Induction motor - Knowledge

1275: 354:. The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose the change in rotor-winding currents the rotor turns in the direction of the stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of induced rotor current and torque balances the load on the rotor. Since rotation at synchronous speed does not induce rotor current, an induction motor always operates slightly slower than synchronous speed. The difference, or "slip," between actual and synchronous speed varies from about 0.5% to 5.0% for standard Design B torque curve induction motors. The induction motor's essential character is that torque is created solely by induction instead of the rotor being separately excited as in synchronous or DC machines or being self-magnetized as in 388:); otherwise the magnetic field would not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As the speed of the rotor drops below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the magnetic field in the rotor increases, inducing more current in the windings and creating more torque. The ratio between the rotation rate of the magnetic field induced in the rotor and the rotation rate of the stator's rotating field is called "slip". Under load, the speed drops and the slip increases enough to create sufficient torque to turn the load. For this reason, induction motors are sometimes referred to as "asynchronous motors". 400:

either snap the motor and connect it momentarily to a live grid or to add capacitors charged initially by residual magnetism and providing the required reactive power during operation. Similar is the operation of the induction motor in parallel with a synchronous motor serving as a power factor compensator. A feature in the generator mode in parallel to the grid is that the rotor speed is higher than in the driving mode. Then active energy is being given to the grid. Another disadvantage of the induction motor generator is that it consumes a significant magnetizing current

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poles. Induction motors are most commonly run on single-phase or three-phase power, but two-phase motors exist; in theory, induction motors can have any number of phases. Many single-phase motors having two windings can be viewed as two-phase motors, since a capacitor is used to generate a second power phase 90° from the single-phase supply and feeds it to the second motor winding. Single-phase motors require some mechanism to produce a rotating field on startup. Induction motors using a

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bus covering several motors. For economic and other considerations, power systems are rarely power factor corrected to unity power factor. Power capacitor application with harmonic currents requires power system analysis to avoid harmonic resonance between capacitors and transformer and circuit reactances. Common bus power factor correction is recommended to minimize resonant risk and to simplify power system analysis.

310: 148: 4752: 1128: 1136: 940:, is the number of north and south poles per phase. For example; a single-phase motor with 3 north and 3 south poles, having 6 poles per phase, is a 6-pole motor. A three-phase motor with 18 north and 18 south poles, having 6 poles per phase, is also a 6-pole motor. This industry standard method of counting poles results in the same synchronous speed for a given frequency regardless of polarity. 10226: 5007: 6687: 4496: 1941: 1685:(also termed T-equivalent circuit or IEEE recommended equivalent circuit), a mathematical model used to describe how an induction motor's electrical input is transformed into useful mechanical energy output. The equivalent circuit is a single-phase representation of a multiphase induction motor that is valid in steady-state balanced-load conditions. 7127: 5761: 806: 8035:. . . a new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required. . . 1283:

imparts sufficient rotational field energy to start the motor. These motors are typically used in applications such as desk fans and record players, as the required starting torque is low, and the low efficiency is tolerable relative to the reduced cost of the motor and starting method compared to other AC motor designs.

5300:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{\text{gap}}&=P_{\text{em}}+P_{r}\\P_{r}&=3R_{\text{r}}'I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}\\P_{\text{gap}}&={\frac {3R_{\text{r}}'I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}}{s}}\\P_{\text{em}}&=3R_{\text{r}}'I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}{\frac {1-s}{s}}\\P_{\text{em}}&=P_{\text{gap}}(1-s)\end{aligned}}} 4507: 6173: 7289: 1100:

rated load, slip varies from more than 5% for small or special purpose motors to less than 1% for large motors. These speed variations can cause load-sharing problems when differently sized motors are mechanically connected. Various methods are available to reduce slip, VFDs often offering the best solution.

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of induction motors varies with load, typically from about 0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as about 0.20 at no-load, due to stator and rotor leakage and magnetizing reactances. Power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors either on an individual motor basis or, by preference, on a common

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In certain smaller single-phase motors, starting is done by means of a copper wire turn around part of a pole; such a pole is referred to as a shaded pole. The current induced in this turn lags behind the supply current, creating a delayed magnetic field around the shaded part of the pole face. This

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is rotor mechanical speed. Slip, which varies from zero at synchronous speed and 1 when the rotor is stalled, determines the motor's torque. Since the short-circuited rotor windings have small resistance, even a small slip induces a large current in the rotor and produces significant torque. At full

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NEMA MG-1 defines a) breakdown torque as the maximum torque developed by the motor with rated voltage applied at rated frequency without an abrupt drop in speed, b) locked-rotor torque as the minimum torque developed by the motor at rest with rated voltage applied at rated frequency, and c) pull-up

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The stator of an induction motor consists of poles carrying supply current to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. To optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, windings are distributed in slots around the stator, with the magnetic field having the same number of north and south

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Paraphrasing from Alger in Knowlton, an induction motor is simply an electrical transformer the magnetic circuit of which is separated by an air gap between the stator winding and the moving rotor winding. The equivalent circuit can accordingly be shown either with equivalent circuit components of

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which can directly generate linear motion. The generating mode for induction motors is complicated by the need to excite the rotor, which begins with only residual magnetization. In some cases, that residual magnetization is enough to self-excite the motor under load. Therefore, it is necessary to

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Polyphase motors have rotor bars shaped to give different speed-torque characteristics. The current distribution within the rotor bars varies depending on the frequency of the induced current. At standstill, the rotor current is the same frequency as the stator current, and tends to travel at the

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Self-starting polyphase induction motors produce torque even at standstill. Available squirrel-cage induction motor starting methods include direct-on-line starting, reduced-voltage reactor or auto-transformer starting, star-delta starting or, increasingly, new solid-state soft assemblies and, of

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invented the cage-rotor induction motor in 1889 and the three-limb transformer in 1890. Furthermore, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work. Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction

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In many industrial variable-speed applications, DC and WRIM drives are being displaced by VFD-fed cage induction motors. The most common efficient way to control asynchronous motor speed of many loads is with VFDs. Barriers to adoption of VFDs due to cost and reliability considerations have been

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to provide starting torque. A single phase induction motor requires separate starting circuitry to provide a rotating field to the motor. The normal running windings within such a single-phase motor can cause the rotor to turn in either direction, so the starting circuit determines the operating

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that rotates in synchronism with the AC oscillations. Whereas a synchronous motor's rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field, an induction motor's rotor rotates at a somewhat slower speed than the stator field. The induction motor stator's magnetic field is therefore changing or rotating

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The method of changing the direction of rotation of an induction motor depends on whether it is a three-phase or single-phase machine. A three-phase motor can be reversed by swapping any two of its phase connections. Motors required to change direction regularly (such as hoists) will have extra

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The speed of a pair of slip-ring motors can be controlled by a cascade connection, or concatenation. The rotor of one motor is connected to the stator of the other. If the two motors are also mechanically connected, they will run at half speed. This system was once widely used in three-phase AC

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for rotor circuit connection to variable external resistance allowing considerable range of speed control. However, resistor losses associated with low speed operation of WRIMs is a major cost disadvantage, especially for constant loads. Large slip ring motor drives, termed slip energy recovery

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Standardized NEMA & IEC motor frame sizes throughout the industry result in interchangeable dimensions for shaft, foot mounting, general aspects as well as certain motor flange aspect. Since an open, drip proof (ODP) motor design allows a free air exchange from outside to the inner stator

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In a single-phase split-phase motor, reversal is achieved by reversing the connections of the starting winding. Some motors bring out the start winding connections to allow selection of rotation direction at installation. If the start winding is permanently connected within the motor, it is

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allows independent control of the speed and torque of the motor, making it possible to maintain a constant rotation speed at varying load torque. But vector control is more expensive because of the cost of the sensor (not always) and the requirement for a more powerful controller.

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The typical speed-torque relationship of a standard NEMA Design B polyphase induction motor is as shown in the curve at right. Suitable for most low performance loads such as centrifugal pumps and fans, Design B motors are constrained by the following typical torque ranges:

1142: 4304: 7399: 6901: 6007: 2318: 6987: 5507: 622: 5622: 5406: 1139: 4747:{\displaystyle I_{\text{s}}=V_{\text{s}}/Z_{\text{m}}=V_{\text{s}}/\left(R_{\text{s}}+jX_{\text{s}}+{\frac {\left({\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'+jX_{\text{r}}'\right)jX_{\text{m}}}{{\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'+j\left(X_{\text{r}}'+X_{m}\right)}}\right)} 4293: 1665:

Regulatory authorities in many countries have implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher efficiency electric motors. Some legislation mandates the future use of premium-efficiency induction motors in certain equipment.

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The induced currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor that react against the stator field. The direction of the rotor magnetic field opposes the change in current through the rotor windings, following

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and have a second stator winding fed with out-of-phase current; such currents may be created by feeding the winding through a capacitor or having it receive different values of inductance and resistance from the main winding. In

6767: 2223: 6682:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}={\frac {3V_{\text{TE}}^{2}}{\left(R_{\text{TE}}+{\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'\right)^{2}+\left(X_{\text{TE}}+X_{r}'\right)^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'\cdot {\frac {1}{\omega _{\text{s}}}}} 6485: 6253: 6362: 46:) induction motor with end cover on the left, and without end cover to show cooling fan on the right. In TEFC motors, interior heat losses are dissipated indirectly through enclosure fins, mostly by forced air convection. 7553: 5600: 6981: 1661: 265:(GE) began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891. By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor. 1357:, it was difficult to vary the frequency, and cage induction motors were mainly used in fixed speed applications. Applications such as electric overhead cranes used DC drives or wound rotor motors (WRIM) with 58:

induction motor, showing rotor with internal air circulation vanes. Many such motors have a symmetric armature, and the frame may be reversed to place the electrical connection box (not shown) on the opposite

6414: 1400:, only the magnitude and frequency of the supply voltage are controlled without phase control (absent feedback by rotor position). Scalar control is suitable for application where the load is constant. 2161: 237:

system at that time, licensed Tesla's patents in 1888 and purchased a US patent option on Ferraris' induction motor concept. Tesla was also employed for one year as a consultant. Westinghouse employee

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respective windings separated by an ideal transformer or with rotor components referred to the stator side as shown in the following circuit and associated equation and parameter definition tables.

4491:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{m}}=R_{\text{s}}+jX_{\text{s}}+{\frac {\left({\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'+jX_{r}'\right)jX_{\text{m}}}{{\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'+j\left(X_{\text{r}}'+X_{\text{m}}\right)}}} 3252: 1512:

For an electric motor, the efficiency, represented by the Greek letter Eta, is defined as the quotient of the mechanical output power and the electric input power, calculated using this formula:

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and stationary power tools. Although traditionally used for constant-speed service, single- and three-phase induction motors are increasingly being installed in variable-speed applications using

6810: 5012: 5902: 8841:. Proceedings, ICOECS : 2019 International Conference on Electrotechnical Complexes and Systems. Piscataway, New Jersey: Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia. p. 1. 1040: 2802: 1329:

In wound rotor motors, rotor circuit connection through slip rings to external resistances allows change of speed-torque characteristics for acceleration control and speed control purposes.

7122:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}\approx {\frac {1}{\omega _{\text{s}}}}\cdot {\frac {3V_{\text{TE}}^{2}}{\left(X_{\text{s}}+X_{\text{r}}'\right)^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {R_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}}{s}}} 2235: 6816: 2059: 6293: 2102: 801:{\displaystyle n_{s}={2f \over p}\cdot \left({\frac {60\ \mathrm {seconds} }{\mathrm {minute} }}\right)={120f \over {p}}\cdot \left({\frac {\mathrm {seconds} }{\mathrm {minute} }}\right)} 3887: 3350: 8033: 8500: 8441:

Alger, Philip L.; et al. (3 September 2012). "'Induction Machines' sub-section of Sec. 7 – Alternating-Current Generators and Motors". In Beaty, H. Wayne; Fink, Donald G. (eds.).

5852: 3392: 3301: 3194: 1375:. By the turn of this century, however, such cascade-based electromechanical systems became much more efficiently and economically solved using power semiconductor elements solutions. 7301: 4136: 5756:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}={\frac {P_{\text{em}}}{\omega _{r}}}={\frac {\frac {P_{\text{r}}}{s}}{\omega _{s}}}={\frac {3I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}R_{\text{r}}'}{\omega _{\text{s}}s}}} 1138: 4181: 7574:

Linear induction motors, which work on the same general principles as rotary induction motors (frequently three-phase), are designed to produce straight line motion. Uses include

5413: 875: 9125: 8100: 3958: 3920: 3744: 2615: 488: 3669: 6168:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{TE}}=R_{\text{TE}}+jX_{\text{TE}}={\frac {jX_{\text{m}}\left(R_{\text{s}}+jX_{\text{s}}\right)}{R_{\text{s}}+j\left(X_{\text{s}}+X_{\text{m}}\right)}}} 5316: 4203: 3516: 2926: 2693: 2372: 2345: 2015: 1985: 9290: 5792: 5538: 3845: 3478: 3145: 3109: 2888: 2733: 1247: 1209: 976:, is defined as the difference between synchronous speed and operating speed, at the same frequency, expressed in rpm, or in percentage or ratio of synchronous speed. Thus 5879: 3780: 3702: 3591: 3552: 3073: 3037: 3001: 2962: 2651: 2573: 2534: 2492: 2453: 1874: 1844: 7284:{\displaystyle T_{\text{max}}={\frac {1}{2\omega _{s}}}\cdot {\frac {3V_{\text{TE}}^{2}}{R_{\text{TE}}+{\sqrt {R_{\text{TE}}^{2}+(X_{\text{TE}}+X_{\text{r}}')^{2}}}}}} 1211:, dominates torque in a linear manner. As load increases above rated load, stator and rotor leakage reactance factors gradually become more significant in relation to 8387: 3419: 1930: 1814: 1787: 1754: 1727: 1097: 1070: 610: 559: 440: 386: 10243: 3993: 8238: 8570: 7410: 1436:

windings, this style of motor tends to be slightly more efficient because the windings are cooler. At a given power rating, lower speed requires a larger frame.

1274: 8544:. Mississippi State University Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Course ECE 3183, 'Electrical Engineering Systems for non-ECE majors'. Archived from 5812: 3987: 3809: 3625: 3445: 2855: 2829: 2414: 1894: 1390:

reduced considerably over the past three decades such that it is estimated that drive technology is adopted in as many as 30–40% of all newly installed motors.

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Although polyphase motors are inherently self-starting, their starting and pull-up torque design limits must be high enough to overcome actual load conditions.

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designs, the second winding is disconnected once the motor is up to speed, usually either by a centrifugal switch acting on weights on the motor shaft or a

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Over a motor's normal load range, the torque's slope is approximately linear or proportional to slip because the value of rotor resistance divided by slip,

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was assigned to assist Tesla and later took over development of the induction motor at Westinghouse. Steadfast in his promotion of three-phase development,

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impractical to reverse the sense of rotation. Single-phase shaded-pole motors have a fixed rotation unless a second set of shading windings is provided.

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published Ferraris's research on his AC polyphase motor detailing the foundations of motor operation. In May 1888 Tesla presented the technical paper

6298: 2171: 10264: 9214: 8524: 1323:). The different bar shapes can give usefully different speed-torque characteristics as well as some control over the inrush current at startup. 7498: 6700: 1681:

Many useful motor relationships between time, current, voltage, speed, power factor, and torque can be obtained from analysis of the Steinmetz

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torque as the minimum torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs.

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Speed-torque curves for four induction motor types: A) Single-phase, B) Polyphase cage, C) Polyphase cage deep bar, D) Polyphase double cage

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In two-pole single-phase motors, the torque goes to zero at 100% slip (zero speed), so these require alterations to the stator such as

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and thus, with constant voltage input, a low-slip induction motor's percent-rated maximum torque is about half its percent-rated LRC.

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Typical winding pattern for a three-phase (U, W, V), four-pole motor. Note the interleaving of the pole windings and the resulting

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such that torque gradually curves towards breakdown torque. As the load torque increases beyond breakdown torque the motor stalls.

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For rotor currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than that of the stator's rotating magnetic field (

8671: 8175: 7701:"Account of the Repetition of M. Arago's Experiments on the Magnetism Manifested by Various Substances during the Act of Rotation" 6914: 9297: 8141: 4882:{\displaystyle I_{\text{r}}'={\frac {jX_{m}}{{\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'+j\left(X_{\text{r}}'+X_{\text{m}}\right)}}I_{\text{s}}} 2107: 10215: 10096: 1109: 1362:

systems, some still in use, recover energy from the rotor circuit, rectify it, and return it to the power system using a VFD.

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winding. An induction motor therefore needs no electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either

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which heats up and increases its resistance, reducing the current through the second winding to an insignificant level. The

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relative to the rotor. This induces an opposing current in the rotor, in effect the motor's secondary winding. The rotating

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Jamil Asghar, M.S. (2003). "Speed control of wound rotor induction motors by AC regulator based optimum voltage control".

6002:{\displaystyle V_{\text{TE}}={\frac {X_{\text{m}}}{\sqrt {R_{\text{s}}^{2}+(X_{\text{s}}+X_{\text{m}})^{2}}}}V_{\text{s}}} 1263:

There are three basic types of small induction motors: split-phase single-phase, shaded-pole single-phase, and polyphase.

10490: 9108: 8642: 8250: 8221: 2313:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}\approx {\frac {2T_{\text{max}}}{{\frac {s}{s_{\text{max}}}}+{\frac {s_{\text{max}}}{s}}}}} 8910: 8578: 6896:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}\approx {\frac {1}{\omega _{\text{s}}}}\cdot {\frac {3V_{\text{TE}}^{2}}{R_{\text{r}}'}}s} 982: 10404: 10356: 10286: 9140: 8110: 7638:, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor as found in 2739: 8759:

Liang, Xiaodong; Ilochonwu, Obinna (January 2011). "Induction Motor Starting in Practical Industrial Applications".

6772: 201:, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. Tesla applied for 10495: 9876: 9164: 8545: 6258: 2064: 1479: 10296: 10178: 9433: 9267: 7394:{\displaystyle s={\frac {R_{\text{r}}'}{\sqrt {R_{\text{TE}}^{2}+\left(X_{\text{TE}}+X_{\text{r}}'\right)^{2}}}}} 3852: 3315: 3211: 7680: 219:(AIEE) describing three four-stator-pole motor types: one having a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting 127:

opportunities for induction motors in applications like fans, pumps, and compressors that have a variable load.

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induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-starting, reliable, and economical.

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improved the application of AC complex quantities and developed an analytical model called the induction motor

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nearly always permits reversal by electronically changing the phase sequence of voltage applied to the motor.

10337: 9610: 5502:{\displaystyle P_{\text{em}}={\frac {3R_{\text{r}}'I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}n_{\text{r}}}{746\;sn_{\text{s}}}}} 1146:

Transient solution for an AC induction motor from a complete stop to its operating point under a varying load

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The Induction Motor: A Short Treatise on its Theory and Design, With Numerous Experimental Data and Diagrams

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Information Guide for General Purpose Industrial AC Small and Medium Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Standards

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The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17 – Television Technology to Wire Antennas

7751: 7700: 238: 187: 112: 8298: 5401:{\displaystyle P_{\text{em}}={\frac {3R_{\text{r}}'I_{\text{r}}^{\prime 2}n_{\text{r}}}{sn_{\text{s}}}}} 4288:{\displaystyle \omega _{\text{s}}={\frac {2\pi n_{\text{s}}}{60}}=2\pi f_{\text{s}}={\frac {4\pi f}{p}}} 3936: 3898: 448: 10348: 10205: 10173: 10148: 10089: 9978: 9973: 9426: 9379: 7747: 292:

Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a modern 100-

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Gumerov, Marina B.; Natalya L. Babikova, Marina B.; Rustam I. Gareev, Marina B. (22–25 October 2019).

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in October and November 1887 and was granted some of these patents in May 1888. In April 1888, the

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Neglecting stator resistance, an induction motor's torque curve reduces to the Kloss equation

1987:, with LRC typically ranging between 6 and 7 times rated current for standard Design B motors. 1952:

Maximum current happens under locked rotor current (LRC) conditions and is somewhat less than

1214: 1176: 10388: 10291: 10195: 10082: 9917: 9781: 9519: 9499: 9479: 8871: 8285: 7635: 4097:{\displaystyle =G+jB={\frac {1}{Z}}={\frac {1}{R+jX}}={\frac {R}{Z^{2}}}-{\frac {jX}{Z^{2}}}} 3482: 2892: 2166:

The relative stator to rotor leakage reactance of standard Design B cage induction motors is

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Parameter and Speed Estimation of Induction Motors from Manufacturers Data and Measurements

7883: 7788: 7712: 7486:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}={\frac {21.21\;I_{r}^{\prime 2}R_{\text{r}}'}{n_{\text{r}}s}}} 5001:

That is, air gap power is equal to electromechanical power output plus rotor copper losses

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The Steinmetz equivalent circuit is expressed simply in terms of the following components:

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Typical speed-torque curves for different motor input frequencies as for example used with

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The Induction Motor: Its Theory and Design, Set Forth By a Practical Method of Calculation

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The Fifth International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2003. PEDS 2003

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winding may have the rotor bars skewed slightly to smooth out torque in each revolution.

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Variable frequency drives implement the scalar or vector control of an induction motor.

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Keljik, Jeffrey (2009). "Chapter 12 – The Three-Phase, Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor".

8518: 8368: 8333: 7985: 7610: 5797: 4991:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s}}R_{\text{r}}'=R_{\text{r}}'{\frac {1-s}{s}}+R_{\text{r}}'} 3972: 3794: 3610: 3430: 3199: 2840: 2814: 2399: 1879: 1699: 1682: 1669: 1496: 1307:

design uses a starter inserted in series with the startup winding, creating reactance.

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The first AC commutator-free polyphase induction motors were independently invented by

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IEC 60050 (Publication date: 1990-10). Section 411-31: Rotation Machinery – General,

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induces currents in the rotor windings, in a manner similar to currents induced in a

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Silvanus Phillips Thompson: Polyphase electric currents and alternate current motors

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Srivastava, Avinash; Kumar, Ravi. "Torque Slip Characteristics of Induction Motor".

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VDE Committee History of Electrical Engineering IEEE German Chapter (January 2012).

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A three-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor.

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induction motor has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5-horsepower motor in 1897.

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Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World

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Ferraris, Galileo (1885). "Electromagnetic Rotation with an Alternating Current".

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rotor or secondary resistance & leakage reactance referred to the stator side

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Electric Machines : Theory, Operation, Applications, Adjustment, and Control

8442: 8418: 8395:. Fredericton, N.B.: University of New Brunswick. pp. 1, 5–8. Archived from 7639: 7579: 1358: 10008: 8364: 8329: 7968:

Alger, P.L.; Arnold, R.E. (1976). "The History of Induction Motors in America".

6480:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{TE}}\approx K_{\text{TE}}^{2}R_{\text{s}}+jX_{\text{s}}} 6248:{\displaystyle R_{\text{s}}^{2}\gg {\left(X_{\text{s}}+X_{\text{m}}\right)^{2}}} 10449: 10028: 9927: 9897: 9759: 9711: 9659: 9587: 9524: 9467: 9063: 9026: 8836: 8069: 7600: 6357:{\displaystyle K_{\text{TE}}={\frac {X_{\text{m}}}{X_{\text{s}}+X_{\text{m}}}}} 2218:{\displaystyle {\frac {X_{\text{s}}}{X_{\text{r}}'}}\approx {\frac {0.4}{0.6}}} 1397: 1372: 270: 124: 88: 9410:

from Hyperphysics website hosted by C.R. Nave, GSU Physics and Astronomy Dept.

9075: 9038: 8803: 8733:(9th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning. pp. 112–115. 8351:

Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1897). "The Alternating Current Induction Motor".

10469: 10190: 10185: 10038: 9706: 9103:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. Chapter 4. 8772: 7922: 351: 339: 8648: 7981: 171:

demonstrated this in 1879, effectively the first primitive induction motor.

135: 10444: 10131: 10105: 10063: 9998: 9686: 8917: 8422: 7725: 7583: 1466: 1119: 317: 198: 151:

Squirrel-cage rotor construction, showing only the center three laminations

9191:

IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators

8834: 7936:

Ferraris, G. (1888). "Atti della Reale Academia delle Science di Torino".

7548:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}={\frac {7.04\;P_{\text{gap}}}{n_{\text{s}}}}} 7133:

For maximum or breakdown torque, which is independent of rotor resistance

6762:{\displaystyle R_{\text{TE}}+R_{\text{r}}'\gg R_{\text{TE}}+X_{\text{r}}'} 1415: 10200: 10126: 9840: 9771: 9296:. RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines. Archived from 9001:"Improving Motor and Drive System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry" 8143:

Icons of Invention the Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates

2967: 1320: 343: 105: 31: 948: 321:

Inherent slip – unequal rotation frequency of stator field and the rotor

10454: 10163: 9731: 9701: 9572: 9534: 8004: 5595:{\displaystyle P_{\text{em}}={\frac {T_{\text{em}}n_{\text{r}}}{5252}}} 1484:

Full-load motor efficiency ranges from 85–97%, with losses as follows:

1296: 293: 7868:

Official gazette of the United States Patent Office: Volume 50. (1890)

1342: 10153: 10013: 9766: 9544: 8181: 4757:

Rotor current referred to the stator side in terms of stator current

1303:

designs keep the second winding on when running, improving torque. A

9418: 8313: 8214:

The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Generation Questions & Answers

1656:{\displaystyle \eta =OutputMechanicalPower\div InputElectricalPower} 38: 9795: 9639: 9595: 8908: 8870:

Lendenmann, Heinz; Moghadam, Reza R.; Tami, Ari; Thand, Lars-Erik.

7643: 7595: 952:

Typical torque curve as a function of slip, represented as "g" here

72: 9068:

2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)

9031:

2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)

8389:

Determination of the Losses in Induction Machines Due to Harmonics

7685:– an asynchronous machine of which only one winding is energized". 5310:

Expressing electromechanical power output in terms of rotor speed

9871: 9866: 3557: 3354:

Thévenin equivalent resistance & leakage reactance combining

1948:

The following rule-of-thumb approximations apply to the circuit:

1489: 179: 115:

induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as

309: 277:

to represent the square root of minus one) to designate the 90º

147: 30:"Tesla motor" redirects here. For the electric car company, see 10074: 9549: 9473: 2457: 2418: 1692: 1127: 330: 250:

induction motors in 1893, these early Westinghouse motors were

92: 8318:

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

8070:"A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers" 6409:{\displaystyle V_{\text{TE}}\approx Z_{\text{TE}}V_{\text{s}}} 186:; he used the single-phase motor to propel his invention, the 10225: 8239:"150th Birthday of Michael von Dolivo-Dobrowolsky Colloquium" 582: 247: 9373:. McGraw Publishing Company / Electrical World and Engineer. 8731:

Electricity 4 : AC/DC Motors, Controls, and Maintenance

8444:

Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers Sixteenth Edition

8011:(First ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 36. 6976:{\displaystyle R_{\text{TE}}+R_{r}'\ll R_{\text{TE}}+X_{r}'} 5888: 211:

A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers

9291:"Electrical Machine I: Basics, Design, Function, Operation" 8471:. NSW HSC Online – Charles Sturt University. Archived from 55: 43: 9126:"Section 5 – Three-Phase Induction Motors by Hashem Oraee" 8640: 2156:{\displaystyle T_{\text{max}}\approx KV_{\text{s}}^{2}/2X} 1940: 227:

with a separately excited DC supply to the rotor winding.

8265: 7698: 10244:

The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla

9328:. Educational Foundation for Atomic Science. 6 June 1973 8946:(11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 20–28 thru 20–29. 8676:(8th ed.). US: Cengage Learning. pp. 529–536. 8498: 7753:

Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternate-Current Motors

8963:

Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and their Applications

8869: 8647:. Rosslyn, Virginia US: NEMA. p. 6. Archived from 8644:

Application Guide for AC Adjustable Speed Drive Systems

8415:

Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena

8412: 8031: 7756:(1st ed.). London: E. & F.N. Spon. p. 261 442:, is the rotation rate of the stator's magnetic field, 139:

A model of Nikola Tesla's first induction motor at the

8758: 8230: 8038:. Vol. II. London: Charles & Co. p. 239. 3813:

combined rotor or secondary and magnetizing impedance

178:-free single-phase AC induction motor was invented by 9384:. Translated Cyprien Odilon Mailloux. McGraw Pub. Co. 7501: 7413: 7304: 7295:

Corresponding slip at maximum or breakdown torque is

7142: 6990: 6917: 6819: 6775: 6703: 6494: 6422: 6372: 6301: 6261: 6184: 6016: 5905: 5860: 5820: 5800: 5773: 5625: 5549: 5519: 5416: 5319: 5010: 4914: 4766: 4510: 4307: 4206: 4145: 4116: 3996: 3975: 3939: 3901: 3855: 3826: 3797: 3761: 3748:

rotor or secondary impedance referred to the primary

3722: 3683: 3634: 3613: 3572: 3533: 3497: 3459: 3433: 3400: 3360: 3318: 3269: 3214: 3162: 3126: 3090: 3054: 3018: 2982: 2943: 2907: 2869: 2843: 2817: 2742: 2714: 2668: 2632: 2593: 2554: 2515: 2473: 2434: 2402: 2353: 2326: 2238: 2174: 2110: 2067: 2023: 1996: 1958: 1911: 1882: 1852: 1822: 1795: 1768: 1735: 1708: 1520: 1217: 1179: 1078: 1051: 985: 962: 926: 903: 883: 838: 818: 625: 591: 567: 540: 520: 500: 451: 421: 367: 9697:

Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)

8697: 8695: 8693: 8177:

Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology

8129:. McGraw-Hill. 18 May 1921 – via Google Books. 269:

was the first to bring out the full significance of

9255:. Middle East Technical University. pp. 33–34. 8985: 8983: 8863: 8787: 8505:. Rosslyn, Virginia US: NEMA. p. 29 (Table 11) 8413:Steinmetz, Charles Proteus; Berg, Ernst J. (1897). 8379: 2619:rotor or secondary current referred to stator side 246:motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 10144:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor 8436: 8434: 8432: 8271: 7911:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 7850:The Electrical engineer, Volume 5. (February 1890) 7547: 7485: 7393: 7283: 7121: 6975: 6895: 6804: 6761: 6681: 6479: 6408: 6356: 6287: 6247: 6167: 6001: 5873: 5846: 5806: 5786: 5755: 5594: 5532: 5501: 5400: 5299: 4990: 4881: 4746: 4490: 4287: 4175: 4130: 4096: 3981: 3952: 3914: 3881: 3839: 3803: 3774: 3738: 3696: 3663: 3619: 3585: 3546: 3510: 3472: 3439: 3413: 3386: 3344: 3305:resistance & leakage reactance at motor input 3295: 3246: 3188: 3139: 3103: 3067: 3031: 2995: 2956: 2920: 2882: 2849: 2823: 2796: 2727: 2687: 2645: 2609: 2567: 2528: 2486: 2447: 2408: 2366: 2339: 2312: 2217: 2155: 2096: 2053: 2009: 1979: 1924: 1888: 1868: 1838: 1808: 1781: 1748: 1721: 1655: 1241: 1203: 1131:Typical speed-torque curve for NEMA Design B Motor 1091: 1064: 1034: 968: 932: 909: 889: 869: 824: 800: 604: 573: 553: 526: 506: 482: 434: 380: 9184: 9182: 9064:"Electric motor efficiency myths: Work vs. Waste" 8690: 8625: 8406: 8344: 7967: 7812: 7810: 812:For example, for a four-pole, three-phase motor, 286: 10467: 10265:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla 9259: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9156: 8980: 8955: 8953: 8067: 7996: 7699:Babbage, C.; Herschel, J. F. W. (January 1825). 7694: 7692: 1035:{\displaystyle s={\frac {n_{s}-n_{r}}{n_{s}}}\,} 8941: 8902: 8896:"Three phase induction motor working principle" 8754: 8752: 8750: 8429: 8133: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7929: 7705:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2797:{\displaystyle =X_{m}/\left(X_{s}+X_{m}\right)} 1676: 9377: 9282: 9179: 9033:. Busan, South Korea: IEEE. pp. 169–174. 8305: 7938:Atti della R. Academia delle Science di Torino 7807: 7740: 6805:{\displaystyle R_{\text{r}}'\gg R_{\text{TE}}} 1480:Variable-frequency drive § Energy savings 1166:(torque at 100% slip), 75–275% of rated torque 10090: 9434: 9230: 9092: 9027:"Can a high efficiency MV motor be repaired?" 8950: 8032:The Electrical Engineer (21 September 1888). 8002: 7844: 7689: 561:is the synchronous speed of the machine. For 9165:"Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit Model" 9117: 8992: 8909:ABB Group (Baldor Electric Company) (2016). 8793: 8747: 8593: 8461: 8385: 8061: 7948: 7768: 6288:{\displaystyle X_{\text{s}}\ll X_{\text{m}}} 5892:IEEE recommended Thévenin equivalent circuit 2097:{\displaystyle I_{\text{s}}\approx 0.7\;LRC} 9213:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8935: 8619: 8523:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8494: 8492: 8490: 7826:The Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineers 4905:From Steinmetz equivalent circuit, we have 3882:{\displaystyle R_{\text{TE}}+X_{\text{TE}}} 3784:impedance at motor stator or primary input 3345:{\displaystyle R_{\text{TE}},X_{\text{TE}}} 3247:{\displaystyle R_{\text{r}}',X_{\text{r}}'} 1378: 1319:outermost parts of the cage rotor bars (by 167:. By manually turning switches on and off, 10434:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century 10427:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla 10097: 10083: 9441: 9427: 9396:Who Invented the Polyphase Electric Motor? 9316: 9268:"Determining Induction Machine Parameters" 8944:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 8838:The cascade synchronous–asynchronous motor 8761:IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 8167: 8042: 8025: 7521: 7433: 5482: 2084: 281:operator in analysis of AC problems. GE's 216:American Institute of Electrical Engineers 9061: 9024: 8447:(16 ed.). McGraw Hill Professional. 8350: 7898: 7724: 7563: 5847:{\displaystyle R_{\text{s}},X_{\text{s}}} 3387:{\displaystyle R_{\text{s}},X_{\text{s}}} 3296:{\displaystyle R_{\text{o}},X_{\text{o}}} 3189:{\displaystyle R_{\text{s}},X_{\text{s}}} 1762:resistance, leakage reactance, and slip ( 1031: 42:Three-phase totally-enclosed fan-cooled ( 9188: 8998: 8966:(2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. 8487: 8311: 8146:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 305. 8139: 8048: 7935: 7877: 7816: 7746: 5887: 4131:{\displaystyle \left\vert Z\right\vert } 2054:{\displaystyle s\approx R_{\text{r}}'/X} 1939: 1414: 1353:Before the development of semiconductor 1341: 1273: 1169:Pull-up torque, 65–190% of rated torque. 1134: 1126: 1118: 947: 316: 308: 258:developed a rotating bar winding rotor. 146: 134: 49: 37: 9366: 9288: 9135:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 9133:Handbook of Electric Power Calculations 8634: 8211: 3849:Thévenin equivalent circuit impedance, 1158:(peak torque), 175–300% of rated torque 329:, the AC power supplied to the motor's 14: 10468: 10216:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing 9349: 9245: 9098: 8959: 8728: 8722: 8669: 8663: 8563: 8174:Day, Lance (1996). McNeil, Ian (ed.). 8098: 7777:"A Mode of producing Arago's Rotation" 897:= 50 Hz) and 1,800 RPM (for 514:is the frequency of the power supply, 10078: 9448: 9422: 9123: 8440: 7904: 7882:. People.clarkson.edu. Archived from 7774: 4176:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {R^{2}+X^{2}}}} 534:is the number of magnetic poles, and 391:An induction motor can be used as an 10323:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe 9343: 8312:Kennelly, Arthur E. (January 1893). 7787:(1). Taylor & Francis: 115–120. 1439: 870:{\displaystyle n_{s}={120f \over 4}} 410: 83:that produces torque is obtained by 8798:. Vol. 2. pp. 1037–1040. 8706:. Plantservices.com. Archived from 8701: 8641:NEMA Standards Publication (2007). 8577:. Penton Media, Inc. Archived from 8173: 8068:Tesla, Nikola; AIEE Trans. (1888). 1110:Fleming's left-hand rule for motors 24: 10224: 9265: 9162: 8603:. elec-toolbox.com. Archived from 8140:Klooster, John W. (30 July 2009). 7817:Vučković, Vladan (November 2006). 7444: 7106: 5714: 5459: 5362: 5221: 5160: 5102: 3953:{\displaystyle \omega _{\text{s}}} 3915:{\displaystyle \omega _{\text{r}}} 1278:Magnetic flux in shaded pole motor 1114: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 483:{\displaystyle f_{s}={2f \over p}} 395:, or it can be unrolled to form a 25: 10507: 10251:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900 9389: 9367:Behrend, Bernhard Arthur (1901). 9325:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 9270:. Hosted by University of Calgary 9167:. Hosted by University of Calgary 9062:de Swardt, Henk (February 2014). 9025:de Swardt, Henk (February 2014). 8539:"Induction (Asynchronous) Motors" 8499:NEMA MG-1 2007 Condensed (2008). 8386:Banihaschemi, Abdolmajid (1973). 8243:History of Energy Technology News 8105:. Random House Publishing Group. 4298:Motor input equivalent impedance 3198:stator or primary resistance and 1449:to reverse rotation as needed. A 917:= 60 Hz) synchronous speed. 415:An AC motor's synchronous speed, 207:Royal Academy of Science of Turin 10104: 8942:Fink, D.G.; Beaty, H.W. (1978). 8847:10.1109/ICOECS46375.2019.8949946 8673:Alternating Current Fundamentals 8630:. Malnad College Of Engineering. 8575:electricmotors.machinedesign.com 7859:The Electrician, Volume 50. 1923 1332: 304: 9221: 9055: 9018: 8888: 8828: 8531: 8272:Dolivo-Dobrowolsky, M. (1891). 8205: 8119: 8099:Jonnes, Jill (19 August 2003). 8092: 7871: 7819:"Interpretation of a Discovery" 7653: 5767:In order to be able to express 1460: 1410: 1286:Larger single phase motors are 54:Cutaway view through stator of 10405:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror 9826:Timeline of the electric motor 9378:Boy de la Tour, Henri (1906). 7862: 7853: 7775:Baily, Walter (28 June 1879). 7673: 7628: 7267: 7237: 5977: 5950: 5290: 5278: 3511:{\displaystyle T_{\text{max}}} 2921:{\displaystyle P_{\text{gap}}} 2688:{\displaystyle j={\sqrt {-1}}} 2383:Circuit parameter definitions 2367:{\displaystyle T_{\text{max}}} 2340:{\displaystyle s_{\text{max}}} 2010:{\displaystyle T_{\text{max}}} 1980:{\displaystyle V_{\text{s}}/X} 920:The number of magnetic poles, 155:In 1824, the French physicist 13: 1: 10357:Tesla – Lightning in His Hand 10338:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport 9611:Dahlander pole changing motor 9124:Beaty, H. Wayne, ed. (2006). 8417:. McGraw Publishing Company. 7667: 5787:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}} 5533:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}} 3840:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{TE}}} 3739:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{r}}'} 3473:{\displaystyle T_{\text{em}}} 3140:{\displaystyle P_{\text{sl}}} 3104:{\displaystyle P_{\text{rl}}} 2883:{\displaystyle P_{\text{em}}} 2728:{\displaystyle K_{\text{TE}}} 2610:{\displaystyle I_{\text{r}}'} 1473: 1371:railway locomotives, such as 1337: 10318:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center 10258:Fragments of Olympian Gossip 7905:Ricks, G.W.D. (March 1896). 7750:, Silvanus Phillips (1895). 5874:{\displaystyle X_{\text{m}}} 4184: 4105: 3964: 3926: 3890: 3815: 3786: 3775:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{o}}} 3750: 3711: 3697:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{s}}} 3672: 3664:{\displaystyle X_{s}+X_{r}'} 3602: 3586:{\displaystyle X_{\text{m}}} 3561: 3547:{\displaystyle V_{\text{s}}} 3422: 3307: 3258: 3203: 3151: 3115: 3079: 3068:{\displaystyle P_{\text{f}}} 3043: 3032:{\displaystyle P_{\text{h}}} 3007: 2996:{\displaystyle P_{\text{o}}} 2971: 2957:{\displaystyle P_{\text{r}}} 2932: 2896: 2657: 2646:{\displaystyle I_{\text{m}}} 2621: 2582: 2568:{\displaystyle I_{\text{s}}} 2543: 2529:{\displaystyle n_{\text{s}}} 2504: 2487:{\displaystyle n_{\text{r}}} 2462: 2448:{\displaystyle f_{\text{s}}} 2423: 1944:Steinmetz equivalent circuit 1677:Steinmetz equivalent circuit 1445:switching contacts in their 1072:is stator electrical speed, 299: 287:Steinmetz equivalent circuit 159:formulated the existence of 7: 10179:Resonant inductive coupling 9655:Brushless DC electric motor 9099:Hubert, Charles I. (2002). 8916:. p. 6. Archived from 8670:Herman, Stephen L. (2011). 8365:10.1109/T-AIEE.1897.5570186 8330:10.1109/T-AIEE.1893.4768008 8216:. Authorhouse. p. 27. 7907:"Electricity Supply Meters" 7589: 4194:Basic electrical equations 1668:For more information, see: 1252: 18:Three-phase induction motor 10: 10512: 10491:Inventions by Nikola Tesla 10349:The Secret of Nikola Tesla 10206:Three-phase electric power 10149:Tesla Experimental Station 8960:Jordan, Howard E. (1994). 7567: 3113:running light watts input 3077:friction and windage loss 2541:in revolutions per minute 1508:Stray load losses, 10–20%. 1477: 1382: 1365: 1256: 1107: 243:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 130: 29: 10305: 10274: 10235: 10222: 10112: 9946: 9885: 9859: 9814: 9745: 9672:Switched reluctance (SRM) 9650:Brushed DC electric motor 9586: 9563: 9488: 9456: 9351:Bailey, Benjamin Franklin 9076:10.1109/ICIT.2014.6894937 9039:10.1109/ICIT.2014.6894933 8804:10.1109/PEDS.2003.1283113 8704:"AC Induction Motor Slip" 8115:– via Google Books. 7801:10.1088/1478-7814/3/1/318 7616:Variable refrigerant flow 5612: 4898: 4193: 2382: 1348:variable-frequency drives 1313:variable frequency drives 1103: 346:'s secondary winding(s). 283:Charles Proteus Steinmetz 235:alternating current power 121:variable-frequency drives 85:electromagnetic induction 27:Type of AC electric motor 9860:Experimental, futuristic 9777:Variable-frequency drive 9193:. New York, N.Y.: IEEE. 8773:10.1109/TIA.2010.2090848 7923:10.1049/jiee-1.1896.0005 7621: 6907:For high values of slip 6693:For low values of slip: 1451:variable frequency drive 1385:Variable-frequency drive 1379:Variable-frequency drive 1242:{\displaystyle R_{r}'/s} 1204:{\displaystyle R_{r}'/s} 263:General Electric Company 254:with wound rotors until 233:, who was developing an 161:rotating magnetic fields 10496:19th-century inventions 10328:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award 9877:Superconducting machine 9515:Coil winding technology 7982:10.1109/PROC.1976.10329 7970:Proceedings of the IEEE 5814:, IEEE recommends that 3556:impressed stator phase 2893:electromechanical power 2833:number of motor phases 943: 616:, the formula becomes: 356:permanent magnet motors 10420:Tesla: Man Out of Time 10229: 9408:Induction motor topics 8212:Hubbell, M.W. (2011). 7781:Philosophical Magazine 7726:10.1098/rstl.1825.0023 7636:mechanical commutation 7570:Linear induction motor 7564:Linear induction motor 7549: 7487: 7395: 7285: 7123: 6977: 6897: 6806: 6763: 6683: 6481: 6410: 6358: 6289: 6249: 6169: 6003: 5893: 5875: 5848: 5808: 5788: 5757: 5596: 5534: 5503: 5402: 5301: 4992: 4883: 4748: 4492: 4289: 4177: 4132: 4098: 3983: 3954: 3916: 3883: 3841: 3805: 3776: 3740: 3698: 3665: 3621: 3587: 3548: 3512: 3483:electromagnetic torque 3474: 3441: 3415: 3388: 3346: 3297: 3248: 3190: 3141: 3105: 3069: 3033: 2997: 2958: 2922: 2884: 2859:number of motor poles 2851: 2825: 2798: 2729: 2689: 2647: 2611: 2569: 2530: 2501:revolutions per minute 2488: 2460:synchronous frequency 2449: 2410: 2368: 2341: 2314: 2219: 2157: 2098: 2055: 2011: 1981: 1945: 1926: 1890: 1870: 1869:{\displaystyle X_{r}'} 1840: 1839:{\displaystyle R_{r}'} 1810: 1783: 1750: 1723: 1657: 1424: 1350: 1279: 1243: 1205: 1147: 1132: 1124: 1093: 1066: 1036: 970: 953: 934: 911: 891: 877:= 1,500 RPM (for 871: 826: 802: 606: 575: 555: 528: 508: 484: 436: 397:linear induction motor 382: 325:In both induction and 322: 314: 152: 144: 60: 47: 10389:The Tesla World Light 10333:Tesla Satellite Award 10292:World Wireless System 10287:Westinghouse Electric 10228: 9918:Power-to-weight ratio 9782:Direct torque control 9289:Hameyer, Kay (2001). 9246:Özyurt, Ç.H. (2005). 8003:Froehlich, Fritz E.; 7681:IEV ref. 411-31-10: " 7578:, linear propulsion, 7550: 7488: 7396: 7286: 7124: 6978: 6898: 6807: 6764: 6684: 6482: 6411: 6359: 6290: 6250: 6170: 6004: 5891: 5876: 5849: 5809: 5794:directly in terms of 5789: 5758: 5597: 5535: 5504: 5403: 5302: 4993: 4884: 4749: 4493: 4290: 4178: 4133: 4099: 3984: 3955: 3917: 3884: 3842: 3806: 3777: 3741: 3699: 3666: 3622: 3588: 3549: 3513: 3475: 3442: 3416: 3414:{\displaystyle X_{m}} 3389: 3347: 3298: 3249: 3191: 3142: 3106: 3070: 3034: 2998: 2959: 2923: 2885: 2852: 2826: 2799: 2730: 2690: 2648: 2612: 2570: 2531: 2489: 2450: 2411: 2369: 2342: 2315: 2220: 2158: 2099: 2056: 2012: 1982: 1943: 1927: 1925:{\displaystyle X_{m}} 1891: 1871: 1841: 1811: 1809:{\displaystyle X_{r}} 1784: 1782:{\displaystyle R_{r}} 1751: 1749:{\displaystyle X_{s}} 1724: 1722:{\displaystyle R_{s}} 1658: 1502:Stator losses, 25–40% 1418: 1345: 1277: 1244: 1206: 1145: 1130: 1122: 1094: 1092:{\displaystyle n_{r}} 1067: 1065:{\displaystyle n_{s}} 1037: 971: 951: 935: 912: 892: 872: 827: 803: 612:synchronous speed in 607: 605:{\displaystyle n_{s}} 576: 556: 554:{\displaystyle f_{s}} 529: 509: 485: 437: 435:{\displaystyle f_{s}} 383: 381:{\displaystyle n_{s}} 320: 312: 150: 138: 53: 41: 9913:Open-loop controller 9806:Ward Leonard control 9530:DC injection braking 9227:Alger (1949), p. 711 9070:. pp. 193–196. 7499: 7411: 7404:In foot-pound units 7302: 7140: 6988: 6915: 6817: 6773: 6701: 6492: 6420: 6370: 6299: 6259: 6182: 6014: 5903: 5881:be converted to the 5858: 5818: 5798: 5771: 5623: 5547: 5517: 5414: 5317: 5008: 4912: 4764: 4508: 4305: 4204: 4143: 4114: 3994: 3973: 3937: 3899: 3853: 3824: 3795: 3759: 3720: 3681: 3632: 3611: 3570: 3531: 3495: 3457: 3431: 3398: 3358: 3316: 3267: 3212: 3160: 3124: 3088: 3052: 3016: 2980: 2941: 2905: 2867: 2841: 2815: 2740: 2712: 2666: 2655:magnetizing current 2630: 2591: 2552: 2513: 2471: 2432: 2400: 2351: 2324: 2236: 2172: 2108: 2065: 2021: 1994: 1956: 1909: 1880: 1850: 1820: 1793: 1766: 1733: 1706: 1518: 1505:Rotor losses, 15–25% 1215: 1177: 1076: 1049: 983: 960: 924: 901: 881: 836: 816: 623: 589: 565: 538: 518: 498: 449: 419: 365: 10407:" (2020 TV episode) 10373:Tower to the People 10313:Nikola Tesla Museum 10282:War of the currents 9816:History, education, 9462:Alternating current 9356:The Induction Motor 9303:on 10 February 2013 8923:on 23 November 2016 8710:on 22 November 2021 8581:on 16 November 2007 8253:on 25 February 2013 7793:1879PPSL....3..115B 7717:1825RSPT..115..467B 7606:Induction generator 7576:magnetic levitation 7464: 7451: 7376: 7341: 7325: 7265: 7233: 7201: 7113: 7077: 7044: 6972: 6943: 6887: 6873: 6788: 6758: 6729: 6658: 6618: 6572: 6528: 6450: 6199: 5946: 5885:equivalent circuit 5734: 5721: 5466: 5448: 5369: 5351: 5228: 5210: 5167: 5149: 5109: 5091: 4987: 4953: 4937: 4847: 4823: 4779: 4717: 4693: 4650: 4631: 4466: 4442: 4399: 4380: 3735: 3660: 3243: 3227: 2606: 2199: 2141: 2042: 1865: 1835: 1430:squirrel-cage rotor 1230: 1192: 1163:Locked-rotor torque 393:induction generator 231:George Westinghouse 143:in Belgrade, Serbia 101:squirrel-cage type. 10376:(2015 documentary) 10297:In popular culture 10230: 10211:Wardenclyffe Tower 10196:Tesla's oscillator 9979:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 9938:Voltage controller 9893:Blocked-rotor test 9831:Ball bearing motor 9801:Motor soft starter 9755:AC-to-AC converter 9616:Wound-rotor (WRIM) 9578:Electric generator 9152:on 13 August 2012. 8571:"Induction Motors" 8475:on 30 October 2012 8127:"Electrical World" 7611:Premium efficiency 7545: 7483: 7452: 7434: 7391: 7364: 7327: 7313: 7281: 7253: 7219: 7187: 7119: 7096: 7065: 7030: 6973: 6960: 6931: 6893: 6875: 6859: 6802: 6776: 6759: 6746: 6717: 6679: 6646: 6606: 6560: 6514: 6477: 6436: 6406: 6354: 6285: 6245: 6185: 6165: 5999: 5932: 5894: 5871: 5844: 5804: 5784: 5753: 5722: 5704: 5592: 5530: 5499: 5449: 5436: 5398: 5352: 5339: 5297: 5295: 5211: 5198: 5150: 5137: 5092: 5079: 4988: 4975: 4941: 4925: 4879: 4835: 4811: 4767: 4744: 4705: 4681: 4638: 4619: 4488: 4454: 4430: 4387: 4368: 4285: 4173: 4128: 4094: 3979: 3962:synchronous speed 3950: 3912: 3879: 3837: 3801: 3772: 3736: 3723: 3706:stator or primary 3694: 3661: 3648: 3617: 3583: 3544: 3508: 3470: 3437: 3411: 3384: 3342: 3293: 3244: 3231: 3215: 3186: 3137: 3101: 3065: 3029: 2993: 2954: 2918: 2880: 2847: 2821: 2794: 2725: 2685: 2643: 2607: 2594: 2577:stator or primary 2565: 2526: 2484: 2445: 2406: 2364: 2337: 2310: 2215: 2187: 2153: 2127: 2094: 2051: 2030: 2007: 1977: 1946: 1922: 1886: 1866: 1853: 1836: 1823: 1806: 1779: 1746: 1719: 1683:equivalent circuit 1670:Premium efficiency 1653: 1425: 1351: 1288:split-phase motors 1280: 1239: 1218: 1201: 1180: 1148: 1133: 1125: 1089: 1062: 1032: 966: 954: 930: 907: 887: 867: 822: 798: 602: 571: 551: 524: 504: 480: 432: 378: 327:synchronous motors 323: 315: 267:Arthur E. Kennelly 153: 145: 123:(VFD). VFD offers 69:asynchronous motor 61: 48: 10463: 10462: 10072: 10071: 9908:Open-circuit test 9747:Motor controllers 9628:Synchronous motor 9450:Electric machines 9344:Classical sources 9200:978-0-7381-3978-4 9189:IEEE 112 (2004). 9085:978-1-4799-3939-8 9048:978-1-4799-3939-8 8999:U.S. DOE (2008). 8973:978-0-306-44698-6 8911:"SPECIFIER GUIDE" 8856:978-1-7281-1728-7 8813:978-0-7803-7885-8 8740:978-1-4354-0031-3 8683:978-1-111-03913-4 8454:978-0-07-176231-1 8293:Missing or empty 8191:978-0-203-02829-2 8153:978-0-313-34744-3 8018:978-0-8247-2902-8 7683:Induction Machine 7561: 7560: 7543: 7540: 7529: 7509: 7481: 7474: 7459: 7421: 7389: 7388: 7371: 7358: 7334: 7320: 7279: 7276: 7260: 7247: 7226: 7211: 7194: 7176: 7150: 7117: 7103: 7089: 7072: 7059: 7037: 7019: 7016: 6998: 6954: 6925: 6888: 6882: 6866: 6848: 6845: 6827: 6799: 6783: 6753: 6740: 6724: 6711: 6677: 6674: 6653: 6644: 6631: 6600: 6567: 6558: 6544: 6521: 6502: 6474: 6458: 6443: 6430: 6403: 6393: 6380: 6352: 6348: 6335: 6324: 6309: 6282: 6269: 6230: 6217: 6192: 6163: 6154: 6141: 6120: 6103: 6087: 6072: 6053: 6037: 6024: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5973: 5960: 5939: 5928: 5913: 5868: 5841: 5828: 5807:{\displaystyle s} 5781: 5751: 5744: 5729: 5711: 5693: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5648: 5633: 5613:Torque equations 5608: 5607: 5590: 5583: 5573: 5557: 5527: 5497: 5493: 5474: 5456: 5443: 5424: 5396: 5392: 5377: 5359: 5346: 5327: 5275: 5258: 5245: 5218: 5205: 5185: 5172: 5157: 5144: 5121: 5099: 5086: 5039: 5022: 4982: 4970: 4948: 4932: 4923: 4894: 4893: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4842: 4818: 4809: 4774: 4737: 4712: 4688: 4679: 4666: 4645: 4626: 4617: 4595: 4579: 4559: 4546: 4531: 4518: 4486: 4477: 4461: 4437: 4428: 4415: 4375: 4366: 4344: 4328: 4315: 4283: 4261: 4243: 4236: 4214: 4189: 4188: 4171: 4092: 4067: 4047: 4023: 3982:{\displaystyle Y} 3947: 3909: 3876: 3863: 3834: 3804:{\displaystyle Z} 3769: 3730: 3691: 3620:{\displaystyle X} 3580: 3541: 3520:breakdown torque 3505: 3467: 3440:{\displaystyle s} 3381: 3368: 3339: 3326: 3290: 3277: 3238: 3222: 3200:leakage reactance 3183: 3170: 3134: 3098: 3062: 3026: 2990: 2951: 2915: 2877: 2850:{\displaystyle p} 2824:{\displaystyle m} 2807:reactance factor 2722: 2683: 2640: 2601: 2562: 2539:synchronous speed 2523: 2481: 2442: 2421:source frequency 2409:{\displaystyle f} 2361: 2334: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2285: 2282: 2265: 2246: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2184: 2134: 2118: 2075: 2037: 2004: 1990:Breakdown torque 1966: 1889:{\displaystyle s} 1700:leakage reactance 1440:Rotation reversal 1355:power electronics 1143: 1029: 969:{\displaystyle s} 933:{\displaystyle p} 910:{\displaystyle f} 890:{\displaystyle f} 865: 825:{\displaystyle p} 792: 738: 714: 669: 652: 574:{\displaystyle f} 527:{\displaystyle p} 507:{\displaystyle f} 478: 411:Synchronous speed 225:synchronous motor 188:electricity meter 165:Arago's rotations 117:garbage disposals 73:AC electric motor 16:(Redirected from 10503: 10476:Induction motors 10343:New Yorker Hotel 10139:Polyphase system 10099: 10092: 10085: 10076: 10075: 9923:Two-phase system 9903:Electromagnetism 9851:Mouse mill motor 9818:recreational use 9692:Permanent magnet 9621:Linear induction 9474:Permanent magnet 9443: 9436: 9429: 9420: 9419: 9385: 9374: 9363: 9361:induction motor. 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9320: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9243: 9228: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9204: 9186: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9145:. Archived from 9130: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9005: 8996: 8990: 8989:NEMA MG-1, p. 19 8987: 8978: 8977: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8922: 8915: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8872:"Motoring Ahead" 8867: 8861: 8860: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8756: 8745: 8744: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8702:Peltola, Mauri. 8699: 8688: 8687: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8651:on 28 April 2008 8638: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8601:"Motor Formulas" 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8550: 8543: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8496: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8438: 8427: 8426: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8394: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8249:. Archived from 8234: 8228: 8227: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8184:. p. 1204. 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7976:(9): 1380–1383. 7965: 7946: 7945: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7804: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7728: 7696: 7687: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7632: 7580:linear actuators 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7340: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7261: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7232: 7227: 7224: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7195: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7104: 7101: 7095: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6939: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6784: 6781: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6725: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6651: 6645: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6198: 6193: 6190: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5709: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5454: 5444: 5441: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5357: 5347: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5246: 5241: 5230: 5227: 5219: 5216: 5206: 5203: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5108: 5100: 5097: 5087: 5084: 5068: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5020: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4971: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4916: 4899:Power equations 4896: 4895: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4843: 4840: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4784: 4775: 4772: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4713: 4710: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4459: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4029: 4024: 4016: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3644: 3643: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3220: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3149:stray-load loss 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2775: 2774: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2698:imaginary number 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2035: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1421:quadrupole field 1305:resistance start 1259:Motor controller 1248: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1156:Breakdown torque 1144: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1004: 1003: 993: 975: 973: 972: 967: 939: 937: 936: 931: 916: 914: 913: 908: 896: 894: 893: 888: 876: 874: 873: 868: 866: 861: 853: 848: 847: 831: 829: 828: 823: 807: 805: 804: 799: 797: 793: 791: 771: 748: 739: 737: 732: 724: 719: 715: 713: 693: 692: 667: 662: 653: 648: 640: 635: 634: 611: 609: 608: 603: 601: 600: 580: 578: 577: 572: 560: 558: 557: 552: 550: 549: 533: 531: 530: 525: 513: 511: 510: 505: 489: 487: 486: 481: 479: 474: 466: 461: 460: 441: 439: 438: 433: 431: 430: 387: 385: 384: 379: 377: 376: 252:two-phase motors 221:reluctance motor 195:Galileo Ferraris 77:electric current 21: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10481:Electric motors 10466: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10445:SI derived unit 10397:The Current War 10301: 10270: 10231: 10220: 10159:Telegeodynamics 10114: 10108: 10103: 10073: 10068: 9942: 9881: 9855: 9846:Mendocino motor 9819: 9817: 9810: 9741: 9601:Induction motor 9582: 9559: 9505:Braking chopper 9493: 9491: 9484: 9452: 9447: 9392: 9359:. McGraw-Hill. 9346: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9264: 9260: 9252: 9244: 9231: 9226: 9222: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9187: 9180: 9170: 9168: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9143: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9023: 9019: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8958: 8951: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8833: 8829: 8814: 8792: 8788: 8757: 8748: 8741: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8700: 8691: 8684: 8668: 8664: 8654: 8652: 8639: 8635: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8516: 8515: 8508: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8430: 8411: 8407: 8402:on 4 July 2013. 8399: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8349: 8345: 8310: 8306: 8294: 8292: 8283: 8282: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8047: 8043: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8007:, eds. (1992). 8001: 7997: 7966: 7949: 7934: 7930: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7886:on 25 June 2008 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7821: 7815: 7808: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7697: 7690: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7592: 7572: 7566: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7443: 7438: 7429: 7427: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7382: 7368: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7336: 7331: 7317: 7311: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7244: 7240: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7083: 7069: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7024: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6964: 6951: 6947: 6935: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6879: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6853: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6796: 6792: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6750: 6737: 6733: 6721: 6708: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6650: 6636: 6624: 6610: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6564: 6550: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6471: 6467: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6440: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6345: 6341: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6238: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6100: 6096: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5941: 5936: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5838: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5763:(newton-meters) 5741: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5453: 5440: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5356: 5343: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5294: 5293: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5215: 5202: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5159: 5154: 5141: 5133: 5131: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5101: 5096: 5083: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 4979: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4929: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4873: 4869: 4855: 4851: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4815: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4725: 4721: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4685: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4642: 4623: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501:Stator current 4474: 4470: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4434: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4391: 4372: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4033: 4028: 4015: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3652: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3235: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2675: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2205: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2043: 2034: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1679: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1482: 1476: 1463: 1442: 1413: 1387: 1381: 1368: 1340: 1335: 1293:capacitor-start 1261: 1255: 1231: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1193: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1135: 1117: 1115:Standard torque 1112: 1106: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1023: 1019: 1012: 1008: 999: 995: 994: 992: 984: 981: 980: 961: 958: 957: 946: 925: 922: 921: 902: 899: 898: 882: 879: 878: 854: 852: 843: 839: 837: 834: 833: 817: 814: 813: 772: 749: 747: 743: 733: 725: 723: 694: 670: 663: 661: 657: 641: 639: 630: 626: 624: 621: 620: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 566: 563: 562: 545: 541: 539: 536: 535: 519: 516: 515: 499: 496: 495: 467: 465: 456: 452: 450: 447: 446: 426: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 406: 372: 368: 366: 363: 362: 307: 302: 271:complex numbers 133: 65:induction motor 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10509: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10408: 10401: 10393: 10385: 10377: 10369: 10361: 10353: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10174:Wireless power 10171: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10124: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10102: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10079: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9928:Inchworm motor 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9898:Circle diagram 9895: 9889: 9887: 9886:Related topics 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9836:Barlow's wheel 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9787:Vector control 9784: 9769: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9760:Cycloconverter 9751: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9592: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9525:Damper winding 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9490:Components and 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9468:Direct current 9464: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9390:External links 9388: 9387: 9386: 9375: 9364: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9315: 9281: 9266:Knight, Andy. 9258: 9229: 9220: 9199: 9178: 9163:Knight, Andy. 9155: 9141: 9116: 9110:978-0130612106 9109: 9091: 9084: 9054: 9047: 9017: 8991: 8979: 8972: 8949: 8934: 8901: 8887: 8862: 8855: 8827: 8812: 8786: 8767:(1): 271–280. 8746: 8739: 8721: 8689: 8682: 8662: 8633: 8618: 8592: 8562: 8551:on 15 May 2016 8530: 8486: 8460: 8453: 8428: 8405: 8378: 8359:(1): 183–217. 8343: 8304: 8264: 8229: 8223:978-1463424411 8222: 8204: 8190: 8166: 8152: 8132: 8118: 8111: 8091: 8060: 8041: 8024: 8017: 7995: 7947: 7928: 7917:(120): 57–77. 7897: 7878:Eugenii Katz. 7870: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7806: 7767: 7739: 7688: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7601:Circle diagram 7598: 7591: 7588: 7568:Main article: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7536: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7505: 7494: 7479: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7417: 7402: 7401: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 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2808: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2718: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2636: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2605: 2597: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2558: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2519: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2494: 2477: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2438: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2405: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2330: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2180: 2164: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1934: 1933: 1919: 1915: 1897: 1885: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1803: 1799: 1776: 1772: 1757: 1743: 1739: 1716: 1712: 1678: 1675: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1493: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1459: 1441: 1438: 1412: 1409: 1404:Vector control 1398:scalar control 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1373:FS Class E.333 1367: 1364: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1254: 1251: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1159: 1116: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1086: 1082: 1059: 1055: 1043: 1042: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 991: 988: 965: 945: 942: 929: 906: 886: 864: 860: 857: 851: 846: 842: 821: 810: 809: 796: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 746: 742: 736: 731: 728: 722: 718: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 666: 660: 656: 651: 647: 644: 638: 633: 629: 599: 595: 570: 548: 544: 523: 503: 492: 491: 477: 473: 470: 464: 459: 455: 429: 425: 412: 409: 404: 375: 371: 335:magnetic field 306: 303: 301: 298: 157:François Arago 132: 129: 125:energy savings 89:magnetic field 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10508: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10191:Tesla turbine 10189: 10187: 10186:Radio control 10184: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10133: 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9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9439: 9437: 9432: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9421: 9415: 9414:Cowern Papers 9412: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9383: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9269: 9262: 9251: 9250: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9224: 9216: 9210: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9183: 9166: 9159: 9148: 9144: 9142:0-07-136298-3 9138: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9050: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9002: 8995: 8986: 8984: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8956: 8954: 8945: 8938: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8891: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8666: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8637: 8629: 8622: 8607:on 8 May 1999 8606: 8602: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8547: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8398: 8391: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8170: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8122: 8114: 8112:9781588360007 8108: 8104: 8103: 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2272: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2188: 2178: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2112: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2069: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2017:happens when 1998: 1989: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1883: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1801: 1797: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1741: 1737: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1663: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1488:Friction and 1487: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1422: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1344: 1333:Speed control 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301:capacitor-run 1298: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1129: 1121: 1111: 1101: 1084: 1080: 1057: 1053: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 989: 986: 979: 978: 977: 963: 950: 941: 927: 918: 904: 884: 862: 858: 855: 849: 844: 840: 819: 794: 744: 740: 734: 729: 726: 720: 716: 664: 658: 654: 649: 645: 642: 636: 631: 627: 619: 618: 617: 615: 597: 593: 584: 568: 546: 542: 521: 501: 475: 471: 468: 462: 457: 453: 445: 444: 443: 427: 423: 408: 403: 398: 394: 389: 373: 369: 359: 357: 353: 347: 345: 341: 340:magnetic flux 336: 332: 328: 319: 311: 305:3-phase motor 297: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 149: 142: 137: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:squirrel-cage 107: 103: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75:in which the 74: 70: 66: 57: 52: 45: 40: 36: 33: 19: 10450:Lunar crater 10432: 10425: 10418: 10410: 10395: 10387: 10379: 10371: 10365:The Prestige 10363: 10360:(2003 opera) 10355: 10347: 10263: 10249: 10242: 10143: 10132:plasma globe 10106:Nikola Tesla 9600: 9400: 9380: 9369: 9360: 9355: 9330:. Retrieved 9324: 9318: 9305:. Retrieved 9298:the original 9284: 9272:. Retrieved 9261: 9248: 9223: 9190: 9169:. Retrieved 9158: 9147:the original 9132: 9119: 9100: 9094: 9067: 9057: 9030: 9020: 9008:. Retrieved 9006:. p. 27 8994: 8962: 8943: 8937: 8925:. Retrieved 8918:the original 8904: 8890: 8878:. Retrieved 8865: 8837: 8830: 8795: 8789: 8764: 8760: 8730: 8724: 8712:. Retrieved 8708:the original 8672: 8665: 8653:. Retrieved 8649:the original 8643: 8636: 8628:Course Notes 8627: 8621: 8609:. Retrieved 8605:the original 8595: 8583:. Retrieved 8579:the original 8574: 8565: 8553:. Retrieved 8546:the original 8533: 8507:. Retrieved 8501: 8477:. Retrieved 8473:the original 8463: 8443: 8414: 8408: 8397:the original 8388: 8381: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8295:|title= 8286:cite journal 8277: 8273: 8267: 8255:. Retrieved 8251:the original 8246: 8242: 8232: 8213: 8207: 8195:. Retrieved 8176: 8169: 8159:10 September 8157:. Retrieved 8142: 8135: 8121: 8101: 8094: 8082:. 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G. Lamme 239:C. F. Scott 184:Ottó Bláthy 106:Three-phase 32:Tesla, Inc. 10470:Categories 10164:Tesla coil 10115:inventions 10113:Career and 9737:Axial flux 9727:Ultrasonic 9702:Servomotor 9682:Doubly fed 9677:Reluctance 9573:Alternator 9565:Generators 9535:Field coil 9520:Commutator 9480:commutated 9478:SC - Self- 9307:11 January 9274:1 February 9171:2 February 8655:2 December 8555:2 December 8509:2 December 8479:2 December 8353:AIEE Trans 8197:2 December 8180:. London: 8057:: 360–375. 7944:: 360–375. 7760:2 December 7732:2 December 7668:References 5540:in ft-lb: 3041:core loss 2104:such that 1696:resistance 1478:See also: 1474:Efficiency 1447:controller 1359:slip rings 1338:Resistance 1297:thermistor 1257:See also: 1108:See also: 352:Lenz's Law 333:creates a 294:horsepower 203:US patents 176:commutator 174:The first 97:wound type 10486:AC motors 10154:Teleforce 10054:Steinmetz 9969:Davenport 9767:Amplidyne 9667:Universal 9645:Homopolar 9633:Repulsion 9545:Slip ring 9209:cite book 8927:4 October 8822:113603428 8611:1 January 8519:cite book 8338:264022523 8182:Routledge 8080:: 308–324 7640:universal 7586:pumping. 7445:′ 7179:⋅ 7167:ω 7107:′ 7092:⋅ 7022:⋅ 7011:ω 7002:≈ 6945:≪ 6851:⋅ 6840:ω 6831:≈ 6790:≫ 6731:≫ 6669:ω 6660:⋅ 6634:⋅ 6434:≈ 6384:≈ 6273:≪ 6201:≫ 5739:ω 5715:′ 5685:ω 5653:ω 5460:′ 5363:′ 5285:− 5236:− 5222:′ 5161:′ 5103:′ 4961:− 4274:π 4252:π 4227:π 4209:ω 4070:− 3942:ω 3904:ω 3708:impedance 3599:reactance 2700:, or 90° 2678:− 2499:speed in 2250:≈ 2203:≈ 2122:≈ 2079:≈ 2028:≈ 1903:reactance 1591:÷ 1522:η 1006:− 741:⋅ 655:⋅ 300:Principle 182:engineer 180:Hungarian 163:, termed 87:from the 10455:Asteroid 10236:Writings 10059:Sturgeon 9989:Ferraris 9974:Davidson 9796:Metadyne 9712:Traction 9660:Unipolar 9640:DC motor 9596:AC motor 9500:Armature 9353:(1911). 9332:8 August 9313:page=133 8880:18 April 8781:18982431 8585:12 April 8423:7218906M 8373:51652760 7990:42191157 7890:4 August 7880:"Blathy" 7748:Thompson 7596:AC motor 7590:See also 7462:′ 7374:′ 7323:′ 7263:′ 7075:′ 6970:′ 6941:′ 6885:′ 6786:′ 6756:′ 6727:′ 6656:′ 6616:′ 6570:′ 5883:Thévenin 5732:′ 5446:′ 5349:′ 5208:′ 5147:′ 5089:′ 4985:′ 4951:′ 4935:′ 4845:′ 4821:′ 4777:′ 4715:′ 4691:′ 4648:′ 4629:′ 4464:′ 4440:′ 4397:′ 4378:′ 3733:′ 3658:′ 3241:′ 3225:′ 2897:W or hp 2805:Thévenin 2702:rotation 2604:′ 2320:, where 2197:′ 2040:′ 1863:′ 1833:′ 1499:, 15–25% 1495:Iron or 1315:(VFDs). 1311:course, 1253:Starting 1228:′ 1190:′ 832:= 4 and 279:rotation 10306:Related 10169:history 10122:Patents 10049:Sprague 10044:Siemens 10019:Maxwell 9984:Faraday 9933:Starter 9872:Railgun 9867:Coilgun 9707:Stepper 9555:Winding 7789:Bibcode 7713:Bibcode 7650:motors. 7555:(ft-lb) 7493:(ft-lb) 5408:(watts) 4106:S or Ʊ 3558:voltage 2579:current 1492:, 5–15% 1490:windage 1366:Cascade 273:(using 213:to the 131:History 91:of the 79:in the 10039:Saxton 10024:Ørsted 10009:Jedlik 10004:Jacobi 9994:Gramme 9959:Barlow 9947:People 9772:Drives 9687:Linear 9588:Motors 9550:Stator 9197: 9139: 9107: 9082: 9045: 8970: 8853: 8820: 8810: 8779: 8737: 8680: 8451: 8421: 8371: 8336: 8220: 8188: 8150: 8109: 8015: 7988: 7582:, and 6911:Since 6697:Since 6178:Since 5896:where 3965:rad/s 2966:rotor 2458:stator 2419:stator 2392:Units 1876:, and 1693:Stator 1104:Torque 1045:where 956:Slip, 668: 494:where 331:stator 93:stator 71:is an 10412:Tesla 10381:Tesla 10275:Other 10064:Tesla 10034:Pixii 9999:Henry 9964:Botto 9954:Arago 9540:Rotor 9510:Brush 9472:PM - 9466:DC - 9460:AC - 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6334:s 6330:X 6323:m 6319:X 6313:= 6304:K 6281:m 6277:X 6268:s 6264:X 6240:2 6235:) 6229:m 6225:X 6221:+ 6216:s 6212:X 6207:( 6196:2 6191:s 6187:R 6159:) 6153:m 6149:X 6145:+ 6140:s 6136:X 6131:( 6127:j 6124:+ 6119:s 6115:R 6108:) 6102:s 6098:X 6094:j 6091:+ 6086:s 6082:R 6077:( 6071:m 6067:X 6063:j 6057:= 6048:X 6044:j 6041:+ 6032:R 6028:= 6019:Z 5995:s 5991:V 5982:2 5978:) 5972:m 5968:X 5964:+ 5959:s 5955:X 5951:( 5948:+ 5943:2 5938:s 5934:R 5927:m 5923:X 5917:= 5908:V 5867:m 5863:X 5840:s 5836:X 5832:, 5827:s 5823:R 5802:s 5776:T 5748:s 5743:s 5728:r 5724:R 5718:2 5710:r 5706:I 5702:3 5696:= 5689:s 5680:s 5675:r 5671:P 5664:= 5657:r 5643:P 5637:= 5628:T 5582:r 5578:n 5568:T 5561:= 5552:P 5522:T 5492:s 5488:n 5484:s 5473:r 5469:n 5463:2 5455:r 5451:I 5442:r 5438:R 5434:3 5428:= 5419:P 5391:s 5387:n 5383:s 5376:r 5372:n 5366:2 5358:r 5354:I 5345:r 5341:R 5337:3 5331:= 5322:P 5291:) 5288:s 5282:1 5279:( 5270:P 5266:= 5253:P 5243:s 5239:s 5233:1 5225:2 5217:r 5213:I 5204:r 5200:R 5196:3 5193:= 5180:P 5170:s 5164:2 5156:r 5152:I 5143:r 5139:R 5135:3 5129:= 5116:P 5106:2 5098:r 5094:I 5085:r 5081:R 5077:3 5074:= 5065:r 5061:P 5051:r 5047:P 5043:+ 5034:P 5030:= 5017:P 4981:r 4977:R 4973:+ 4968:s 4964:s 4958:1 4947:r 4943:R 4939:= 4931:r 4927:R 4921:s 4918:1 4875:s 4871:I 4863:) 4857:m 4853:X 4849:+ 4841:r 4837:X 4832:( 4828:j 4825:+ 4817:r 4813:R 4807:s 4804:1 4795:m 4791:X 4787:j 4781:= 4773:r 4769:I 4741:) 4733:) 4727:m 4723:X 4719:+ 4711:r 4707:X 4702:( 4698:j 4695:+ 4687:r 4683:R 4677:s 4674:1 4665:m 4661:X 4657:j 4653:) 4644:r 4640:X 4636:j 4633:+ 4625:r 4621:R 4615:s 4612:1 4606:( 4599:+ 4594:s 4590:X 4586:j 4583:+ 4578:s 4574:R 4569:( 4564:/ 4558:s 4554:V 4550:= 4545:m 4541:Z 4536:/ 4530:s 4526:V 4522:= 4517:s 4513:I 4482:) 4476:m 4472:X 4468:+ 4460:r 4456:X 4451:( 4447:j 4444:+ 4436:r 4432:R 4426:s 4423:1 4414:m 4410:X 4406:j 4402:) 4393:r 4389:X 4385:j 4382:+ 4374:r 4370:R 4364:s 4361:1 4355:( 4348:+ 4343:s 4339:X 4335:j 4332:+ 4327:s 4323:R 4319:= 4314:m 4310:Z 4281:p 4277:f 4271:4 4265:= 4260:s 4256:f 4249:2 4246:= 4235:s 4231:n 4224:2 4218:= 4213:s 4167:2 4163:X 4159:+ 4154:2 4150:R 4125:| 4122:Z 4119:| 4088:2 4084:Z 4079:X 4076:j 4063:2 4059:Z 4055:R 4050:= 4044:X 4041:j 4038:+ 4035:R 4031:1 4026:= 4021:Z 4018:1 4013:= 4010:B 4007:j 4004:+ 4001:G 3998:= 3977:Y 3946:s 3908:r 3871:X 3867:+ 3858:R 3829:Z 3799:Z 3768:o 3764:Z 3729:r 3725:Z 3690:s 3686:Z 3654:r 3650:X 3646:+ 3641:s 3637:X 3615:X 3579:m 3575:X 3540:s 3536:V 3500:T 3462:T 3435:s 3407:m 3403:X 3380:s 3376:X 3372:, 3367:s 3363:R 3334:X 3330:, 3321:R 3289:o 3285:X 3281:, 3276:o 3272:R 3237:r 3233:X 3229:, 3221:r 3217:R 3182:s 3178:X 3174:, 3169:s 3165:R 3129:P 3093:P 3061:f 3057:P 3025:h 3021:P 2989:o 2985:P 2950:r 2946:P 2910:P 2872:P 2845:p 2819:m 2791:) 2785:m 2781:X 2777:+ 2772:s 2768:X 2763:( 2758:/ 2752:m 2748:X 2744:= 2717:K 2681:1 2673:= 2670:j 2639:m 2635:I 2600:r 2596:I 2561:s 2557:I 2522:s 2518:n 2480:r 2476:n 2441:s 2437:f 2404:f 2374:. 2356:T 2329:s 2303:s 2294:s 2288:+ 2277:s 2273:s 2260:T 2256:2 2241:T 2225:. 2193:r 2189:X 2183:s 2179:X 2151:X 2148:2 2144:/ 2138:2 2133:s 2129:V 2125:K 2113:T 2092:C 2089:R 2086:L 2074:s 2070:I 2049:X 2045:/ 2036:r 2032:R 2025:s 1999:T 1975:X 1971:/ 1965:s 1961:V 1918:m 1914:X 1905:( 1884:s 1859:r 1855:X 1829:r 1825:R 1802:r 1798:X 1775:r 1771:R 1742:s 1738:X 1715:s 1711:R 1702:( 1672:. 1651:r 1648:e 1645:w 1642:o 1639:P 1636:l 1633:a 1630:c 1627:i 1624:r 1621:t 1618:c 1615:e 1612:l 1609:E 1606:t 1603:u 1600:p 1597:n 1594:I 1588:r 1585:e 1582:w 1579:o 1576:P 1573:l 1570:a 1567:c 1564:i 1561:n 1558:a 1555:h 1552:c 1549:e 1546:M 1543:t 1540:u 1537:p 1534:t 1531:u 1528:O 1525:= 1423:. 1237:s 1233:/ 1224:r 1220:R 1199:s 1195:/ 1186:r 1182:R 1085:r 1081:n 1058:s 1054:n 1025:s 1021:n 1014:r 1010:n 1001:s 997:n 990:= 987:s 964:s 928:p 905:f 885:f 863:4 859:f 850:= 845:s 841:n 820:p 808:. 795:) 789:e 786:t 783:u 780:n 777:i 774:m 769:s 766:d 763:n 760:o 757:c 754:e 751:s 745:( 735:p 730:f 721:= 717:) 711:e 708:t 705:u 702:n 699:i 696:m 690:s 687:d 684:n 681:o 678:c 675:e 672:s 659:( 650:p 646:f 643:2 637:= 632:s 628:n 598:s 594:n 569:f 547:s 543:f 522:p 502:f 490:, 476:p 472:f 469:2 463:= 458:s 454:f 428:s 424:f 405:0 402:I 374:s 370:n 275:j 20:)

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Index