:
12690:, p. 12.
12689:
12684:
12677:
12672:
12665:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12648:
12643:
12636:
12631:
12629:
12627:
12625:
12617:
12612:
12610:
12602:
12597:
12590:
12585:
12578:
12573:
12571:
12563:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12539:
12534:
12532:
12524:
12519:
12517:
12509:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12490:
12485:
12478:
12473:
12471:
12463:
12458:
12451:
12446:
12444:
12436:
12431:
12424:
12419:
12417:
12415:
12407:
12402:
12400:
12392:
12387:
12380:
12375:
12373:
12365:
12360:
12358:
12350:
12345:
12343:
12341:
12333:
12328:
12326:
12318:
12313:
12306:
12301:
12295:, p. 31.
12294:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12265:
12260:
12254:
12249:
12242:
12237:
12230:
12225:
12218:
12213:
12206:
12201:
12195:
12190:
12183:
12178:
12176:
12168:
12163:
12161:
12159:
12151:
12146:
12144:
12136:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12119:
12114:
12107:
12102:
12100:
12092:
12087:
12080:
12075:
12068:
12063:
12056:
12051:
12049:
12041:
12036:
12034:
12026:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12015:
12013:
12005:
12000:
11993:
11988:
11981:
11976:
11969:
11964:
11957:
11952:
11945:
11940:
11933:
11928:
11921:
11916:
11909:
11904:
11902:
11900:
11892:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11873:
11868:
11866:
11858:
11853:
11846:
11841:
11834:
11829:
11822:
11817:
11810:
11805:
11798:
11793:
11791:
11783:
11778:
11776:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11750:
11748:
11740:
11735:
11728:
11723:
11721:
11713:
11708:
11701:
11696:
11689:
11684:
11677:
11672:
11665:
11660:
11653:
11648:
11642:, p. 35.
11641:
11636:
11629:
11624:
11618:
11613:
11606:
11601:
11599:
11591:
11586:
11579:
11574:
11567:
11562:
11556:, p. 68.
11555:
11550:
11543:
11538:
11531:
11526:
11519:
11514:
11508:
11503:
11497:
11492:
11485:
11480:
11478:
11470:
11465:
11458:
11453:
11446:
11441:
11434:
11429:
11422:
11417:
11415:
11407:
11402:
11395:
11390:
11388:
11381:, p. 94.
11380:
11375:
11369:, p. 93.
11368:
11363:
11361:
11353:
11348:
11342:, p. 91.
11341:
11336:
11329:
11324:
11322:
11314:
11309:
11302:
11297:
11291:, p. 83.
11290:
11285:
11279:, p. 76.
11278:
11273:
11267:, p. 82.
11266:
11261:
11255:, p. 81.
11254:
11249:
11247:
11239:
11234:
11228:, p. 79.
11227:
11222:
11215:
11210:
11208:
11200:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11183:
11178:
11176:
11168:
11163:
11156:
11151:
11145:, p. 75.
11144:
11139:
11132:
11127:
11120:
11115:
11108:
11103:
11096:
11091:
11089:
11087:
11085:
11077:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11061:, p. 66.
11060:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11044:, p. 65.
11043:
11038:
11032:
11027:
11020:
11015:
11013:
11005:
11000:
10993:
10988:
10982:, p. 64.
10981:
10976:
10974:
10967:, p. 63.
10966:
10961:
10955:, p. 59.
10954:
10949:
10947:
10939:
10934:
10928:, p. 55.
10927:
10922:
10915:
10910:
10904:, p. 57.
10903:
10898:
10892:, p. 53.
10891:
10886:
10879:
10874:
10867:
10862:
10860:
10852:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10825:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10808:
10803:
10796:
10791:
10784:
10779:
10777:
10769:
10764:
10757:
10752:
10745:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10728:
10723:
10716:
10711:
10709:
10701:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10672:
10667:
10660:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10641:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10620:
10615:
10608:
10603:
10601:
10594:, p. 32.
10593:
10588:
10581:
10576:
10574:
10566:
10561:
10554:
10549:
10547:
10539:
10534:
10528:, p. 47.
10527:
10522:
10516:, p. 12.
10515:
10510:
10503:
10498:
10491:
10486:
10479:
10474:
10467:
10462:
10455:
10450:
10443:
10438:
10431:
10426:
10424:
10416:
10411:
10404:
10399:
10392:
10387:
10380:
10375:
10369:, p. 10.
10368:
10363:
10356:
10351:
10349:
10341:
10336:
10329:
10324:
10317:
10312:
10305:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10281:
10276:
10269:
10264:
10257:
10252:
10245:
10240:
10238:
10230:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10213:
10208:
10201:
10196:
10189:
10184:
10182:
10174:
10169:
10162:
10157:
10155:
10147:
10142:
10140:
10132:
10127:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10072:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10048:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10025:
10020:
10013:
10008:
10001:
9996:
9994:
9986:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9963:
9958:
9951:
9946:
9939:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9919:, p. 24.
9918:
9913:
9907:, p. 57.
9906:
9901:
9899:
9892:, p. 37.
9891:
9886:
9880:, p. 97.
9879:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9848:
9843:
9837:, p. 96.
9836:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9819:
9814:
9812:
9805:, p. 34.
9804:
9799:
9793:, p. 51.
9792:
9787:
9781:, p. 41.
9780:
9775:
9773:
9766:, p. 66.
9765:
9760:
9758:
9751:, p. 33.
9750:
9745:
9739:, p. 32.
9738:
9733:
9727:, p. 47.
9726:
9721:
9714:
9709:
9703:, p. 46.
9702:
9697:
9691:, p. 45.
9690:
9685:
9683:
9676:, p. 44.
9675:
9670:
9668:
9661:, p. 11.
9660:
9655:
9651:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9606:
9599:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9579:
9572:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9552:
9548:
9542:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9507:
9503:
9497:
9492:
9485:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9430:
9423:
9418:
9411:
9406:
9403:, (1410–1424)
9402:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9321:
9314:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9196:
9195:Dutch Formosa
9192:
9189:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8976:takes Guilin
8975:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8877:
8874:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8839:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8756:in Guangzhou
8755:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8421:
8418:Rebel leader
8417:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8260:
8257:
8253:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8201:sailing ships
8199:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8180:Wuqiao Mutiny
8177:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8139:Wuqiao Mutiny
8136:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8094:Jisi Incident
8092:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8042:Jisi Incident
8039:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8027:Zheng Zhilong
8024:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7690:Wanli Emperor
7687:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7263:Mongols kill
7262:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6738:Li Chengliang
6736:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6710:Wanli Emperor
6707:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6486:Jixiao Xinshu
6482:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6434:
6433:Kinmen Island
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6066:Mongols raid
6065:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5497:Lantau Island
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5145:conquers the
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:Northern Yuan
4221:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3917:and Shandong
3916:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3858:and Shandong
3857:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:King of Annam
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:Wild Jurchens
3376:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:is completed
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3029:, Zhubu, and
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2505:is completed
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:and installs
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:landholdings
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
992:
988:
984:
982:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
910:
897:
895:
894:
891:
887:
884:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
807:
804:
801:
800:
797:
793:
790:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
757:
755:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
729:
725:
722:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
698:
695:
691:
688:
687:
684:
680:
677:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:
646:
642:
639:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
585:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
547:
545:
544:
541:
537:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
457:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
414:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
383:
382:
378:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Chen Youliang
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
334:
331:
330:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
265:
262:
260:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
193:
192:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
140:
139:
126:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
102:
101:
89:
85:
84:Zhu Yuanzhang
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
51:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
25:
21:
16:
17368:Ming dynasty
17100:Qing dynasty
17071:Ming dynasty
17070:
17059:Yuan dynasty
17047:Song dynasty
17040:Early Modern
17024:Tang dynasty
16979:(206–202 BC)
16912:
16906:Other topics
16817:Four Masters
16742:
16735:
16728:
16721:
16714:
16707:
16547:House of Zhu
16500:Shanhai Pass
16480:Great Plague
16423:Jianzhou war
16197:Ming dynasty
16158:
16140:
16131:
16122:
16104:
16086:
16076:
16057:
16048:
16039:
16030:
16021:
16012:
16003:
15994:
15976:
15972:
15963:
15943:
15929:
15919:
15910:
15901:
15892:
15888:
15875:
15857:
15848:
15829:
15819:
15810:
15801:
15783:
15779:
15758:
15740:
15732:
15723:
15714:
15705:
15687:
15679:
15670:
15661:
15652:
15643:
15634:
15615:
15596:
15577:
15567:
15558:
15550:
15531:
15525:(paperback).
15506:
15486:
15482:
15470:
15461:
15452:
15443:
15424:
15415:
15397:
15385:
15367:
15362:(alk. paper)
15344:
15335:
15326:
15317:
15298:
15289:
15286:"Conclusion"
15276:
15263:
15250:
15237:
15224:
15211:
15198:
15185:
15172:
15159:
15146:
15132:Bibliography
15117:
15013:
14986:
14942:
14930:
14899:
14870:
14858:
14831:
14819:
14792:
14780:
14753:
14709:
14697:
14670:
14658:
14616:
14589:
14577:
14550:
14538:. Retrieved
14529:
14522:Needham 1986
14517:
14473:
14406:
14399:Needham 1986
14394:
14352:
14345:Andrade 2016
14340:
14328:
14321:Andrade 2016
14316:
14309:Andrade 2016
14304:
14292:
14248:
14219:
14207:
14195:
14183:
14171:
14098:Dardess 2012
14074:
14067:Andrade 2016
14047:
14005:
13998:Wakeman 1985
13978:
13966:
13954:
13942:
13930:
13918:
13906:
13899:Needham 1986
13894:
13882:
13870:
13858:
13846:
13834:
13822:
13795:
13783:
13771:
13759:
13728:
13716:
13711:, p. 9.
13709:Dardess 2012
13689:
13677:
13665:
13638:
13611:
13584:
13572:
13560:
13548:
13536:
13494:
13482:
13470:
13458:
13446:
13434:
13362:
13333:
13328:, p. 9.
13321:
13314:Needham 1986
13309:
13302:Needham 1986
13297:
13275:Andrade 2016
13270:
13258:
13206:
13194:
13182:
13134:
13122:
13093:
13081:
13059:Andrade 2016
13054:
12981:
12974:Needham 1986
12969:
12917:
12905:
12861:
12834:
12805:
12772:
12743:
12731:
12724:Andrade 2016
12719:
12707:
12700:Andrade 2016
12695:
12683:
12671:
12642:
12596:
12584:
12557:
12545:
12484:
12457:
12430:
12386:
12312:
12300:
12288:
12259:
12248:
12236:
12224:
12212:
12200:
12189:
12113:
12086:
12074:
12062:
11999:
11987:
11975:
11963:
11951:
11939:
11927:
11915:
11852:
11840:
11828:
11816:
11804:
11734:
11707:
11695:
11683:
11671:
11659:
11647:
11635:
11623:
11612:
11585:
11573:
11561:
11549:
11537:
11525:
11513:
11502:
11491:
11464:
11452:
11440:
11428:
11401:
11374:
11347:
11335:
11313:Needham 1986
11308:
11296:
11284:
11272:
11260:
11233:
11221:
11162:
11155:Needham 1986
11150:
11138:
11126:
11114:
11102:
11037:
11026:
11004:Needham 1986
10999:
10987:
10960:
10933:
10921:
10909:
10897:
10885:
10873:
10802:
10790:
10763:
10751:
10722:
10666:
10614:
10587:
10560:
10533:
10521:
10509:
10497:
10485:
10473:
10461:
10449:
10437:
10415:Andrade 2016
10410:
10398:
10386:
10374:
10362:
10335:
10323:
10316:Needham 1986
10311:
10299:
10287:
10282:, p. 8.
10275:
10263:
10251:
10207:
10195:
10173:Needham 1986
10168:
10126:
10114:
10102:
10095:Andrade 2016
10090:
10083:Andrade 2016
10078:
10066:
10054:
10019:
10007:
9957:
9950:Needham 1986
9945:
9912:
9885:
9842:
9798:
9786:
9764:Andrade 2016
9744:
9732:
9720:
9708:
9696:
9654:
9237:
8829:23 September
8771:in Zhaoqing
8767:becomes the
8752:becomes the
8719:30 September
8689:and Taizhou
8670:becomes the
8589:becomes the
8561:
8543:Shun dynasty
8498:
8468:
8251:14 September
8240:Rebels take
8227:
8211:
8191:
8178:
8137:
8118:
8093:
8059:
8040:
8025:Pirate lord
7992:30 September
7978:
7958:
7934:
7920:
7899:
7892:is repulsed
7885:
7854:
7813:
7797:
7781:
7768:
7752:
7716:26 September
7633:
7617:
7604:
7585:
7569:
7427:
7372:
7360:Christianity
7356:Matteo Ricci
7301:17th century
7253:
7243:
7230:
7214:
7198:
7189:Ulsan Castle
7182:
7162:
7138:
7102:
7086:
7072:
7060:
7050:
7039:
7036:25 September
7028:
7017:
7007:Ye Mengxiong
7002:
6985:Liu Dongyang
6978:
6929:
6914:Matteo Ricci
6852:
6813:
6765:Wang Wanggao
6620:
6554:
6537:
6484:
6428:
6357:
6310:
6298:
6274:
6260:
6237:
6220:
6194:
6174:
6097:
6043:
6032:
6018:
6001:
5950:
5906:
5864:is used for
5787:
5737:
5706:
5649:
5636:
5587:
5560:
5510:
5490:
5457:
5370:
5359:
5345:
5334:
5320:
5306:
5289:
5174:
5132:
5115:
4928:16th century
4894:
4854:
4808:17 September
4707:to seal off
4566:rebels near
4516:
4476:
4401:and Hanzhou
4368:
4324:19 September
4275:23 September
4267:
4245:
4234:
4213:
4186:
4161:dikes burst
4159:Yellow River
4152:
4085:
4057:
4022:
4000:
3972:
3890:
3833:
3823:
3774:
3754:
3728:
3725:14 September
3717:
3706:
3695:
3668:
3658:
3620:
3617:12 September
3603:
3592:
3576:
3565:
3551:
3510:hand cannons
3456:
3439:
3425:
3407:
3389:
3360:22 September
3308:
3287:
3269:
3253:
3231:
3214:
3195:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3120:
3076:
3054:
3051:20 September
3043:
3014:
2997:
2984:
2973:
2956:
2945:
2923:
2894:
2886:is captured
2879:
2852:
2816:
2792:
2751:
2716:
2702:
2686:
2644:
2633:
2617:
2614:23 September
2606:
2587:is produced
2580:
2569:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2471:
2458:
2443:
2435:
2424:
2413:
2396:
2381:
2355:
2332:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2217:
2180:Trần dynasty
2164:
2157:Engke Temiir
2145:
2125:
2102:
2036:
2021:
2010:
1996:
1982:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1932:
1921:
1907:
1880:
1869:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1779:15th century
1769:
1758:
1755:25 September
1745:
1655:
1639:
1626:
1570:and becomes
1552:and retreat
1486:
1454:
1439:
1419:
1401:
1368:
1341:
1322:
1307:"Wasp nest"
1230:
1075:and conquer
885:22 September
813:
717:Yuan dynasty
700:20 September
670:and capture
622:Chen Youding
608:rather than
575:14th century
562:
535:
524:
514:Fang Guozhen
509:
480:Chang Yuchun
475:
461:
446:
428:
404:
386:
374:
348:
311:
294:
277:
263:
250:
233:
211:
48:Qing dynasty
40:Ming dynasty
37:
33:Ming dynasty
15:
17114:(1927-1949)
17102:(1636–1912)
17085:(1592–1598)
17079:(1405–1433)
17073:(1368–1644)
17067:(1368–1635)
17061:(1271–1368)
17055:(1125–1234)
17018:Sui dynasty
16983:Han dynasty
16859:Tai history
16542:Family tree
16453:Liaoluo Bay
16387:Renyin plot
16337:Tumu Crisis
16134:, 中国社会科学出版社
15975:, Volume 6,
15932:, Routledge
15673:, Routledge
15664:, Macmillan
14540:19 December
12118:Dreyer 2007
11797:Dreyer 2007
11727:Dreyer 2007
11712:Dreyer 2007
11700:Dreyer 2007
11676:Dreyer 2007
11664:Dreyer 2007
11652:Dreyer 2007
11628:Dreyer 2007
11605:Dreyer 2007
11590:Dreyer 2007
11578:Dreyer 2007
11518:Dreyer 2007
11445:Dreyer 2007
11433:Dreyer 2007
11421:Dreyer 2007
11406:Dreyer 2007
11379:Dreyer 2007
11367:Dreyer 2007
11352:Dreyer 2007
11340:Dreyer 2007
11289:Dreyer 2007
11277:Dreyer 2007
11265:Dreyer 2007
11253:Dreyer 2007
11226:Dreyer 2007
11167:Dreyer 2007
11143:Dreyer 2007
11059:Dreyer 2007
11042:Dreyer 2007
11019:Dreyer 2007
10980:Dreyer 2007
10965:Dreyer 2007
10953:Dreyer 2007
10938:Dreyer 2007
10926:Dreyer 2007
10902:Dreyer 2007
10890:Dreyer 2007
10878:Dreyer 2007
10807:Dreyer 2007
10768:Dreyer 2007
9475:Mansur Khan
9440:Moghulistan
9387:(in green).
9364:(1405–1433)
9360:Zheng He's
9348:(1399–1402)
9331:Moghulistan
9306:(1351–1368)
9270:23 December
9136:9 September
8915:27 November
8907:24 November
8850:20 February
8765:Zhu Youlang
8761:24 December
8746:12 December
8587:Zhu Yousong
8237:27 December
8134:22 February
8115:21 November
7955:10 February
7831:White Lotus
7708:6 September
7655:Ivan Petlin
7630:3 September
7240:24 December
7227:16 December
7025:6 September
6566:Lin Daoqian
6494:volley fire
6227:and occupy
5296:Zhu Chenhao
5216:10 February
5205:7 September
4800:9 September
4792:1 September
4489:23 February
4439:11 February
4342:Miao people
4268:Tumu Crisis
4264:1 September
4246:Tumu Crisis
4235:Tumu Crisis
4220:Esen Taishi
4215:Tumu Crisis
4008:20 November
3969:27 February
3915:China Plain
3868:Shanxi and
3735:, Calicut,
3436:14 December
3349:2 September
3305:7 September
3266:27 February
3242:, and Aden
3228:3 September
3167:10 November
3086:During the
2981:19 December
2970:19 November
2789:18 December
2741:Grand Canal
2577:15 February
2523:14 February
2345:Shi Jinqing
2271:Ming–Hồ War
2267:13 December
2259:Ming–Hồ War
2254:19 November
2099:4 September
1841:4 September
1766:12 November
1614:Bolin Temür
1521:Nayir Bukha
1459:volley fire
1165:Bayan Temür
1108:29 November
1029:surrenders
972:White Lotus
772:is created
734:26 December
617:17 February
610:temple name
521:28 December
472:13 November
433:Zhu Liangzi
299:Zhang Shide
123:is born in
17357:Categories
17190:Vietnamese
17049:(960–1279)
16827:Zhe School
16781:Ming tombs
16665:Inner Asia
16637:Shenjiying
16627:Great Wall
16525:Government
16096:0892641371
15986:0521243319
15588:0415239559
15483:T'oung Pao
15407:0521842263
14555:Swope 2014
14333:Swope 2014
14176:Knapp 1980
13971:Swope 2014
13788:Chase 2003
13616:Swope 2009
13604:Swope 2009
13589:Swope 2009
13577:Swope 2009
13565:Lewis 2015
13553:Knapp 1980
13541:Lewis 2015
13338:Knapp 1980
13326:Knapp 1980
13139:Wills 2011
11640:Mills 1970
11554:Chase 2003
10514:Geary 2003
10367:Geary 2003
10280:Geary 2003
10212:Tsien 1985
9646:References
9385:Chen Cheng
9381:Yongle era
9264:Zheng Jing
9234:1 February
9226:20 January
8974:Li Dingguo
8954:15 October
8923:2 December
8875:15 January
8794:20 January
8788:Sun Kewang
8738:17 October
8674:at Fuzhou
8668:Zhu Yujian
8538:8 February
8308:Hong Taiji
8295:Telescopes
8285:Li Zicheng
8224:22 October
8165:star forts
7649:The first
7327:January 17
7159:17 October
7099:27 January
7093:Pyeongyang
7047:12 October
6789:The China-
6639:4 February
6631:23 January
6518:firearms.
6397:Qi Jiguang
6079:matchlocks
5852:Altan Khan
5843:compound.
5724:24 October
5436:Tomé Pires
5414:Tomé Pires
5265:Tomé Pires
5254:20 October
5246:16 October
5185:Portuguese
5147:Ordos Loop
5143:Dayan Khan
5122:Zhu Zhifan
5049:28 October
4507:Yao people
4412:Xu Youzhen
4286:27 October
4257:Ye Zongliu
4143:Ye Zongliu
4127:Deng Maoqi
4106:Ye Zongliu
3887:8 December
3792:31 January
3745:Coimbatore
3739:, Ceylon,
3589:Lê Thái Tổ
3562:19 January
3422:10 October
3202:and visit
3134:28 October
2901:Tuul River
2693:Onon River
2555:rebels in
2455:30 October
2432:23 October
2275:Thăng Long
1987:Huai River
1574:; so ends
1564:Yi Songgye
1475:rebels in
1298:Hu Weiyong
1237:Kam people
1179:22 October
1053:Tuul River
1027:Ming Sheng
987:land mines
976:Manichaean
930:Köke Temür
668:Köke Temür
601:23 January
559:18 January
494:to attack
357:Xu Shouhui
255:Changjiang
218:Guo Zixing
80:21 October
54:Background
18:See also:
17144:Hong Kong
17134:Guangzhou
17122:Locations
17032:(907–979)
17020:(581–619)
17014:(420–589)
17008:(266–439)
17002:(220–280)
16822:Wu School
16807:Musicians
16670:Manchuria
16658:Frontiers
15141:(2008a),
11920:Liew 1996
11872:Liew 1996
11857:Liew 1996
11833:Liew 1996
11821:Liew 1996
11809:Liew 1996
10565:Mote 2003
10379:Ming 1996
10340:Mote 2003
10268:Mote 2003
10256:Mote 2003
10200:Mote 2003
10131:Mote 2003
10047:Mote 2003
10000:Mote 2003
9818:Mote 2003
9564:1628–1636
9174:but fail
9128:24 August
9122:Zhenjiang
9117:10 August
9087:7 January
8891:4 October
8784:Chongqing
8779:2 January
8750:Zhu Yuyue
8730:6 October
8683:Zhu Yihai
8664:18 August
8568:Wu Sangui
8545:in Xi'an
8343:Filipinos
8281:September
8256:Tongcheng
8198:broadside
8000:2 October
7917:26 August
7804:Guangning
7739:Hongyipao
7724:1 October
7697:28 August
7685:18 August
7646:September
7553:Later Jin
7525:astronomy
7453:Yang Rong
7383:Filipinos
7265:Li Rusong
7211:7 October
7179:4 January
7083:8 January
7014:23 August
6991:rebel in
6742:Giocangga
6225:Songjiang
6136:6 October
6128:1 October
5862:Gunpowder
5825:September
5367:20 August
5356:15 August
5342:13 August
5224:September
5067:September
4959:rebel on
4957:Li people
4919:Yi people
4861:Liu Daxia
4601:rebel at
4586:Li Manzhu
4584:and kill
4568:Xiangyang
4521:Liu Daxia
4503:Hou Dagou
4344:rebel in
4242:30 August
4191:Mong Yang
3779:Gong Zhen
3489:Uriankhai
3386:5 October
3353:Zhu Gaoxu
3297:12 August
3278:Shi Jisun
3274:Palembang
3073:2 October
3023:Mogadishu
2953:13 August
2942:12 August
2767:Manchuria
2649:Trần Ngỗi
2553:Trần Ngỗi
2545:September
2421:5 October
2410:2 October
2386:Hồ Quý Ly
2360:Hồ Quý Ly
2341:Palembang
2337:Chen Zuyi
2190:Tamerlane
2089:Uriankhai
2059:September
2026:Chen Xuan
1855:9 January
1073:Yongchang
1063:Karakorum
961:Yingchang
941:Gongchang
868:Pingliang
833:flees to
806:Song Lian
780:9 January
770:Guozijian
707:(renamed
656:Guangzhou
500:Guangdong
443:1 October
391:Han Liner
117:1 January
17316:Pakistan
17311:Mongolia
17174:Xinjiang
17154:Shanghai
17139:Hangzhou
16993:Medieval
16873:Currency
16812:Painting
16622:Military
16615:Military
15895:: 11–43.
15778:(1986),
15504:(1999),
15396:(2005),
13911:Jin 2016
13514:Jin 2016
12688:Hao 2011
12293:Jin 2016
9629:See also
9517:Xu Xiake
9190:30 April
9182:21 April
9167:February
9098:10 March
9065:December
9049:February
8969:7 August
8959:Zhoushan
8861:14 April
8702:Jiangnan
8697:February
8550:25 April
8517:November
8444:Hengzhou
8440:Changsha
8354:Nagasaki
8152:Spanish
8144:Dengzhou
8125:Dalinghe
7965:Ningyuan
7864:November
7794:11 March
7778:December
7759:Shenyang
7601:18 April
7464:bayonets
7379:Japanese
7336:El Piñal
7332:Lampacau
7283:El Piñal
7169:Hanseong
6918:Zhaoqing
6777:Lin Feng
6683:Wang Gao
6534:December
6504:December
6475:insomnia
6414:December
6265:Hangzhou
6199:Wang Zhi
6029:February
6006:Wang Zhi
5930:December
5896:8 August
5884:4 August
5836:30 April
5594:Shuangyu
5517:Hosokawa
5443:27 April
5432:21 April
5424:20 April
5350:Nanchang
5331:9 August
5311:Jiujiang
5156:February
4911:control
4747:28 April
4701:Yu Zijun
4661:Chen Yue
4657:Liaodong
4564:Liu Tong
4473:7 August
4231:4 August
4138:December
3960:Zhejiang
3949:Jiangnan
3897:Si Renfa
3743:, Aden,
3600:December
3573:14 March
3475:Đại Việt
3467:29 April
3453:25 March
3430:Lạng Sơn
3221:Arughtai
3179:Maldives
3175:Hong Bao
3067:Bengalis
3040:8 August
2876:30 March
2867:Buddhism
2821:Maldives
2641:December
2513:Ironwood
2498:December
2480:Abobadan
2448:Javanese
2352:13 March
2302:to Aru,
2248:Lạng Sơn
2222:Zheng He
2186:December
2161:Kara Del
2112:December
2073:February
2001:Yangzhou
1893:Buddhist
1742:5 August
1729:'s sons
1706:Zhu Pian
1636:December
1576:Goguryeo
1560:5 August
1539:Ajashiri
1483:December
1426:Naghachu
1406:Si Lunfa
1388:Guo Huan
1319:December
1252:Tibetans
1247:February
1023:3 August
890:Qingyang
822:18 April
750:Pingding
745:December
739:Zhaozhou
723:November
663:25 April
651:18 April
640:16 April
634:Shandong
606:era name
506:December
458:November
355:murders
316:Shaoxing
274:10 April
208:15 April
17289:Vietnam
17241:Turgesh
17236:Göktürk
17231:Xiongnu
17224:Related
17210:Jurchen
17149:Nanjing
17108:(1912–)
16964:Ancient
16880:Coinage
16854:Economy
16682:Vietnam
16574:Princes
16532:Emperor
16320:Middle
16206:History
15941:(ed.).
15804:, Brill
15473:, Brill
15418:, Brill
9591:in 1644
9549:in 1626
9504:in 1572
9442:in 1490
9377:Yishiha
9333:in 1372
9290:Gallery
9259:23 June
9216:Pye Min
9057:October
8883:1 March
8855:Nanning
8802:5 March
8724:Yanping
8708:10 July
8652:21 July
8628:16 June
8612:January
8602:Chengdu
8583:19 June
8509:January
8465:8 April
8435:October
8427:15 July
8331:border
8242:Mianzhi
7985:Jinzhou
7882:October
7851:October
7810:24 June
7653:envoy,
7651:Russian
7640:Tieling
7624:Kaiyuan
7614:26 July
7529:physics
7408:Chen Di
7369:October
7205:Sacheon
7195:October
6999:14 July
6993:Ningxia
6876:Nurhaci
6791:America
6726:Yuegang
6722:Spanish
6705:19 July
6685:of the
6564:Pirate
6542:Xinghua
6295:January
6279:Jiaxing
6068:Huailai
6063:October
5968:January
5889:Guangwu
5848:October
5567:Ganzhou
5401:January
5317:23 July
5303:13 July
5275:January
5194:January
5179:: The
5164:October
5042:Han Wen
5008:19 June
4599:Mongols
4532:January
4505:of the
4350:Huguang
4346:Guizhou
4195:Si Jifa
4133:border
4131:Jiangxi
4082:January
4027:Si Jifa
3997:January
3870:Shaanxi
3852:Jiangsu
3838:Fei Xin
3759:Ma Huan
3692:9 March
3673:Ma Huan
3643:Yishiha
3629:Ma Huan
3608:Changle
3584:12 June
3548:29 June
3485:October
3444:Jiaozhi
3377:to the
3375:Yishiha
3355:rebels
3338:27 June
3145:3 March
3063:Somalia
3059:giraffe
3031:Malindi
2861:to the
2859:Yishiha
2763:Yishiha
2743:begins
2683:15 June
2630:October
2566:January
2557:Jiaozhi
2484:Ganbali
2476:Jiayile
2403:Jiaozhi
2378:16 June
2320:Calicut
2292:Malacca
2290:visits
2240:4 April
2214:11 July
2172:October
2078:Beijing
2048:17 July
2041:Zhu Hui
2033:13 July
1993:17 June
1929:3 March
1918:January
1904:October
1866:5 April
1805:January
1694:Zhu Gui
1679:30 June
1671:24 June
1652:January
1623:October
1568:Wang Yo
1477:Yuezhou
1468:January
1416:October
1398:January
1212:Qinghai
1190:Ye Boju
1113:Huairou
1031:Sichuan
1017:Hanzhou
956:10 June
926:January
879:Shangdu
874:20 July
857:Lanzhou
845:Li Siqi
831:Li Siqi
810:Wang Yi
791:3 March
785:Taiyuan
728:Baoding
709:Beiping
694:Guangxi
672:Luoyang
645:Kaifeng
629:1 March
488:Tang He
466:Wenzhou
437:Taizhou
425:October
361:Wuchang
282:Nanjing
247:11 July
238:Chuzhou
222:Haozhou
163:October
17326:Russia
17246:Karluk
17215:Mongol
17205:Tangut
17200:Khitan
17195:Uyghur
17159:Taiwan
17129:Fuzhou
17093:Modern
16802:Poetry
16692:Yunnan
16214:Early
16199:topics
16147:
16111:
16093:
16064:
15983:
15951:
15864:
15837:
15790:
15765:
15747:
15694:
15622:
15603:
15585:
15539:
15518:
15431:
15404:
15374:
15355:
15305:
9172:Xiamen
9159:Event
8981:winter
8946:Event
8899:summer
8866:Guilin
8834:Wugang
8823:Anping
8818:spring
8713:Tonglu
8679:August
8644:6 July
8620:20 May
8575:5 June
8558:27 May
8390:summer
8382:Event
8273:August
8218:Lüshun
8208:summer
8188:7 July
8154:Manila
8109:Pingdu
8090:summer
8082:Event
8037:winter
8022:August
8014:spring
7975:spring
7890:Xiamen
7838:August
7677:Event
7592:Qinghe
7582:summer
7576:Fushun
7510:Event
7391:Cavite
7387:Manila
7381:, and
7319:Event
6957:Event
6936:Bozhou
6842:Event
6697:5 July
6672:Event
6581:Penghu
6570:Taiwan
6491:musket
6455:Event
6419:Suzhou
6393:summer
6344:Sengge
6340:winter
6209:spring
6120:Event
6056:Xuanfu
5817:Event
5679:Event
5550:August
5525:Ningbo
5515:: The
5464:Tunmen
5393:Event
5325:Anqing
5286:9 July
5235:summer
5199:Bazhou
5129:30 May
5112:12 May
5104:Event
5081:August
5000:8 June
4961:Hainan
4946:Event
4909:Uyghur
4882:Turpan
4834:Event
4774:Event
4752:Lê Hạo
4645:Event
4609:12 May
4603:Guyuan
4465:Event
4399:Suzhou
4316:Event
4253:August
4066:Hsenwi
4054:August
3937:Event
3854:, the
3741:Djofar
3737:Cochin
3714:7 July
3685:Barawa
3681:Djofar
3633:Bengal
3532:Event
3477:under
3471:Lê Lợi
3404:winter
3394:Lê Lợi
3330:29 May
3250:August
3183:Barawa
3156:14 May
3110:Event
3027:Barawa
3011:autumn
3004:Lê Lợi
2961:Bengal
2833:Hormuz
2831:, and
2813:autumn
2803:Shells
2748:6 July
2675:Event
2603:summer
2596:Oirats
2583:: The
2534:5 July
2492:Cochin
2490:, and
2488:Quilon
2463:Champa
2393:5 July
2316:Ceylon
2308:Lambri
2306:, and
2165:prince
2093:Daning
2018:3 July
2007:1 July
1979:7 June
1973:Lingbi
1965:28 May
1954:23 May
1937:Xuzhou
1897:Taoist
1888:August
1877:August
1835:Dezhou
1827:8 June
1816:18 May
1797:Event
1727:Zhu Di
1704:, and
1702:Zhu Fu
1698:Zhu Bo
1663:24 May
1599:Joseon
1566:ousts
1525:Yaozhu
1509:Event
1346:Yunnan
1329:Qujing
1287:Event
1265:Champa
1239:rebel
1235:: The
1123:Goryeo
1004:18 May
978:sects
948:5 June
918:Event
863:8 June
852:23 May
841:21 May
835:Lintao
827:Shanxi
796:Datong
683:Wuzhou
678:26 May
593:Event
567:Fuzhou
529:Shaowu
496:Fujian
490:, and
484:Hu Mei
451:Suzhou
435:takes
401:autumn
338:Event
291:summer
200:Event
147:Event
109:Event
72:Event
17321:India
17306:Japan
17284:Korea
17268:Oirat
17164:Tibet
16864:Islam
16687:Wokou
16675:Tibet
16606:Fotou
16475:Sarhū
16411:Late
9458:raids
9456:wokou
9201:1 May
9146:1660s
9038:9 May
9030:March
8933:1650s
8810:March
8687:Yuyao
8657:queue
8522:Xi'an
8499:zhang
8408:March
8369:1640s
8329:Henan
8265:March
8175:April
8104:April
8069:1630s
7820:Dutch
7749:4 May
7692:dies
7664:1620s
7566:9 May
7497:1610s
7306:1600s
6989:Pubei
6975:March
6944:1590s
6829:1580s
6769:Luzon
6746:Taksi
6659:1570s
6463:March
6442:1560s
6354:April
6248:Macau
6217:March
6164:April
6107:1550s
6089:March
6040:April
5976:April
5804:1540s
5666:1530s
5577:April
5521:Ouchi
5380:1520s
5091:1510s
4933:1500s
4821:1490s
4761:1480s
4709:Ordos
4632:1470s
4554:Hunan
4452:1460s
4303:1450s
4183:March
4123:March
4019:March
3924:1440s
3677:Mecca
3519:1430s
3284:April
3211:April
3097:1420s
2891:April
2825:Bitra
2723:Galle
2662:1410s
2367:April
2142:March
2091:near
2084:April
1943:April
1784:1400s
1609:April
1517:April
1496:1390s
1355:April
1338:April
1274:1380s
1256:Gansu
1160:March
1100:March
1077:Juyan
1048:April
905:1370s
802:March
705:Daidu
580:1360s
540:Jinan
325:1360s
187:1350s
134:1340s
121:Xu Da
96:1330s
88:Anhui
59:1320s
16601:Tusi
16537:List
16145:ISBN
16109:ISBN
16091:ISBN
16062:ISBN
15981:ISBN
15949:ISBN
15862:ISBN
15835:ISBN
15788:ISBN
15763:ISBN
15745:ISBN
15692:ISBN
15620:ISBN
15601:ISBN
15583:ISBN
15537:ISBN
15516:ISBN
15429:ISBN
15402:ISBN
15372:ISBN
15353:ISBN
15303:ISBN
14542:2016
9473:and
9399:The
9278:1664
9223:1662
9212:June
9179:1661
9164:1660
9156:Date
9153:Year
9111:Inwa
9106:June
9084:1659
9076:June
9073:1658
9046:1657
9027:1656
9010:1655
9000:1653
8966:1652
8951:1651
8943:Date
8940:Year
8872:1649
8847:1648
8776:1647
8694:1646
8636:June
8609:1645
8535:1644
8506:1643
8462:1642
8442:and
8398:1641
8387:1640
8379:Date
8376:Year
8336:1639
8315:1638
8302:1636
8262:1635
8248:1634
8172:1633
8131:1632
8101:1631
8087:1630
8079:Date
8076:Year
8034:1629
8011:1628
7972:1627
7952:1626
7942:1625
7914:1624
7879:1623
7827:June
7818:: A
7791:1622
7765:fall
7746:1621
7688:The
7682:1620
7674:Date
7671:Year
7598:1619
7563:1618
7546:1616
7536:1615
7527:and
7515:1610
7507:Date
7504:Year
7485:1609
7471:1607
7446:1606
7438:June
7435:1605
7422:1604
7366:1603
7350:1602
7324:1600
7316:Date
7313:Year
7289:1599
7176:1598
7156:1597
7146:1596
7133:1594
7080:1593
6987:and
6972:1592
6962:1590
6954:Date
6951:Year
6924:1589
6908:1583
6884:The
6869:1582
6847:1580
6839:Date
6836:Year
6808:1579
6798:1578
6784:1576
6759:1575
6744:and
6732:1574
6716:1573
6694:1572
6677:1570
6669:Date
6666:Year
6628:1567
6615:1566
6605:1565
6588:1564
6548:1563
6526:June
6523:1562
6501:1561
6460:1560
6452:Date
6449:Year
6417:The
6390:1559
6374:The
6351:1558
6329:1557
6292:1556
6255:1555
6206:1554
6189:1553
6161:1552
6151:1551
6125:1550
6117:Date
6114:Year
6086:1549
6051:June
6026:1548
6013:1547
5984:July
5965:1545
5945:1544
5927:1543
5876:July
5873:1542
5833:1541
5822:1540
5814:Date
5811:Year
5782:1539
5772:1537
5762:1536
5752:1535
5732:1534
5721:1533
5701:1532
5684:1531
5676:Date
5673:Year
5644:1529
5631:1528
5621:1527
5611:1526
5574:1525
5547:1524
5504:1523
5478:1522
5421:1521
5398:1520
5390:Date
5387:Year
5283:1519
5272:1518
5243:1517
5232:1515
5213:1514
5191:1512
5153:1511
5109:1510
5101:Date
5098:Year
5078:1509
5064:1507
5037:July
5026:1506
4997:1505
4987:1504
4977:1503
4967:1502
4951:1500
4943:Date
4940:Year
4902:1499
4889:1496
4875:1495
4849:1494
4839:1492
4831:Date
4828:Year
4789:1487
4779:1485
4771:Date
4768:Year
4737:1479
4729:June
4726:1476
4716:1475
4695:1474
4685:1473
4675:1471
4650:1470
4642:Date
4639:Year
4620:1469
4592:1468
4575:1467
4529:1466
4486:1464
4470:1461
4462:Date
4459:Year
4436:1457
4426:1456
4406:1455
4392:1454
4363:1452
4348:and
4340:and
4321:1450
4313:Date
4310:Year
4210:July
4180:1449
4120:1448
4100:1447
4079:1446
4051:1445
4034:1444
4016:1443
3994:1442
3966:1441
3942:1440
3934:Date
3931:Year
3908:1439
3901:tusi
3884:1438
3863:1437
3818:1436
3809:The
3789:1435
3769:1434
3703:June
3653:1433
3614:1432
3559:1431
3537:1430
3529:Date
3526:Year
3496:1429
3450:1428
3419:1427
3368:1426
3327:1425
3263:1424
3247:1423
3236:Siam
3204:Siam
3190:1422
3142:1421
3115:1420
3107:Date
3104:Year
3037:1419
3019:Aden
2992:1417
2967:1416
2934:June
2918:1415
2873:1414
2810:1413
2786:1412
2736:July
2733:1411
2699:July
2680:1410
2672:Date
2669:Year
2651:but
2592:June
2563:1409
2520:1408
2501:The
2327:1407
2296:Java
2294:and
2237:1406
2211:1405
2153:July
2139:1404
2070:1403
1915:1402
1895:and
1852:1401
1802:1400
1794:Date
1791:Year
1734:July
1722:June
1719:1399
1649:1398
1620:1397
1606:1396
1592:1394
1582:1393
1557:1392
1550:Hami
1532:1391
1523:and
1514:1390
1506:Date
1503:Year
1465:1389
1433:1388
1413:1387
1395:1386
1363:1385
1352:1384
1335:1382
1316:1381
1292:1380
1284:Date
1281:Year
1244:1379
1225:1378
1204:1377
1171:July
1157:1376
1137:1375
1097:1373
1045:1372
1012:July
1001:1371
974:and
967:June
923:1370
915:Date
912:Year
829:and
808:and
777:1369
768:The
689:July
598:1368
590:Date
587:Year
556:1368
498:and
422:1367
398:1365
368:1363
343:1360
335:Date
332:Year
306:1358
288:1357
271:1356
244:1355
228:1353
205:1352
197:Date
194:Year
175:1347
155:June
152:1344
144:Date
141:Year
114:1332
106:Date
103:Year
77:1328
69:Date
66:Year
22:and
15491:doi
9251:May
6551:May
6332:May
6271:May
5507:May
5454:May
5409:May
5029:May
4595:May
4338:Yao
4202:May
4062:Ava
3540:May
3065:by
2159:of
1535:May
1436:May
1254:in
1207:May
17359::
17299:Lý
15893:16
15891:.
15887:.
15514:,
15487:34
15485:,
15351:,
15288:,
15275:,
15262:,
15249:,
15236:,
15223:,
15210:,
15197:,
15184:,
15171:,
15158:,
15145:,
15102:^
15085:^
15070:^
15055:^
15040:^
15025:^
14998:^
14971:^
14954:^
14911:^
14882:^
14843:^
14804:^
14765:^
14738:^
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