1076:. Archaeological and ethnographic analysis of the sites has shown that the spatial organisation most closely resembles the layout of traditional Luo homesteads. For example, Luo homesteads are circular with a focal meeting point adjacent to a central livestock enclosure, a pattern observable in Thimlich Ohinga. Pottery recovered on the sites also demonstrate specific decorative patterns commonly found among Western Nilotic speakers (Luo) and not among Bantu speakers. These findings suggest that the inhabitants of these structures also contributed to the ancestry of present day inhabitants of the area who identify as members of the Luo community. For reasons yet unknown, Thimlich Ohinga was abandoned by the original builders. Over time, other communities moved into the area in the period between the 15th and the 19th centuries and those who lived within the complexes maintained them by repairing and modifying the structures. The re-occupation and repair did not interfere with the preservation of the structures. The site was vacated for the last time during the first half of the twentieth century as the colonial administration established peace and order in the region. The families living in the enclosures moved out into individual homesteads using euphorbia instead of stone as fencing material. A shift in mindset occurred as the local community moved from a communal living set-up to a more individualistic one.
1096:, Thimlich Ohinga was constructed using unshaped and random loose stones made from local basalt. At both sites, mortar and dressing were not used and therefore great care and skill was needed to ensure stability. The walls at Thimlich Ohinga are free standing, 1 m (3.3 ft) thick with no dug foundation. They are 0.5–4.5 m (1.6–14.8 ft) in height. The ovoid walls intersect with each other in a curved and zigzag fashion, using intermittent buttresses to add to stability. Similar enclosures found in Northern Nyanza have other features such as rock pillars and stone linings. The gates have stone lintels and engraved markings.
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historical, linguistic and genetic evidence indicates that a high degree of population movement and admixture occurred in pre-colonial and colonial times, simple inferences to the ethnic or linguistic identity of the builders of this site are tenuous at best. Archaeological and historical studies have concluded that the original builders and later inhabitants maintained a pastoral tradition where cattle played a key role in the economy. These studies also conclude that sociopolitical organisation also played a crucial role in the establishment of
Thimlich Ohinga and other surrounding fortified structures.
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subdued by guards stationed on the watchtower near the entrance. The watchtower gives a good view of the whole complex and surrounding area. The enclosures also feature smaller side forts which contained houses, dining areas, animal pens, and granaries. An iron smith was present at
Thimlich Ohinga. Iron slag, smoking bellows and iron objects have been found in a partially walled area next to the main enclosure. Imported glass beads at the site indicate that Thimlich Ohinga was part of a network of long distance trade.
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1103:. Taken together with the other stone built enclosures, Thimlich Ohinga creates the impression of a society with a centralised system of control and communal lifestyle that was spread around the Lake Victoria region. Later forms of this stone-walled architecture can be seen on some traditional houses in Western and South-Western Kenya.
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for gardens were also built. Animal remains on the site include domestic and wild species such as cattle, ovicaprids (sheep and goats), chicken, fish, hartebeest (Kongoni), duiker and hare. The entryways were intentionally constructed as small passageways, so that potential intruders could be quickly
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commenced work on the site in 1980. Once called "Liare Valley" after a valley to the north-east of the area, Thimlich Ohinga was gazetted as a Kenyan
National Monument under its new name in 1981. The name was changed because "Liare Valley" did not describe the exact location of the site. The area is
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The scale of
Thimlich Ohinga and related structures points to an organised community that could mobilise labour and resources. The readily available rocks from the local environment provided the materials with which the enclosures were constructed. Luo oral traditions state that the enclosures were
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built for protection against wild animals, cattle rustlers and other hostile groups. These traditions suggest that
Thimlich Ohinga was constructed by the then-inhabitants to serve as protection against outsiders in Kadem, Kanyamwa areas, as well as from neighbouring ethnic groups from what is now
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region in Kenya. These sites are highly clustered. The main enclosure of
Thimlich Ohinga has walls that are 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in thickness, and 1–4.2 m (3.3–13.8 ft) in height. The structures were built from undressed blocks, rocks, and stones set in place without mortar. The
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Accurate dating of the site remains inconclusive. Quatz flakes of the late stone age type have been found on the site and presumed to predate it. Some debate exists with regard to the origin and builders of
Thimlich Ohinga and the other stone walled settlements. However, given that all current
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A watchtower constructed from raised rocks is found immediately after the entrance. There are three entrances to the main monument at
Thimlich Ohinga with one west facing and two east facing. The structures are partitioned into corridors, several smaller enclosures and depressions. Circular
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depressions and raised platforms are found where the houses within the enclosures were constructed. The main monument has six house pits and five enclosures within it. The north-eastern side of the main enclosure at
Thimlich Ohinga has a recreational games section where a
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county, on a gentle sloping hill 46 km (29 mi) north-west of Migori town near
Macalder's Mines. The other 137 sites that resemble it are concentrated in the areas of Karungu, Kadem-Kanyamkago, Gwassi, Kaksingiri Lake headlands, Kanyidoto and Kanyamwa.
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have designated Thimlich Ohinga as a conservation site. Wild animals like guinea fowl, various species of monkeys, birds and antelope live in the forests surrounding the site. The National Museums of Kenya submitted a request to
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The sites were occupied in waves. Oral histories suggest that the earliest inhabitants were a Bantu speaking people prior to the migration of Nilotic speaking groups. Some sources suggest that the proto-
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F. za Odede. Secrets in stone. Who built the stone settlements of Nyanza Province. Kenya Past and Present, Volume 36, Issue 1, Jan 2006, p. 67 - 72. Available from:
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Neville Chittick, the former Director of the British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa, documented the site in the 1960s. Researchers from the
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Thimlich Ohinga Archeological Site. Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage list. National Museums of Kenya. Available from:
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Thimlich Ohinga is an example of defensive savanna architecture, which eventually became a traditional style in various parts of East and
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SIMIYU WANDIBBA (1986) Thimlich Ohingini, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 21:1, 134, DOI: 10.1080/00672708609511375
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Thimlich Ohinga is located 181 km (112 mi) south of
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https://journals.co.za/content/kenya/36/1/AJA02578301_479
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list. The location became a World Heritage Site in 2018.
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The Mystery of Thimlich Ohinga Fort on Lake Victoria
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103:Migori County
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1745:Olorgesailie
1720:Manda Island
1598:Location map
1578:. Retrieved
1576:. 2011-03-16
1573:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1529:. Retrieved
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1461:. Retrieved
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1276:South Africa
1254:South Africa
1232:South Africa
1178:South Africa
1136:
1133:Conservation
1117:
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962:Nyanza Kenya
953:
952:
873:William Ruto
838:Raila Odinga
602:Kenya Colony
520:Omani Empire
400:
1755:Pate Island
1440:pages 17-42
1122:guinea fowl
966:East Africa
823:Mwai Kibaki
617:Harry Thuku
284:Pleistocene
137: /
113:Coordinates
1785:Categories
1730:Mount Homa
1700:Koobi Fora
1665:Hyrax Hill
1580:2014-05-17
1555:2014-05-17
1531:2020-05-24
1511:2014-05-17
1463:2014-05-17
1414:2014-05-17
1330:2020-05-24
1302:References
1268:Mapungubwe
1263:Mozambique
1250:Mpumalanga
1192:Danangombe
1174:Mpumalanga
1141:, and the
988:Luo people
694:Shifta War
510:Fort Jesus
359:Hyrax Hill
187:Designated
125:34°19′31″E
1685:Kapthurin
1551:. Wmf.org
1259:Manyikeni
1052:or proto-
977:Etymology
647:Tom Mboya
406:Shungwaya
326:Neolithic
122:0°53′28″S
1660:Enkorika
1574:The Star
1294:Zimbabwe
1285:Zimbabwe
1281:Naletale
1241:Zimbabwe
1223:Zimbabwe
1214:Zimbabwe
1205:Tanzania
1201:Engaruka
1196:Zimbabwe
1187:Zimbabwe
1158:See also
1090:Zimbabwe
1074:Tanzania
1030:Tanzania
1006:Location
992:Thimlich
960:county,
607:Mumboism
257:Overview
230:a series
228:Part of
179:Criteria
174:Cultural
99:Location
1715:Mambrui
1695:Kiongwe
1272:Limpopo
1183:Bumbusi
1114:Mancala
1070:Burundi
1023:Purpose
748:Moi era
312:Nataruk
1735:Ngenyn
1670:Ileret
1148:UNESCO
1068:, and
1062:Rwanda
1058:Uganda
1016:Migori
1012:Kisumu
1000:Dholuo
996:Ohinga
958:Migori
232:on the
209:Africa
205:Region
1801:Ruins
1765:Takwa
1647:Sites
1219:Khami
1165:Kenya
1124:with
1066:Sudan
1054:Luhya
1050:Kuria
1046:Gusii
964:, in
107:Kenya
1705:Lamu
1290:Ziwa
1137:The
1118:ajua
199:1450
171:Type
1292:in
1283:in
1270:in
1261:in
1248:in
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1014:in
1787::
1572:.
1540:^
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1323:.
1310:^
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990:.
105:,
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1612:v
1583:.
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1534:.
1514:.
1466:.
1417:.
1333:.
1048:/
942:e
935:t
928:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
