123:
1124:
35:
792:
512:
1113:
934:
681:
115:
201:
The blower provides a forced draught on the fire, encouraging combustion. It consists of a hollow ring mounted either in the base of the chimney or on top of the blastpipe. Holes are drilled in the top of the blower ring, and when steam is fed into the ring, the steam jets out of the holes and up the
1257:
A non-return valve allowing atmospheric air into the boiler, if a cold boiler reduces its internal pressure on cooling down. This avoids the risk of damage to some types, if their pressure loads are reversed. Few boilers are fitted with these, although the feedwater clack valve usually has a similar
818:, the top drum or chamber, large enough for a worker to enter and used for maintenance and cleaning. Manholes are sealed with a removable door from the inside. As they are oval, this door may be turned and lifted out through the hole. Doors are clamped in place from the outside with one or two
268:. Additional annual safety inspections must also be undertaken, which may result in the locomotive being withdrawn from service if the boiler requires work. When the ticket "expires" the locomotive cannot be used until the boiler has been overhauled or replaced, and a new ticket obtained.
412:
The upper sheet of the inner firebox on a locomotive boiler. It is the hottest part of the firebox, and sometimes at risk of boiler explosion, should the water level drop and the crown sheet be exposed and thus allowed to overheat. Supported from above by complex
1325:
a boiler whose primary heating surface is composed of many small tubes, filled with water. Tubes of 3 inch diameter and above are termed "large-tube" boilers. Later water-tube designs used smaller "small-tubes" of 2 inches or
724:
erosion of a boiler's plates from the internal water space, particularly where there is a step inside the shell. This was a problem for early boilers made from lapped plates rather than butted plates, and gave rise to many
336:
The damaging condition where water droplets are carried out of the boiler along with the dry steam. These can cause scouring in turbines or hydraulic lock in cylinders. The risk is accentuated by dirty feedwater. See also
371:
The layer of insulation and outer wrapping around a boiler shell, particularly that of a steam locomotive. In early practice this was usually wooden strips held by brass bands. Later and modern practice is to use
249:
Heavy-duty one-piece protective clothing, worn when removing limescale from the inside of boilers and inspecting the inside of a firebox for steam leaks, for which task it is necessary to crawl through the
487:
Either a fire-tube or water-tube that is entirely below the water-level of the operating boiler. As corrosion and scaling is most active in the region of the water-level, this reduces wear and maintenance
782:
where the water level is visible through a flat glass window in a strong metal frame, rather than a cylindrical tube. These were popular with some operators, and increasingly so for high pressure boilers.
98:
or hot water have been designed in countless shapes, sizes and configurations. An extensive terminology has evolved to describe their common features. This glossary provides definitions for these terms.
302:. This forces combustion gases from the front of the furnace to flow further, back over the rest of the furnace, encouraging efficient combustion. The invention of the brick arch, along with the
836:
particles, precipitates and general impurities that builds up in the lower parts of a boiler. Mud reduces water circulation and so a local buildup may lead to localized overheating and possibly
230:(common misconception). A boilermaker is a skilled metalworker, usually the member of a union of the same name, skilled in platework or welding. A boilermaker may or may not be a boilersmith.
714:
part of the water level gauge, which normally consists of a vertical glass tube connected top and bottom to the boiler backplate. The water level must be visible within the glass at all times.
589:
Emptying out the remains of the fire after a day's work. A time-consuming and filthy task; labour-saving ways to improve this became important in the final days of steam locomotives.
1201:
placed on the top of the boiler drum. This encourages rapid mixing of the cold feedwater with the hot steam, reducing the risk of thermal shock to the heated parts of the boiler.
177:
build-up, so by venting it whilst still dissolved, the build-up is reduced. When early marine boilers were fed with salt water, they would be blown-down several times an hour.
773:
1284:
a furnace or other wall within a boiler enclosure that is composed of numerous closely set water-tubes. These tubes may be either bare, or covered by a mineral cement.
1029:
a cylindrical vessel mounted at a high point of a water-tube boiler, where dry steam may separate above the water level, so that it may be drawn off without risk of
165:
Part of the exhaust system that discharges exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokebox beneath the chimney in order to increase the draught through the fire.
822:
spanning the hole and tightened down with a nut on a stud. As the cutting of a manhole weakens the boiler shell, the surrounding area is strengthened with a patch.
1040:
551:
Replaceable cast-iron bars that form the base of the furnace and support the fire. These wear out frequently, so as designed for easy replacement. See also:
357:
from the noise it makes. A non-return valve where the feedwater enters the boiler drum. They are usually mounted halfway along the boiler drum, or else as a
477:
Large external pipes in many water-tube boilers, carrying unheated cold water from the steam drum down to the water drum as part of the circulation path.
1086:
1049:
that contains a turbulent mixture of steam and water, with a substantial part of this being water. The terms are used somewhat interchangeably.
17:
1007:
an enclosed space at the extremity of a fire-tube boiler, where the exhaust gases from the tubes are combined and pass to the flue or chimney.
891:
Where a sudden reduction of steam pressure caused by a large, suddenly applied load may result in boiler water being pulled into the pipework.
972:
380:
was used for cladding. The outer shape of the cladding is often a simplification of the underlying boiler shell. Also termed "clothing" in
1103:
If superheated steam is required it passes through a superheater, a heat exchanger where additional heat is added to the saturated steam.
1069:. Unlike the superheater, the steam drier does not attempt to raise the temperature of the steam significantly beyond the boiling point.
1192:
463:
A raised location on the top of the main boiler drum, providing a high point from which to collect dry steam, reducing the risk of
1065:, thus ensuring that all water in the steam has been evaporated, thus avoiding problems with water droplets in the cylinders or
149:. This may be made of brickwork for a stationary boiler, or steel sheet for a locomotive. Ashpans are often the location of the
1474:
1424:
1381:
1343:
1095:
than atmospheric pressure. This avoids any risk of vacuum collapse, when a hot boiler is allowed to cool down out of service.
381:
264:
on passing a formal inspection after a major rebuild, and generally covering a period of ten years (eight years on the
226:
A craftsman skilled in the techniques required for the construction and repair of boilers - not to be confused with at
232:
A boilersmith may also be a member of another trade, such as a plumber or pipeworker, and so may not be a boilermaker.
1525:
78:
56:
49:
1500:
671:
becomes dangerously low. It melts when overheated, releasing a jet of steam into the firebox and alerting the crew.
122:
1302:
the boiler. Plugs, as compared to mudholes, are usually screwed into a taper thread, rather than held by clamps.
606:
A boiler where the primary heating surface is tubes with hot gas flowing inside and water outside. See also:
985:
of a boiler, used to blow down lighter oily or foamy deposits within a boiler that float on the water-level.
376:
insulation matting (or other less hazardous fibres) covered with rolled steel sheets. On some locomotives
1505:
1348:
306:
and forced draught, was a major factor in allowing early locomotives to begin to burn coal, rather than
886:
102:
Terms which relate solely to boilers used for space heating or generating hot water are identified by (
965:. Where this scale falls to the bottom of the boiler and mixes with other contaminants, it is termed
173:
Periodic venting of water from the boiler. This water contains the most concentrated precursors for
1072:
894:
241:
A structural element inside a boiler which supports surfaces under pressure by tying them together.
43:
1123:
1373:
1510:
680:
576:
560:
285:
271:
60:
527:
216:
A pressure vessel for the creation of hot water or steam, for residential or commercial use.
1515:
1416:
8:
1132:
538:
265:
1329:
657:
277:
361:, but away from the firebox, so as to avoid stressing it with the shock of cold water.
1470:
1420:
1377:
1150:
1017:
815:
701:
571:
A door leading from outside the boiler into the firebox, through which fuel (such as
532:
299:
1520:
837:
791:
767:
726:
601:
522:
502:
that economizes on steam consumption by using waste steam, such as engine exhaust.
1261:
1079:
854:, particularly one mounted low on the boiler whose function is primarily to trap
649:
192:
168:
145:
A container beneath the furnace, catching ash and clinker that falls through the
511:
1143:
1010:
697:
814:
an oval access door into a part of the boiler, for example the shell or, in a
1494:
1066:
730:
691:
942:
662:
644:
630:
615:
537:
A form of water-tube where the water tubes are single-ended, similar to a
1112:
1098:
1052:
377:
307:
276:
Removal or chemical modification of boiler feedwater impurities to avoid
244:
236:
227:
1137:
A form of water-tube where the tube is single-ended; predecessor to the
1466:
1160:
1024:
958:
933:
729:. In later years it was a problem for the non-circular water drums of
947:
an automatic valve used to release excess pressure within the boiler.
654:
The base of the firebox, where the inner and outer shells are joined.
445:
The cleanup process at the end of the working day, usually involving
399:
281:
203:
160:
876:
the boiler, either as an inlet for a hose or as a drain for removed
1002:
757:
373:
298:
A horizontal baffle of firebrick within the furnace, usually of a
1091:
an automatic non-return valve, which opens when the boiler is at
153:. They may also be shaped into hoppers, for easy cleaning during
629:
A large fire tube, either used as the main heating surface in a
261:
91:
770:
to force feedwater into the boiler, even against its pressure.
95:
1480:
572:
114:
103:
187:
A valve mounted low-down on the boiler, often around the
260:
The safety certificate issued for a steam (locomotive)
1457:
1237:) and one at the front of the boiler, adjacent to the
766:
without moving parts that uses steam pressure and the
747:, too small for access but useful for inspection and
637:
in a locomotive-style boiler where these contain the
565:
In a steam engine, the area where the fuel is burned.
398:
over a boiler. Named from the similar hoops under a
1447:. Admiralty. 1941. pp. 12–13 – via HMSO.
961:that precipitate out in the steam space around the
1492:
1396:
1367:
1164:
427:An adjustable flap controlling the air admitted
1413:Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen
541:with an internal tube to encourage circulation.
1451:
1433:
1219:, containing many small holes to receive the
1155:A generic term for water-tube boilers of the
1227:has two tubeplates: one at the front of the
916:may be rocked or tipped to either break up
1368:Semmens, P.W.B.; Goldfinch, A.J. (2003) .
1127:Inside a water drum, showing the tube ends
202:chimney, stimulating draught, much like a
1116:Dismantled steam locomotive, showing the
700:water-tubes inserted in the furnace of a
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1122:
1111:
932:
790:
679:
510:
121:
113:
42:This article includes a list of general
1405:
1177:a plate forming the lower front of the
1117:
1033:. This is similar to the function of a
394:The framework of hoops used to support
14:
1493:
1224:
1182:
1163:practice, a reference to the specific
872:, too small for access but useful for
667:A safety device that indicates if the
608:
1344:List of boiler types, by manufacturer
1216:
1061:that adds additional heat to wet- or
1197:in locomotive boilers, a feed water
1062:
188:
28:
1462:
1444:
978:
763:
684:
24:
1228:
1212:
1186:
1178:
1156:
921:
553:
446:
431:the fire-bed. Usually part of the
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1537:
1459:Naval Marine Engineering Practice
1370:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
881:
819:
799:
131:
1198:
1058:
982:
962:
779:
668:
638:
33:
1419:. April 2006 . pp. 49–52.
1138:
1046:
851:
515:
1401:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 39–41.
1390:
1361:
1220:
634:
450:
303:
18:Glossary of boiler terminology
13:
1:
1354:
1313:
1238:
499:
395:
358:
251:
154:
1461:. later replacement for the
1443:. later replacement for the
1299:
1295:
1030:
924:the fire after a day's work.
917:
909:
873:
869:
795:
752:
748:
744:
464:
338:
146:
127:
7:
1349:Steam locomotive components
1337:
432:
174:
150:
10:
1542:
1439:
913:
833:
118:Steam locomotive blastpipe
1397:Kemmer, Frank N. (1979).
1034:
414:
1526:Glossaries of technology
1441:BR 77 Machinery Handbook
1399:The NALCO Water Handbook
996:
966:
957:dissolved minerals from
912:, where sections of the
877:
855:
1501:Steam boiler components
1374:Oxford University Press
920:within the fire, or to
63:more precise citations.
1128:
1120:
1107:
1041:Steam & water drum
1037:in a fire-tube boiler.
938:
803:
786:
687:
675:
633:, or used as enlarged
518:
323:
272:Boiler water treatment
134:
119:
109:
1126:
1115:
936:
794:
751:the boiler. See also
683:
514:
125:
117:
1469:. 1971 . p. 4.
928:
908:An advanced form of
802:on a vertical boiler
575:) could be added by
506:
191:, which is used for
1211:a plate across the
774:Klinger gauge glass
1506:Water-tube boilers
1330:Wet bottom furnace
1244:smokebox tubeplate
1129:
1121:
1118:smokebox tubeplate
939:
804:
688:
539:thimble water tube
519:
135:
120:
1476:978-0-11-770223-3
1426:978-0-7110-0628-7
1383:978-0-19-860782-3
1320:Water-tube boiler
1234:firebox tubeplate
1225:locomotive boiler
1183:locomotive boiler
1165:Admiralty example
1151:Three-drum boiler
1018:Steam accumulator
995:another term for
858:from circulation.
816:water tube boiler
727:boiler explosions
702:Lancashire boiler
609:water-tube boiler
447:dropping the fire
300:locomotive boiler
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
1533:
1485:
1484:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1365:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1217:fire-tube boiler
1208:
1207:
1174:
1173:
992:
991:
954:
953:
905:
904:
865:
864:
847:
846:
829:
828:
811:
810:
768:Bernoulli effect
740:
739:
721:
720:
711:
710:
626:
625:
602:Fire-tube boiler
596:
595:
586:
585:
548:
547:
495:
494:
493:Exhaust injector
484:
483:
474:
473:
460:
459:
442:
441:
424:
423:
409:
408:
391:
390:
368:
367:
348:
347:
333:
332:
317:
316:
295:
294:
233:
223:
222:
213:
212:
184:
183:
142:
141:
126:Section through
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
59:this article by
50:inline citations
37:
36:
29:
21:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1465:. Vol. 1.
1456:
1452:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1288:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1262:Vertical boiler
1251:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1205:
1204:
1171:
1170:
1110:
1080:Steam separator
1073:Steam generator
1063:saturated steam
1057:a form of mild
989:
988:
981:mounted at the
979:blow-down valve
951:
950:
931:
902:
901:
862:
861:
844:
843:
826:
825:
808:
807:
789:
737:
736:
718:
717:
708:
707:
678:
650:Foundation ring
623:
622:
593:
592:
583:
582:
545:
544:
509:
492:
491:
481:
480:
471:
470:
457:
456:
439:
438:
421:
420:
406:
405:
388:
387:
365:
364:
345:
344:
330:
329:
326:
314:
313:
292:
291:
231:
220:
219:
210:
209:
189:foundation ring
181:
180:
139:
138:
112:
94:for generating
85:
74:
68:
65:
55:Please help to
54:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1463:Stokers Manual
1450:
1445:Stokers Manual
1432:
1425:
1404:
1389:
1382:
1376:. p. 79.
1359:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:Thermic siphon
1141:
1135:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:Snifting valve
1008:
1005:
1000:
993:
986:
975:
970:
955:
948:
945:
930:
927:
926:
925:
906:
899:
897:
892:
889:
884:
866:
859:
848:
841:
830:
823:
812:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
771:
764:feedwater pump
760:
755:
741:
734:
731:Yarrow boilers
722:
715:
712:
705:
698:thermic syphon
694:
692:Galloway tubes
685:Galloway tubes
677:
674:
673:
672:
665:
660:
655:
652:
647:
642:
627:
620:
618:
613:
604:
599:
597:
590:
587:
580:
569:
566:
563:
558:
549:
542:
535:
530:
528:Feedwater pump
525:
508:
505:
504:
503:
496:
489:
485:
478:
475:
468:
461:
454:
443:
436:
425:
418:
410:
403:
392:
385:
369:
362:
352:
349:
342:
334:
325:
322:
321:
320:
318:
311:
296:
289:
274:
269:
258:
255:
247:
242:
239:
234:
224:
217:
214:
207:
199:
196:
185:
182:Blow-down cock
178:
171:
166:
163:
158:
143:
111:
108:
87:
86:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1538:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Steam boilers
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1230:
1229:inner firebox
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:outer firebox
1176:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:Suction valve
1085:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
987:
984:
980:
976:
974:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
935:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:Rocking grate
900:
898:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
820:bridge clamps
817:
813:
806:
805:
801:
797:
793:
781:
777:
775:
772:
769:
765:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
728:
723:
716:
713:
706:
703:
699:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
682:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
605:
603:
600:
598:
591:
588:
584:Fire dropping
581:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
555:
554:Rocking grate
550:
543:
540:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
513:
501:
497:
490:
488:requirements.
486:
479:
476:
469:
466:
462:
455:
452:
448:
444:
437:
434:
430:
426:
419:
416:
411:
404:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
379:
375:
370:
363:
360:
356:
353:
350:
343:
340:
335:
328:
327:
319:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
270:
267:
263:
259:
257:Boiler ticket
256:
253:
248:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
229:
225:
218:
215:
208:
205:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
179:
176:
172:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
136:
133:
129:
124:
116:
107:
105:
100:
97:
93:
83:
80:
72:
69:February 2012
62:
58:
52:
51:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
1479:– via
1458:
1453:
1440:
1435:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1369:
1363:
1289:Washout plug
1252:Vacuum valve
1185:, below the
1159:pattern. In
1133:Thimble tube
1092:
943:Safety valve
882:washout plug
834:boiler scale
832:a sludge of
800:bridge clamp
663:Fusible plug
645:Flued boiler
631:flued boiler
607:
552:
498:A feedwater
482:Drowned tube
451:blowing down
428:
354:
315:Bridge clamp
132:bridge clamp
101:
90:
75:
66:
47:
26:
1516:Steam power
1415:. Hersham:
1300:washing out
1270:Water-level
1199:check valve
1172:Throatplate
1099:Superheater
1059:superheater
1053:Steam drier
983:water-level
963:water-level
880:. See also
874:washing out
780:gauge glass
749:washing out
709:Gauge glass
669:water level
639:superheater
616:Flash steam
453:the boiler.
407:Crown sheet
378:Russia iron
351:Clack valve
346:Check valve
245:Boiler suit
237:Boiler stay
228:boilermaker
221:Boilersmith
61:introducing
1495:Categories
1467:Royal Navy
1429:. 0604/A1.
1372:. Oxford:
1355:References
1307:Water drum
1279:Water-wall
1221:fire-tubes
1161:Royal Navy
1139:field tube
1047:steam drum
1025:Steam drum
973:Scum valve
959:hard water
852:water drum
778:A form of
533:Field-tube
516:Field-tube
389:Crinolines
293:Brick arch
44:references
1417:Ian Allan
1298:used for
1206:Tubeplate
895:Regulator
838:explosion
641:elements.
635:firetubes
594:Fire-tube
523:Feedwater
472:Downcomer
400:crinoline
384:practice.
331:Carryover
304:blastpipe
282:corrosion
204:blastpipe
193:blow down
169:Blow-down
161:Blastpipe
1338:See also
1314:mud drum
1294:A small
1239:smokebox
1193:Top-feed
1167:of this.
1003:Smokebox
937:Smokebox
868:A small
845:Mud drum
758:Injector
743:A small
738:Handhole
719:Grooving
696:tapered
568:Firedoor
500:injector
440:Disposal
396:cladding
374:asbestos
366:Cladding
359:top feed
266:mainline
252:firehole
155:disposal
147:firebars
1521:Boilers
1296:mudhole
1258:effect.
1067:turbine
1031:priming
918:clinker
910:firebar
887:Priming
870:manhole
863:Mudhole
809:Manhole
796:Mudhole
753:mudhole
745:manhole
658:Furnace
577:stokers
561:Firebox
546:Firebar
465:priming
429:beneath
339:priming
286:foaming
128:manhole
92:Boilers
57:improve
1473:
1423:
1380:
1213:barrel
1187:barrel
1157:Yarrow
990:Sludge
433:ashpan
422:Damper
402:skirt.
262:boiler
211:Boiler
198:Blower
175:sludge
151:damper
140:Ashpan
46:, but
1326:less.
1215:of a
1181:of a
952:Scale
914:grate
415:stays
355:Clack
284:, or
278:scale
254:door.
96:steam
1481:HMSO
1471:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1312:see
1223:. A
1093:less
1035:dome
922:drop
798:and
624:Flue
573:coal
458:Dome
449:and
308:coke
130:and
104:HVAC
1108:T-W
997:mud
967:mud
878:mud
856:mud
827:Mud
787:M-R
676:G-K
382:LMS
324:C-E
110:A-B
106:).
1497::
1247:).
1045:a
977:A
850:a
762:a
280:,
1483:.
1386:.
1241:(
1231:(
1189:.
999:.
969:.
929:S
840:.
733:.
704:.
612:.
579:.
557:.
507:F
467:.
435:.
417:.
341:.
310:.
288:.
206:.
195:.
157:.
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
53:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)