530:, Gilovich further noted that a survey of his students at Cornell found that they enjoyed their conversations about their experiences than their material purchases, and that happiness from experiential purchases is more enduring than that from material purchases. The reason being that experiences make for better stories, cultivate personal identity more, and connect people to each other. Gilovich explained that the implication is that experiential purchases lead to more gratitude and thus to more pro-social behavior. In addition, Gilovich has emphasized the importance of being active and seeking goals: "We evolved to be goal-striving creatures. You’ll regret more the things that you didn’t do rather than the things you did." Along similar lines, in one talk he urged his audience, "mind your peaks and ends. You won’t remember the length of your vacation experience, but you’ll remember the intensity. And do something special at the end."
282:, Dacher Keltner and Robert Nisbett), both of which are used as textbooks in academic courses in psychology and social psychology throughout the USA. Summarizing the research in an interview when asked what the benefits are, he responded, "I think that field has an enormous amount to offer, because we make consequential decisions all the time, and they aren't always easy, we don't always do them well," and that his research program is about trying to figure out how the mind works so we "understand why some decisions are easy, and we tend to do certain things very well, and why some decisions are difficult, and we tend to do them poorly." He further explained that his hope is that he and his colleagues are "providing lots of information to help us understand those difficult decisions, and give people the tools so that they can make better decisions so they less often in life are going down paths that don't serve them well."
346:, or the belief that success in a particular endeavor, usually sports, will likely be followed by further success, has been particularly influential. A paper he wrote with Amos Tversky in 1985 became the benchmark on the subject for years. Some of the research from the 1985 paper has been contested recently, with a new journal article arguing that Gilovich and his coauthors themselves fell victim to a cognitive bias in interpreting the data from the original study. Specifically, that in a truly random situation, a hit would be expected to be followed by another hit less than 50 percent of the time, but if one hit followed another at 50 percent, that would be evidence for the hot hand.
415:, or the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people telegraph their inner thoughts and emotions. In a study he conducted with two coauthors in 1998, individuals read questions from index cards and answered them out loud. They either lied or told the truth based on what the card said to do on a label only they could see. Half of the liars thought they had been caught, but in fact only a quarter were, hence the illusion of transparency. In addition, they found in the same study that in an emergency situation, people assumed the emergency and concern would show in their expression and behavior, but it didn't, which the authors believe partially explains the
472:, which he described as "attempts to manage how others perceive us by controlling the attributions they make for our performance." An example of self-handicapping, according to Gilovich, would be drawing attention to elements that inhibit performance, and so discount failure in others' eyes, or make success the result of overcoming insurmountable odds. The self-handicapping can either be real (failing to study or drinking excessively), or faked (merely claiming that there were difficult obstacles present). Gilovich has stated that the strategy is most common in sports and undergraduate academics, but that it often backfires.
358:, the phenomenon where people tend to believe that they're noticed more than they really are, is a term Gilovich coined. In a paper he wrote with two graduate students in 1999, he explained that "because we are so focused on our own behavior, it can be difficult to arrive at an accurate assessment of how much–or how little–our behavior is noticed by others. Indeed, close inspection reveals frequent disparities between the way we view our performance (and think others will view it) and the way it is actually seen by others." For the paper, Gilovich and his coauthors conducted an experiment asking college students to put on a
375:, or the tendency to recognize biases in other people, but not in ourselves. Several studies he coauthored found that people tend to believe that their own personal connection to a given issue is a source of accuracy and enlightenment, but that such personal connections in the case of others who hold different views are a source of bias. Similarly, he has found that people look to external behavior in evaluating biases in others, but engage in introspection when evaluating their own. Two examples he gave in a talk are that both older and younger siblings felt the other were held to a higher standard, and that
419:: "When confronted with a potential emergency, people typically play it cool, adopt a look of nonchalance, and monitor the reactions of others to determine if a crisis is really at hand. No one wants to overreact, after all, if it might not be a true emergency. However, because each individual holds back, looks nonchalant, and monitors the reactions of others, sometimes everyone concludes (perhaps erroneously) that the situation is not an emergency and hence does not require intervention."
458:, the tendency to anchor on information that comes to mind and adjust until a plausible estimate is reached when making decisions. A study he co-authored with Nicholas Epley found that anchoring is actually several different effects, and the multiple causes are at play. Another study that Gilovich and Nicholas Epley coauthored found that once an anchor is set, people adjust away from it, though their adjustments tend to be insufficient, so their final guess is close to the initial anchor.
31:
526:, James Hamblin noted the growing body of research, pioneered by Gilovich, showing that experiences tend to bring people more happiness than possessions: "It's the fleetingness of experiential purchases that endears us to them. Either they're not around long enough to become imperfect, or they are imperfect, but our memories and stories of them get sweet with time. Even a bad experience becomes a good story." In a talk about barriers to
221:. His articles in peer-reviewed journals on subjects such as cognitive biases have been widely cited. In addition, Gilovich has been quoted in the media on subjects ranging from the effect of purchases on happiness to people's most common regrets, to perceptions of people and social groups. Gilovich is a fellow of the
299:
called it "a most illuminating book" that "shows how people systematically err in understanding numbers, in rejecting unpleasant evidence, in being influenced by the opinions of others. We're good in some things, but not in everything. Wisdom lies in understanding our limitations." Reviewing the book
446:. A study he conducted in 1994 found that specific actions people wish they hadn't taken are regretted more in the short run, but ultimately, inactions are regretted more in the long run. He has continued to emphasize that people tend to regret the things they don't do more than the things they did.
1070:
Thomas
Gilovich is married to Karen Dashiff Gilovich, with whom he has two daughters, Ilana and Rebecca. Gilovich stated in an interview that the best part about being a scientist is going to work every day asking "what do I want to do today?" and not so often "what do I have to do today?" and that
315:
as people "thinking we really have the evidence for things, the world is telling us something, but in fact the world is telling us something a little more complicated, and how is it that we can misread the evidence of our everyday experience, and be convinced that something is true when it really
362:
shirt and walk into a room of strangers facing the door. The researchers predicted that the students would assume that more people would notice their T-shirt than was actually true. The results were as predicted, with participants thinking that roughly half the strangers would have recognized the
519:
A major recurring theme in
Gilovich's work in behavioral economics is the importance of experience over ownership of material things. For instance, a paper he co-authored with Leaf Van Boven found that people overwhelmingly preferred "experiential purchases" to "material purchases." Writing for
510:
gave it a positive review, writing, "The authors leap from personal behavior and motivation in the first half into societal, cultural, and even international change in the second, offering suggestions, if not necessarily a working blueprint, for how to achieve goals such as global environmental
265:
in the field of social psychology. He describes his research as dealing with "how people evaluate the evidence of their everyday experience to make judgments, form beliefs, and decide on courses of action, and how they sometimes misevaluate that evidence and make faulty judgments, form dubious
245:. After hearing Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman give a lecture about judgment and decision making in his very first classroom experience there, Gilovich changed his program of research to focus on the intersection of social psychology and judgment and decision making . He went on to earn his
403:, Gilovich explains how people want to see a sequence such as xoooxoooxooxxxoxxoo as planned, even though it was arbitrary. In addition, he stated that people tend to misjudge randomness, thinking that rolling the same number on dice 4 times in a row is not truly random, when in fact it is.
310:
wrote, "Over time, the ability to infer rules about the way the world works from skimpy evidence confers a survival advantage, even if much of the time the lessons are wrong. From evolution's standpoint, it is better to be safe than sorry." In an interview, Gilovich summarized the thesis of
496:, Gilovich discussed the book and the subjects it touches on, such as the difference between intelligence and wisdom, the latter being knowledge of other people and how to connect with them, the negative impact of
1814:
Epley, Nicholas; Gilovich, Thomas (2005). "When effortful thinking influences judgmental anchoring: differential effects of forewarning and incentives on self-generated and externally provided anchors".
1603:
Gilovich, Thomas; Epley, Nicholas; Hanko, Karlene (2005). "Shallow
Thoughts About the Self: The Automatic Components of Self-Assessment". In Mark D. Alicke; David A. Dunning; Joachim I. Krueger (eds.).
1697:
627:
Epley, N.; Gilovich, T. (September 2001). "Putting adjustment back in the anchoring and adjustment heuristic: differential processing of self-generated and experimenter-provided anchors".
800:
Gilovich, T.; Medvec, V.H.; Savitsky, K. (February 2000). "The spotlight effect in social judgment: an egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance".
322:, the idea that things such as natural disasters come in threes, and the belief that the lines we are in slow down but the lines we leave speed up. In the same interview he called
1487:
Gilovich, T.; Medvec, V. H.; Savitsky, K. (2000). "The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance".
2160:
2165:
837:
Gilovich, T.; Savitsky, K.; Medvec, V.H. (August 1998). "The illusion of transparency: biased assessments of others' ability to read one's emotional states".
2150:
1114:
903:
Libby, L.K.; Eibach, R.P.; Gilovich, T. (January 2005). "Here's looking at me: the effect of memory perspective on assessments of personal change".
399:, which is closely related to the "hot hand" fallacy, and is the tendency to see "clusters" of data in a random sequence of data as nonrandom. In
270:
of 77 for all his published academic papers, which is considered exceptional. The focus of
Gilovich's work is reflected in two influential texts,
1958:
1359:
703:
Frank, M.G.; Gilovich, T. (January 1988). "The dark side of self- and social perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports".
942:
Pronin, E.; Gilovich, T.; Ross, L. (July 2004). "Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others".
99:
1056:
2145:
1489:
334:
Through his published work in biases and heuristics, Gilovich has made notable contributions to the field through the following concepts:
1558:
Ehrkinger, J.; Gilovich, T.; Ross, L. (2005). "Peering Into the Bias Blind Spot: People's
Assessments of Bias in Themselves and Others".
1560:
258:
874:
Gilovich, Thomas; Vallone, Robert; Tversky, Amos (July 1985). "The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences".
664:
Epley, N.; Savitsky, K.; Gilovich, T. (August 2002). "Empathy neglect: reconciling the spotlight effect and the correspondence bias".
1050:
742:
Gilovich, Thomas (1981). "Seeing the past in the present: The effect of associations to familiar events on judgments and decisions".
480:
Besides his contributions to the field of social psychology, Gilovich's research in cognitive psychology has influenced the field of
1751:
238:
70:
484:. Gilovich has written a popular book condensing his academic research in the field, and which touches on many of the topics in
2125:
1617:
1285:
1044:
1032:
553:
1950:
Postrel, Virginia (September 9, 2004). "In New Age economics, it's more about the experience than about just owning stuff".
1412:
Gilovich, Thomas; Tversky, A.; Vallone, R. (1985). "The Hot Hand in
Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences".
1332:
2170:
2120:
1923:
2155:
1038:
588:
Why smart people make big money mistakes-and how to correct them: Lessons from the new science of behavioral economics.
429:"We evolved to be goal-striving creatures. You'll regret more the things that you didn't do than the things you did."
1680:
1254:
609:
595:
581:
567:
1533:
380:
376:
1088:
1025:
384:
222:
1985:
1851:
1450:
2140:
1173:
1698:"The Illusion of Transparency: Biased Assessments of Others' Ability to Read One's Emotional States"
1194:
993:
917:
717:
678:
266:
beliefs, and embark on counterproductive courses of action." According to Google
Scholar, he has an
185:(born January 16, 1954) is an American psychologist who is the Irene Blecker Rosenfeld Professor of
1777:
Gilovich, Thomas; Medvec, Victoria Husted (1995). "The experience of regret: What, when, and why".
1277:
454:
Following Amos
Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, Gilovich and his colleagues have conducted research in
412:
1390:
1305:
1143:
316:
isn't." He further elaborated on some of the erroneous beliefs his book discusses, including the
307:
2100:
546:
The wisest one in the room: How you can benefit from social psychology's most powerful insights.
2135:
1672:
988:
912:
712:
673:
490:
The Wisest One in the Room: How You Can
Benefit from Social Psychology's Most Powerful Insights
285:
Gilovich condensed his academic research in judgement and decision making into a popular book,
511:
responsibility. None of this is riveting reading, but it rarely lapses into academic jargon."
2054:
1899:
1856:
1217:
2130:
1779:
1414:
1271:
481:
246:
202:
763:
Gilovich, T.; Medvec, V.H. (April 1995). "The experience of regret: what, when, and why".
613:
8:
396:
242:
79:
1451:"Surprised by the Gambler's and Hot Hand Fallacies? A Truth in the Law of Small Numbers"
2076:
1881:
1832:
1585:
1514:
1466:
1431:
979:
Van Boven, L.; Gilovich, T. (December 2003). "To do or to have? That is the question".
967:
891:
862:
825:
788:
652:
302:
291:
190:
126:
2032:
1873:
1869:
1796:
1720:
1676:
1613:
1577:
1506:
1427:
1281:
1250:
1006:
959:
930:
887:
854:
817:
780:
730:
691:
644:
605:
591:
577:
563:
549:
497:
468:
323:
194:
1885:
1836:
1518:
1470:
971:
866:
829:
792:
1959:"In New Age economics, it's more about the experience than about just owning stuff"
1865:
1824:
1788:
1712:
1609:
1589:
1569:
1498:
1458:
1423:
998:
951:
922:
883:
846:
809:
772:
751:
722:
683:
656:
636:
416:
355:
343:
234:
151:
1435:
895:
411:
Building on his research on the spotlight effect, Gilovich helped to discover the
205:, and has written popular books on these subjects. Gilovich has collaborated with
1666:
1244:
372:
318:
210:
206:
198:
1792:
1002:
955:
776:
1928:
1716:
1502:
1386:
1364:
1301:
1270:
Chen, Serena; Gilovich, Thomas; Keltner, Dacher; Nisbett, Robert (2015-09-08).
850:
813:
755:
687:
506:
2010:
1852:"The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments Are Insufficient"
1633:
1139:
926:
726:
2114:
1573:
359:
170:
640:
602:
How we know what isn't so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life.
1877:
1668:
How We Know What Isn't So: The
Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life
1581:
1510:
1010:
963:
934:
821:
695:
648:
522:
493:
218:
1800:
1724:
858:
784:
734:
329:
1462:
466:
In his social psychology research, Gilovich discovered the phenomenon of
279:
160:
2105:
1387:"Episode 8 − Extraordinary Claims: Uncut conversation with Tom Gilovich"
139:
1776:
1165:
501:
363:
Barry Manilow shirt, when in fact the number was closer to 20 percent.
296:
186:
116:
1071:
the best quality of a scientist is knowing how to respond to failure.
30:
1695:
1486:
527:
504:, and what can create "virtuous cycles" in a university environment.
455:
95:
1828:
1360:"Books of The Times; Why Unshakable Belief Isn't the Same as Truth"
214:
156:
1061:
1998-99 Russell Distinguished Teaching Award at Cornell University
1638:
1557:
1317:
574:
Heuristics and Biases : The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
267:
1243:
Gilovich, Thomas; Griffin, Dale; Kahneman, Daniel (2002-07-08).
572:
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. W. & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002).
1849:
443:
262:
133:
1534:"The Spotlight Effect: or why Barry Manilow is still relevant"
1411:
252:
1333:"Does Truth Matter? Science, Pseudoscience, and Civilization"
1089:"More Evidence Happiness Doesn't Come From Buying New Things"
74:
1246:
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
272:
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
1302:"ScienceLives: Tom Gilovich: Do What You Find Interesting"
1269:
1455:
Social Science Research Network, IGIER Working Paper #552
83:
1242:
330:
Notable contributions in biases and heuristics research
873:
836:
799:
663:
2161:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2057:. College of Arts & Sciences, Cornell University
1752:"Behavioral economists discuss their emerging field"
902:
475:
1696:Gilovich, T.; Savitsky, K.; Medvec, V. H. (1998).
1602:
1448:
1140:"Psychology professor Tom Gilovich – ScienceLives"
941:
1115:"3 Things Everyone Should Know Before Growing Up"
978:
387:helped the other side more than their own party.
2112:
2011:"Cultivating Gratitude in a Consumerist Society"
1634:"Cultivating Gratitude in a Consumerist Society"
371:Gilovich has contributed to an understanding of
558:Gilovich, T., Keltner, D., & Nisbett, R.E.
2166:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
1660:
1658:
1656:
1449:Miller, Joshua Bengamin; Sanjurjo, A. (2015).
762:
228:
1813:
1057:Society for Personality and Social Psychology
702:
626:
140:Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling
1705:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1490:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1482:
1480:
1405:
981:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
905:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
839:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
802:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
744:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
705:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
666:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
274:(with Dale Griffin and Daniel Kahneman) and
1653:
1132:
406:
257:Gilovich is best known for his research in
253:Research in social and cognitive psychology
1904:. The Brian Lehrer Show. December 10, 2015
1850:Epley, Nicholas; Gilovich, Thomas (2006).
1608:. Studies in Self and Identity. New York:
1561:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1442:
1086:
29:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1477:
1051:Society of Experimental Social Psychology
1018:
992:
916:
716:
677:
586:Belsky, G., & Gilovich, T. (1999).
514:
2151:American critics of alternative medicine
2079:. W. W. Norton & Company, publishers
1664:
1112:
741:
576:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1983:
1949:
1531:
1357:
239:University of California, Santa Barbara
71:University of California, Santa Barbara
2113:
2055:"Russell Distinguished Teaching Award"
1749:
1738:
1215:
442:Gilovich has researched the causes of
390:
2106:Page at the Social Psychology Network
1817:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
1330:
1087:Almendrala, Anna (3 September 2014).
1045:Association for Psychological Science
1033:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
544:Gilovich, T., & Ross, L. (2015).
249:in psychology from Stanford in 1981.
461:
395:Gilovich was an early author in the
2146:American people of Croatian descent
1750:Glaser, Linda B. (April 28, 2015).
1358:Johnson, George (August 26, 1991).
620:
349:
342:Gilovich's research in the alleged
13:
1984:Hamblin, James (October 7, 2014).
1197:. Google Scholar. Citation indices
1039:American Psychological Association
366:
14:
2182:
2094:
2035:. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1119:13.7: Cosmos & Culture (blog)
1113:Lombrozo, Tania (June 30, 2014).
548:New York: Simon & Schuster.
16:American psychologist (born 1954)
1870:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01704.x
1065:
476:Research in behavioral economics
2069:
2047:
2025:
2003:
1977:
1943:
1916:
1901:A Wise Guy's Guide to Happiness
1892:
1843:
1807:
1770:
1689:
1665:Gilovich, Thomas (1993-03-05).
1626:
1596:
1551:
1525:
1393:from the original on 2021-12-22
1379:
1351:
1324:
1308:from the original on 2021-12-22
1218:"Does Your h-index Measure Up?"
1146:from the original on 2021-12-22
1026:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
533:
223:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
193:. He has conducted research in
1532:Morfitt, Russ (May 19, 2014).
1294:
1263:
1249:. Cambridge University Press.
1236:
1209:
1187:
1158:
1106:
1080:
590:New York: Simon and Schuster.
1:
2126:American social psychologists
1986:"Buy Experiences, Not Things"
1216:Oswald, Nick (2 April 2009).
1170:gilovich.socialpsychology.org
1074:
1924:"The Wisest One in the Room"
1428:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90010-6
888:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90010-6
449:
337:
326:the "mother of all biases."
7:
1793:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.379
1606:The Self in Social Judgment
1003:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1193
956:10.1037/0033-295x.111.3.781
777:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.379
229:Early history and education
10:
2187:
2171:Stanford University alumni
2121:Cornell University faculty
1717:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.332
1503:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.211
1331:Sagan, Carl (March 1996).
851:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.332
814:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.211
756:10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.797
688:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.300
604:New York: The Free Press.
2156:Critics of parapsychology
1278:W.W. Norton & Company
1174:Social Psychology Network
1093:Huffington Post Australia
927:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.50
727:10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.74
486:How We Know What Isn't So
422:
401:How We Know What Isn't So
313:How We Know What Isn't So
287:How We Know What Isn't So
176:
166:
150:
132:
122:
112:
105:
90:
66:
58:
40:
28:
21:
1574:10.1177/0146167204271570
562:New York: W.W. Norton.
538:
413:illusion of transparency
407:Illusion of transparency
2101:Faculty page at Cornell
2033:"CSI Fellows and Staff"
1339:. 20.2 March/April 1996
641:10.1111/1467-9280.00372
492:. In an interview with
183:Thomas Dashiff Gilovich
1019:Awards and recognition
600:Gilovich, T. (1991).
515:Experiential purchases
431:
1857:Psychological Science
1142:. 22 September 2014.
629:Psychological Science
427:
2021:– via YouTube.
1780:Psychological Review
1758:. Cornell University
1463:10.2139/ssrn.2627354
1415:Cognitive Psychology
1401:– via YouTube.
1154:– via YouTube.
944:Psychological Review
876:Cognitive Psychology
765:Psychological Review
482:behavioral economics
233:Gilovich earned his
203:behavioral economics
2013:. 17 September 2014
1642:. 17 September 2014
397:clustering illusion
391:Clustering illusion
383:both felt that the
243:Stanford University
80:Stanford University
1965:. 9 September 2004
1337:Skeptical Inquirer
560:Social Psychology.
303:The New York Times
292:Skeptical Inquirer
191:Cornell University
127:Cornell University
2141:American skeptics
1990:Atlantic Magazine
1954:. Economic Scene.
1756:Cornell Chronicle
1619:978-1-84169-418-4
1389:. 27 April 2014.
1287:978-0-393-93896-8
1273:Social Psychology
1224:. Science Squared
1195:"Thomas Gilovich"
554:978-1-4516-7754-6
498:income inequality
469:self-handicapping
462:Self-handicapping
385:electoral college
344:"hot hand" effect
324:confirmation bias
276:Social Psychology
241:and his PhD from
195:social psychology
180:
179:
167:Doctoral students
152:Doctoral advisors
107:Scientific career
2178:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1610:Psychology Press
1600:
1594:
1593:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1304:. 24 June 2013.
1298:
1292:
1291:
1276:(4th ed.).
1267:
1261:
1260:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1222:/bitesizebio.com
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1014:
996:
975:
938:
920:
899:
870:
833:
796:
759:
738:
720:
699:
681:
660:
621:Journal articles
438:
417:bystander effect
356:spotlight effect
350:Spotlight effect
146:
100:cognitive biases
54:
51:January 16, 1954
50:
48:
35:Gilovich in 2015
33:
19:
18:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2111:
2110:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1848:
1844:
1829:10.1002/bdm.495
1812:
1808:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1601:
1597:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1538:learntolive.com
1530:
1526:
1485:
1478:
1447:
1443:
1422:(17): 295–314.
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1021:
994:10.1.1.335.1540
987:(6): 1193–202.
918:10.1.1.323.9004
718:10.1.1.554.8573
679:10.1.1.329.7977
623:
541:
536:
517:
478:
464:
452:
440:
436:Thomas Gilovich
433:
425:
409:
393:
373:bias blind spot
369:
367:Bias blind spot
352:
340:
332:
255:
231:
211:Richard Nisbett
207:Daniel Kahneman
199:decision making
159:
144:
78:
67:Alma mater
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
23:Thomas Gilovich
17:
12:
11:
5:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:External links
2093:
2091:
2090:
2077:"Tom Gilovich"
2068:
2046:
2024:
2002:
1976:
1952:New York Times
1942:
1929:Kirkus Reviews
1915:
1891:
1864:(4): 311–318.
1842:
1823:(3): 199–212.
1806:
1787:(2): 379–395.
1769:
1737:
1711:(2): 332–346.
1688:
1681:
1652:
1625:
1618:
1612:. p. 77.
1595:
1568:(5): 680–692.
1550:
1524:
1497:(2): 211–222.
1476:
1441:
1404:
1378:
1365:New York Times
1350:
1323:
1293:
1286:
1262:
1255:
1235:
1208:
1186:
1166:"Tom Gilovich"
1157:
1131:
1105:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:Fellow of the
1053:
1049:Fellow of the
1047:
1043:Fellow of the
1041:
1037:Fellow of the
1035:
1031:Member of the
1029:
1024:Fellow of the
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
976:
939:
900:
882:(3): 295–314.
871:
834:
797:
760:
750:(5): 797–808.
739:
700:
661:
622:
619:
618:
617:
598:
584:
570:
556:
540:
537:
535:
532:
516:
513:
507:Kirkus Reviews
500:on happiness,
477:
474:
463:
460:
451:
448:
426:
424:
421:
408:
405:
392:
389:
368:
365:
351:
348:
339:
336:
331:
328:
319:sophomore jinx
308:George Johnson
254:
251:
230:
227:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
103:
102:
92:
91:Known for
88:
87:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2183:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Living people
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2056:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1682:9780029117064
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:September 27,
1307:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1256:9780521796798
1252:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1190:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1066:Personal life
1060:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
950:(3): 781–99.
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:(2): 332–46.
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:(2): 211–22.
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:(2): 379–95.
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
675:
672:(2): 300–12.
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
624:
615:
611:
610:0-02-911706-2
607:
603:
599:
597:
596:0-684-85938-6
593:
589:
585:
583:
582:0-521-79679-2
579:
575:
571:
569:
568:0-393-97875-3
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
531:
529:
525:
524:
512:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
470:
459:
457:
447:
445:
439:
437:
430:
420:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
361:
360:Barry Manilow
357:
347:
345:
335:
327:
325:
321:
320:
314:
309:
305:
304:
298:
294:
293:
289:. Writing in
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
175:
172:
171:Justin Kruger
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
153:
149:
142:
141:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:(age 70)
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2005:
1995:December 31,
1993:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:vpostrel.com
1962:
1951:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1900:
1894:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1728:. Retrieved
1708:
1704:
1691:
1667:
1644:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1605:
1598:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1494:
1488:
1454:
1444:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1316:– via
1310:. Retrieved
1296:
1272:
1265:
1245:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1108:
1098:September 3,
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1069:
984:
980:
947:
943:
911:(1): 50–62.
908:
904:
879:
875:
842:
838:
805:
801:
768:
764:
747:
743:
711:(1): 74–85.
708:
704:
669:
665:
635:(5): 391–6.
632:
628:
601:
587:
573:
559:
545:
534:Publications
523:The Atlantic
521:
518:
505:
494:Brian Lehrer
489:
485:
479:
467:
465:
453:
441:
435:
432:
428:
410:
400:
394:
370:
353:
341:
333:
317:
312:
301:
290:
286:
284:
275:
271:
256:
232:
219:Amos Tversky
182:
181:
138:
123:Institutions
106:
94:Research in
2131:1954 births
2083:January 18,
2061:19 February
2017:January 18,
1935:January 18,
1908:January 18,
1543:January 13,
1228:January 14,
1179:January 18,
1150:January 13,
381:Republicans
280:Serena Chen
161:Mark Lepper
59:Nationality
2115:Categories
1673:Free Press
1646:2016-01-20
1397:October 6,
1075:References
502:motivation
297:Carl Sagan
259:heuristics
187:Psychology
117:Psychology
96:heuristics
47:1954-01-16
2039:August 7,
1969:April 13,
1956:cited in
1762:April 28,
1201:March 25,
989:CiteSeerX
913:CiteSeerX
713:CiteSeerX
674:CiteSeerX
528:gratitude
456:anchoring
450:Anchoring
377:Democrats
338:Hot hands
237:from the
1886:10279390
1878:16623688
1837:14747114
1582:15802662
1519:12809711
1511:10707330
1471:17952286
1391:Archived
1371:April 1,
1343:April 1,
1306:Archived
1144:Archived
1124:June 30,
1011:14674824
972:16919312
964:15250784
935:15631574
867:14413726
830:12809711
822:10707330
793:26371171
696:12150229
649:11554672
215:Lee Ross
157:Lee Ross
62:American
1801:7740094
1730:20 July
1725:9731312
1639:YouTube
1590:1210432
1318:YouTube
859:9731312
785:7740094
735:3346809
657:1133824
614:Summary
268:h-index
1884:
1876:
1835:
1799:
1723:
1679:
1616:
1588:
1580:
1517:
1509:
1469:
1436:317235
1434:
1284:
1253:
1009:
991:
970:
962:
933:
915:
896:317235
894:
865:
857:
828:
820:
791:
783:
733:
715:
694:
676:
655:
647:
608:
594:
580:
566:
552:
444:regret
423:Regret
278:(with
263:biases
201:, and
145:(1981)
143:
134:Thesis
113:Fields
1882:S2CID
1833:S2CID
1701:(PDF)
1586:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1432:S2CID
968:S2CID
892:S2CID
863:S2CID
826:S2CID
789:S2CID
653:S2CID
539:Books
247:Ph.D.
2085:2016
2063:2016
2041:2011
2019:2016
1997:2015
1971:2015
1937:2016
1910:2016
1874:PMID
1797:PMID
1764:2015
1732:2011
1721:PMID
1677:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1578:PMID
1545:2016
1507:PMID
1399:2015
1373:2015
1345:2015
1314:2015
1282:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1230:2016
1203:2015
1181:2016
1152:2016
1126:2014
1100:2014
1007:PMID
960:PMID
931:PMID
855:PMID
818:PMID
781:PMID
731:PMID
692:PMID
645:PMID
606:ISBN
592:ISBN
578:ISBN
564:ISBN
550:ISBN
379:and
354:The
300:for
261:and
235:B.A.
217:and
98:and
41:Born
1866:doi
1825:doi
1789:doi
1785:102
1713:doi
1570:doi
1499:doi
1459:doi
1424:doi
999:doi
952:doi
948:111
923:doi
884:doi
847:doi
810:doi
773:doi
769:102
752:doi
723:doi
684:doi
637:doi
189:at
84:PhD
2117::
1988:.
1961:.
1926:.
1880:.
1872:.
1862:17
1860:.
1854:.
1831:.
1821:18
1819:.
1795:.
1783:.
1754:.
1740:^
1719:.
1709:75
1707:.
1703:.
1675:.
1671:.
1655:^
1636:.
1584:.
1576:.
1566:31
1564:.
1536:.
1513:.
1505:.
1495:78
1493:.
1479:^
1465:.
1457:.
1453:.
1430:.
1418:.
1362:.
1335:.
1280:.
1220:.
1172:.
1168:.
1117:.
1091:.
1005:.
997:.
985:85
983:.
966:.
958:.
946:.
929:.
921:.
909:88
907:.
890:.
880:17
878:.
861:.
853:.
843:75
841:.
824:.
816:.
806:78
804:.
787:.
779:.
767:.
748:40
746:.
729:.
721:.
709:54
707:.
690:.
682:.
670:83
668:.
651:.
643:.
633:12
631:.
612:.
488:,
306:,
295:,
225:.
213:,
209:,
197:,
75:BA
49:)
2087:.
2065:.
2043:.
1999:.
1973:.
1939:.
1912:.
1888:.
1868::
1839:.
1827::
1803:.
1791::
1766:.
1734:.
1715::
1685:.
1649:.
1622:.
1592:.
1572::
1547:.
1521:.
1501::
1473:.
1461::
1438:.
1426::
1420:3
1375:.
1347:.
1320:.
1290:.
1259:.
1232:.
1205:.
1183:.
1128:.
1102:.
1028:.
1013:.
1001::
974:.
954::
937:.
925::
898:.
886::
869:.
849::
832:.
812::
795:.
775::
758:.
754::
737:.
725::
698:.
686::
659:.
639::
616:.
434:—
86:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)