Three-drum boiler - Knowledge

20: 1067:, and a single manual fireman. Owing to the single-ended firing and the predominantly longitudinal gasflow, compared to the Yarrow's normal through-bank gasflow, there was a pronounced temperature difference between the front and back of the boiler. This led to the water circulation currents, especially in the second section, to be longitudinal through the water drums, like the Woolnough, rather than the usual Yarrow. The first section, which included some water-tubes to the rear wall, was radiant heated and effectively a water-wall furnace, without any gas flow through the tube bank. Despite this, it still used four rows of tubes. The second section had its gasflow arranged by steel and firebrick baffles so that the combustion gases entered through the centre and passed through the tube banks into the side flues, giving better convective heat transfer. 77: 486: 706: 85: 730: 698: 977: 396: 458: 414:. The outer bank of tubes was shallow, consisting of only two rows of tubes. These rows were spaced closely, so that the tubes formed a solid wall, without gasflow between them. The inner bank of tubes was similar: the two rows of tubes closest to the furnace formed a similar water wall. These tubes were splayed apart at their base, so as to provide space for gasflow between them. Within the tube bank, gas flow is mostly parallel to the tubes, similar to some early designs, but contrary to the crossflow design of later three-drum boilers. The exhaust gas emerged into the heart-shaped space below the upper central drum, exiting to the funnel through the rear wall. 261:

sufficiently straight that a single tube could be replaced from a tube bank, without requiring other tubes to be removed so as to permit access. This was one of many features of the White-Forster intended to make it reliable in naval service and easy to maintain. These tubes were of particularly small diameter, only 1 inch (2.5 cm) and especially numerous, a total of 3,744 being used in some boilers. The tubes were arranged in 24 rows to a bank, each requiring a different length of tube, and 78 rows per drum. All tubes were curved to the same radius, facilitating repair and replacement on board, but requiring the tube holes in the drums to be

93: 1055:. The forward "boiler" region was narrow-set, with its water drums placed between the frames. Although the outer casings were of similar width, the tube banks for the forward section were much closer. The space outboard of the tubes formed a pair of exhaust flues leading forwards. A large space outside these flue walls but inside the boiler casing was used as an air duct from the air inlet, a crude rectangular slot beneath the smokebox door, which had the effect of both pre-heating the combustion air and of cooling the outer casing to prevent overheating. Longitudinal 754:, once outwards and then again inwards. A single central chimney exhausted from the centre of the far end, not as usual from outside the tubes. The relative temperature difference between gas passage through the two sections of the bank led to a circulation current that was upwards through the first, hotter, part of the bank and downwards through the further, less hot, bank. Circulation was also controlled by an internal weir plate within the upper water drum, so as to keep a depth of water above the ends of the hotter tubes, thus avoiding overheating of dry tubes. 305: 721:, intended for use in smaller boats. The tube banks separated into two groups, with the short tubes slightly curved away from each other. Entry into the lower water drum was perpendicular, requiring an almost rectangular drum with the tubes entering on separate faces. The mechanical weakness of such a shape was acceptable in this small size, but limited the boiler's potential. The casing was small and only enclosed part of the upper steam drum, leading directly to a funnel. A single inverted tee-shaped downcomer linked the drums at the rear of the boiler. 366: 601: 818: 182:

unworkable for boilers like the Thornycroft where the tubes first travelled horizontally or upwards. The eventual method was to use 'bullet' brushes that were fired from one drum into the other by use of compressed air. Sets of brushes were used, one for each tube, and they were carefully numbered and counted afterwards to ensure that none had been left behind, blocking a tube.

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Early water-tube designers had been concerned with the expansion of the boiler's tubes when heated. Efforts were made to permit them to expand freely, particularly so that those closest to the furnace might expand relatively more than those further away. Typically this was done by arranging the tubes

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The first boilers suffered problems with the superheaters and with poor circulation for the tube rows in the centre of the bank, leading to overheating and tube failure. The circulation problems were addressed by re-arranging the feedwater pipes and by placing baffles inside the steam drum, so as to

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from which to collect dry steam. The external boiler casing entered the flue uptake at one end, usually enclosing this dome. The ends of the drums extended outside the casing as hemispherical domes. Cold downcomers outside the casing linked these drums, providing a path for the return circulation of

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Downcomers were used, either the usual two large pipes, or an unusual but characteristic arrangement of four small 4-inch (10 cm) tubes to each drum. This was a feature intended to improve survivability after damage, when used on-board warships. The boiler could remain in service with a damaged

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were raised above the floor of the furnace on steel girder stools, increasing the furnace volume available for combustion. This feature was intended to encourage the use of oil burning, an innovation on warships around this time. The general appearance of the White-Forster is similar to that of the

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had demonstrated that straight tubes did not cause any problems with expansion, but circular drums and perpendicular tube entry were both valuable features for a long service life. Where tubes entered drums at an angle, heating and cooling tended to bend the tube back and forth, leading to leaks. A

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tubes were placed in the central space between the steam generating tubes. The third area forwards contained superheater headers, the regulators and the smokebox, but no deliberate heating surface. The external boiler casing remained at much the same width throughout, giving an overall triangular,

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casing and did not form a closely packed solid wall. The concern was that a full water-wall would unbalance the existing header arrangement of the three-drum boiler, which indeed showed to be the case. Excess steam production at the rear of the steam drum led to disrupted circulation and a problem

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The circulation in a Yarrow boiler depended on a temperature difference between the inner and outer tube rows of a bank, and particularly upon the rates of boiling. Whilst this is easy to maintain at low powers, a higher pressure Yarrow boiler will tend to have less temperature difference and thus

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The new generation of "small-tube" water-tube boilers used water-tubes of around 2 inches (5 cm) diameter, compared to older designs of 3 or 4 inches. This gave a greater ratio of tube surface heating area to the tube volume, thus more rapid steaming. These small-tube boilers also became

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pattern, made the outer wings more important. The number of their tubes was increased, such that they became the majority of the heating surface and the main gas path for the exhaust gases. The wing drums became large enough to permit a man access inside, for cleaning and expanding new tubes into

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The upper and lower central drums are linked by downcomers. Unusually these are internal to the boiler and are heated, although not strongly, by the exhaust gases. They are formed as several (eight or nine) 4-inch (10 cm) vertical tubes on the centreline of the boiler. They are formed into a

248:. Water tubes were convoluted, arranged in four rows to a bank, and S-shaped with sharp right angle bends. This packed a large tube heating area into a small volume, but made tube cleaning impractical. The drums were cylindrical, with perpendicular tube entry and external downcomers between them. 181:

internally. Tubes were later cleaned internally by attempting to pass a hinged rod through, with a brush at the end. For the curved tube designs, often only part of the tube could be reached. Another method was to pass a chain down the tube from above, pulling a brush behind it, although this was

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The development of the three-drum pattern was generally one of simplification, rather than increasing complexity or sophistication. Even the first boilers packed a large heating area into a compact volume, their difficulty was in manufacturing and particularly for their maintenance on-board ship.

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wall two-thirds of the way down the furnace. The furnace grate was on the longer side of this, with the combustion gases passing out through the tube bank, along inside a steel outer casing, then back within the shorter tube bank. Coiled tube superheaters were placed in the gas flow outside the

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were sometimes, but not always, used. The only major difference was in the tube banks. Rather than straight tubes, each tube was mostly straight, but slightly cranked towards their ends. These were installed in two groups within the bank, so that they formed a gap between them within the bank.

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was of simple construction, with tubes that had only a gentle curvature to them. This was sufficient to allow them to be replaced in-situ, working through the manhole at the end of the large steam drum. Each tube was sufficiently curved to allow it to be extracted through the steam drum, but

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to precise angles on a jig during manufacture. This small tube diameter gave a high heating surface, but probably too much: the ratio of surface to volume became excessive and gas flow through the tube banks was affected, giving the boiler furnaces something of a reputation as poor burners.

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this gap and hung by hooks from the steam drum. The advantage of placing the superheaters here was that they increased the temperature differential between the inner and outer tubes of the bank, thus encouraging circulation. In the developed form, the boiler had four rows of tubes on the

1047:, placed end to end. Both had the usual Yarrow arrangement of a central large steam drum above two separated water drums, linked by four rows of slightly curved tubes. The upper drum was shared, but the lower water drums were separate. The rearward "firebox" area was wide and spanned the 340:

The design of the Normand gave a particularly large heating area (tube surface area) in relation to the grate area. The cost of this was a dense nest of tubes, where each of the numerous rows of tubes was bent into a different and complex shape. Tube ends entered the cylindrical drums

560:, did not appear for another thirty years and even then they were initially unreliable. The assumption was that flow through the water-tubes would be upwards, owing to their heating by the furnace, and that the counterbalancing downward flow would require external unheated 409:

boiler is a variant that splits the usual central furnace into two. There are four drums: two main drums vertically in the centre – a steam and a water drum – also two wing drums at the outside edges of the furnace. The design was notable for its early use of the

895:, the feedwater was also routed upwards through 'spray pots' and thus passed through the steam space as droplets. The cold feedwater was thus heated to the same temperature as the boiler water before mixing with it, avoiding disturbance to the circulation path. 194:

were used by most designs, even after Yarrow's experiments had demonstrated that circulation could still take place amongst the heated tubes alone. Again, the Admiralty boiler (which omitted downcomers) was the culmination of this approach, placing the

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Yarrow recognised that the temperature of the water-tubes was held relatively low and was consistent amongst them, provided that they remained full of water and boiling was not allowed to occur within the tubes themselves, i.e. they would remain as

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This D shape is not ideal for a pressure drum though, as pressure will tend to distort it into a more circular section. This flexing led to leakage where the water tubes entered the drum; a problem, termed 'wrapperitis', which was shared with the

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The first Yarrow water drums or "troughs" were D-shaped with a flat tubeplate, so as to provide an easy perpendicular mounting for the tubes. The tubeplate was bolted to the trough and could be dismantled for maintenance and tube cleaning.

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were lagging behind other shipbuilders. His initial thoughts already defined the key features of the design, a three-drum boiler with straight tubes, yet it took ten years of research before the first boiler was supplied for a

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The Yarrow boiler could thus dispense with separate external downcomers. Flow was entirely within the heated watertubes, upwards within those closest to the furnace and downwards through those in the outer rows of the bank.

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Development of the three-drum boiler began in the late 19th century, with the demand from naval ships that required high power and a compact boiler. The move to water-tube boilers had already begun, with designs such as the

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performance was disappointing. Superheat at full power was limited deliberately to 100 °F (37.8 °C) so as to avoid reliability problems, which then meant that it was ineffective at low powers. Development work by

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after 1900, the first Yarrow boilers placed their superheater coil outside the main tube bank. Later designs became asymmetrical, with the tube bank on one side doubled and a hairpin-tube superheater placed between them.

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constructed a trial boiler with a partial water-wall to the rear of the furnace. Unlike other water-wall designs, this additional water drum spanned only the centre of the furnace, the vertical tubes were enclosed in a

38:. They are compact and of high evaporative power, factors that encourage this use. Other boiler designs may be more efficient, although bulkier, and so the three-drum pattern was rare as a land-based stationary boiler. 934:

Unlike contemporary American practice, British naval boilers had a large proportion of furnace brickwork, leading to a high temperature within the furnace and consequently a high loading upon the tubes. The use of a

449:. The first small version of this also dispensed with the wing drum, the water-wall tubes bending at right angles and passing back to the central water drum, the tubes also forming the grate to support the fire. 324:. It was used by the navies of several nations, notably those of France, Russia, Britain and United States. In 1896, the Royal Navy had them installed in twenty-six boats, more than any other water-tube design. 425:

shallow S-shape to give a little flexibility against thermal expansion. The small wing drums are connected to the lower central drum alone, by large external pipes outside the rear casing of the boiler.

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resolved this by increasing the steam flow speed through the superheater to 150 ft/s (45.72 m/s), avoiding the problems of tube distortion and metallurgical failure. New boilers for the

879:, a steel trough, was placed over the tops of the furnace-side tubes, encouraging a single central upwelling flow to above the water level, encouraging steam bubbles to escape and acting as a 842: 417:

The steam drum is circular, with perpendicular tube entry. The tube ends span a considerable circumference of the drum, so that the upper tubes enter above the water level. They are thus '

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with a Yarrow boiler for comparison. The trials were successful and the Yarrow boiler was adopted for naval service, particularly in small ships. In time the Navy would develop its own

3144: 809:, but first shipped to Belgium for testing. Most photographs that exist of these locomotives were taken in Belgium. Little is known of their history after arrival in Colombia. 161:

were the first to go. A multi-row bank of tubes could provide adequate heating area, without this complexity. Tubes also became straighter, mostly to ease their cleaning.

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The boiler was not the usual Yarrow design. In operation, particularly its circulation paths, the boiler had more in common with other three-drum designs such as the

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When heat was also applied to the unheated arm, conventional theory predicted that the circulatory flow would slow or stop completely. In practice, the flow actually

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boiler design is characterised by its use of straight water-tubes, without downcomers. Circulation, both upwards and downwards, occurs within this same tube bank.

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perpendicularly, for good sealing. The space needed for all these tubes filled the entire lower half of the steam drum, requiring both a large drum and a separate

2164: 936: 411: 353:, where two Normand boilers were coupled back-to-back, for use in large ships. This effectively gave a double-ended Normand (as was later common with the 1036:

Working pressure was of 450 pounds per square inch (31 bar) as opposed to the 180 pounds per square inch (12 bar) of the contemporary Gresley

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asymmetry to the heating, Yarrow's experiment showed that circulation could continue and heating of the cooler downcomer could even increase this flow.

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His conclusion was thus that straight water-tubes were acceptable, and these would have obvious advantages for manufacture and cleaning in service.

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of 1927. These boilers established new Royal Navy standard operating conditions for boilers of 300 psi (2.0 MPa) / 600 °F (316 °C).

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conducted a famous experiment where he disproved this assumption. A vertical U-shaped tube was arranged so that it could be heated by a series of

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design of water-tube boiler used horizontal hairpin water-tubes fitted into sectional headers. It has little relation to the types described here.

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for their larger railway locomotives. It resembled most other three-drum designs, having almost-straight tubes. Its distinguishing feature was a

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will have less effective circulation. Some later and higher-pressure boilers were fitted with external downcomers, outside the heated flue area.

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perpendicular entry was easier to expand the tubes for a reliable seal and to avoid these sideways stresses. It was worth the compromise of the

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cruisers could achieve a superheat of 200–250 °F (93–121 °C) throughout the operating power range at 250 psi (1.7 MPa).

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It was already recognised that a water-tube boiler relied on a continuous flow through the water-tubes, and that this must be by a

3039: 215:. The circular water drums, and their raising above the furnace floor, are White-Forster features. The first reduces the risk of 76: 856:

The design was broadly similar to later high-pressure and oil-fired versions of the Yarrow. The waterdrums were cylindrical and

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before the water re-circulated down the outer-side tubes. In a manner similar to work taking place around the same time on the

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When only one side of the U was heated, there was the expected upward flow of heated water in that arm of the tube.

3073: 2985: 1270: 1003: 405: 387:. It was similar to the Normand, with downcomers and curved tubes that entered cylindrical drums perpendicularly. 729: 170:'s bent tube ends to keep these two features, and these tubes were still simple enough in shape to clean easily. 2939: 535:. High temperatures and variations only arose when tubes became steam filled, which also disrupted circulation. 3044: 2688: 2050: 1353:, but later expanded to cover internal combustion engines and so re-titled. London: Longmans. pp. 207–210. 786: 84: 46: 2933: 2332: 2920: 61: 2708: 337:, with the sharp corners of the tubes replaced by a smooth radiused bend, but still retaining the S shape. 129:), most were some variation of this. As the tubes of the three-drum are close to vertical (compared to the 3058: 976: 956:. The development of water-walls for this type of boiler was abandoned, although trials did continue with 3124: 3119: 2776: 2748: 2632: 2244: 2187: 757:

Sentinel used the Woolnough boiler on a number of their larger locomotives, instead of their usual small

697: 2647: 630:. Later boilers used a more rounded section, although still asymmetrical rather than fully cylindrical. 49:, in a triangular layout. Water tubes fill in the two sides of this triangle between the drums, and the 2526: 1993: 1938: 1782: 1165: 802: 457: 110: 920: 3078: 3067: 2925: 2624: 2237: 1920: 551: 1060:

but curved, appearance. The lower edge of each section stepped upwards, and was obvious externally.

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and thus the circulating water increases, making it more sensitive to disruption by cold feedwater.

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developed his boiler as a response to other water-tube designs, and his perception in 1877 that

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The Admiralty boiler is usually considered to be a direct evolution of the Yarrow, although the

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in large looping curves. These had difficulties in manufacturing and required support in use.

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in response to the same problem. As boiler pressure increases, the saturation temperature of

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Although there is no record of any shared development here, between the Royal Navy and the

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is in the centre. The whole assembly is then enclosed in a casing, leading to the exhaust

8: 3012: 2546: 2420: 2337: 2327: 1983: 1440: 1011: 909: 510: 365: 2508: 1943: 1895: 1100: 957: 50: 1464: 285:. Features such as the raised mud drums and the shape of the tubes were an influence. 241: 2809: 2657: 2596: 2531: 2518: 2498: 2480: 2425: 2379: 2249: 2192: 1948: 1930: 1915: 1900: 1857: 1732: 1672: 1533: 1276: 1249: 1219: 1187: 1132: 782: 679: 675: 664: 600: 432: 237: 114: 31: 999: 304: 211:

also had an influence, probably as a result of the large number in service with the

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had shown that sharp internal corners inside boilers were also prone to erosion by

623: 317: 1632: 1592: 1498:((1912 edition) ed.). Admiralty, via HMSO, via Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1901. 41:

The fundamental characteristic of the "three-drum" design is the arrangement of a

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Firing was with coal, at just one end through a conventional locomotive single

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within the tube bank, so as to encourage the necessary temperature difference.

1776: 1200: 117:. The three-drum arrangement was lighter and more compact for the same power. 3108: 2765: 2738: 2637: 2556: 2392: 2101: 1998: 1958: 1905: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1318: 1052: 1044: 995: 985: 652: 571: 567: 506: 494: 289: 2966: 2723: 2470: 2455: 2410: 2264: 2259: 2173: 2106: 2055: 2045: 1953: 1862: 1847: 1428: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1033:

water-tube firebox, with the firebox extended to become the entire boiler.

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Firing can be by either coal or oil. Many coal-fired boilers used multiple

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initially the "Admiralty Liquid Fuel Experimentation Station", later the

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White-Forster boilers were introduced into the Royal Navy from 1906, for

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of 550 psi (3.8 MPa) and each axle was driven by a separate

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Mumford boiler, half-section showing the shape of the lower water drum

2693: 2678: 1289: 1104: 773:. Sentinel's best-known use of the Woolnough was for the 'Colombian' 746: 561: 191: 35: 1410: 1115: 2582: 2121: 2060: 1751: 1172: 1064: 1022:, Harold Yarrow was keen to expand the market for Yarrow's boiler. 888: 806: 321: 445:

A small single-sided version of this boiler was also produced for

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Compact furnace with two side water drums and one steam drum above

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furnace-side of the superheater and thirteen for the outer-side.

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company. Having observed the benefits of higher pressures and

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tubes. The combustion gases thus passed through the tube bank

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wheel arrangement, built in 1934. They ran at the unusually

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sailor cleans the water tubes inside a ship's boiler with a

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boiler was a variety built by the boilermakers Mumford of

1581:(34, 35): 121–125, 141–142. December 1934 – January 1935. 1232: 1248:. Vol. 1: 1827–1939. Spellmount. pp. 241–245. 3145:

History of science and technology in the United Kingdom

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970 Mechanical Appliances and Novelties of Construction

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and the first boilers were installed in three of the

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World Wars. Much of the design work was conducted at

1639: 1585: 1488: 1470: 1401: 1341: 1029:. It has also been described as an evolution of the 1755:(1966). "9: Unconventional Locomotives 1929–1935". 1379:(Vol. VI ed.). London: Caxton. pp. 92–93. 541: 1745: 1389: 1374: 1324: 1295: 550:effect rather than requiring an impractical pump. 149:The convoluted tubes of early designs such as the 1482: 1458: 1434: 1419: 1152: 1150: 1148: 173:Some of the first boiler tubes, particularly the 3106: 428:Owing to its early use in the Thornycroft-built 177:with its sharp corners, could not be cleaned of 167: 1653: 1630:. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1940, 46, 83. in 1558:The Book of Modern Engines and Power Generators 1552: 1527: 1404:The Book of Modern Engines and Power Generators 1377:The Book of Modern Engines and Power Generators 1051:, placing the water drums at the limits of the 968:replacing one of its three three-drum boilers. 1246:The evolution of engineering in the Royal Navy 1181: 1145: 803:Société National des Chemins de Fer en Colombe 2158: 1803: 659: 133:), this encourages strong circulation by the 1099:, the two solutions represent an example of 964:which was trialled with a single water-wall 595: 452: 219:, the latter is appropriate for oil firing. 990:The only large three-drum boiler used in a 875:give a more clearly defined circulation. A 34:used to generate steam, typically to power 2165: 2151: 1810: 1796: 1085:Admiralty Marine Engineering Establishment 1043:The boiler resembled two elongated marine 825:A later development of the Yarrow was the 674:, was built with the then current form of 604:Asymmetric Yarrow boiler, with superheater 1729:Railway Correspondence and Travel Society 1574:Steam Car Developments and Steam Aviation 801:, the following three were built for the 619: 438:of 1893, this design became known as the 244:in France and was tested in a Royal Navy 1268: 1124: 975: 816: 728: 704: 696: 599: 484: 456: 394: 364: 303: 91: 88:A Yarrow boiler, with the casing removed 83: 75: 18: 3040:Glossary of steam locomotive components 1508: 251: 240:, patented in 1876. It was invented by 3140:Maritime history of the United Kingdom 3107: 1710: 1647:"The Colombian Steam Motor Locomotive" 1243: 686: 357:) that could be fired from both ends. 137:effect, further encouraging steaming. 2146: 1791: 1633:"Sentinel locomotives & railcars" 1593:"Sentinel locomotives & railcars" 733:Woolnough boiler, as used by Sentinel 390: 332: 279: 174: 150: 1757:The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1722: 651:was adopted, primarily for use with 1778:"Raising Steam" 1942 training video 1759:. Vol. II, from 1925 to 1965. 1664: 1494: 1161: 843:Admiralty Fuel Experimental Station 812: 724: 331:boiler was as a development of the 316:boiler was developed by the French 227: 156: 13: 2892:National Museum of Scotland engine 1349:. Originally published in 1889 as 1186:. Algrove Publishing. p. 58. 354: 162: 14: 3161: 2172: 1770: 1661:Naval Marine Engineering Practice 1509:Burgess, Malcolm William (1936). 898: 692: 521: 299: 23:Three-drum boiler, casing removed 3074:List of steam technology patents 1459:Yarrows, The First Hundred Years 1437:Yarrows: the first hundred years 1313:Cisin, Modern Marine Engineering 1269:Brassey, Thomas Allnutt (1896). 1218:. BiblioBazaar. pp. 78–84. 1125:Brassey, Thomas Allnutt (1896). 542:Yarrow's circulation experiments 480: 1716: 1624: 1599: 1564: 1502: 1471:Kennedy, Modern Engines, Vol VI 1406:. Vol. VI. London: Caxton. 1383: 1089: 1077: 971: 857: 777:. These were a series of four, 642: 633: 3059:Murdoch's model steam carriage 3045:History of steam road vehicles 2051:Internally rifled boiler tubes 1560:. Vol. V. London: Caxton. 608: 360: 349:A further development was the 80:A flat of three Yarrow boilers 71: 1: 2986:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine 1390:Kennedy, Modern Engines, 1912 1325:Robertson, Water-tube boilers 1296:Robertson, Leslie S. (1901). 1275:. Brassey. pp. 118–119. 1131:. Brassey. pp. 118–119. 1070: 185: 2709:Return connecting rod engine 1663:. later replacement for the 1483:Yarrows, First Hundred Years 1435:Borthwick, Alastair (1965). 1212:Cisin, Harry George (1921). 1160:. later replacement for the 869: 797:. The first was supplied to 379:The Reed boiler was used by 7: 2633:Condensing steam locomotive 1817: 1571:"Boilers. Woolnough Type". 1182:Gardner D. Hiscox (2001) . 929: 827:Admiralty three-drum boiler 821:Admiralty three-drum boiler 202: 10: 3166: 3150:Maritime history of France 2940:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" 1156: 983: 660:Adoption by the Royal Navy 584:. Provided that there was 552:Forced-circulation boilers 492: 372: 3032: 3003: 2976: 2957: 2946:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive 2911: 2864: 2817: 2808: 2775: 2756: 2747: 2666: 2623: 2615:Single- and double-acting 2595: 2565: 2517: 2489: 2443: 2434: 2350: 2278: 2225: 2216: 2180: 2094: 2033: 2007: 1929: 1871: 1825: 1375:Kennedy, Rankin (1912) . 1244:Rippon, Cmdr. PM (1988). 1215:Modern Marine Engineering 861:Superheaters were placed 596:Later evolution in design 461:Thornycroft-Schulz boiler 453:Thornycroft-Schulz boiler 2785:Newcomen Memorial Engine 1725:Raising Steam on the LMS 1402:Kennedy, Rankin (1912). 1158:BR 77 Machinery Handbook 554:with pumps, such as the 270:downcomer tube plugged. 222: 144: 68:, often from both ends. 3089:Timeline of steam power 3084:Stationary steam engine 2967:Woolf's compound engine 2874:Soho Manufactory engine 2729:Steeple compound engine 2396:straight line mechanism 1515:Oxford University Press 1424:(2nd ed.). Newnes. 1420:Milton, J. H. (1961) . 1168:. 1941. pp. 12–13. 887:and the development of 851:A class destroyers 775:articulated locomotives 672:Havock class destroyers 670:, the lead ship of the 294:torpedo boat destroyers 3094:Water-returning engine 3068:Lean's Engine Reporter 2841:Chacewater Mine engine 2714:Six-column beam engine 981: 822: 734: 710: 702: 689:of three-drum boiler. 605: 490: 462: 400: 375:Reed water tube boiler 370: 327:Initial design of the 309: 105: 89: 81: 24: 2934:London Steam Carriage 2020:Electric water boiler 2015:Electric steam boiler 984:Further information: 979: 877:circulation augmenter 820: 732: 708: 700: 603: 493:Further information: 488: 460: 398: 368: 307: 95: 87: 79: 22: 2880:Bradley Works engine 2704:Reciprocating engine 2527:Babcock & Wilcox 2370:Centrifugal governor 1939:Babcock & Wilcox 1761:Ian Allan Publishing 1671:. 1971 . p. 4. 1613:The Railway Magazine 1530:The First Destroyers 1528:Lyon, David (1996). 1422:Marine Steam Boilers 1343:Prof. William Ripper 919:battleships and the 910:Babcock & Wilcox 829:, developed for the 475:Thornycroft-Marshall 252:White-Forster boiler 131:Babcock & Wilcox 111:Babcock & Wilcox 2421:Sun and planet gear 1763:. pp. 106–109. 1723:Cook, A.F. (1999). 1532:. Caxton Editions. 939:could reduce this. 741:design was used by 489:Early Yarrow boiler 465:Later designs, the 236:was an early naval 104:, c. 1939–1945 3125:Steam boiler types 3120:Water-tube boilers 2921:Richard Trevithick 2519:Water-tube boilers 2333:Gresley conjugated 2095:Boiler peripherals 1931:Water-tube boilers 1713:, pp. 241–245 1299:Water-tube boilers 1101:parallel evolution 1020:land-based boilers 992:railway locomotive 982: 937:water-wall furnace 823: 735: 711: 703: 678:; its sister ship 606: 491: 467:Thornycroft-Schulz 463: 412:water-wall furnace 401: 399:Thornycroft boiler 391:Thornycroft boiler 371: 310: 106: 90: 82: 28:Three-drum boilers 25: 3102: 3101: 3028: 3027: 2907: 2906: 2591: 2590: 2491:Fire-tube boilers 2346: 2345: 2140: 2139: 2034:Boiler components 1873:Fire-tube boilers 893:steam locomotives 761:. These included 687:Admiralty pattern 676:locomotive boiler 624:boiler explosions 238:water-tube boiler 123:"express" boilers 32:water-tube boiler 3157: 3052:fardier à vapeur 2886:Whitbread Engine 2847:Smethwick Engine 2815: 2814: 2754: 2753: 2573:Feedwater heater 2441: 2440: 2223: 2222: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2112:Feedwater heater 2025:Electrode boiler 2008:Electric boilers 1812: 1805: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1779: 1765: 1764: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1683: 1682: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1445: 1444: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1392:, pp. 82–91 1387: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1355: 1354: 1339: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1272:The Naval Annual 1266: 1260: 1259: 1241: 1230: 1229: 1209: 1198: 1197: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1154: 1143: 1142: 1128:The Naval Annual 1122: 1108: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1008:compound engines 1002:of 1924 for the 998:'s experimental 813:Admiralty boiler 799:Belgian Railways 725:Woolnough boiler 622:. Experience of 318:Normand shipyard 228:du Temple boiler 168:Admiralty boiler 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3115:Express boilers 3105: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3024: 2999: 2972: 2953: 2903: 2860: 2804: 2792:Fairbottom Bobs 2777:Newcomen engine 2771: 2743: 2689:Expansion valve 2662: 2648:Watt's separate 2619: 2587: 2561: 2513: 2485: 2430: 2406:Parallel motion 2342: 2293:Stephenson link 2274: 2212: 2181:Operating cycle 2176: 2171: 2141: 2136: 2090: 2029: 2003: 1925: 1867: 1821: 1816: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1731:. p. 106. 1721: 1717: 1709: 1686: 1679: 1667:. Vol. 1. 1658: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1554:Kennedy, Rankin 1551: 1547: 1540: 1526: 1522: 1511:Warships To-day 1507: 1503: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1473:, pp. ???? 1469: 1465: 1457: 1448: 1433: 1429: 1418: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1373: 1358: 1340: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1242: 1233: 1226: 1210: 1201: 1194: 1180: 1173: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1012:marine practice 988: 974: 944:Hawthorn Leslie 932: 901: 881:steam separator 872: 815: 781:locomotives of 759:vertical boiler 727: 695: 662: 645: 636: 611: 598: 544: 524: 511:Yarrow & Co 497: 483: 455: 393: 377: 363: 351:Normand-Sigaudy 302: 254: 246:torpedo gunboat 242:Félix du Temple 230: 225: 205: 188: 147: 74: 30:are a class of 17: 12: 11: 5: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3130:Marine boilers 3127: 3122: 3117: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2827:Kinneil Engine 2823: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2799:Elsecar Engine 2796: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2719:Steeple engine 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2578:Feedwater pump 2575: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2444:Simple boilers 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2426:Watt's linkage 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2375:Connecting rod 2372: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2127:Snifting valve 2124: 2119: 2117:Feedwater pump 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2081:Thermic siphon 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1826:Simple boilers 1823: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1772: 1771:External links 1769: 1767: 1766: 1744: 1737: 1715: 1684: 1677: 1665:Stokers Manual 1652: 1638: 1623: 1598: 1584: 1563: 1545: 1538: 1520: 1501: 1496:Stokers Manual 1487: 1475: 1463: 1446: 1427: 1409: 1394: 1382: 1356: 1329: 1317: 1305: 1288: 1281: 1261: 1254: 1231: 1224: 1199: 1192: 1171: 1162:Stokers Manual 1144: 1137: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1088: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1045:Yarrow boilers 1038:A1 locomotives 1031:Brotan-Deffner 1018:. As with the 973: 970: 966:Johnson boiler 931: 928: 900: 897: 871: 868: 814: 811: 793:, designed by 726: 723: 701:Mumford boiler 694: 693:Mumford boiler 691: 661: 658: 653:steam turbines 644: 641: 635: 632: 610: 607: 597: 594: 574:on each side. 572:Bunsen burners 543: 540: 523: 522:Straight tubes 520: 482: 479: 454: 451: 392: 389: 373:Main article: 362: 359: 308:Normand boiler 301: 300:Normand boiler 298: 290:light cruisers 253: 250: 229: 226: 224: 221: 204: 201: 187: 184: 146: 143: 73: 70: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3162: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927:Puffing Devil 2924: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2913:High-pressure 2910: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2866:Rotative beam 2863: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2766:Savery Engine 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2739:Working fluid 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416:Rotative beam 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393:hypocycloidal 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Steam engines 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102:Air preheater 2100: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886:Franco-Crosti 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1740: 1738:0-901115-85-1 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1678:0-11-770223-4 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1541: 1539:1-84067-364-8 1535: 1531: 1524: 1517:. p. 68. 1516: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1302:. p. 37. 1301: 1300: 1292: 1284: 1282:1-4212-4178-1 1278: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1257: 1255:0-946771-55-3 1251: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1227: 1225:0-559-03423-7 1221: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1195: 1193:1-894572-37-8 1189: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1140: 1138:1-4212-4178-1 1134: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053:loading gauge 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Nigel Gresley 993: 987: 986:LNER Class W1 978: 969: 967: 963: 961: 955: 950: 945: 940: 938: 927: 925: 923: 918: 916: 911: 906: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 867: 864: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 819: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:high pressure 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 748: 744: 740: 731: 722: 720: 716: 707: 699: 690: 688: 684: 683: 677: 673: 669: 668: 657: 654: 650: 640: 631: 629: 625: 621: 620:White-Forster 615: 602: 593: 589: 587: 583: 578: 575: 573: 569: 568:Alfred Yarrow 565: 563: 559: 558: 553: 549: 539: 536: 534: 533:drowned tubes 528: 519: 517: 512: 508: 507:Alfred Yarrow 504: 502: 496: 495:Yarrow boiler 487: 481:Yarrow boiler 478: 476: 471: 468: 459: 450: 448: 443: 441: 437: 436: 431: 426: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 407: 397: 388: 386: 382: 376: 367: 358: 356: 352: 347: 344: 338: 336: 335: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 306: 297: 295: 291: 286: 284: 282: 276: 271: 267: 264: 259: 258:White-Forster 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 220: 218: 214: 210: 209:White-Forster 200: 198: 193: 183: 180: 176: 171: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 153: 142: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 118: 116: 112: 103: 99: 94: 86: 78: 69: 67: 64:and teams of 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 37: 33: 29: 21: 3079:Modern steam 3066: 3051: 3013:Porter-Allen 2992: 2926: 2853: 2833: 2790: 2724:Safety valve 2653:"Pickle-pot" 2551: 2547:Thimble tube 2107:Boiler water 2056:Safety valve 2046:Fusible plug 1988: 1984:Thimble tube 1756: 1747: 1724: 1718: 1660: 1655: 1641: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1587: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1529: 1523: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1436: 1430: 1421: 1403: 1397: 1385: 1376: 1350: 1347:Heat Engines 1346: 1327:, p. 38 1320: 1308: 1298: 1291: 1271: 1264: 1245: 1214: 1183: 1157: 1127: 1091: 1079: 1062: 1042: 1035: 1024: 1000:Engine 10000 989: 980:Engine 10000 972:Engine 10000 959: 941: 933: 921: 914: 902: 899:Superheaters 876: 873: 862: 855: 833:between the 826: 824: 756: 751: 738: 736: 714: 712: 681: 666: 663: 649:superheating 646: 643:Superheaters 637: 616: 612: 590: 585: 581: 579: 576: 566: 556: 548:thermosyphon 545: 537: 529: 525: 516:torpedo boat 505: 500: 498: 474: 473:The earlier 472: 466: 464: 444: 439: 434: 427: 423: 416: 404: 402: 378: 350: 348: 346:cold water. 339: 333: 328: 326: 313: 311: 287: 280: 272: 268: 257: 255: 233: 231: 206: 189: 172: 157: 151: 148: 139: 135:thermosyphon 119: 107: 102:ribbon brush 101: 59: 40: 27: 26: 2810:Watt engine 2610:Oscillating 2566:Boiler feed 2411:Plate chain 2390:Tusi couple 2303:Walschaerts 2188:Atmospheric 2132:Superheater 2086:Water gauge 1944:Corner tube 1711:Rippon 1988 1620:(73). 1931. 1485:, pp. 1461:, pp. 36–37 1315:, pp. 84–86 1097:LMS railway 1057:superheater 962: (H97) 942:From 1929, 885:LMS railway 795:Abner Doble 791:steam motor 779:metre gauge 609:Water drums 419:non-drowned 406:Thornycroft 369:Reed boiler 361:Reed boiler 197:superheater 127:Thornycroft 72:Development 47:water drums 3109:Categories 3019:Ljungström 3005:High-speed 2898:Lap Engine 2854:Resolution 2758:Precursors 2643:Kirchweger 2605:Locomotive 2552:Three-drum 2532:Field-tube 2499:Locomotive 2481:Lancashire 2401:Link chain 2385:Crankshaft 2352:Mechanisms 2280:Valve gear 2076:Steam drum 2071:Steam dome 1989:Three-drum 1949:Field-tube 1916:Transverse 1901:Locomotive 1858:Lancashire 1753:Nock, O.S. 1669:Royal Navy 1513:. Oxford: 1071:References 1016:locomotive 949:refractory 858:downcomers 831:Royal Navy 719:Colchester 634:Downcomers 562:downcomers 343:steam dome 213:Royal Navy 192:downcomers 186:Downcomers 115:Belleville 98:Royal Navy 45:above two 43:steam drum 3050:Cugnot's 2993:Salamanca 2694:Hydrolock 2679:Crosshead 2625:Condenser 2461:Egg-ended 1843:Egg-ended 1608:Phenomena 1345:(1913) . 1166:Admiralty 1105:wet steam 1027:Woolnough 958:HMS 905:superheat 870:Feedwater 747:firebrick 739:Woolnough 582:increased 518:of 1887. 430:destroyer 421:' tubes. 334:Du Temple 281:Admiralty 275:mud drums 234:du Temple 190:Separate 175:du Temple 152:du Temple 121:known as 62:firedoors 3033:See also 2959:Compound 2834:Old Bess 2674:Blowback 2597:Cylinder 2583:Injector 2542:Stirling 2537:Sentinel 2451:Haystack 2365:Cataract 2338:Southern 2328:Caprotti 2203:Compound 2122:Injector 2061:Smokebox 1994:Vertical 1979:Stirling 1969:Sentinel 1964:Monotube 1921:Vertical 1853:Haystack 1556:(1905). 1065:firedoor 960:Hyperion 930:Backwall 903:Initial 889:top feed 807:Colombia 765:for the 763:railcars 743:Sentinel 628:grooving 447:launches 442:boiler. 440:'Daring' 322:Le Havre 217:grooving 203:Furnaces 3135:Boilers 2749:History 2658:Surface 2476:Cornish 2436:Boilers 2318:Corliss 2255:Corliss 2238:D slide 2208:Uniflow 2198:Cornish 2041:Firebox 1891:Haycock 1881:Cochran 1838:Cornish 1819:Boilers 1783:YouTube 1441:Yarrows 954:priming 715:Mumford 470:place. 381:Palmers 329:Normand 314:Normand 283:pattern 158:Normand 113:or the 66:stokers 51:furnace 3061:(1784) 3055:(1769) 3021:(1908) 3015:(1862) 2996:(1812) 2988:(1805) 2978:Murray 2969:(1803) 2948:(1804) 2942:(1803) 2936:(1803) 2930:(1801) 2900:(1788) 2894:(1786) 2888:(1785) 2882:(1783) 2876:(1782) 2857:(1781) 2849:(1779) 2843:(1778) 2837:(1777) 2829:(1768) 2801:(1795) 2795:(1760) 2787:(1725) 2768:(1698) 2734:Stroke 2699:Piston 2684:Cutoff 2557:Yarrow 2509:Launch 2504:Scotch 2265:Sleeve 2260:Poppet 2245:Piston 2226:Valves 2218:Valves 1999:Yarrow 1974:Spiral 1959:LaMont 1911:Scotch 1906:Pistol 1896:Launch 1735: 1675: 1536: 1279: 1252: 1222: 1190: 1135: 1049:frames 924:-class 917:-class 915:Nelson 863:inside 847:Haslar 839:Second 682:Hornet 667:Havock 501:Yarrow 435:Daring 385:Jarrow 355:Yarrow 278:later 263:reamed 163:Yarrow 2667:Other 2471:Flued 2456:Wagon 2380:Crank 2323:Lentz 2313:Baker 2308:Allan 2233:Slide 1954:Flash 1863:Wagon 1848:Flued 1351:Steam 952:with 835:First 783:Co-Co 752:twice 647:When 557:Velox 223:Types 179:scale 145:Tubes 36:ships 2819:Beam 2360:Beam 2270:Bash 2250:Drop 2193:Watt 2066:Stay 1733:ISBN 1673:ISBN 1534:ISBN 1277:ISBN 1250:ISBN 1220:ISBN 1188:ISBN 1133:ISBN 1004:LNER 994:was 922:Kent 891:for 837:and 769:and 767:LNER 737:The 713:The 680:HMS 665:HMS 586:some 499:The 433:HMS 403:The 312:The 292:and 273:The 256:The 232:The 155:and 55:flue 2638:Jet 2466:Box 2298:Joy 2288:Gab 1833:Box 1781:on 1610:". 1579:III 1010:in 845:at 805:of 771:LMS 383:of 320:of 3111:: 1727:. 1687:^ 1618:68 1616:. 1577:. 1449:^ 1439:. 1412:^ 1359:^ 1332:^ 1234:^ 1202:^ 1174:^ 1164:. 1147:^ 1117:^ 1040:. 564:. 296:. 96:A 57:. 2166:e 2159:t 2152:v 1811:e 1804:t 1797:v 1741:. 1681:. 1649:. 1635:. 1595:. 1542:. 1443:. 1285:. 1258:. 1228:. 1196:. 1141:.

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Index