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Compared to some other East
African ruminant species that did change their food intake and digestion in response to heat stress, Thomson's gazelle appears relatively well-adapted to periodic heat stress. However, Thomson's gazelle is a water-dependent species, and when exposed to dehydration, its food intake decreased. Food intake was further depressed when gazelles were exposed to dehydration in addition to heat stress. Some of this reduction can be attributed to decreased metabolism, which can help the animals conserve water. In another study comparing Thomson's gazelles and Grant's gazelles in foraging and behaviors to avoid predators, it was found that Thomson's gazelle adjusted its diet during drought to eat more trees and shrubs of
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1128:. If so, he continues to court and mount her. Females leave the herd to give birth to single fawns after a five- to six-month gestation period. Birthing predominantly occurs after the rainy season, with newborn fawns weighing 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb). They give birth twice yearly with one or two fawns. When giving birth, a female gazelle crouches as the newborn fawn drops to the ground, tearing the umbilical cord. The mother then licks the fawn clean of amniotic fluid and tissues. In addition, licking possibly also serves to stimulate the fawn's blood circulation, or to "label" it so its mother can recognize it by scent.
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engage in mock fights in which they rush towards each other as if they are about to clash, but without touching. After this, they graze in a frontal position, then in parallel and then in reverse, and move away from each other while constantly grazing. These rituals have no victor, but merely maintain the boundaries of the territories. Territorial males usually do not enter another male's territory. If a male is chasing an escaping female, he will stop the chase if she runs into another territory, but the neighboring male will continue the chase.
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94:
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the males' territories, mostly the ones with the highest-quality resources. As the female groups pass through and forage, the territorial males may try to herd them, and are usually successful in preventing single females from leaving, but not whole groups. Subadult males usually establish dominance through actual combat, while adults are more likely to do rituals. If a bachelor male should be passing through a territorial male's region, the male will chase the offender out of his territory.
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lies back down to wait for the next nursing. Mother gazelles may associate with other gazelle mothers, but the fawns do not gather into "kindergartens". Mothers defend their young against jackals and baboons, but not against larger predators. Sometimes, a female can fend off a male baboon by headbutting him with her horns to defend her fawn.
1140:
mothers as yearlings. Young males may also follow their mothers, but as they reach adolescence, they are noticed by territorial males, so cannot follow their mothers into territories. The mother may follow and stay with him, but eventually stops following him when he is driven away; the male will then join a bachelor group.
1024:, which are able to attain higher speeds, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more quickly. This small antelope can run extremely fast, up to 80 km/h (50 mph), and zigzag, an adaptation which often saves it from predators. Sometimes, they are also taken by
1153:
species rather than undigestible dried grasses. Acacia species are high in tannins, anti-nutritional factors that can decrease metabolic performance. However, gazelles appear to have the ability to detoxify and metabolize some tannins and moderate levels of condensed tannins may even be beneficial to
1099:
When patrolling his territory, a male may use his horns to gore the grass, soil, or a bush. Males also mark grass stems with their preorbital glands, which emit a dark secretion. Territories of different males may share a boundary. When territorial males meet at the border of their territories, they
980:
Thomson's gazelle lives in East Africa's savannas and grassland habitats, particularly the
Serengeti region of Kenya and Tanzania. It has narrow habitat preferences, preferring short grassland with dry, sturdy foundation. It does, however, migrate into tall grassland and dense woodland. Gazelles are
920:
Thomson's gazelle is a relatively small gazelle; it stands 60–70 cm (24–28 in) at the shoulder. Males weigh 20–35 kg (44–77 lb), while the slightly lighter females weigh 15–25 kg (33–55 lb). Facial characteristics of the gazelle include white rings around the eyes, black
236:
1135:
Females exhibit pre-retrieval peaks in maternal vigilance. This behavior is conspicuous. Females all but cease other activities in favor of vigilance. They move slowly in the direction of the fawn's hiding spot, stopping frequently to scan the environment. Several females in our observations engaged
1095:
During the wet season, a time when grass is abundant, adult male gazelles graze extensively. They spread out more and establish breeding territories. Younger males usually spend their time in bachelor groups, and are prevented from entering the territories. Females form migratory groups that enter
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In the first six hours of the fawn's life, it moves and rests with its mother, but eventually spends more time away from its mother or hides in the grass. The mother stays in the vicinity of the fawn and returns to nurse it daily. Mother and fawn may spend an hour together before the fawn goes and
1139:
As the fawn approaches two months of age, it spends more time with its mother and less time hiding. Eventually, it stops hiding. Around this time, the fawn starts eating solid food, but continues to nurse from its mother. The pair also joins a herd. Young female gazelles may associate with their
1148:
In an experiment studying the effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility, Thomson's gazelle exhibited metabolic adaptations for desert environments. When exposed to heat stress alone, neither the food intake nor digestion of
Thomson's gazelle was affected.
1170:
The population estimate is around 550,000. The population had declined 60% from 1978 to 2005. Threats to
Thomson's gazelles are habitat modification, fire management, and road development. Surveys have reported steep declines (60-70%) over periods of about 20 years dating from the late 1970s in
1136:
in "sham" feeding behavior, in which they lowered their heads to the ground as if to feed before quickly raising them back up to scan. In one instance, a female appeared to actively search for predators by climbing to the top of a slight hill to scan prior to approaching her fawn's hiding spot.
963:
The two subspecies differ in their appearance. The eastern
Thomson's gazelle is the larger of the two, with fainter facial markings. The Serengeti Thomson's gazelle has a whiter face with more conspicuous markings. The horns of females are shorter than those of males to a greater degree in the
944:
is sandy brown to rufous; a black band runs across the flanks, from the upper foreleg to just above the upper hind leg. A buff band occurs above the black stripe. Short, black streaks mark the white rump. The black tail measures 15–27 cm (5.9–10.6 in). Males have well-developed
956:. Both sexes possess horns that curve slightly backward with the tips facing forward. The horns, highly ringed, measure 25–43 cm (9.8–16.9 in) in males and 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in females. However, females have more fragile horns; some are even hornless.
1011:
Thomson's gazelles are dependent on short grass. Their numbers can be highly concentrated at the beginning of the rains when the grass grows quickly. In the
Serengeti, they follow the larger herbivores, such as
2221:
McKie, M. R, Brown, D. L., Melesse, A. and Odenyo, A. A. 2004. Rumen microbes from
African ruminants can degrade Acacia angustissima diamino acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 117:179-195.
2114:
1. Department of
Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 2. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
1961:"Species-specific patterns of urine investigation and flehmen in Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), Thomson's gazelle (G. thomsoni), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Taurotragus oryx)"
2230:
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L. A. and
Wilkinson, R. G. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th edition. London: Prentice Hall.
2182:
Rautiainen, Heidi (2015). "Foraging and anti-predation behavior of
Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) and Grant's gazelles (Gazella granti) at a waterhole".
289:
Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 200,000 in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa. A small fast
1848:
Natural History Magazine (March 1974). The American Museum of Natural History; and James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society
7038:
2112:
Costelloe, Blair R.; Rubenstein, Daniel I. (2018). "Temporal structuring of vigilance behavior by female Thomson's gazelles with hidden fawns".
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is very similar to Thomson's gazelle, but can be differentiated by its larger size and the white patch on the rump extending top over the tail.
293:, the Thomson's gazelle is claimed to have top speeds up to 80–90 km/h (50–55 mph). It is the fourth-fastest land animal, after the
6948:
6922:
7079:
1548:
Rebholz, W.; Harley, E. (July 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships in the bovid subfamily Antilopinae based on mitochondrial DNA sequences".
44:
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6870:
7114:
7051:
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1698:
1406:
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Effron, M.; Bogart, M. H.; Kumamoto, A. T.; Benirschke, K. (1976). "Chromosome studies in the mammalian subfamily Antilopinae".
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Walther, Fritz (1995). In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 1; "Short-tail and Roman", pp. 1-37. Indiana University Press.
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as they mow down the taller grasses. In the wild, Thomson's gazelles can live 10–15 years. Their major predators are
730:
1360:
912:
507:
429:
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1189:
612:
534:
646:
1366:
357:
2134:"Effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility in East African ruminants"
2132:
Maloiy, G. M. O.; Kanui, T. I.; Towett, P. K.; Wambugu, S. N.; Miaron, J. O.; Wanyoike, M. M. (October 2008).
916:
A close-up of a male Thomson's gazelle: males have horns that are thicker and longer than those of the female.
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1197:
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A male gazelle follows a female and sniffs her urine to find out if she is in estrus, a process known as the
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mixed feeders. In the wet seasons, they eat mainly fresh grasses, but during the dry seasons, they eat more
7099:
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3449:
1620:"A revised phylogeny of Antilopini (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) using combined mitochondrial and nuclear genes"
6935:
6823:
6818:
1007:
A cheetah with a Thomson's gazelle carcass. Cheetahs are one of the main predators of Thomson's gazelle.
2729:
2301:
225:
7094:
5706:
2651:
2642:
1214:
389:
263:
93:
2208:
392:; the first recorded use of the name dates to 1897. Another common name for the gazelle is "tommy".
5493:
1492:
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578:
1750:
Foley, C.; Foley, L.; Lobora, A.; De Luca, D.; Msuha, M.; Davenport, T.R.B.; Durant, S.M. (2014).
6142:
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388:), as a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle. Thomson's gazelle is named after the Scottish explorer
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3193:
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1666:
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338:
829:) and colleagues constructed a cladogram that clearly depicted the close relationship between
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2195:
1858:
Walther, F. R. (1977). "Sex and Activity Dependency of Distances Between Thomson's Gazelles (
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eastern Thomson's gazelle and the horns are more divergent in the eastern Thomson gazelle.
373:
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6787:
1902:
Jarman, P. J. (1974). "The Social Organization of Antelope in Relation to their Ecology".
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2138:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
2062:
2042:
2007:
1919:
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1600:
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603:
88:
1791:
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates.
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1999:
1990:
Estes, R. D. (1967). "The Comparative Behavior of Grant's and Thomson's Gazelles".
1972:
1911:
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888:
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2102:, Chapter 6: "On mothers and their young", pp. 94-113. Indiana University Press.
1976:
1815:
East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part. D: Bovids
1635:
1060:. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as
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817:. In a more recent revision of the phylogeny of the Antilopini on the basis of
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Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives
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78:
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several places, including the main strongholds for the species: Serengeti,
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822:
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637:
365:
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A Thomson's gazelle: Note the facial markings and the dark lateral stripe.
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2011:
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References to the Thomson's gazelle were an occasional running gag in
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2518:
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721:
445:
356:) remain disputed; while some authors such as Alan W. Gentry of the (
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2003:
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1471:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 563–4.
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1202:
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884:
879:– eastern Thomson's gazelle ranges from east of the Rift Valley in
770:
764:
484:
326:
290:
185:
125:
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features an anthropomorphic Thomson's gazelle pop star, voiced by
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6397:
6256:
5646:
5433:
5424:
5337:
5223:
5214:
5186:
4942:
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3723:
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1362:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1207:
1025:
1021:
776:
696:
424:
334:
294:
259:
155:
368:) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a full species. Zoologist
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6114:
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5842:
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4773:
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4524:
3982:
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2343:
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1443:. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179.
1246:
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1053:
985:, particularly foliage from woody plants bushes and herbaceous
982:
922:
782:
557:
135:
115:
1726:. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 104–7.
1665:(10th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience. p.
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1080:
Two male gazelles in an agonistic display with females nearby
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to the nose, a dark patch on the nose, and a light forehead.
880:
787:
345:
in 1884. The relationships between Thomson's gazelle and the
1527:. Vol. 3. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 403–13.
809:, although the earliest phylogeny, proposed in 1976, placed
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5045:
4933:
4915:
4572:
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Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pgs. 70-75
1754:. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 212.
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ruminants by increasing amino acid absorption in the gut.
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stripes running from a corner of the eye to the nose,
270:". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the
2027:"Determinants of intracellular pH in the erythrocyte"
1525:
East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa
1335:. San Diego and London:Academic Press. pp. 411–413. (
2257:. New York, USA: Simon & Schuster. p. 179.
1213:
The Thomson's gazelle served as the inspiration for
2111:
1618:Bärmann, E.V.; Rössner, G.E.; Wörheide, G. (2013).
1068:, used to startle predators and display strength.
274:and was formerly considered a member of the genus
1817:. University Chicago Press, Chicago pgs. 403–413.
1103:
7071:
2316:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1752:A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania
2024:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1656:
1297:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A172360006.en
862:– Serengeti Thomson's gazelle ranges from the
384:) or a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle (
2302:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
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1462:
1460:
1272:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. (2020) .
1959:Hart, Lynette A.; Hart, Benjamin L. (1987).
1851:
1796:
1355:
1143:
1048:, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of
2243:IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
1890:
1717:
1715:
1657:Considine, G.D.; Kulik, P.H., eds. (2008).
1431:
845:were found to have a similar relationship.
2391:
2309:
2295:
2181:
2025:Warth, J.; Desforges, J. F. (March 1975).
1768:
1513:
1469:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
1457:
1333:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
234:
67:
43:
29:
6626:
4098:
2255:Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin
1309:
1307:
1295:
825:data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the
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2082:
2080:
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1958:
1945:
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1828:"Cheetah cubs vs gazelle - BBC wildlife"
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1743:
1721:
1712:
1161:
1115:
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1083:
1075:
1002:
991:
971:
931:
911:
360:) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a
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1857:
1699:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1611:
1541:
1519:
1466:
1407:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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1901:
1661:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
1576:
1351:
1349:
1304:
1267:
1265:
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1182:
364:of Thomson's gazelle, others (such as
258:) is one of the best known species of
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2368:
2290:
2177:
2175:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2073:
1989:
1930:
1740:
1624:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1550:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
891:(Tanzania) and then southwestward to
3934:
1683:
1427:
1425:
1423:
376:, sometimes considered a species of
52:Female with fawn, Masai Mara, Kenya
7080:IUCN Red List least concern species
2783:
1346:
1283:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1258:
266:and is sometimes referred to as a "
13:
6100:
3637:
2274:
2172:
2120:
2043:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb01833.x
1650:
1217:'s 1997 Autumn/Winter collection,
1071:
949:near the eyes, which are used for
14:
7126:
1965:Journal of Comparative Psychology
1420:
1838:from the original on 2021-12-21.
729:
704:
645:
611:
586:
533:
506:
453:
428:
92:
7090:Antelopes of Sub-Saharan Africa
2661:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2246:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2105:
2018:
1983:
1952:
1842:
1820:
1088:Gazelle marking grass with its
848:Two subspecies are identified:
805:is the closest sister taxon to
3450:Central American red brocket (
2031:British Journal of Haematology
1498:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1485:
1391:
1367:Johns Hopkins University Press
1359:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1325:
1112:Male gazelle mounting a female
1104:Reproduction and parental care
907:
358:Natural History Museum, London
337:. Thomson's gazelle was first
286:was elevated to genus status.
1:
1252:
996:Doe defending dead fawn from
262:. It is named after explorer
7115:Taxa named by Albert Günther
4157:Large subfamily listed below
4145:Large subfamily listed below
4133:Large subfamily listed below
2281:Gazelles and Their Relatives
1876:10.1016/0003-3472(77)90120-8
1190:Monty Python's Flying Circus
330:and is classified under the
7:
2652:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2643:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1977:10.1037/0735-7036.101.4.299
1636:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.015
1319:African Wildlife Foundation
1243:, a visibly similar species
1224:
10:
7131:
2150:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.019
2100:In the Country of Gazelles
1331:Kingdon, Jonathan (1997).
967:
7110:Mammals described in 1884
6987:
6742:
6700:
6672:
6648:
6639:
6635:
6621:
6588:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6579:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6567:
6516:
6503:
6489:
6453:
6429:
6405:
6396:
6278:
6245:
6221:
6188:
6164:
6143:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6122:
6113:
6109:
6095:
6059:
6017:
5840:
5831:
5785:
5761:
5737:
5695:
5644:
5620:
5611:
5583:
5559:
5552:
5506:
5446:
5422:
5335:
5284:
5260:
5236:
5212:
5203:
5199:
5178:
5133:
5034:
5025:
4997:
4973:
4868:
4808:
4799:
4771:
4747:
4738:
4734:
4713:
4672:
4648:
4570:
4546:
4522:
4498:
4447:
4423:
4372:
4267:
4243:
4219:
4195:
4191:
4170:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4089:
4052:
4028:
3995:
3971:
3962:
3925:
3888:
3842:
3782:
3773:
3745:
3694:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3632:
3578:
3544:
3510:
3486:
3462:
3432:Amazonian brown brocket (
3366:
3333:
3309:
3276:
3252:
3228:
3219:
3155:
3104:
3080:
3047:
2996:
2963:
2939:
2807:
2794:
2778:
2765:Large family listed below
2758:
2753:Large family listed below
2746:
2730:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2673:
2631:
2607:
2598:
2507:
2452:
2428:
2419:
2382:
2378:
2364:
2326:
2241:African Antelope Database
1166:Male gazelle with females
1157:
1144:Physiological adaptations
925:stripes running from the
719:
694:
687:
635:
601:
576:
569:
562:
521:
496:
489:
477:
443:
421:
414:
407:
400:
242:
233:
214:
207:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
4829:Domestic water buffalo (
3194:Central Asian red deer (
2819:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1120:Fawn hiding in the grass
321:. It is a member of the
317:of Thomson's gazelle is
5707:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5494:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3599:Yucatan brown brocket (
2828:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2712:Philippine mouse-deer (
2283:by Fritz Walther (1984)
2253:Wilson, Andrew (2015).
2098:Walther, Fritz (1995).
1916:10.1163/156853974x00345
1722:Castelló, J.R. (2016).
1219:It's a Jungle Out There
827:University of Cambridge
6417:White-lipped peccary (
6353:Philippine warty pig (
5978:Yellow-backed duiker (
5942:Black-fronted duiker (
5915:White-bellied duiker (
5536:Przewalski's gazelle (
4759:Four-horned antelope (
3557:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3116:Visayan spotted deer (
2975:European fallow deer (
2918:Northern red muntjac (
2864:Southern red muntjac (
2203:Cite journal requires
1562:10.1006/mpev.1998.0586
1167:
1121:
1113:
1092:
1081:
1008:
1000:
998:eastern imperial eagle
977:
937:
917:
726:Antidorcas marsupialis
309:Taxonomy and etymology
6597:Wild Bactrian camel (
6299:Bornean bearded pig (
6290:Palawan bearded pig (
5879:White-legged duiker (
5305:Red-fronted gazelle (
2984:Persian fallow deer (
2900:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2573:Himalayan musk deer (
2482:Reticulated giraffe (
1290:: e.T8982A172360006.
1165:
1119:
1111:
1087:
1079:
1006:
995:
975:
935:
915:
801:analysis showed that
579:Soemmerring's gazelle
341:by British zoologist
297:(its main predator),
7105:Fauna of East Africa
6684:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6344:Oliver's warty pig (
5969:Red-flanked duiker (
5374:Erlanger's gazelle (
5094:Harnessed bushbuck (
4820:Wild water buffalo (
4297:East Caucasian tur (
4288:West Caucasian tur (
3441:Little red brocket (
2909:Truong Son muntjac (
2721:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2703:Greater mouse-deer (
2582:Siberian musk deer (
1992:Journal of Mammalogy
1813:Kingdon, J. (1979).
1467:Kingdon, J. (2015).
1046:African rock pythons
583:Nanger soemmerringii
278:within the subgenus
7100:Mammals of Tanzania
6317:Celebes warty pig (
6308:Visayan warty pig (
5924:Red forest duiker (
5656:Günther's dik-dik (
5518:Mongolian gazelle (
5323:Heuglin's gazelle (
5314:Thomson's gazelle (
4468:Long-tailed goral (
3863:Mountain reedbuck (
3854:Southern reedbuck (
3706:East African oryx (
3608:White-tailed deer (
3387:Small red brocket (
3354:South Andean deer (
3297:Siberian roe deer (
3288:European roe deer (
3125:Philippine sambar (
3092:Père David's deer (
2694:Lesser mouse-deer (
2555:Kashmir musk deer (
1493:"Thomson's Gazelle"
1401:Eudorcas albonotata
1315:"Thomson's Gazelle"
1236:Red-fronted gazelle
1183:Cultural references
701:Litocranius walleri
499:Red-fronted gazelle
450:Antilope cervicapra
272:red-fronted gazelle
243:Distribution range
59:Conservation status
6801:eudorcas-thomsonii
6774:Eudorcas thomsonii
6744:Eudorcas thomsonii
6465:Collared peccary (
6335:Flores warty pig (
6176:Giant forest hog (
6038:Maxwell's duiker (
5960:Ruwenzori duiker (
5906:Jentink's duiker (
5815:Sharpe's grysbok (
5571:Tibetan antelope (
5476:Bright's gazelle (
5410:Goitered gazelle (
5383:Mountain gazelle (
5356:Cuvier's gazelle (
5296:Mongalla gazelle (
4684:Pyrenean chamois (
4110:Tibetan antelope (
4064:Black wildebeest (
2891:Reeves's muntjac (
2855:Sumatran muntjac (
2846:Gongshan muntjac (
2619:Water chevrotain (
2546:Alpine musk deer (
2473:Southern giraffe (
2464:Northern giraffe (
1789:Estes, R. (1991).
1693:Eudorcas thomsonii
1597:10.1007/BF00128089
1276:Eudorcas thomsonii
1168:
1122:
1114:
1093:
1082:
1009:
1001:
978:
938:
918:
503:Eudorcas rufifrons
319:Eudorcas thomsonii
255:Eudorcas thomsonii
218:Eudorcas thomsonii
24:Thomson's gazelle
16:Species of gazelle
7067:
7066:
6989:Gazella thomsonii
6962:Open Tree of Life
6788:Gazella_thomsonii
6736:Taxon identifiers
6727:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6696:
6695:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6441:Chacoan peccary (
6392:
6391:
6380:Javan warty pig (
6371:Timor warty pig (
6178:H. meinertzhageni
6152:Togian babirusa (
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6047:Walter's duiker (
5987:Abbott's duiker (
5951:Ogilby's duiker (
5897:Harvey's duiker (
5861:Brooke's duiker (
5827:
5826:
5607:
5606:
5548:
5547:
5485:Peter's gazelle (
5467:Grant's gazelle (
5401:Speke's gazelle (
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5051:
5021:
5020:
5009:African buffalo (
4840:B. depressicornis
4795:
4794:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4477:Himalayan goral (
4299:C. cylindricornis
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4122:
4121:
4085:
4084:
4073:Blue wildebeest (
4007:Common tsessebe (
3958:
3957:
3921:
3920:
3884:
3883:
3796:K. ellipsiprymnus
3769:
3768:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3568:P. mephistophiles
3524:P. mephistophiles
3215:
3214:
2911:M. truongsonensis
2873:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2742:
2741:
2685:Java mouse-deer (
2594:
2593:
2564:Black musk deer (
2537:Dwarf musk deer (
2528:Anhui musk deer (
2503:
2502:
2466:G. camelopardalis
2415:
2414:
2264:978-1-4767-7673-6
2239:East, R. (1999).
1761:978-1-4008-5280-2
1733:978-1-4008-8065-2
1676:978-0-471-74398-9
1534:978-0-226-43725-5
1501:. Merriam-Webster
1478:978-1-4729-2135-2
1450:978-1-4214-0093-8
1441:Ungulate Taxonomy
1376:978-0-8018-8221-0
1215:Alexander McQueen
1034:African wild dogs
947:preorbital glands
878:
868:Kenya Rift Valley
861:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
624:
623:
546:
545:
524:Thomson's gazelle
466:
465:
374:Heuglin's gazelle
250:Thomson's gazelle
247:
246:
200:E. thomsonii
82:
7122:
7095:Mammals of Kenya
7060:
7059:
7047:
7046:
7034:
7033:
7021:
7020:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6980:
6979:
6970:
6969:
6957:
6956:
6944:
6943:
6931:
6930:
6918:
6917:
6905:
6904:
6892:
6891:
6879:
6878:
6866:
6865:
6853:
6852:
6840:
6839:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6731:
6730:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6623:
6622:
6514:
6513:
6505:
6504:
6491:
6490:
6403:
6402:
6209:Common warthog (
6200:Desert warthog (
6120:
6119:
6111:
6110:
6097:
6096:
5996:Weyns's duiker (
5870:Peters' duiker (
5852:Aders's duiker (
5838:
5837:
5725:Royal antelope (
5683:Salt's dik-dik (
5674:Silver dik-dik (
5665:Kirk's dik-dik (
5618:
5617:
5595:Saiga antelope (
5557:
5556:
5496:N. soemmerringii
5365:Dorcas gazelle (
5210:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5180:
5179:
5067:Mountain nyala (
5050:
5049:
5041:
5032:
5031:
4987:P. nghetinhensis
4889:European bison (
4880:American bison (
4806:
4805:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4715:
4714:
4591:Domestic sheep (
4435:Himalayan tahr (
4402:Mainland serow (
4384:Japanese serow (
4193:
4192:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4096:
4095:
3969:
3968:
3932:
3931:
3895:
3894:
3872:Bohor reedbuck (
3780:
3779:
3759:A. nasomaculatus
3682:Sable antelope (
3659:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3396:Merida brocket (
3226:
3225:
3167:Thorold's deer (
3019:A. calamianensis
2902:M. rooseveltorum
2848:M. gongshanensis
2805:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2605:
2604:
2514:
2513:
2493:G. tippelskirchi
2426:
2425:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2071:
2070:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1928:
1927:
1910:(3–4): 215–267.
1899:
1888:
1887:
1864:Animal Behaviour
1862:Gunther 1884)".
1860:Gazella Thomsoni
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1794:
1787:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1365:(3rd ed.).
1353:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1269:
1126:Flehmen response
1090:preorbital gland
1018:blue wildebeests
876:
855:
733:
708:
690:
689:
649:
615:
590:
572:
571:
565:
564:
537:
510:
492:
491:
480:
479:
457:
432:
417:
416:
410:
409:
403:
402:
396:
395:
370:Jonathan Kingdon
350:Mongalla gazelle
238:
220:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
20:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7055:
7050:
7042:
7037:
7029:
7024:
7016:
7011:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6983:
6975:
6973:
6965:
6960:
6952:
6947:
6939:
6934:
6926:
6921:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6895:
6887:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6848:
6843:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6807:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6738:
6728:
6715:
6692:
6668:
6631:
6605:
6563:
6499:
6473:
6449:
6425:
6388:
6355:S. philippensis
6292:S. ahoenobarbus
6274:
6266:Red river hog (
6241:
6217:
6184:
6160:
6134:Buru babirusa (
6105:
6079:
6071:Common duiker (
6055:
6013:
5823:
5781:
5757:
5733:
5691:
5640:
5603:
5579:
5544:
5529:P. picticaudata
5502:
5442:
5418:
5412:G. subgutturosa
5331:
5280:
5256:
5232:
5195:
5184:
5162:
5129:
5121:Cape bushbuck (
5114:T. strepsiceros
5043:
5042:
5040:
5017:
4993:
4969:
4864:
4856:Mountain anoa (
4791:
4785:B. tragocamelus
4767:
4761:T. quadricornis
4730:
4719:
4701:
4668:
4644:
4600:Bighorn sheep (
4566:
4542:
4518:
4510:Mountain goat (
4494:
4486:Chinese goral (
4443:
4419:
4404:C. sumatraensis
4368:
4351:Siberian ibex (
4315:Domestic goat (
4263:
4239:
4215:
4207:Barbary sheep (
4187:
4176:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4118:
4081:
4048:
4024:
3991:
3954:
3917:
3880:
3838:
3765:
3741:
3715:Scimitar oryx (
3690:
3673:Roan antelope (
3644:
3638:
3616:
3574:
3566:Northern pudu (
3540:
3532:Southern pudu (
3522:Northern pudu (
3506:
3482:
3458:
3423:Pygmy brocket (
3405:Dwarf brocket (
3362:
3329:
3305:
3272:
3248:
3211:
3151:
3100:
3076:
3043:
3017:Calamian deer (
2992:
2986:D. mesopotamica
2959:
2935:
2929:M. vuquangensis
2927:Giant muntjac (
2837:Fea's muntjac (
2790:
2784:
2766:
2754:
2738:
2669:
2627:
2590:
2548:M. chrysogaster
2499:
2491:Masai giraffe (
2448:
2411:
2374:
2360:
2322:
2315:
2277:
2275:Further reading
2272:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2173:
2130:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2074:
2023:
2019:
2004:10.2307/1378022
1988:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1931:
1900:
1891:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1797:
1788:
1769:
1762:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1655:
1651:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1377:
1369:. p. 679.
1354:
1347:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1231:Grant's gazelle
1227:
1185:
1160:
1146:
1106:
1074:
1072:Social behavior
1042:Nile crocodiles
970:
958:Grant's gazelle
910:
889:Arusha District
887:, southward to
877:(Günther, 1884)
874:E. t. thomsonii
761:
752:
743:
677:
668:
659:
625:
604:Grant's gazelle
547:
467:
315:scientific name
311:
229:
222:
216:
203:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7128:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7048:
7035:
7022:
7009:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6971:
6958:
6945:
6932:
6919:
6906:
6893:
6880:
6867:
6854:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6805:
6792:
6779:
6764:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6686:C. liberiensis
6680:
6678:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6660:Hippopotamus (
6656:
6654:
6643:
6641:Hippopotamidae
6633:
6632:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6594:
6590:C. dromedarius
6585:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6524:
6522:
6511:
6501:
6500:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6377:
6373:S. timoriensis
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6326:Domestic pig (
6323:
6314:
6305:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6206:
6202:P. aethiopicus
6196:
6194:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:B. togeanensis
6149:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6005:Zebra duiker (
6002:
5993:
5984:
5980:C. silvicultor
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5933:Black duiker (
5930:
5921:
5917:C. leucogaster
5912:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5812:
5806:Cape grysbok (
5803:
5793:
5791:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:Klipspringer (
5745:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5680:
5676:M. piacentinii
5671:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5538:P. przewalskii
5533:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5464:
5458:Dama gazelle (
5454:
5452:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5407:
5398:
5392:Rhim gazelle (
5389:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:A. marsupialis
5244:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5154:Common eland (
5151:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5118:
5112:Greater kudu (
5109:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4925:Domestic yak (
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4853:
4849:B. mindorensis
4844:
4838:Lowland anoa (
4835:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4558:Nilgiri tahr (
4554:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4411:Taiwan serow (
4408:
4399:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4342:Iberian ibex (
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4231:Arabian tahr (
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3865:R. fulvorufula
3860:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3733:Arabian oryx (
3730:
3721:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:O. virginianus
3605:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3529:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:O. bezoarticus
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3416:M. gouazoubira
3414:Gray brocket (
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3169:C. albirostris
3163:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:E. cephalophus
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2882:Leaf muntjac (
2879:
2875:M. puhoatensis
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:T. williamsoni
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:M. moschiferus
2579:
2575:M. leucogaster
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2539:M. berezovskii
2534:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2384:Antilocapridae
2376:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2356:Laurasiatheria
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2245:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:|journal=
2171:
2144:(2): 185–190.
2119:
2104:
2072:
2037:(3): 369–372.
2017:
1998:(2): 189–209.
1982:
1971:(4): 299–304.
1951:
1929:
1889:
1870:(3): 713–719.
1850:
1841:
1819:
1795:
1767:
1760:
1739:
1732:
1711:
1682:
1675:
1649:
1610:
1575:
1540:
1533:
1512:
1484:
1477:
1456:
1449:
1419:
1390:
1375:
1345:
1324:
1303:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1184:
1181:
1159:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1105:
1102:
1073:
1070:
969:
966:
909:
906:
905:
904:
871:
758:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
735:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
693:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
651:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
495:
490:
488:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
420:
415:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
390:Joseph Thomson
386:E. r. tilonura
343:Albert Günther
310:
307:
264:Joseph Thomson
245:
244:
240:
239:
231:
230:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7127:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6581:C. bactrianus
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6488:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6382:S. verrucosus
6378:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6328:S. domesticus
6324:
6322:
6320:
6319:S. celebensis
6315:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6248:Potamochoerus
6244:
6238:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6145:B. celebensis
6141:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6029:Blue duiker (
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5944:C. nigrifrons
5940:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5926:C. natalensis
5922:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5872:C. callipygus
5868:
5866:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5799:R. campestris
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5751:O. oreotragus
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5394:G. leptoceros
5390:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5298:E. albonotata
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5274:A. cervicapra
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5177:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5145:Giant eland (
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5123:T. sylvaticus
5119:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5085:Lesser kudu (
5083:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4900:B. domesticus
4898:Bali cattle (
4896:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4712:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:O. canadensis
4598:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:Nilgiritragus
4545:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4512:O. americanus
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4437:H. jemlahicus
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4333:Nubian ibex (
4331:
4329:
4327:
4324:Alpine ibex (
4322:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4169:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Pantholopinae
4088:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4042:A. buselaphus
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3946:Grey rhebok (
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Aepycerotinae
3887:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3821:Nile lechwe (
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Hippotraginae
3651:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3631:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3500:B. dichotomus
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3474:Pampas deer (
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:M. nemorivaga
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3378:Red brocket (
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3347:H. antisensis
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:C. canadensis
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:R. timorensis
3132:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3094:E. davidianus
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3061:R. duvaucelii
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3026:Bawean deer (
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2951:Tufted deer (
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2884:M. putaoensis
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2830:M. crinifrons
2826:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2723:T. versicolor
2719:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2530:M. anhuiensis
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:G. reticulata
2480:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:(2): 484–93.
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(4): 419–44.
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:Wilson, D. E.
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:0-12-408355-2
1338:
1334:
1328:
1321:. 2013-02-22.
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:plains zebras
1005:
999:
994:
990:
988:
984:
974:
965:
961:
959:
955:
952:
951:scent-marking
948:
943:
934:
930:
928:
924:
914:
902:
898:
897:Wembere River
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
869:
865:
859:
854:
853:E. t. nasalis
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:mitochondrial
820:
816:
813:as sister to
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:within their
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
766:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
734:
732:
727:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
707:
702:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
672:
671:
663:
662:
654:
653:
650:
648:
643:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
620:
619:
616:
614:
609:
605:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
589:
584:
580:
574:
573:
567:
566:
560:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:
542:
541:
538:
536:
531:
530:
525:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
504:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
482:
481:
475:
474:
471:
470:
462:
461:
458:
456:
451:
447:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
427:
426:
419:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:E. albonotata
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
241:
237:
232:
227:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6988:
6743:
6685:
6673:
6662:H. amphibius
6661:
6651:Hippopotamus
6649:
6629:Whippomorpha
6598:
6589:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6517:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6310:S. cebifrons
6309:
6300:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6258:
6246:
6234:
6222:
6211:P. africanus
6210:
6201:
6191:Phacochoerus
6189:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6144:
6136:B. babyrussa
6135:
6123:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6040:P. maxwellii
6039:
6031:P. monticola
6030:
6018:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5979:
5971:C. rufilatus
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5888:Bay duiker (
5881:C. crusalbum
5880:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5841:
5833:Cephalophini
5816:
5808:R. melanotis
5807:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5726:
5718:N. moschatus
5717:
5708:
5696:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5658:M. guentheri
5657:
5645:
5634:D. megalotis
5633:
5621:
5596:
5584:
5573:P. hodgsonii
5572:
5560:
5537:
5528:
5520:P. gutturosa
5519:
5507:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5468:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5423:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5376:G. erlangeri
5375:
5366:
5357:
5349:G. bennettii
5348:
5336:
5324:
5316:E. thomsonii
5315:
5313:
5307:E. rufifrons
5306:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5155:
5147:T. derbianus
5146:
5134:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5078:T. eurycerus
5077:
5068:
5059:
5035:
5027:Tragelaphini
5010:
4998:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4953:
4945:B. javanicus
4944:
4935:
4927:B. grunniens
4926:
4917:
4909:B. frontalis
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4809:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4695:R. rupicapra
4694:
4686:R. pyrenaica
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4628:
4627:Snow sheep (
4619:
4610:
4609:Dall sheep (
4601:
4592:
4583:
4571:
4560:N. hylocrius
4559:
4547:
4536:O. moschatus
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4360:Walia ibex (
4352:
4344:C. pyrenaica
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4308:C. falconeri
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4268:
4257:B. taxicolor
4256:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4112:P. hodgsonii
4111:
4099:
4074:
4065:
4055:Connochaetes
4053:
4041:
4040:Hartebeest (
4029:
4017:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3964:Alcelaphinae
3948:P. capreolus
3947:
3935:
3910:
3898:
3873:
3864:
3856:R. arundinum
3855:
3843:
3831:
3823:K. megaceros
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3783:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3674:
3662:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3558:
3545:
3533:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3498:Marsh deer (
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3380:M. americana
3379:
3367:
3355:
3346:
3336:Hippocamelus
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3290:C. capreolus
3289:
3277:
3265:
3264:Water deer (
3253:
3241:
3229:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3135:
3127:R. mariannus
3126:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3068:Eld's deer (
3060:
3059:Barasingha (
3048:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2920:M. vaginalis
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2821:M. atherodes
2820:
2808:
2731:
2722:
2714:T. nigricans
2713:
2704:
2695:
2687:T. javanicus
2686:
2674:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2632:
2621:H. aquaticus
2620:
2608:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2517:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2453:
2442:O. johnstoni
2441:
2429:
2405:A. americana
2404:
2392:
2354:Superorder:
2348:Infraclass:
2319:Artiodactyla
2280:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2196:cite journal
2141:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1907:
1903:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1790:
1751:
1723:
1702:. Retrieved
1692:
1685:
1660:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1556:(2): 87–94.
1553:
1549:
1543:
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1468:
1440:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1393:
1361:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1169:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1098:
1094:
1010:
979:
976:Gazelle herd
962:
939:
919:
873:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:phylogenetic
781:
775:
769:
763:
762:
725:
720:
700:
695:
641:
638:Dama gazelle
636:
607:
602:
582:
577:
556:
529:E. thomsonii
528:
527:
523:
522:
502:
497:
483:
449:
444:
423:
422:
385:
381:
377:
366:Colin Groves
353:
325:
318:
313:The current
312:
288:
283:
279:
275:
267:
254:
253:
249:
248:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
146:Artiodactyla
18:
6884:iNaturalist
6768:Wikispecies
6539:L. guanicoe
6398:Tayassuidae
6362:Wild boar (
6301:S. barbatus
6259:P. larvatus
6235:P. salvania
6233:Pygmy hog (
6167:Hylochoerus
6020:Philantomba
5908:C. jentinki
5890:C. dorsalis
5843:Cephalophus
5727:N. pygmaeus
5685:M. saltiana
5623:Dorcatragus
5597:S. tatarica
5487:N. petersii
5425:Litocranius
5325:E. tilonura
5272:Blackbuck (
5248:Springbok (
5191:Antilopinae
5189:(subfamily
5136:Taurotragus
5103:Sitatunga (
5096:T. scriptus
5087:T. imberbis
5044:(including
5037:Tragelaphus
4858:B. quarlesi
4740:Boselaphini
4724:(subfamily
4629:O. nivicola
4470:N. caudatus
4459:Red goral (
4450:Naemorhedus
4413:C. swinhoei
4393:Red serow (
4375:Capricornis
4353:C. sibirica
4290:C. caucasia
4281:C. aegagrus
4279:Wild goat (
4233:A. jayakari
4222:Arabitragus
4181:(subfamily
4152:Antilopinae
4075:C. taurinus
4018:D. pygargus
3911:A. melampus
3832:K. vardonii
3794:Waterbuck (
3735:O. leucoryx
3664:Hippotragus
3592:O. hemionus
3590:Mule deer (
3489:Blastocerus
3398:M. bricenii
3356:H. bisulcus
3323:R. tarandus
3299:C. pygargus
3221:Capreolinae
3203:Sika deer (
3145:R. unicolor
3134:Rusa deer (
3037:A. porcinus
2857:M. montanus
2654:M. kathygre
2403:Pronghorn (
2394:Antilocapra
1521:Kingdon, J.
954:territories
908:Description
382:E. tilonura
166:Antilopinae
162:Subfamily:
7074:Categories
6675:Choeropsis
6557:L. vicugna
6443:C. wagneri
6346:S. oliveri
6337:S. heureni
6073:S. grimmia
6062:Sylvicapra
6049:P. walteri
5962:C. rubidis
5953:C. ogilbyi
5899:C. harveyi
5863:C. brookei
5817:R. sharpei
5797:Steenbok (
5788:Raphicerus
5740:Oreotragus
5613:Neotragini
5562:Pantholops
5478:N. notatus
5436:L. walleri
5385:G. gazella
5358:G. cuvieri
5347:Chinkara (
5239:Antidorcas
5226:A. clarkei
5215:Ammodorcas
5205:Antilopini
5105:T. spekeii
5069:T. buxtoni
5060:T. angasii
4952:Wild yak (
4936:B. indicus
4891:B. bonasus
4831:B. bubalis
4774:Boselaphus
4750:Tetracerus
4620:O. gmelini
4488:N. griseus
4461:N. baileyi
4426:Hemitragus
4395:C. rubidus
4386:C. crispus
4335:C. nubiana
4198:Ammotragus
4101:Pantholops
4031:Alcelaphus
4016:Bontebok (
4009:D. lunatus
3998:Damaliscus
3985:B. hunteri
3874:R. redunca
3775:Reduncinae
3726:O. gazella
3675:H. equinus
3601:O. pandora
3581:Odocoileus
3465:Ozotoceros
3321:Reindeer (
3266:H. inermis
3255:Hydropotes
3178:C. elaphus
3176:Red deer (
3118:R. alfredi
3035:Hog deer (
2893:M. reevesi
2866:M. muntjak
2696:T. kanchil
2663:M. meminna
2610:Hyemoschus
2600:Tragulidae
2557:M. cupreus
2475:G. giraffa
2421:Giraffidae
2372:Ruminantia
1433:Groves, C.
1253:References
1177:Ngorongoro
1173:Masai Mara
893:Lake Eyasi
795:Antilopini
362:subspecies
347:congeneric
176:Antilopini
7004:Q42140881
6627:Suborder
6537:Guanaco (
6509:Camelidae
6495:Suborder
6467:D. tajacu
6456:Dicotyles
6432:Catagonus
6419:T. pecari
6364:S. scrofa
6268:P. porcus
6257:Bushpig (
6125:Babyrousa
6101:Suborder
5998:C. weynsi
5989:C. spadix
5854:C. adersi
5775:O. ourebi
5709:N. batesi
5698:Neotragus
5667:M. kirkii
5469:N. granti
5434:Gerenuk (
5403:G. spekei
5367:G. dorcas
5224:Dibatag (
5011:S. caffer
4976:Pseudoryx
4963:B. taurus
4943:Banteng (
4918:B. gaurus
4847:Tamaraw (
4693:Chamois (
4675:Rupicapra
4662:P. nayaur
4638:O. vignei
4618:Mouflon (
4317:C. hircus
4306:Markhor (
4209:A. lervia
3974:Beatragus
3900:Aepyceros
3724:Gemsbok (
3717:O. dammah
3559:P. carlae
3452:M. temama
3443:M. rufina
3407:M. chunyi
3389:M. bororo
3279:Capreolus
3205:C. nippon
3196:C. hanglu
3083:Elaphurus
3028:A. kuhlii
2942:Elaphodus
2810:Muntiacus
2645:M. indica
2634:Moschiola
2566:M. fuscus
2509:Moschidae
2370:Suborder
2330:Kingdom:
2158:1531-4332
2051:0007-1048
1904:Behaviour
1437:Grubb, P.
1241:Springbok
1196:The 2016
901:Shinyanga
864:Serengeti
797:. A 1999
722:Springbok
608:N. granti
446:Blackbuck
339:described
303:springbok
299:pronghorn
282:, before
194:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
7085:Eudorcas
7044:11225992
6998:Wikidata
6941:14200548
6808:BioLib:
6753:Wikidata
6599:C. ferus
6555:Vicuña (
6548:L. pacos
6546:Alpaca (
6530:L. glama
6497:Tylopoda
6007:C. zebra
5935:C. niger
5509:Procapra
5287:Eudorcas
5263:Antilope
5000:Syncerus
4961:Cattle (
4954:B. mutus
4882:B. bison
4822:B. arnee
4783:Nilgai (
4660:Bharal (
4651:Pseudois
4611:O. dalli
4593:O. aries
4584:O. ammon
4582:Argali (
4534:Muskox (
4501:Oreamnos
4479:N. goral
4362:C. walie
4246:Budorcas
4183:Caprinae
4128:Caprinae
3983:Hirola (
3927:Peleinae
3909:Impala (
3814:K. leche
3812:Lechwe (
3708:O. beisa
3684:H. niger
3345:Taruca (
3312:Rangifer
3242:A. alces
3143:Sambar (
3070:R. eldii
3050:Rucervus
3008:Chital (
2800:Cervinae
2787:Cervidae
2748:Cervidae
2676:Tragulus
2350:Eutheria
2344:Mammalia
2338:Chordata
2336:Phylum:
2332:Animalia
2188:54967317
2166:18644247
2067:32497568
1924:83588927
1884:53181151
1836:Archived
1704:24 April
1644:23485920
1605:23227689
1585:Genetica
1570:10381312
1523:(1989).
1505:24 April
1439:(2011).
1412:24 April
1385:62265494
1225:See also
1203:Zootopia
1066:pronking
1062:stotting
1026:leopards
1022:cheetahs
885:Tanzania
858:Lönnberg
839:Antilope
835:Eudorcas
811:Antilope
803:Antilope
771:Eudorcas
765:Antilope
485:Eudorcas
378:Eudorcas
372:treated
327:Eudorcas
291:antelope
284:Eudorcas
280:Eudorcas
260:gazelles
187:Eudorcas
152:Family:
136:Mammalia
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
7031:5220152
6977:6151877
6928:1006143
6876:7261427
6759:Q271705
6711:Cetacea
6702:Cetacea
6570:Camelus
6528:Llama (
6408:Tayassu
6224:Porcula
5773:Oribi (
5764:Ourebia
5647:Madoqua
5632:Beira (
5553:Saigini
5460:N. dama
5338:Gazella
5187:Bovidae
5185:Family
5156:T. oryx
5076:Bongo (
5058:Nyala (
4985:Saola (
4907:Gayal (
4811:Bubalus
4726:Bovinae
4722:Bovidae
4720:Family
4636:Urial (
4326:C. ibex
4255:Takin (
4179:Bovidae
4177:Family
4140:Bovinae
4066:C. gnou
3845:Redunca
3757:Addax (
3641:Bovidae
3639:Family
3547:Pudella
3534:P. pudu
3425:M. nana
3240:Moose (
3010:A. axis
2977:D. dama
2839:M. feae
2785:Family
2760:Bovidae
2705:T. napu
2519:Moschus
2455:Giraffa
2440:Okapi (
2342:Class:
2321:species
2317:Extant
2012:1378022
1832:YouTube
1208:Shakira
1058:baboons
1054:jackals
968:Ecology
866:to the
860:, 1908)
843:Gazella
819:nuclear
807:Gazella
786:form a
777:Gazella
697:Gerenuk
642:N. dama
425:Gazella
335:Bovidae
295:cheetah
276:Gazella
228:, 1884)
226:Günther
182:Genus:
172:Tribe:
156:Bovidae
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
7057:625102
6974:uBio:
6967:702522
6902:898223
6863:EDORTH
6850:129521
6824:475801
6796:ARKive
6115:Suidae
5716:Suni (
5449:Nanger
4934:Zebu (
4916:Gaur (
4801:Bovini
4525:Ovibos
3830:Puku (
3805:K. kob
3369:Mazama
3158:Cervus
2431:Okapia
2261:
2186:
2164:
2156:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2010:
1922:
1882:
1758:
1730:
1673:
1642:
1603:
1568:
1531:
1475:
1447:
1383:
1373:
1339:
1247:Impala
1198:Disney
1175:, and
1158:Status
1151:Acacia
1056:, and
1050:eagles
1038:hyenas
983:browse
923:rufous
899:, and
831:Nanger
815:Nanger
783:Nanger
780:, and
558:Nanger
332:family
301:, and
268:tommie
7039:IRMNG
7018:3FG3P
6954:69308
6889:74321
6837:3C2MF
6811:33725
6103:Suina
5586:Saiga
5527:Goa (
5046:kudus
4270:Capra
3937:Pelea
3803:Kob (
3785:Kobus
3748:Addax
3231:Alces
3185:Elk (
2184:S2CID
2063:S2CID
2008:JSTOR
1920:S2CID
1880:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1200:film
1030:lions
987:forbs
927:horns
881:Kenya
792:tribe
788:clade
323:genus
38:Male
7052:ITIS
7026:GBIF
6949:NCBI
6915:8982
6910:IUCN
6897:ITIS
6871:GBIF
6858:EPPO
6819:BOLD
6709:see
6519:Lama
4573:Ovis
3697:Oryx
3513:Pudu
3107:Rusa
2999:Axis
2966:Dama
2259:ISBN
2209:help
2162:PMID
2154:ISSN
2055:PMID
2047:ISSN
1756:ISBN
1728:ISBN
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