Nelson Mandela - Knowledge

2490: 3660: 2697: 3823:, characterised him as being "by nature a romantic", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his alleged adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998. 3431: 2846:, persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. Mandela voted at the 3832: 22934: 3651:, stating that "I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration." In this he has been described as being committed to "the Euro-North American modernist project of emancipation", something which distinguishes him from other African nationalist and socialist leaders like Nyerere who were concerned about embracing styles of democratic governance that were Western, rather than African, in origin. Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as "democracy in its purest form". 3297:

government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationals, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed "Acting President", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that "the ruler of South Africa, the

3513:, declaring that there would be "few better gifts for us" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause. Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself. 3344:, it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017. Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the 3856:, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela's biographer characterised him as "the embodiment of the struggle for liberation" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming "a potent symbol of resistance" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained "mythical status" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become "so powerful that it blurs the realities", converting Mandela into "a secular saint". Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely thought of as "a golden age of hope and harmony", with much 1851:. In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down and Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958; the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting a social worker, 3111:

South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5 million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2 million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3 million people.

2211:, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, which he was obtaining from the 3676:. He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial, and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists, and in his autobiography, where he outlined that the cooperation with the SACP was pragmatic, asking rhetorically, "who is to say that we were not using them?" According to the sociologist Craig Soudien, "sympathetic as Mandela was to socialism, a communist he was not." Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela "embraced communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the 3184: 3313:

held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March 1999 when it adjourned prior to the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.

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not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's

15351: 3483: 2116:, which feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, he began correspondence studies for a 2448:

release Mandela—then at the height of his international fame—to defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous "arch-Marxist", Botha offered him, in February 1985, a release from prison if he "unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."

3327: 1871: 743: 1510:, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president 2428: 1709: 3285: 2228: 1243:, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their children. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of 22958: 3622:

non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. This willingness to use violence distinguishes Mandela from the ideology of

2796: 3760:, he claimed to have lived by the "trappings of British style and manners". Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was fond of 16741: 16150: 3709: 2300: 99: 2005:, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. 1927:, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of "high treason", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government. 3528: 3684:

also served on its Central Committee. His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of Marxist–Leninists, for he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic systems of governance.

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the same time, South Africa and the African continent were part of the larger world. Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. I was prepared to use whatever means necessary to speed up the erasure of human prejudice and the end of chauvinistic and violent nationalism.

1936: 3752:, commented that he was a "master of imagery and performance", excelling at presenting himself well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clichéd set phrases. He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. Although he was not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed "his personal commitment, charm and humour". 3598:, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and as a socialist. He was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, "for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends." 1530: 22946: 2612:, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandela—recognising the ANC's severe military disadvantage—offered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's 2557: 1272: 3115: 2291:(BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards. 3075: 2533:

would agree to negotiations, so that "there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections. Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's

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Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near

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two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings and assassinations before issuing its final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it "had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future".

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thus contributing to his "charismatic power". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the "African gentleman", having "the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became "one of the first media politicians ... embodying a glamour and a style that projected

3016:, were far younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised de Klerk for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former 22922: 3180:. He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, he cut recognition of Taiwan in November 1996, and he paid an official visit to Beijing in May 1999. 1541:, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of 2339:. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his LLB study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until the authorities permitted him to resume his LLB degree studies in 1980. 2777:, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and he played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 3139:

Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime; South Africa had one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country grew significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption.

3208:. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that "the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies." Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the United States and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, 1553:, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's 3882:

his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy", and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa.

2636:, but, in June 1991, she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of 1473:. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland. 3844:

figures of our time". One biographer considered him "a modern democratic hero". Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances." He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and

2959:. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg. 2424:. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system. Like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines. 2022:

stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the

2520:. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the 1989:. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in 1295:. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, and in 1937 he moved to 2988:". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well as naming Buthelezi as 3614:—and applied them to the South African situation. At the same time, he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. In doing so he synthesised both counter-cultural and hegemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from the then-dominant 3769:

The significance of Mandela can be considered in two related ways. First, he has provided through his personal presence as a benign and honest conviction politician, skilled at exerting power but not obsessed with it to the point of view of excluding principles, a man who struggled to display respect

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Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,

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His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through "legal revolution". Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a

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Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was "in love with a remarkable lady", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he

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pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with.

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Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children

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to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held

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Gracious but steely, steered a country in turmoil toward a negotiated settlement: a country that days before its first democratic election remained violent, riven by divisive views and personalities. He endorsed national reconciliation, an idea he did not merely foster in the abstract, but performed

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The early 1980s witnessed an escalation of violence across the country, and many predicted civil war. This was accompanied by economic stagnation as various multinational banks—under pressure from an international lobby—had stopped investing in South Africa. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to

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I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to see realised. But if it needs

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rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000 people, initiating the campaign protests for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests,

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for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his presidency. According to Barnard, "there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing

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Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. He had exhibited a commitment to the values of democracy and human rights since at least the 1960s. He held a

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A friend once asked me how I could reconcile my creed of African nationalism with a belief in dialectical materialism. For me, there was no contradiction. I was first and foremost an African nationalist fighting for our emancipation from minority rule and the right to control our own destiny. But at

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In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you." Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at

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The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a

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during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off; de Klerk

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led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure. After de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, Mandela took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the "head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was

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in 1987, and having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently

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In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a

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We of Umkhonto have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. Even at this late hour, we hope that our first actions will awaken everyone to a realization of the dangerous situation to which Nationalist policy is leading. We hope that we will bring the Government and its

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and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had "guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path." Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he

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school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of "Nelson" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling "cut adrift", he later said

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Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the right and the radical left. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. According

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as "a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters,

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that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the "Mandela United Football Club", which had been responsible for torturing

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Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela

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The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the

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Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member of the South African Communist Party (SACP) during the late 1950s and early 1960s, something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but

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was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition

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Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for

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and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding

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From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved. Black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an

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in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges—all linked to the governing National Party—replaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC

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for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's "No

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abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down "with residual respect and a modicum of dignity." That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and

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The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key

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Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's

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through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but he made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over and would continue as "a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid". He expressed hope that the government

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Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings,

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Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told

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being expressed for it. His name was often invoked by those criticising his successors like Mbeki and Zuma. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as "a moral authority" with a great

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visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being

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In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive and accused of "high treason" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957,

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had ever attended school ... On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this

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Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them "photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more", items that have been characterised as "Mandela kitsch". In the 1980s he was the subject of

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dominated by the ANC—which had no experience of governing by itself—but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with

2827:. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. 3843:

By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both "the father of the nation" and "the founding father of democracy". Outside of South Africa, he was a "global icon", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as "one of the most revered

3609:

cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a "hybrid socio-political make-up". Mandela adopted some of his political ideas from other thinkers—among them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African American civil rights activists, and African

3572:

was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20 million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to

3163:

Mandela expressed the view that "South Africa's future foreign relations be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In

2524:

in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned

3639:

and human rights. Suttner argued that there were "two modes of leadership" that Mandela adopted. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a

1807:

After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. On his advice, Sisulu requested

1918:

Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison.

3559:

at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body

2354:

of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he

1671:

which, to mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal." In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family.

1545:

nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust.

3309:, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, as Mbeki's replacement for Deputy President. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election. 2081:. He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters and prominent politicians. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's leadership. 3204:. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba and Libya and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the 2452:

police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the

3502:, London. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, 1619:

Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a

3275:

after a disputed election had prompted opposition uprisings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence, with the approval of Mandela and Mbeki.

3154:

from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as "brothers and sisters".

2806:

With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a

3543:

removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. The

2811:(RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was "a better life for all", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the 2616:

in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and wanted to build a task force for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected.

2513:, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. 1954:—a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's 3304:

Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Mandela and the Executive supported

3952:", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement. In 2015 the UN General Assembly named the amended 3573:

finance the funeral. The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences, while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His US$ 4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.

1201:, Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. 2170:

soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial.

3054:, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, "Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans." Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of 2223:

on several occasions for the possession of smuggled news clippings. He was initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, meaning that he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.

1750:

Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm,

22113: 3199:

Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the

2951:, at which a more militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with 1627:

in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the

2765:, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the United States, independently meeting President 1498:. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's 3038:. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace." He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the 1315:, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a 3770:

to all ... Second, in so doing he was able to be a hero and a symbol to an array of otherwise unlikely mates through his ability, like all brilliant nationalist politicians, to speak to very different audiences effectively at once.

2607:

In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the

2929:

and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime.

3551:

visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable.

1184:

province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the descendants of his

13993: 3964:

The first biography of Mandela was based on brief interviews with him that the author, Mary Benson, had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's

3917:. The same year, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. He was appointed to the 3848:

as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as "a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy" and "a universal symbol of social justice".

2724:

and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on

11704: 3058:, but also drew criticism from more militant black people. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority. 2970:

with panache and conviction in reaching out to former adversaries. He initiated an era of hope that, while not long-lasting, was nevertheless decisive, and he garnered the highest international recognition and affection.

1943:

Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the "Black Pimpernel" in the press—a reference to

2239:—the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela—to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man "High Organ" along with Sisulu, 1763:; as a result, their clientele dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. Although a second daughter, 2567:

Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the

3176:, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1771:

and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the

2065:, and in April 1962 he went to Morocco where asked El Khatib to meet the king to ask him to give him £5,000. The next day he got the £5,000 along with some weapons and training to Mandela's soldier, and then went to 19524: 3896:

Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize, the US

3667:

Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as being "openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money". Mandela was influenced by

2748:

The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha and far-right Afrikaner parties; in June 1993, one of the latter—the

1557:

branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation.

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from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October.

2886:", meaning "Valley of Mercy" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. 1593:

against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from the presidency in a

2525:

political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa.

22120: 13888: 3692:

economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the

11147: 2874:. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. Moving into the presidential office at 1907:(PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as "immature" and "naïve". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned 1743:, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a 1117:

and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and

3127:

to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy.

2130:, refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang " 23188: 19785: 19517: 3873:

departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. On the left, some voices in the ANC—among them

3414:". He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America", citing the 19777: 1808:

weaponry from the People's Republic of China, which was denied. Although the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for

11432: 2183:"—was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United Nations and 1840:, which was forcibly closed down by police. The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as "an inspiration to the people of South Africa". 11756: 3338:

Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled

2258:, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative 819: 3243:'s military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the 13997: 13657: 11813: 1255:

not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the

3142:

Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes and the impact of

2034: 2108:. Many MK members suspected that the authorities had been tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence. In later years, 19789: 19510: 11696: 1231:, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but his mother, being a devout Christian, sent him to a local 12106: 11734: 10760: 18321: 16606: 16067: 15313: 2569: 11547: 7549: 2652:

massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de Klerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.

2191:

voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the

2154:

On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those that they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The

14339:

Benneyworth, Garth (2011). "Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol".

3168:, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the 23153: 23108: 23088: 15692: 11336: 3756:

and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. A self-described

2644:, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a " 19802: 16601: 15632: 10005: 9989: 7041: 2528:

Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to

2460:, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice 1915:. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity. 1457:

township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly dated a

821: 12073: 22106: 16596: 3418:; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush. Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in 1981:("Spear of the Nation", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and 9543: 2251:

members. Initiating the "University of Robben Island", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades.

1632:, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted. 23283: 21920: 18550: 15637: 14807: 12042: 2850:

in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as president, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage.

23133: 16579: 16573: 16567: 16561: 16555: 16549: 16543: 16537: 11602: 8809: 7403: 2944: 2640:. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in "black-on-black" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in 2613: 13421: 12194: 3940:

In 2004, Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and in 2008 a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison. On the

23203: 21855: 16779: 14229: 14116: 3733:

a brave new African world of modernity and freedom". Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured

2279:

regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in

1794:

That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people.

1730:—in Johannesburg. Found guilty of "statutory communism", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' 11636: 1398:, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism in action", but was fired when the 14944:

Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).

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He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the United States to speak before the

2162:

in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was

2011:

supporters to their senses before it is too late so that both government and its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate stage of civil war.

23098: 23063: 21890: 21752: 19701: 19308: 18995: 13892: 13451: 3398:

and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a

2481:

and killing opponents—including children—in Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.

1679:

against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of

13723: 11790: 11139: 2917:

to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his

23138: 23053: 21925: 21835: 19866: 17731: 15790: 15622: 11891: 11570: 6160: 3953: 3891: 1122: 726: 13780: 10191: 6676: 6516: 2331:

By 1975, Mandela had become a Class A prisoner, which allowed him greater numbers of visits and letters. He corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like

1755:, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of 1490:, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them 23168: 18876: 16521: 1461:

woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the

10357: 7144: 3956:

as "the Mandela Rules" to honour his legacy. Subsequently, the years 2019 to 2028 were also designated the United Nations Nelson Mandela Decade of Peace.

23103: 23073: 23023: 17494: 16201: 7526: 11524: 23078: 22129: 21093: 20163: 19051: 17485: 17211: 15677: 3062: 2693:". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria. 1067: 1035:, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. Subsequently, the United States designated Mandela a terrorist until 2008. 13810: 23163: 23043: 21805: 19818: 18924: 2889:

Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as

2317:

The inside of Mandela's prison cell as it was when he was imprisoned in 1964 and his open cell window facing the prison yard on Robben Island, now a

1767:, was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. He may have had affairs with ANC member 253: 205: 14422: 23083: 23008: 18642: 17847: 11424: 10013: 2648:" within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the 11764: 10342: 6644: 3095:

policy that did not address social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the "

2489: 1358:, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although he had friends who held connections to the 23268: 23208: 23113: 23028: 23013: 11917: 11843: 3906: 1887:

was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was "sufficient reason" for the defendants to go on trial in the

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In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he retained the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by

2073:

gave him £5,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian president

1402:(headman) discovered that he was a runaway. He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist 23238: 21820: 17008: 14683:

Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).

11821: 8476: 7108: 2838:—incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively—Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals, including P. W. Botha, 13653: 13195: 6220: 1635:

Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like

23183: 21659: 21617: 21238: 19626: 18514: 18247: 16621: 16110: 15587: 13745: 8915: 8864: 7785: 7589: 6564: 2546: 2121: 1958:. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader 343: 14664:(2003). "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality". In Theodore K. Rabb; Ezra N. Suleiman (eds.). 14087: 11260: 7705: 7288: 7256: 23128: 23068: 21326: 18098: 16772: 15820: 14145: 5060: 4245: 12097: 11318: 6796: 6764: 1221:

Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo. He grew up with two sisters in his mother's

23273: 23038: 23003: 16611: 16130: 16120: 11726: 10756: 7645: 4115: 3836: 2866: 2758: 2696: 1059: 11539: 3371:, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 2469:. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence. 1828:, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by 1549:

In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate

23288: 23263: 19741: 19301: 11124: 2412:; he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now being permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial 187: 19502: 10235: 8437: 6904: 6832: 6000: 3635:

conviction that "inclusivity, accountability and freedom of speech" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in

2664:(CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although 1843:

Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the

1168:

term colloquially meaning "troublemaker", in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather,

23093: 19190: 18802: 17724: 16125: 15627: 11980: 11197: 5840: 3522: 3415: 3387:, Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son 3017: 2624:, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with 1378:(SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree. 6324: 1759:. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the 18317: 18149: 18106: 17912: 16643: 16060: 15672: 15518: 15490: 15416: 15191:

Suttner, Raymond (2016). "'I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness".

11344: 11170: 5716: 5684: 5452: 3376: 2808: 2661: 2101: 13866: 13116: 9981: 2939:, an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist 2572:

concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President

1354:, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. He took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about 23258: 23178: 23033: 22026: 19916: 19675: 18666: 16765: 16194: 14966:(2014). "From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa". 7049: 4996: 4028:, have focused on covering his adult life in entirety or until his inaugural as president. Others, such as the 2009 feature film 3340: 3039: 2989: 1462: 13832: 8393: 6104: 4560: 23243: 23233: 23218: 23213: 20156: 19044: 17478: 17204: 16788: 16723: 16616: 16115: 12065: 11240: 10260: 3380: 3244: 2681:

of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the

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Mandela's mother took him to the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the Thembu

972: 12186: 11397: 5028: 4488: 3969:, which was heavily influenced by Winnie and thus placed great emphasis on Mandela's family. The second was Anthony Sampson's 22998: 22396: 19923: 19294: 19165: 15835: 15318: 15091: 15069: 14953: 14934: 14908: 14857: 14838: 14763: 14711: 14692: 14673: 14651: 14475: 14447: 14380: 14329: 14310: 14291: 14027: 13274: 11950: 11865: 9551: 5192: 3268: 3123:

industry for the South African economy, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding

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in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children:

13966: 8021: 5532: 5124: 3267:, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In 23253: 23148: 23143: 19961: 17717: 16092: 15810: 15617: 15612: 14813: 14061: 12751: 12136: 11674: 11481: 11054: 10390: 8770: 7395: 7228: 6712: 3998: 3930: 3495: 2473: 1223: 23118: 15687: 11089: 8805: 3555:

After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50

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and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group, named Ulundi, that represented all political prisoners (including

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conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as

1414:, a liberal Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe—a Hlubi member of the ANC and 23228: 23173: 17740: 15657: 13940: 13417: 12034: 4684: 3870: 3785: 3201: 2800: 2790: 1955: 1821: 1562: 1375: 1055: 14221: 14109: 13481: 7677: 7017: 4044:

and other films, "the America film industry" has played a significant part in "the crafting of Mandela's global image".

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reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year

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Easy Walk to Freedom" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader

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the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the

19765: 19429: 18902: 18768: 18181: 17001: 16745: 16187: 5272: 5096: 2823:, South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or 2726: 2629: 2417: 2244: 1629: 17: 11644: 8687: 5808: 5564: 5324: 3410:(whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is 23248: 23223: 23198: 23123: 21652: 21231: 20149: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19225: 19037: 18383: 17471: 17197: 15728: 15602: 9621: 7486: 5916: 3866: 3788:

claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian

2922: 1582: 1019:(SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant 882: 13719: 13443: 11578: 10650: 7861: 6284: 5400: 3475:

independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group,

3191:. Despite publicly criticising him on several occasions, Mandela liked Clinton, and personally supported him during 1911:. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the 23058: 23018: 22993: 21514: 19806: 16688: 15736: 14613:; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership". 3852:

Mandela's international fame emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous

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and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". His official biographer,

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Mandela on a visit to Australia in 2009; he is wearing one of the brightly coloured garments that became known as "

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In the latter part of his presidency, Mandela increasingly relied on his Deputy President, Thabo Mbeki (pictured).

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Ellis, Stephen (2016). "Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe".

13776: 10198: 9124: 7204: 6352: 3945: 2824: 2387:; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression. 1487: 1087: 165: 39: 22505: 10361: 6880: 4408: 2669:

achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a

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that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god

21885: 20614: 19099: 11516: 11382: 7737: 3926: 3918: 2831: 2628:, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the 1533:

Mandela and Evelyn in July 1944 at Walter and Albertina Sisulu's wedding party in the Bantu Men's Social Centre

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released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the

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1988 Soviet commemorative stamp, captioned "Fighter for the freedom of South Africa Nelson Mandela" in Russian

21028: 18690: 16994: 16728: 16658: 15933: 15550: 15296: 7080: 6740: 6620: 4014: 3898: 3545: 3150:, and Mandela criticised those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of 2682: 2159: 1825: 1813: 1621: 1578: 1415: 1016: 1000: 976: 812: 718: 466: 13802: 8209: 6596: 6076: 4012:

Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film

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with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a

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who became his first white friend. Mandela attended Communist Party gatherings, where he was impressed that

23158: 21645: 21224: 20437: 19598: 16929: 15682: 15662: 15649: 15483: 15269: 8595: 3293: 2859: 2752: 2347: 1723: 1523: 1071: 1063: 917: 76: 22098: 19747: 10334: 3861:"concern for truth". Mandela's iconic status has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life. 3220:. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by 22019: 20976: 19876: 19735: 19534: 18574: 15805: 14394: 9204: 9070: 9068: 7621: 3556: 3422:

and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution".

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community. In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired. He met President

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The ANC's tricolour flag; black for the people, green for the land, and gold for the resources of Africa

1465:, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the 22912: 21474: 19532: 19345: 18654: 17855: 16267: 16249: 15885: 15785: 15775: 12213: 10787: 8495: 8297: 7901: 7180: 6468: 4860: 4640: 4110: 3331: 3047: 2773:. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by 2645: 2621: 2188: 2046: 1447: 628: 68: 12003: 11913: 9065: 8954: 7813: 4908: 4090:

names has changed since the time of Mandela's schooling, and that it would now be written Rholihlahla.

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campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the

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Bromley, Roger (2014). "'Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film".

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against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain

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Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including lawyer Percy Yutar and

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to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its

2042: 1566: 1359: 1103: 991:, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's 937: 909: 525: 454: 114: 17113: 15441: 9304: 8480: 5300: 4788: 2733:

model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style

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in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a

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leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied.

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ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name

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2013, a bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at Pretoria's Union Buildings. In November 2009, the

3725: 3636: 3471: 2584:, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the 2231:

Lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other prisoners were forced to carry out hard labour

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Soudien, Crain (2015). "Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa".

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Mangcu, Xolela (2013). "Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought".

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described Mandela as a "liberal African nationalist–decolonial humanist", while political analyst

1570: 22978: 21983: 20172: 19671: 19588: 19219: 19084: 18421: 17603: 17412: 17153: 17017: 16472: 16255: 16237: 16154: 15800: 15476: 14572: 14083: 10028: 9361: 9359: 8643: 8149: 6136: 4764: 4053: 3776: 3648: 3271:, troops were ordered into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister 3225: 3143: 2925:, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of 2180: 1904: 1744: 1693: 1664: 1595: 1366:, Mandela avoided any involvement with the nascent movement, and became a vocal supporter of the 1327: 1303:

attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of

956: 618: 14141: 11314: 11002: 5248: 5224: 4205: 3796:, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of 3647:

and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He was an admirer of British-style

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Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999

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to Thatcher, for instance, the ANC was "a typical terrorist organisation". The US government's

3845: 3506:, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. 3124: 2477: 2436: 2356: 2078: 2057:, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to 1860: 1773: 1589:. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating 599: 14643: 14084:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from the United Nations General Assembly

9900: 9898: 9788: 9736: 9356: 9324: 9244: 8734: 8077: 5428: 4972: 4884: 2573: 1129:. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu 23278: 22245: 22086: 21978: 21895: 20527: 20306: 20246: 20230: 20046: 20021: 19592: 19481: 18846: 18478: 18090: 17831: 17377: 17133: 16945: 15925: 15830: 15815: 14320:

Battersby, John (2011). "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue". In Anthony Sampson (ed.).

8710: 7434: 6860: 5660: 3941: 3615: 3536: 3451: 3213: 3209: 3183: 2506: 2457: 2350:(BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but, following the 2131: 2105: 1970: 1950: 1687:; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a 1680: 1586: 1256: 1047: 912:

from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a

415: 84: 80: 13444:"Nelson Mandela's letters detail his 27 years as the world's most famous political prisoner" 11116: 5168: 2955:, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president 1050:. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President 22988: 22983: 22582: 21900: 21712: 21540: 21450: 21019: 20692: 20568: 20499: 20479: 20475: 20461: 20330: 19685: 19449: 18961: 17947: 17867: 17779: 17637: 17615: 17563: 17372: 17357: 17287: 17063: 16703: 16673: 16261: 15893: 15770: 15720: 15715: 15449: 14284:

Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99

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According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for

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in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. In the United States, he met President

2332: 2267: 2220: 2212: 2176: 2146: 1912: 1856: 1667:. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he "found strongly drawn to the idea of a 1431: 1423: 1247:, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the 1240: 1134: 1094:

from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy,

1091: 1024: 992: 988: 795: 623: 11972: 8934: 8559: 8321: 8261: 6428: 5956: 2367:, Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan "Free Mandela!" was developed by journalist 8: 22962: 22730: 22677: 22449: 22077: 21850: 21668: 21191: 19947: 19882: 19564: 19421: 19353: 19179: 17767: 17163: 16713: 16531: 16097: 16077: 15909: 15877: 15861: 11201: 10303: 9419: 8887: 4020: 3990: 3595: 3510: 3264: 3232: 3151: 2847: 2529: 2372: 2360: 2322: 2216: 2184: 1986: 1903:

In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the

1507: 1331: 1252: 1190: 1114: 1110: 1075: 929: 925: 470: 60: 19697: 18658: 18606: 18301: 18039: 11174: 10757:"Remembering the moment that SA soldiers marched into Lesotho - The Mail & Guardian" 10681: 10619: 9108: 7352: 6448: 3539:, attracting international attention, before being re-admitted for a lung infection and 2308: 1611: 1236:

that he inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness".

1066:, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the 23193: 22850: 22533: 22252: 21880: 21785: 20421: 20397: 20354: 20322: 20056: 19824: 19582: 19570: 19437: 19405: 19317: 19173: 19148: 18991: 18913: 18239: 18165: 18082: 17977: 17811: 17803: 17098: 17033: 16273: 16082: 15869: 15562: 15240: 15208: 15179: 15150: 15118: 15045: 15012: 14983: 14923: 14884: 14790: 14734: 14636: 14622: 14598: 14544: 14515: 14414: 14356: 13858: 11837: 9483: 5892: 4340: 4237: 4156: 3853: 3801: 3793: 3721: 3348:, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to 3272: 3205: 2918: 2906: 2730: 2678: 2062: 1735: 1660: 1554: 1511: 1454: 1008: 984: 913: 706: 15350: 14053: 13120: 11473: 10882: 9835: 9463: 9284: 8836: 7765: 4616: 3688:

time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a

2124:. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional 1880: 22829: 22656: 22642: 22266: 22238: 22196: 22189: 22168: 22154: 21953: 21845: 21410: 21294: 20895: 20848: 20840: 20824: 20780: 20756: 20668: 20584: 20560: 20519: 20503: 20453: 20445: 20370: 20298: 20190: 20031: 19831: 19753: 19614: 19115: 18887: 18772: 18590: 18285: 18269: 18231: 18012: 18004: 17883: 17843: 17744: 17709: 17407: 17292: 17053: 17048: 16986: 16951: 16678: 16653: 16484: 16374: 16166: 15545: 15540: 15331: 15244: 15212: 15183: 15154: 15122: 15087: 15079: 15065: 15049: 15016: 14987: 14949: 14930: 14904: 14888: 14853: 14834: 14794: 14759: 14707: 14688: 14669: 14647: 14602: 14548: 14519: 14471: 14443: 14418: 14376: 14360: 14325: 14306: 14287: 13836: 13175: 10264: 10048: 4241: 4229: 4009:", which helped to bring awareness of his imprisonment to an international audience. 3914: 3902: 3797: 3644: 3499: 3217: 2902: 2581: 2577: 2384: 2196: 2023: 1978: 1852: 1847:

with local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to

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Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer".

12716: 11401: 10701: 3804:. According to Sampson, Mandela never had "a strong religious faith" however, while 2604:

in Australia. He visited Japan, but not the Soviet Union, a longtime ANC supporter.

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In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on

1453:

Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the

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Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to

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in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the

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Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the

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celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the

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Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied

2248: 2117: 2054: 1974: 1920: 1888: 1764: 1756: 1740: 1371: 1347: 1323: 1248: 1193:, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. 1130: 1043: 850: 595: 591: 18435: 17775: 17093: 17088: 17083: 15175: 15114: 14540: 13889:"Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal" 13135: 9716: 9515: 8994: 6268: 5596: 3482: 2472:

Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including

2325:. Mandela's cell later contained more furniture, including a bed from around 1973. 2033:

The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the

1962:—who was morally opposed to violence—and allied activist groups of its necessity. 1792:

We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:

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and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the

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Lukhele, Francis (2012). "Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero'".

14593: 14576: 14501: 14352: 13970: 13749: 12913: 12128: 11666: 10380: 10330: 9035: 9033: 5872: 5788: 4308: 4030: 3922: 3820: 3749: 3606: 3565: 3459: 3353: 3248: 2940: 2894: 2890: 2690: 2665: 2637: 2633: 2589: 2440: 2351: 2070: 2016:— Statement released by MK to announce the start of their sabotage campaign 1994: 1833: 1829: 1800: 1760: 1574: 1499: 1355: 1339: 1244: 325: 20507: 20005: 19689: 19659: 19397: 18223: 15990: 13243: 12747: 11044: 5980: 4596: 4372: 3359:

In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the

2952: 1870: 1526:, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee. 1291:, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in 1251:

rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. Nevertheless, at the time he considered the

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and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its

22972: 22885: 22719: 22684: 22649: 22614: 22600: 22561: 22519: 22431: 22410: 22389: 22368: 22319: 22231: 22035: 21973: 21948: 21747: 21742: 21732: 21625: 21575: 21547: 21458: 21334: 21286: 21278: 21175: 21110: 21101: 20980: 20966: 20903: 20886: 20874: 20808: 20792: 20788: 20764: 20748: 20642: 20630: 20515: 20495: 20491: 20471: 20314: 20290: 20206: 20051: 19984: 19653: 19649: 19106: 19029: 18935: 18850: 18682: 18670: 18634: 18630: 18498: 18309: 18196: 18066: 18016: 17835: 17787: 17673: 17655: 17649: 17597: 17541: 17442: 17432: 17427: 17337: 17307: 17158: 17148: 17073: 16683: 16668: 16626: 16496: 16454: 16356: 16038: 15597: 15572: 15567: 15303: 15264: 15204: 14666:

The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics

14488:(2011). "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961". 13473: 7418: 7025: 4233: 3994: 3611: 3569: 3548: 3467: 3395: 3131: 3091:

and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a

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estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed "

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earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of

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Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had

1346:. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, 1300: 1283:

for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at

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Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on

1039: 1032: 968: 948: 213: 22663: 19849: 16866: 16179: 13369: 11447: 10986: 10970: 10733: 10665: 2427: 1883:, and continued until the case was adjourned in September. In January 1958, 1606: 1438:

mixed as equals. He later stated that he did not join the party because its

22808: 22783: 22755: 22723: 22670: 22635: 22554: 22403: 22340: 22305: 22175: 22128: 22059: 22004: 21988: 21870: 21860: 21780: 21689: 21585: 21526: 21434: 21398: 21371: 21357: 21302: 21203: 21118: 21097: 21084: 21076: 21052: 21044: 20927: 20919: 20864: 20732: 20676: 20622: 20601: 20576: 20405: 20282: 20222: 20141: 20129: 20103: 19892: 19812: 19719: 19413: 19369: 19198: 18824: 18783: 18746: 18735: 18698: 18626: 18542: 18405: 18204: 18157: 17863: 17763: 17633: 17591: 17569: 17447: 17392: 17347: 17312: 17178: 17138: 17058: 16889: 16871: 16824: 16792: 16460: 16448: 16436: 16415: 16386: 16344: 16291: 16279: 16072: 15409: 14556: 13664: 12743: 9092: 8916:"Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison" 8245: 8097: 8045: 7921: 4036: 4002: 3986: 3910: 3789: 3738: 3713: 3708: 3697: 3531:

Members of the public paying their respects outside Mandela's Houghton home

3463: 3391:'s death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. 3364: 3326: 3284: 3188: 3055: 3020: 3009: 2992:. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom—like 2948: 2910: 2766: 2502: 2465:

renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on

2368: 2336: 2275: 2271: 2259: 1966: 1884: 1708: 1640: 1636: 1599: 1458: 1391: 1351: 1335: 1186: 1181: 964: 944: 688: 431: 235: 19547: 16860: 15345: 14852:(large print ed.). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. 13227: 12885: 11374: 10918: 10902: 10433: 10108: 9582: 9566: 9499: 9403: 9148: 9049: 8978: 8754: 7953: 7372: 4040:, have focused on specific events in his life. Lukhele has argued that in 2227: 1779: 1647:, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by 1078:

despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage

22836: 22790: 22712: 22691: 22568: 22540: 22470: 22456: 22382: 22354: 22326: 22312: 22182: 22068: 21910: 21875: 21800: 21790: 21762: 21568: 21482: 21466: 21430: 21390: 21381: 21364: 21350: 21270: 21257: 21148: 21140: 20740: 20704: 20688: 20650: 20108: 20041: 20026: 20000: 19759: 19711: 19681: 19665: 19078: 19061: 18972: 18939: 18558: 18522: 18486: 18047: 17691: 17685: 17661: 17627: 17573: 17547: 17525: 17422: 17417: 17402: 17362: 17342: 17332: 17272: 17256: 17123: 16935: 16899: 16849: 16814: 16409: 16362: 16303: 16135: 15978: 15960: 15791:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

15765: 15460: 15426: 15394: 15285: 14896: 12826: 12513: 6032: 4083: 4006: 3949: 3878: 3816: 3494:

Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008; a

3439: 3399: 3255:. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between 3240: 3147: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2914: 2898: 2813: 2795: 2774: 2534: 2521: 2494: 2453: 2421: 2409: 2240: 2163: 2038: 1982: 1832:, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the 1731: 1727: 1701: 1697: 1538: 1169: 1098:. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and 1095: 1079: 488: 179: 19924:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

14626: 12064:

Vecchiatto, Paul; Stone, Setumo; Magubane, Khulekani (6 December 2013).

11287: 10561: 4288: 3458:

on the need for economic assistance to Africa. He spoke with US senator

3235:", and he was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a 1836:

of major industry. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in

1529: 1058:

in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a

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in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty.

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wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Mandela headed a

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Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at

2432: 2343: 1945: 1726:

and stood trial as one of the 21 accused—among them Moroka, Sisulu and

1656: 1565:, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated 1542: 1515: 1495: 1470: 1292: 1284: 610: 21637: 14802:

Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008). "The Revelation of African Culture in

14510: 12869: 12652: 12237: 12187:"Nelson Mandela leaves $ 4.1-million estate to family, staff, schools" 10080: 9598: 8341: 8061: 7985: 7969: 3509:

In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the

3114: 2299: 98: 22822: 22347: 21915: 21183: 21171: 20931: 20088: 19860: 19381: 19361: 18678: 18169: 17437: 17282: 16840: 16819: 16632: 14948:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 361–374. 14468:

Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa

12473: 10385: 10189: 8421: 3857: 3540: 3527: 3411: 3301:

ruler, is Thabo Mbeki" and that he was "shifting everything to him".

3221: 2839: 2737:; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own 2601: 2505:

exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, Mandela was moved to

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On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist

1908: 1848: 1648: 1491: 1419: 1342:

in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the

1307:

and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native

1232: 1004: 921: 15259: 13353: 11727:"Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital" 10775: 10360:. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center. 9 January 2005. Archived from 10167: 9756: 8667: 5152: 3737:

shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as "

1874:

An apartheid sign; apartheid legislation impacted all areas of life.

1074:

abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's

22498: 22273: 20993: 20911: 20593: 19888: 16809: 14687:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 37–68. 12413: 12253: 11378: 11049: 10835: 8579: 8281: 7064: 5760: 5644: 4668: 3929:. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the 3623: 3135: 2875: 2715:, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the 2649: 2376: 2030:(16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve. 1896: 1837: 1550: 1502:

house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met

1435: 1410:

at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a company run by

1177: 1099: 1028: 13914: 13720:"President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom" 12295: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12287: 10866: 5484: 4448: 4392: 3973:, published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's 3425: 2984:

white population that they were protected and represented in "the

2035:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa

1935: 1481: 1450:

correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night.

1266: 22892: 21144: 21068: 19771: 18798: 17103: 15468: 15024:

Read, James H. (2010). "Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's

12929: 10481: 9855: 7396:"Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment" 6308: 3812: 3784:

He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the

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but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of

2738: 2593: 2364: 1998: 1439: 1316: 1288: 1012: 31: 22864: 17493: 15275: 13654:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008" 10263:. South African Government Online. 22 March 1996. Archived from 10157: 10155: 9692: 4138:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008" 3819:

said that he was "easily tempted" by women. Another biographer,

2570:

Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa

2556: 2403:, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, 1374:

broke out. At the end of his first year he became involved in a

1271: 19904: 18343: 15340: 15322: 14559:(2014). "Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact". 13680: 12377: 12284: 12151: 10124: 3216:, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging 3164:

September 1998, Mandela was appointed secretary-general of the

2484: 2126: 1716: 1688: 1466: 1198: 1157: 23189:

Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

22945: 14806:". In Anna Haebich; Frances Peters-Little; Peter Read (eds.). 12004:"Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center" 11171:"Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq" 10597: 10595: 3885: 2741:

and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for

1585:, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new 1330:, an elite black institution of approximately 150 students in 19939: 14301:

Barnard, Rita (2014). "Introduction". In Rita Barnard (ed.).

13969:. Gauteng Provincial Government. 27 July 2004. Archived from 11595:"Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering" 11571:"South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row" 11216: 11069: 10152: 6552: 4189: 3734: 3626:, with which some commentators have sought to associate him. 3455: 3256: 3252: 3146:

toward black people in employment. This exodus resulted in a

3008:—had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as 2510: 2066: 2058: 1343: 1156:

Mandela was born on 18 July 1918, in the village of Mvezo in

995:

branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952

952: 411: 15280: 14901:

Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela

14189: 13891:. Queen's Printer for Canada. 23 August 2012. Archived from 12953: 12901: 12790: 12680: 12365: 11027: 11025: 10381:"South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85" 10096: 9704: 6985: 6983: 4328: 3462:

and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator

3074: 2408:

officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a

2247:) on the island, through which he forged links with PAC and 1322:

In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a

22762: 21011: 19898: 15162:

Suttner, Raymond (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Masculinities".

14946:

Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999

14685:

Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999

13341: 13025: 12847: 12845: 12802: 12778: 12766: 12640: 12613: 12449: 12389: 10934: 10592: 9871: 8547: 8173: 8137: 3808:

stated that Mandela's religious belief was "never robust".

3402:, describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US president 3260: 1506:, an ANC member affiliated with the "Africanist" branch of 1446:. To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a 1228: 904:; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African 874: 868: 755: 443: 18551:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

15225:

Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies

13835:. African National Congress. 12 April 1992. Archived from 10823: 10533: 10421: 10279: 7012: 7010: 6256: 3535:

In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a

3247:(SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the 2563:

in Johannesburg, which became the ANC headquarters in 1991

2026:, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on 1930: 14249: 14247: 12857: 12630: 12628: 12565: 12425: 12168: 12166: 11814:"Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop" 11617: 11496: 11351: 11275: 11022: 10749: 10721: 6980: 4214:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

3764:, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing. 3134:

accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the

1607:

Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954

856: 19850:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

14305:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. 14179: 14177: 14175: 14086:(Report). United Nations. 29 September 2015. p. 6. 13833:"Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela" 13599: 13597: 13595: 13532: 13520: 13317: 13289: 13267:"Nelson Mandela to spend Christmas in S Africa hospital" 12965: 12842: 10856: 10854: 10582: 10580: 9813: 9811: 4740: 4548: 2853: 14395:"Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela" 14259: 13633: 13609: 13568: 13508: 13097: 13073: 13061: 12941: 12704: 12553: 12501: 12489: 12437: 12401: 12353: 12329: 12317: 12305: 12274: 12272: 12201: 12063: 11858:"Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip" 10946: 10811: 10607: 10509: 10497: 10358:"Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?" 10261:"No. 3 of 1996: Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996" 9883: 9823: 9680: 9439: 9344: 8824: 8535: 8357: 8233: 8125: 7007: 6416: 3034:, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero 2342:

By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by

1780:

Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961

1362:(ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the 19548:

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

17739: 17016: 16171: 14995:

Nelson, Steven (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies".

14244: 14201: 13621: 13580: 13556: 13544: 13385: 13049: 13037: 13013: 13001: 12625: 12529: 12341: 12163: 12035:"Mandela's memorial service to be held on December 10" 10469: 10291: 10216: 5944: 5748: 3269:

South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation

2357:

Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding

2219:, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in 2179:" speech. That speech—which was inspired by Castro's " 2089: 1381: 908:

activist, politician, and statesman who served as the

23154:

People from King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality

23109:

Honorary companions of the Order of the Star of Ghana

23089:

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic

22910: 21246: 19867:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

19644:

United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

17219: 14172: 13809:. London: Independent Print Limited. 3 October 1992. 13592: 13496: 13397: 13329: 12814: 12668: 12601: 10958: 10851: 10577: 9808: 8113: 4960: 4752: 4436: 3954:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

3892:

List of awards and honours received by Nelson Mandela

3375:

against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the

3172:

and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the

2061:, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President 1700:. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC president 883: 859: 21518: 18877:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

14943: 14020:"Nelson Mandela statue unveiled in Pretoria by Zuma" 12989: 12977: 12589: 12541: 12461: 12269: 11943:"South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg" 11140:"Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS" 10781: 10190:

Leatt, Annie; Shung-King, Maylene & Monson, Jo.

10142: 9451: 5776: 1776:

and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.

1007:

activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the

871: 865: 17566:(Constitutional Development and Provincial Affairs) 15223:; Tomaselli, Ruth (2003). "The Media and Mandela". 14638:

Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba

14160: 13085: 12692: 12577: 11517:"Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony" 10192:"Healing inequalities: The free health care policy" 8685: 6995: 6048: 4360: 2195:to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to 2140:be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. 1939:

Thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm, where Mandela hid

1603:was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949. 862: 853: 22133:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 16787: 15219: 14922: 14635: 13915:"Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship" 12096: 12066:"Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15" 11787:"Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition" 9130: 3447:public events and denied most interview requests. 3352:. Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for 3316: 3078:Houses in Soweto constructed under the RDP program 2371:, sparking an international campaign that led the 1909:the passes that they were legally obliged to carry 1311:, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of 30:"Mandela" redirects here. Not to be confused with 19819:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 18925:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 14222:"Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song" 13117:"The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela: Genealogy" 11337:"The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo" 11315:"Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa" 3839:in London's Parliament Square following his death 2540: 2053:. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor 1522:(ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the 1038:Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between 254:Deputy President of the African National Congress 23134:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 22970: 19316: 13738: 3959: 3925:, and was the first living person to be made an 3703: 2112:, a former American diplomat, revealed that the 23204:Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement 14962: 13686: 13674: 13474:"Mandela death: How a prisoner became a legend" 13379: 13311: 12923: 12419: 12383: 12299: 12157: 11914:"Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital" 3907:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights 3516: 3466:. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president 2750: 2041:, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via 1977:, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu and Slovo co-founded 1675:In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint 1482:Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949 1476: 1267:Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940 188:President of the African National Congress 19059: 14682: 14633: 13943:. Royal Insight. November 2002. Archived from 10161: 7018:"SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba" 4346: 4334: 4318: 3479:, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. 3322:Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004 2901:, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like 2551: 2390: 2235:The political prisoners took part in work and 23099:Honorary companions of the Order of Australia 23064:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 22114: 22020: 21653: 21232: 20157: 19955: 19627:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 19518: 19302: 19045: 18515:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 18248:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 17725: 17479: 17205: 17002: 16773: 16209: 16195: 16093:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song) 15588:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 15484: 15133:(2007). "(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela". 13704:"How the awards have just kept flooding in". 12129:"Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent'" 8913:The text of Mandela's speech can be found at 8477:"Mandela's response to being offered freedom" 3486:Mandela receiving the freedom of the city of 3379:in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the 2547:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 2122:University of London International Programmes 1722:In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the 23284:International Simón Bolívar Prize recipients 23139:Members of the South African Communist Party 23054:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John 22034: 20171: 15821:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality 13418:"The world's most famous political prisoner" 11540:"Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public" 10375: 10006:"How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup" 9622:"Mandela becomes SA's first black president" 3948:proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as " 3279: 2759:attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 2485:Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990 1390:for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to 1279:Intending to gain skills needed to become a 1275:Photograph of Mandela, taken in Umtata, 1937 23169:Presidents of the African National Congress 14642:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. pp. 14609: 14338: 14324:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 587–610. 13859:"Royal Decree 270/1999, 12th February 1999" 13119:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from 12919: 12891: 12808: 12772: 12658: 11842:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8776: 7533:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from 7310: 7198: 7170: 7042:"SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member" 3977:, first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's 3886:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours 2632:for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader 2202: 27:President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 23104:Honorary companions of the Order of Canada 23074:Respiratory disease deaths in South Africa 23024:21st-century South African philanthropists 22121: 22107: 22027: 22013: 21660: 21646: 21239: 21225: 20164: 20150: 19962: 19948: 19742:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 19525: 19511: 19309: 19295: 19052: 19038: 17732: 17718: 17486: 17472: 17212: 17198: 17009: 16995: 16780: 16766: 16202: 16188: 15887:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation 15519:President of the African National Congress 15491: 15477: 15417:President of the African National Congress 15349: 13967:"Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg" 13109: 11757:"Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance" 11425:"Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th" 7524: 2962: 2395:In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to 97: 23079:Infectious disease deaths in South Africa 18803:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 15450:Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 14850:Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 14592: 14577:"The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918–2013" 14509: 14440:Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction 14319: 14303:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela 14048: 13996:. Media Club South Africa. Archived from 12863: 12431: 11623: 11502: 11460: 11369: 11357: 11297: 11281: 11222: 11075: 11031: 11016: 10996: 10980: 3672:, and during the revolution he advocated 3523:Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela 3023:when the latter was charged with murder. 2977:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela 2784: 2689:be stationed in South Africa to prevent " 2677:governed by majority rule. Following the 1406:. The latter secured Mandela a job as an 1338:, politics, "native administration", and 23164:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 23044:Alumni of University of London Worldwide 21100:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 18318:International Committee of the Red Cross 18150:International Committee of the Red Cross 18107:Nansen International Office for Refugees 17913:International Committee of the Red Cross 15673:Reconstruction and Development Programme 15312:) is being considered for deletion. See 14917: 14831:Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962 13825: 13777:"List of all Bharat Ratna award winners" 13699: 13697: 13695: 13538: 13514: 13359: 13295: 13249: 13233: 13213: 13141: 13103: 12971: 12935: 12895: 12875: 12851: 12836: 12726: 12227: 12001: 11937: 11935: 11537: 11456: 11293: 11045:"Mandela 'responding well to treatment'" 11012: 10992: 10976: 10924: 10908: 10892: 10801: 10459: 10439: 10411: 10317: 10177: 10146: 10114: 10102: 10086: 10070: 10054: 10038: 9964: 9944: 9928: 9908: 9845: 9798: 9778: 9766: 9746: 9726: 9670: 9654: 9588: 9572: 9525: 9505: 9489: 9477: 9429: 9409: 9393: 9373: 9334: 9314: 9294: 9254: 9238: 9218: 9198: 9178: 9154: 9138: 9114: 9098: 9082: 9055: 9039: 9004: 8968: 8944: 8897: 8846: 8788: 8744: 8724: 8657: 8633: 8609: 8569: 8525: 8509: 8459: 8431: 8411: 8383: 8347: 8331: 8311: 8271: 8219: 8199: 8163: 8087: 8051: 8035: 8011: 7991: 7975: 7959: 7943: 7927: 7911: 7891: 7879: 7851: 7827: 7803: 7775: 7719: 7687: 7659: 7639: 7607: 7571: 7500: 7476: 7378: 7362: 7338: 7302: 7274: 7242: 7194: 7130: 7102: 7074: 6966: 6918: 6890: 6846: 6818: 6782: 6750: 6726: 6698: 6662: 6630: 6606: 6582: 6558: 6538: 6478: 6458: 6422: 6402: 6366: 6338: 6294: 6274: 6246: 6210: 6182: 6126: 6022: 5994: 5974: 5934: 5910: 5862: 5830: 5738: 5706: 5610: 5586: 5554: 5522: 5474: 5418: 5394: 5370: 5342: 5314: 5290: 5262: 5214: 5182: 5142: 5114: 5086: 5050: 5018: 4986: 4950: 4926: 4898: 4874: 4850: 4826: 4802: 4778: 4730: 4706: 4678: 4662: 4634: 4610: 4586: 4538: 4506: 4482: 4458: 4426: 4402: 4322: 4278: 3830: 3707: 3658: 3654: 3618:in promoting his anti-apartheid vision. 3526: 3481: 3429: 3325: 3283: 3182: 3113: 3073: 3046:. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the 2809:Reconstruction and Development Programme 2794: 2695: 2662:Convention for a Democratic South Africa 2655: 2555: 2488: 2426: 2226: 1934: 1869: 1707: 1610: 1528: 1270: 359:2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999 23084:Deaths from respiratory tract infection 23009:20th-century South African male writers 21667: 19917:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 19676:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 18667:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 15746:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years 15190: 15161: 15129: 15100: 15056: 14847: 14828: 14772: 14720: 14668:. London: Routledge. pp. 206–224. 14634:Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). 14555: 14456: 14437: 14389: 14300: 14265: 14253: 14219: 13670: 13651: 13639: 13627: 13615: 13603: 13586: 13574: 13526: 13403: 13391: 13375: 13363: 13347: 13323: 13307: 13253: 13237: 13221: 13209: 13189: 13181: 13169: 13161: 13149: 13079: 13067: 13055: 13043: 13031: 13019: 12959: 12947: 12907: 12879: 12832: 12796: 12784: 12742: 12730: 12722: 12710: 12686: 12646: 12619: 12559: 12523: 12519: 12507: 12495: 12455: 12443: 12407: 12395: 12371: 12359: 12335: 12323: 12311: 12263: 12259: 12231: 12207: 11888:"Nelson Mandela released from hospital" 11637:"Nelson Mandela 'breathing on his own'" 11592: 11422: 11330: 11328: 11308: 11306: 11234: 11173:. Derechos.org. Reuters. Archived from 10952: 10940: 10928: 10912: 10896: 10845: 10817: 10805: 10743: 10715: 10695: 10675: 10633: 10613: 10601: 10571: 10555: 10527: 10515: 10503: 10463: 10443: 10415: 10329: 10118: 10090: 10074: 10058: 10042: 9968: 9948: 9932: 9912: 9889: 9877: 9849: 9829: 9817: 9802: 9782: 9750: 9730: 9710: 9698: 9686: 9674: 9658: 9608: 9592: 9576: 9529: 9509: 9493: 9473: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9413: 9397: 9377: 9350: 9338: 9318: 9298: 9278: 9258: 9234: 9222: 9194: 9182: 9158: 9142: 9118: 9102: 9086: 9059: 9043: 9024: 9008: 8988: 8972: 8948: 8918:. ANC. 11 February 1990. Archived from 8901: 8850: 8830: 8792: 8764: 8748: 8728: 8688:"Mandela Moved to House at Prison Farm" 8686:Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1988). 8673: 8661: 8637: 8613: 8589: 8573: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8513: 8463: 8415: 8387: 8363: 8351: 8335: 8315: 8291: 8275: 8255: 8239: 8227: 8223: 8203: 8179: 8167: 8143: 8131: 8107: 8091: 8071: 8055: 8039: 8015: 7995: 7979: 7963: 7947: 7931: 7915: 7895: 7871: 7855: 7847: 7831: 7823: 7807: 7799: 7779: 7771: 7759: 7751: 7727: 7715: 7695: 7683: 7667: 7655: 7635: 7611: 7603: 7579: 7563: 7508: 7480: 7468: 7448: 7440: 7428: 7424: 7382: 7366: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7314: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7250: 7238: 7222: 7214: 7174: 7158: 7138: 7122: 7094: 7039: 6974: 6958: 6942: 6926: 6914: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6826: 6810: 6790: 6774: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6706: 6690: 6670: 6658: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6546: 6530: 6510: 6502: 6486: 6462: 6454: 6442: 6434: 6410: 6394: 6374: 6358: 6346: 6330: 6318: 6302: 6290: 6250: 6234: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6174: 6154: 6146: 6130: 6114: 6098: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6038: 6026: 6014: 5986: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5922: 5886: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5834: 5818: 5802: 5794: 5770: 5754: 5742: 5726: 5710: 5694: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5650: 5638: 5630: 5602: 5590: 5574: 5558: 5542: 5526: 5510: 5478: 5462: 5442: 5422: 5406: 5386: 5374: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5186: 5174: 5158: 5146: 5130: 5118: 5102: 5090: 5074: 5054: 5038: 5022: 5006: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4838: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4694: 4674: 4650: 4626: 4606: 4590: 4574: 4554: 4542: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4494: 4474: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4398: 4386: 4378: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4210:: the isiXhosa translator's tall order" 4174: 4166: 4162: 3826: 2761:. Following the murder of ANC activist 2420:implemented by South African president 1993:, Mandela moved to the communist-owned 1931:MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–62 1463:Witwatersrand Native Labour Association 1145: 1090:and served as secretary-general of the 827:Mandela during his 1994 visit to the US 200:7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997 14: 23269:University of the Witwatersrand alumni 23209:South African anti-apartheid activists 23114:Honorary members of the Order of Merit 23029:21st-century South African politicians 23014:20th-century South African politicians 22971: 16724:Congress of South African Trade Unions 16223: 14994: 14866: 14809:Indigenous Biography and Autobiography 14801: 14745:Spear: Mandela and the Revolutionaries 14701: 14660: 14571: 14367: 14281: 14207: 14090:from the original on 30 September 2020 13869:from the original on 13 September 2017 13562: 13550: 13502: 13201: 13007: 12820: 12674: 12634: 12535: 12479: 12243: 12219: 12172: 12032: 11763:. London. 6 April 2013. Archived from 11400:. SAinfo. 19 July 2007. Archived from 11375:"Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89" 11254: 11195: 10872: 10829: 10793: 10739: 10707: 10687: 10671: 10625: 10567: 10539: 10487: 10475: 10455: 10427: 10309: 10297: 10285: 10222: 10197:. Children's Institute. Archived from 10130: 10003: 9861: 9646: 9604: 9521: 9425: 9365: 9310: 9290: 9270: 9210: 9170: 9074: 9020: 9000: 8984: 8960: 8893: 8862: 8780: 8760: 8716: 8585: 8501: 8451: 8443: 8427: 8403: 8399: 8379: 8375: 8303: 8287: 8191: 8119: 8027: 7867: 7843: 7819: 7791: 7743: 7711: 7651: 7627: 7595: 7555: 7492: 7460: 7326: 7262: 7150: 7114: 7086: 6954: 6910: 6838: 6802: 6770: 6718: 6682: 6650: 6570: 6522: 6386: 6314: 6226: 6166: 6110: 6082: 6006: 5898: 5846: 5814: 5782: 5722: 5690: 5622: 5502: 5458: 5434: 5198: 5066: 5034: 5002: 4690: 4566: 4470: 4414: 4354: 4266: 4082:Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla. 3913:, and in 1992 Pakistan gave him their 3815:. He was heterosexual, and biographer 3245:Southern African Development Community 3069: 2745:and Mandela's for unitary government. 2722:coalition government of national unity 2289:South African Bureau of State Security 1985:as well as from the military theorist 1818:South African Congress of Trade Unions 1816:, the Coloured People's Congress, the 1563:South African general election in 1948 1520:African National Congress Youth League 955:, South Africa. He studied law at the 504: 23239:South African prisoners and detainees 22397:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 22102: 22008: 21641: 21220: 20145: 19943: 19905:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 19848: 19546: 19506: 19290: 19033: 17713: 17467: 17193: 16990: 16761: 16183: 16170: 15472: 15086:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 15078: 14753: 14526: 14484: 14465: 14286:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 14195: 14183: 14166: 14148:from the original on 18 December 2022 14122:from the original on 23 December 2022 14030:from the original on 19 December 2013 13991: 13692: 13335: 13217: 13185: 13165: 13145: 12995: 12698: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12571: 12547: 12483: 12467: 12347: 12278: 12247: 12223: 12197:from the original on 27 January 2016. 12184: 12094: 11932: 11811: 11793:from the original on 14 December 2020 11677:from the original on 28 December 2017 11568: 11514: 11385:from the original on 25 February 2013 11334: 11321:from the original on 6 December 2013. 11312: 11263:from the original on 25 February 2013 11243:from the original on 25 February 2013 11137: 11087: 11008: 10964: 10888: 10876: 10860: 10841: 10797: 10763:from the original on 11 November 2022 10727: 10711: 10691: 10629: 10586: 10551: 10491: 10393:from the original on 26 February 2013 10345:from the original on 26 February 2013 10313: 10173: 10034: 9992:from the original on 25 February 2013 9960: 9924: 9904: 9865: 9841: 9794: 9762: 9742: 9722: 9650: 9469: 9389: 9369: 9330: 9274: 9250: 9214: 9174: 9134: 9078: 8964: 8940: 8842: 8784: 8740: 8720: 8653: 8629: 8605: 8565: 8505: 8455: 8407: 8327: 8307: 8267: 8215: 8159: 8103: 8083: 8007: 7907: 7875: 7755: 7731: 7723: 7699: 7691: 7671: 7663: 7615: 7583: 7575: 7567: 7512: 7504: 7472: 7444: 7342: 7306: 7298: 7278: 7246: 7218: 7190: 7166: 7162: 7134: 7126: 7098: 7001: 6989: 6970: 6962: 6938: 6922: 6894: 6870: 6850: 6822: 6814: 6786: 6778: 6754: 6730: 6702: 6694: 6666: 6634: 6610: 6586: 6542: 6534: 6506: 6482: 6438: 6406: 6398: 6370: 6362: 6342: 6334: 6298: 6278: 6262: 6242: 6238: 6206: 6186: 6178: 6150: 6122: 6118: 6094: 6090: 6054: 6042: 6018: 5990: 5970: 5966: 5930: 5926: 5906: 5882: 5858: 5826: 5822: 5798: 5766: 5734: 5730: 5702: 5698: 5674: 5670: 5634: 5606: 5582: 5578: 5550: 5546: 5518: 5514: 5490: 5470: 5466: 5446: 5414: 5410: 5390: 5366: 5362: 5338: 5310: 5286: 5282: 5258: 5238: 5234: 5210: 5178: 5162: 5138: 5134: 5110: 5106: 5082: 5078: 5046: 5042: 5014: 5010: 4982: 4946: 4922: 4918: 4894: 4870: 4846: 4842: 4822: 4798: 4774: 4726: 4702: 4698: 4658: 4654: 4630: 4582: 4578: 4534: 4530: 4502: 4498: 4478: 4422: 4382: 4366: 4350: 4302: 4298: 4274: 4203: 4170: 3576: 3426:"Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013 3231:Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an " 2854:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999 2215:through a correspondence course with 1180:Territories of South Africa's modern 920:focused on dismantling the legacy of 895: 549: 512: 23184:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize 20577:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 19786:Malaria Research and Training Centre 19535:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 15811:Nelson Mandela International Airport 15716:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech) 15193:Journal of Asian and African Studies 15023: 14895: 14425:from the original on 12 January 2021 14232:from the original on 9 February 2017 13277:from the original on 29 January 2013 13205: 13091: 12983: 12754:from the original on 3 December 2012 12662: 12139:from the original on 4 December 2017 12109:from the original on 10 January 2022 12076:from the original on 6 December 2013 12033:Pillay, Verashni (6 December 2013). 12014:from the original on 6 December 2013 11868:from the original on 26 January 2014 11707:from the original on 30 January 2013 11697:"Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones" 11550:from the original on 28 January 2017 11435:from the original on 9 November 2012 11325: 11303: 11168: 11138:Nolen, Stephanie (5 December 2013). 11114: 9628:from the original on 7 November 2012 9541: 8812:from the original on 23 October 2012 8649: 8625: 8601: 8447: 8251: 8195: 8155: 8067: 8031: 7795: 7747: 7631: 7599: 7559: 7496: 7464: 7330: 7266: 7234: 7210: 7186: 7154: 7118: 7090: 7070: 7040:Marrian, Natasha (6 December 2013). 6806: 6686: 6654: 6574: 6526: 6498: 6474: 6390: 6230: 6170: 6142: 6010: 5902: 5850: 5626: 5570: 5538: 5506: 5438: 5330: 5202: 5070: 4646: 4622: 4602: 4570: 4314: 3999:Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela) 3118:Mandela on a visit to Brazil in 1998 2933:In December 1994, Mandela published 2431:Bust of Mandela erected on London's 2274:. South African Minister of Justice 1747:with a more centralised leadership. 936:, he served as the president of the 575: 541: 23129:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize 23069:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 19766:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 17658:(Public Service and Administration) 17594:(Environmental Affairs and Tourism) 17576:(1998–1999) (Correctional Services) 15678:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 15103:Journal of Southern African Studies 14775:Canadian Journal of African Studies 14758:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14706:. Bellville: Pearson South Africa. 14704:Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance 14490:Journal of Southern African Studies 14470:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14442:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14220:Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013). 14064:from the original on 29 August 2013 14054:"UN gives backing to 'Mandela Day'" 13652:Windrem, Robert (7 December 2013). 12045:from the original on 1 October 2022 12002:Polgreen, Lydia (5 December 2013). 11667:"Nelson Mandela has lung infection" 11196:Murphy, Jarrett (30 January 2003). 3786:Methodist Church of Southern Africa 3063:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3061:Mandela oversaw the formation of a 2791:1994 South African general election 2090:Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964 1382:Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943 1164:. Given the forename Rolihlahla, a 1068:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 983:established apartheid, a system of 127:10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999 24: 23274:World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees 23039:Alumni of the University of London 23004:20th-century South African lawyers 18903:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 18769:International Atomic Energy Agency 18182:American Friends Service Committee 17018:Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement 16427:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923) 16172:Articles related to Nelson Mandela 15836:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital 15498: 14735:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x 14142:"Nelson Mandela International Day" 13994:"Long walk immortalised in bronze" 13992:Stern, Jennifer (27 August 2008). 13813:from the original on 24 March 2013 13783:from the original on 11 March 2013 13660:from the original on 3 March 2016. 13415: 12098:"Nelson Mandela: the long goodbye" 11953:from the original on 15 April 2016 11737:from the original on 19 April 2016 11527:from the original on 24 July 2013. 11484:from the original on 16 March 2016 11381:. Associated Press. 20 July 2007. 11235:Pienaar, John (1 September 2002). 11150:from the original on 18 April 2017 11127:from the original on 18 July 2004. 11117:"Mandela urges action to fight TB" 10782:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000 10143:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000 8863:Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). 8806:"1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela" 3933:and granted him membership in the 3377:XIII International AIDS Conference 3158: 2630:International Defence and Aid Fund 1630:Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 1573:took power, soon uniting with the 1486:Mandela began studying law at the 25: 23300: 23289:20th-century presidents in Africa 23264:University of South Africa alumni 21248:Arthur Ashe Courage Award winners 19778:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 18384:International Labour Organization 16979:†Died in office *Acting President 15730:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 15316:to help reach a consensus. › 15253: 15062:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 14322:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 13921:from the original on 23 June 2013 13484:from the original on 29 June 2021 13454:from the original on 28 June 2021 13424:from the original on 29 June 2021 11983:from the original on 19 July 2018 11920:from the original on 4 March 2016 11894:from the original on 4 March 2016 11643:. 18 January 2011. Archived from 11474:"World Cup 'perfect gift for SA'" 11057:from the original on 24 July 2013 10647:"Analysis: Lockerbie's long road" 7024:. 6 December 2013. Archived from 4248:from the original on 25 July 2022 4118:from the original on 5 April 2016 3909:. In 1990, India awarded him the 1211:particular name, I have no idea. 1056:1994 multiracial general election 1003:. He was repeatedly arrested for 23094:South African HIV/AIDS activists 22956: 22944: 22932: 22920: 21515:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal 19807:National Transplant Organization 17495:Second Cabinet of Nelson Mandela 16740: 16739: 16689:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College 16149: 16148: 15633:state memorial service attendees 14375:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 14341:South African Historical Journal 14213: 14134: 14102: 14076: 14042: 14012: 13985: 13959: 13933: 13907: 13881: 13851: 13795: 13769: 13722:. The White House. 9 July 2002. 13712: 13645: 13466: 13436: 13409: 13259: 12748:"How Mandela changed SA fashion" 12736: 12185:Dixon, Robyn (3 February 2014). 12178: 12121: 12095:Mount, Harry (9 December 2013). 12088: 12057: 12026: 11995: 11965: 11916:. Al Jazeera. 1 September 2013. 11906: 11880: 11850: 11805: 11779: 11749: 11719: 11689: 11659: 11629: 11562: 11531: 11508: 11466: 11416: 11363: 11228: 11189: 11162: 11131: 11108: 11081: 11037: 10653:from the original on 9 July 2013 10639: 10521: 10323: 10228: 10183: 10004:Carlin, John (19 October 2007). 9974: 9614: 9535: 9228: 9188: 8907: 8856: 8798: 8679: 8469: 7518: 7406:from the original on 16 May 2016 7388: 3720:Mandela was widely considered a 3381:XV International AIDS Conference 2943:. In late 1994, he attended the 2799:Mandela casting his vote in the 2600:in Malaysia, and Prime Minister 2307: 2298: 2283:and remained unable to see him. 1715:in the Johannesburg township of 1376:students' representative council 1133:, Madiba, and described as the " 1015:, he secretly joined the banned 849: 817: 741: 545: 508: 19790:Kintampo Health Research Centre 18583:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 17796:Institut de Droit International 16607:Provincial Executive Committees 15972: 15966: 15535: 15376:State President of South Africa 15260:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory 14561:Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 14274: 13746:"Prizes: And the Winner Is ..." 13726:from the original on 7 May 2013 11538:Polgreen, Lydia (24 May 2013). 11255:Fenton, Tom (30 January 2003). 9542:Levy, Glen (15 November 2010). 8698:from the original on 1 May 2013 7531:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory 3946:United Nations General Assembly 3317:Post-presidency and final years 2084: 1537:At Sisulu's house, Mandela met 1488:University of the Witwatersrand 1088:Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial 940:(ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. 910:first president of South Africa 571: 537: 500: 266:May 1985 – 7 July 1991 40:Nelson Mandela (disambiguation) 23259:University of Fort Hare alumni 23179:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna 23034:African and Black nationalists 22274:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 19969: 19827:for the Advancement of Science 17554:(1997–1999) (Arts and Culture) 17544:(Agriculture and Land Affairs) 15801:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate 15603:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 15510:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013 15265:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 14747:(Ohio University Press, 2022) 14615:Presidential Studies Quarterly 13917:. CBC News. 19 November 2001. 13863:Spanish Official State Gazette 11313:Keyes, Allison (17 May 2005). 11237:"Mandela warns Bush over Iraq" 9131:Tomaselli & Tomaselli 2003 7048:. South Africa. Archived from 4197: 4180: 4130: 4098: 4086:notes that the orthography of 4076: 3919:Order of Isabella the Catholic 3594:Mandela identified as both an 3564:from 11 to 13 December at the 2923:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 2541:End of apartheid and elections 1812:. With the involvement of the 1514:on the subject at his home in 1160:, then part of South Africa's 967:. There he became involved in 963:before working as a lawyer in 13: 1: 23244:South African revolutionaries 23234:South African Nobel laureates 23219:South African Marxist writers 23214:South African autobiographers 22140:Leaders & revolutionaries 19537:for International Cooperation 18322:League of Red Cross Societies 17848:Paul Estournelles de Constant 16729:South African Communist Party 16068:International Tribute Concert 15935:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 15301: 15176:10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623 15115:10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915 14833:. Little, Brown and Company. 14541:10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315 11593:Moreton, Cole (2 July 2013). 11515:Batty, David (11 July 2010). 11398:"Mandela launches The Elders" 11169:Weir, Keith (13 April 2003). 11088:Tebas, Pablo (13 July 2000). 9492:, pp. 488–489, 504–510; 9117:, pp. 429–436, 435–460; 8865:"Mandela free after 27 years" 8038:, pp. 287–288, 304–310; 7806:, pp. 281–283, 290–291; 7022:South African Communist Party 6921:, pp. 197–198, 200–201; 6409:, pp. 118–120, 125–128; 6333:, pp. 218–233, 234–236; 5281:, pp. 116–117, 119–120; 4064: 4015:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 3960:Biographies and popular media 3899:Presidential Medal of Freedom 3704:Personality and personal life 3042:, as South Africa hosted the 2921:552,000 annual income to the 2683:Organisation of African Unity 2614:July 1991 national conference 2596:in Indonesia, Prime Minister 2175:Mandela gave his three-hour " 2045:, on his way Mandela visited 1863:, born in February 1959, and 1814:South African Indian Congress 1799:— Opening words of the 1140: 1017:South African Communist Party 719:Presidential Medal of Freedom 467:South African Communist Party 305:December 1952 – 1958 22999:20th-century philanthropists 19318:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates 17694:(Water Affairs and Forestry) 16602:National Executive Committee 16078:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song) 15683:Constitution of South Africa 15668:Government of National Unity 15297:Nelson Mandela's family tree 15042:10.1080/17540291.2010.524792 14980:10.1080/01436597.2014.907703 14787:10.1080/00083968.2012.702088 14723:Journal of Social Philosophy 14594:10.1080/03056244.2014.883111 14502:10.1080/03057070.2011.592659 14353:10.1080/02582473.2011.549375 13753:. 8 May 1989. Archived from 11569:Smith, David (3 July 2013). 11423:Bingham, John (6 May 2008). 11257:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq" 11198:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq" 11115:Hogg, Chris (15 July 2004). 9982:"Mandela rallies Springboks" 9544:"Top 10 Political Prisoners" 8676:, pp. 384–385, 392–393. 7918:, pp. 236–241, 288–294. 7874:, pp. 83, 90, 136–138; 5493:, p. inset photographs. 4069: 3629: 3589:— Nelson Mandela, 1994 3517:Illness and death: 2011–2013 3294:Constitution of South Africa 3170:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2867:Government of National Unity 2860:Presidency of Nelson Mandela 2753:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 2348:Black Consciousness Movement 2049:and met with its president, 1724:Suppression of Communism Act 1477:Early revolutionary activity 947:, Mandela was born into the 7: 23254:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel 23149:People acquitted of treason 23144:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 19877:Hispanic Society of America 19803:The Transplantation Society 19752:2004: The European Union's 19736:International Space Station 15806:Nelson Mandela Invitational 15551:1955 Congress of the People 14929:. New York: PublicAffairs. 14903:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 7802:, pp. 82–84, 108–116; 6657:, pp. 90–92, 141–143; 6301:, pp. 98–99, 105–106; 4047: 3406:and British prime minister 3396:NATO intervention in Kosovo 3193:his impeachment proceedings 3178:1997 Asian financial crisis 3105:International Monetary Fund 2552:Early negotiations: 1990–91 2391:Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988 2383:and British prime minister 2114:Central Intelligence Agency 2069:, Tunisia, where President 1965:Inspired by the actions of 1879:overseen by defence lawyer 1845:Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 1659:, eventually embracing the 1645:wars of national liberation 1418:—and Nat Bregman, a Jewish 1299:, the Methodist college in 961:University of Witwatersrand 897:[xolíɬaɬamandɛ̂ːla] 10: 23305: 23229:South African nationalists 23174:Presidents of South Africa 22291:Artists & entertainers 20438:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 19899:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 18996:Center for Civil Liberties 17856:International Peace Bureau 16597:National Working Committee 16268:Zacharias Richard Mahabane 16250:Zacharias Richard Mahabane 16111:Cape Town City Hall statue 15786:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship 15776:Nelson Mandela Institution 15541:Mandela and Tambo law firm 15009:10.2979/transition.116.130 14964:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 14881:10.2979/transition.112.101 14749:online review of this book 14466:Broun, Kenneth S. (2012). 11200:. CBS News. Archived from 11092:. The Body. Archived from 10162:Houston & Muthien 2000 8382:, pp. 20, 23, 26–27; 6281:, pp. 95–99, 105–106. 4347:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4335:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4319:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4111:Collins English Dictionary 3889: 3724:, described by biographer 3520: 3332:London School of Economics 3187:Mandela with US president 2857: 2832:conflict in Bophuthatswana 2788: 2544: 2493:"Free Mandela" protest in 2359:in India in 1979, and the 2189:University of London Union 2093: 1783: 1448:University of South Africa 1149: 1060:broad coalition government 829:Recorded on 4 October 1994 629:University of South Africa 29: 22747: 22593:Scientists & thinkers 22592: 22441: 22290: 22139: 22043: 21934: 21771: 21703: 21675: 21264: 21254: 20958: 20724: 20389: 20379:The American Fighting-Man 20182: 20099:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 20070: 20014: 19993: 19977: 19855: 19844: 19797:World Health Organization 19748:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 19730:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 19553: 19542: 19324: 19214: 19189: 19164: 19139: 19114: 19094: 19069: 18708: 18457: 18214: 17991: 17751: 17698:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi 17534: 17518: 17502: 17303:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi 17265: 17244: 17228: 17024: 16977: 16913: 16833: 16799: 16737: 16712: 16642: 16589: 16520: 16402: 16325: 16230: 16219: 16212:African National Congress 16177: 16144: 16056:African National Congress 16048: 15985:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 15953: 15854: 15846:Nelson Mandela University 15756: 15738:Conversations With Myself 15706: 15648: 15528: 15513:President of South Africa 15506: 15457: 15446: 15438: 15433: 15423: 15414: 15406: 15401: 15391: 15385:President of South Africa 15382: 15364: 15359: 15276:Mandela Rhodes Foundation 15270:Nelson Mandela Foundation 15237:10.1080/17533170300404204 15147:10.1080/17532520701786202 15135:African Historical Review 15064:. London: HarperCollins. 14848:Mandela, Nelson (2004) . 14581:African Political Economy 14411:10.1080/13534640500331666 13779:. NDTV. 21 January 2011. 13220:, pp. 104, 132–145; 13164:, pp. 144, 148–149; 11890:. CNN. 1 September 2013. 10073:, pp. 527, 551–564; 10061:, pp. 491, 496, 524. 10045:, pp. 491, 496, 524. 9317:, pp. 449–450, 488; 8808:. BBC. 11 February 1990. 8410:, pp. 152–153, 156; 7946:, pp. 295, 299–301; 7610:, pp. 252–254, 256; 7213:, pp. 176–177, 180; 7157:, pp. 171–172, 176; 6973:, pp. 191, 222–229; 6853:, pp. 186–188, 193; 6545:, pp. 104, 132–145; 6177:, pp. 205–207, 231; 6149:, pp. 199–200, 204; 5513:, pp. 144, 148–149; 4226:10.2989/16073610309486337 4034:and the 2010 documentary 4024:and the 1996 documentary 3927:honorary Canadian citizen 3744:For political scientists 3603:Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 3434:Mandela and US president 3361:Mandela Rhodes Foundation 3346:Treatment Action Campaign 3280:Withdrawing from politics 2990:Minister for Home Affairs 2909:. He also met with Queen 2769:, and each receiving the 2751: 2416:(UDF), founded to combat 1567:Herenigde Nasionale Party 1524:Bantu Men's Social Centre 1360:African National Congress 1344:Native Affairs Department 1287:Methodist High School in 1189:of the royal family were 1104:Nelson Mandela Foundation 938:African National Congress 845:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela 838: 806: 802: 790: 783: 763: 749: 737: 675: 665: 642: 609: 586: 477: 460: 455:African National Congress 450: 438: 421: 394: 389: 385: 375: 363: 352: 344:Secretary-General of the 341: 331: 319: 309: 298: 288: 278: 270: 259: 251: 241: 229: 204: 193: 185: 173: 154: 131: 120: 115:President of South Africa 112: 108: 96: 49: 23249:South African socialists 23224:South African Methodists 23199:Sakharov Prize laureates 23124:Inmates of Robben Island 21921:Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor 21096:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 19782:Ifakara Health Institute 19446:Akshaya Patra Foundation 19155:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. 19130:Frederik Willem de Klerk 18691:Médecins Sans Frontières 15967:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa 15826:Mandela National Stadium 15796:Nelson Mandela Challenge 15598:Mandela House and museum 15402:Party political offices 15314:templates for discussion 15205:10.1177/0021909614541973 14829:Mandela, Nelson (1994). 14756:Mandela: A Critical Life 14702:Hutton, Barbara (1994). 14438:Boehmer, Elleke (2008). 12938:, pp. xvi, 482–483. 10649:. BBC. 31 January 2001. 10133:, pp. 122–124, 162. 10012:. London. Archived from 9951:, pp. 520, 522–523. 9935:, pp. 520, 522–523. 9701:, pp. 497–499, 510. 9400:, pp. 434–445, 473. 9321:, pp. 466, 470–471. 8871:. London. Archived from 8042:, pp. 248–254, 302. 7882:, pp. 284, 296–298. 7702:, pp. 102–104, 107. 6857:, pp. 144–146, 154. 6193:, pp. 81–82, 84–85. 5309:, pp. 122, 126–27; 5209:, pp. 99, 108–110; 3700:during the early 1990s. 3696:in the Soviet Union and 3263:political groups in the 3224:, the trial was held at 3202:occupation of East Timor 2203:Robben Island: 1964–1982 634:Witwatersrand University 161:Frederik Willem de Klerk 140:Frederik Willem de Klerk 36:Mandela (disambiguation) 23119:Honorary King's Counsel 23059:Burials in South Africa 23019:21st-century Methodists 22994:20th-century Methodists 21984:Quarraisha Abdool Karim 20594:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 19672:Government of Guatemala 19599:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 19589:University of Salamanca 18178:Friends Service Council 16473:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo 16256:Josiah Tshangana Gumede 16238:John Langalibalele Dube 16131:Washington, D.C. statue 15693:Intervention in Lesotho 15628:Death and state funeral 12920:Glad & Blanton 1997 12892:Glad & Blanton 1997 12809:Glad & Blanton 1997 12773:Glad & Blanton 1997 12659:Glad & Blanton 1997 10466:, pp. 510, 565–68. 10418:, pp. 510, 565–68. 8777:Glad & Blanton 1997 7586:, pp. 6–10, 19–20. 4204:Mtuze, Peter T (2003). 4054:List of peace activists 3985:several songs, such as 3981:, brought out in 2006. 3649:parliamentary democracy 3546:Archbishop of Cape Town 3470:to resign over growing 3416:atomic bombing of Japan 3144:positive discrimination 2963:National reconciliation 2727:an interim constitution 2414:United Democratic Front 2181:History Will Absolve Me 1905:Pan-Africanist Congress 1889:Transvaal Supreme Court 1694:Public Safety Act, 1953 1665:dialectical materialism 1328:University of Fort Hare 1102:through the charitable 957:University of Fort Hare 670:Anti-apartheid activism 619:University of Fort Hare 103:Mandela in October 1994 22204:Martin Luther King Jr. 20553:Martin Luther King Jr. 19621:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 19390:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 19220:Nobel Prize recipients 19166:Physiology or Medicine 18575:UN Peacekeeping Forces 18424: (declined award) 18333:Martin Luther King Jr. 17676:(Sport and Recreation) 16850:Charles Robberts Swart 16659:Congress of the People 16009:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini 15442:Andrés Pastrana Arango 14282:Barber, James (2004). 14198:, pp. vii, 13–14. 13252:, pp. xvii, 576; 11812:AFP 2 (26 June 2013). 7527:"I am prepared to die" 6573:, pp. 68, 71–72; 5137:, pp. 22, 31–32; 5109:, pp. 13, 19–21; 4425:, pp. 16, 23–24; 4018:, the 2017 miniseries 3875:Frank B. Wilderson III 3846:Martin Luther King Jr. 3840: 3772: 3717: 3664: 3640:particular objective. 3586: 3532: 3491: 3443: 3341:The Presidential Years 3335: 3289: 3196: 3119: 3079: 2975:— Rita Barnard, 2972: 2803: 2785:General election: 1994 2708: 2564: 2498: 2444: 2437:Greater London Council 2232: 2160:Pretoria Supreme Court 2142: 2120:(LLB) degree from the 2077:and Guinean president 2013: 1940: 1875: 1826:Congress of the People 1796: 1719: 1616: 1534: 1334:. He studied English, 1276: 1213: 1001:Congress of the People 813:Nelson Mandela's voice 370:Andrés Pastrana Arango 34:. For other uses, see 22442:Builders & titans 22246:Franklin D. Roosevelt 22087:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 21979:Patience Mthunzi-Kufa 21010:The Good Samaritans: 20307:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20247:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20231:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20047:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 20037:Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein 20022:Gro Harlem Brundtland 19593:University of Coimbra 19482:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 18847:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 18527:Alfonso García Robles 18507:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 18479:Amnesty International 18091:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 17670:(Safety and Security) 17646:(Minerals and Energy) 17638:Membathisi Mdladlana 17378:Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo 17221:First Mandela Cabinet 16946:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri 15831:Nelson Mandela Bridge 15816:Nelson Mandela Square 15618:90th Birthday Tribute 15613:70th Birthday Tribute 15583:Victor Verster Prison 15286:Nelson Mandela Museum 14968:Third World Quarterly 14743:Landau, Paul Stuart. 13803:"Mandela in Pakistan" 12482:, pp. 231, 232; 11973:"Nelson Mandela dies" 11335:Hennessey, Kathleen. 10759:. 19 September 2018. 10377:Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea 10057:, pp. 517, 536; 10041:, pp. 517, 536; 9673:, pp. 523, 543; 8479:. ANC. Archived from 8254:, pp. 313, 314; 8010:, pp. 142, 145; 7930:, pp. 301, 313; 7714:, pp. 161, 163; 6753:, pp. 176, 184; 6633:, pp. 162, 165; 6265:, pp. 28–29, 75. 5577:, pp. 150, 210; 5545:, pp. 149, 152; 4007:Asimbonanga (Mandela) 3942:Day of Reconciliation 3901:, the Soviet Union's 3834: 3767: 3711: 3662: 3655:Socialism and Marxism 3616:Afrikaner nationalism 3581: 3537:respiratory infection 3530: 3485: 3452:Brookings Institution 3433: 3330:Mandela visiting the 3329: 3287: 3239:approach to removing 3214:Lamin Khalifah Fhimah 3210:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 3186: 3117: 3077: 2967: 2798: 2699: 2687:UN peacekeeping force 2656:CODESA talks: 1991–92 2559: 2530:Cape Town's City Hall 2507:Victor Verster Prison 2492: 2456:nationalist movement 2430: 2230: 2137: 2132:Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika 2008: 1971:26th of July Movement 1951:The Scarlet Pimpernel 1938: 1873: 1855:, whom he married in 1822:Congress of Democrats 1790: 1713:Mandela's former home 1711: 1681:nonviolent resistance 1614: 1596:vote of no confidence 1587:apartheid legislation 1571:Daniel François Malan 1532: 1274: 1257:ulwaluko circumcision 1216:— Mandela, 1994 1204: 1123:more than 250 honours 1048:Victor Verster Prison 981:white-only government 916:democratic election. 22583:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 22083:no award (2015-2016) 22074:no award (2012-2013) 22065:no award (2009-2010) 21901:Fulufhelo Nelwamondo 21891:Hendrik Simon Schaaf 21127:The Silence Breakers 20994:The American Soldier 20975:The Whistleblowers: 20833:The Endangered Earth 20615:The Middle Americans 20569:William Westmoreland 20462:Dwight D. Eisenhower 20331:Dwight D. Eisenhower 19702:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 19686:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 19634:Frederik W. de Klerk 19450:Sulabh International 18962:World Food Programme 17682:(Trade and Industry) 17652:(Public Enterprises) 17640:(1998–1999) (Labour) 17622:Sankie Mtembi-Nkondo 17616:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 17564:Mohammed Valli Moosa 17550:(1996–1997, 1999) / 17373:Mohammed Valli Moosa 17358:Membathisi Mdladlana 17288:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 16715:Allied organisations 16704:Shell House massacre 16674:Little Rivonia Trial 16622:ANC Veterans' League 16523:National Conferences 16262:Pixley ka Isaka Seme 16083:"Mandela Day" (song) 15895:Mandela and de Klerk 15841:Ponts Nelson-Mandela 15771:Nelson Mandela Forum 15722:Long Walk to Freedom 15688:1995 Rugby World Cup 15026:Long Walk to Freedom 14925:Mandela: A Biography 14804:Long Walk to Freedom 14060:. 11 November 2009. 14026:. 16 December 2013. 13941:"The Order of Merit" 13865:. 13 February 1999. 13687:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13675:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13380:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13312:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13273:. 24 December 2012. 13236:, pp. 539–542; 13216:, pp. 144–149; 13212:, pp. 306–311; 13188:, pp. 102–104; 12962:, pp. 431, 582. 12924:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12910:, pp. 411, 498. 12799:, pp. 128, 134. 12689:, pp. 432, 554. 12420:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12384:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12374:, pp. 105, 108. 12300:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12246:, pp. 231–232; 12222:, pp. 25, 232; 12158:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 11789:. CNN. 8 June 2013. 11703:. 15 December 2012. 11673:. 11 December 2012. 11015:, pp. 584–586; 11011:, pp. 219–220; 10804:, pp. 529–530; 10796:, pp. 128–129; 10742:, pp. 111–113; 10710:, pp. 176–177; 10690:, pp. 108–110; 10674:, pp. 124–125; 10632:, pp. 215–216; 10570:, pp. 104–105; 10442:, pp. 544–547; 10312:, pp. 135–137; 10145:, pp. 369–370; 9971:, pp. 516, 524. 9967:, pp. 525–527; 9947:, pp. 523–524; 9931:, pp. 523–524; 9915:, pp. 511, 534. 9907:, pp. 204–205; 9801:, pp. 574–575; 9797:, pp. 222–223; 9785:, pp. 500, 507. 9781:, pp. 539–542; 9749:, pp. 547–548; 9745:, pp. 208–209; 9713:, pp. 501, 504. 9624:. BBC. 10 May 1994. 9575:, pp. 510–512; 9508:, pp. 500–501; 9476:, pp. 477–478; 9432:, pp. 495–496; 9337:, pp. 476–480; 9333:, pp. 180–181; 9297:, pp. 489–491; 9257:, pp. 467–471; 9253:, pp. 177–178; 9237:, pp. 462–463; 9221:, pp. 462–463; 9201:, pp. 448, 452. 9181:, pp. 443–446; 9177:, pp. 174–175; 9157:, pp. 425–426; 9141:, pp. 418–424; 9121:, pp. 431, 448. 9105:, pp. 431, 448. 9085:, pp. 439–440; 9042:, pp. 412–413; 8971:, pp. 409–410; 8947:, pp. 403–405; 8900:, pp. 400–402; 8849:, pp. 399–402; 8791:, pp. 369–397; 8787:, pp. 165–166; 8747:, pp. 387–388; 8743:, pp. 161–162; 8660:, pp. 369–370; 8628:, pp. 318–319; 8612:, pp. 371–383; 8608:, pp. 183–184; 8572:, pp. 362–368; 8528:, pp. 359–360; 8508:, pp. 157–158; 8462:, pp. 351–352; 8450:, pp. 315–318; 8446:, pp. 237–238; 8414:, pp. 249–256; 8402:, pp. 247–248; 8386:, pp. 341–346; 8334:, pp. 346–347; 8310:, pp. 147–149; 8274:, pp. 338–339; 8226:, pp. 277–283; 8222:, pp. 327–328; 8202:, pp. 324–327; 8198:, pp. 304–306; 8194:, pp. 186–188; 8106:, pp. 128–129; 8090:, pp. 308–310; 8086:, pp. 127–128; 8070:, pp. 207–208; 8058:, pp. 222, 235. 8034:, pp. 306–307; 8030:, pp. 192–194; 8014:, pp. 303–304; 7962:, pp. 301–302; 7914:, pp. 292–295; 7910:, pp. 130–131; 7894:, pp. 298–299; 7850:, pp. 102–108; 7834:, pp. 205, 258. 7794:, p. 166, 182; 7758:, pp. 307–308; 7730:, pp. 196–197; 7722:, pp. 268–272; 7698:, pp. 194–195; 7670:, pp. 191–194; 7666:, pp. 298–302; 7662:, pp. 258–265; 7642:, pp. 252, 259. 7634:, pp. 232–233; 7614:, pp. 186–190; 7598:, pp. 138–139; 7582:, pp. 183–186; 7578:, pp. 292–295; 7574:, pp. 242–250; 7570:, pp. 108–109; 7562:, pp. 223–226; 7558:, pp. 134–137; 7479:, pp. 218–426; 7475:, pp. 104–106; 7471:, pp. 468–482; 7467:, pp. 210–213; 7463:, pp. 120–134; 7447:, pp. 292–293; 7443:, pp. 463–465; 7427:, pp. 456–459; 7381:, pp. 216–217; 7361:, pp. 278–279; 7345:, pp. 275–276; 7341:, pp. 215–216; 7337:, pp. 435–435; 7333:, pp. 201–202; 7329:, pp. 116–117; 7309:, pp. 261–262; 7297:, pp. 443–445; 7281:, pp. 259–261; 7277:, pp. 210–211; 7273:, pp. 441–443; 7269:, pp. 196–197; 7249:, pp. 256–259; 7241:, pp. 432–440; 7237:, pp. 185–194; 7221:, pp. 255–256; 7217:, pp. 427–432; 7189:, pp. 173–175; 7169:, pp. 251–254; 7161:, pp. 418–425; 7137:, pp. 239–246; 7125:, pp. 413–415; 7097:, pp. 411–412; 6969:, pp. 201–204; 6961:, pp. 397–409; 6941:, pp. 209–210; 6925:, pp. 209–214; 6917:, pp. 397–398; 6897:, pp. 206–210; 6893:, pp. 199–200; 6889:, pp. 393–396; 6873:, pp. 188–189; 6869:, pp. 289–291; 6849:, pp. 192–193; 6845:, pp. 283–287; 6821:, pp. 188–189; 6813:, pp. 377–380; 6789:, pp. 183–185; 6785:, pp. 187–188; 6777:, pp. 373–374; 6749:, pp. 357–364; 6729:, pp. 172–175; 6725:, pp. 347–357; 6705:, pp. 173–175; 6701:, pp. 167–170; 6693:, pp. 342–346; 6689:, pp. 144–147; 6669:, pp. 171–173; 6665:, pp. 167–168; 6661:, pp. 327–330; 6629:, pp. 331–334; 6613:, pp. 167–168; 6605:, pp. 299–305; 6589:, pp. 163–164; 6585:, pp. 136–141; 6581:, pp. 283–292; 6561:, pp. 165, 186. 6541:, pp. 144–149; 6533:, pp. 306–311; 6509:, pp. 102–104; 6485:, pp. 100–102; 6481:, pp. 143–144; 6441:, pp. 130–132; 6437:, pp. 253–274; 6405:, pp. 129–133; 6397:, pp. 243–249; 6369:, pp. 108–109; 6361:, pp. 226–227; 6341:, pp. 114–117; 6297:, pp. 104–105; 6293:, pp. 293–294; 6277:, pp. 103–104; 6237:, pp. 210–216; 6205:, pp. 209–210; 6189:, pp. 116–117; 6185:, pp. 107–108; 6117:, pp. 195–198; 6089:, pp. 194–195; 6069:, pp. 188–192; 6041:, pp. 183–188; 6017:, pp. 182–183; 5925:, pp. 177–172; 5857:, pp. 165–167; 5729:, pp. 162–165; 5697:, pp. 159–162; 5669:, pp. 154–157; 5633:, pp. 153–154; 5465:, pp. 139–143; 5445:, pp. 142–143; 5409:, pp. 137–139; 5361:, pp. 122–123; 5337:, pp. 127–131; 5257:, pp. 118–119; 5233:, pp. 113–116; 5133:, pp. 104–105; 4208:Long Walk to Freedom 3835:Flowers left at the 3827:Reception and legacy 3674:scientific socialism 3369:University of Oxford 3166:Non-Aligned Movement 3097:Washington consensus 3044:1995 Rugby World Cup 2936:Long Walk to Freedom 2927:freedom of the press 2836:Shell House massacre 2779:World Economic Forum 2717:Ciskei Defence Force 2705:World Economic Forum 2592:in India, President 2379:allies US president 2333:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 2268:British Labour Party 2221:solitary confinement 2213:University of London 2177:I Am Prepared to Die 2147:Rivonia Trial Speech 1913:Sharpeville massacre 1824:, the ANC planned a 1146:Childhood: 1918–1934 1135:Father of the Nation 1092:Non-Aligned Movement 1070:to investigate past 1062:which promulgated a 1025:Sharpeville massacre 924:by fostering racial 914:fully representative 796:Long Walk to Freedom 624:University of London 346:Non-Aligned Movement 23159:Political prisoners 22731:Ludwig Wittgenstein 22678:John Maynard Keynes 22450:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 22078:Hifikepunye Pohamba 21926:Vhahangwele Masindi 21851:Douglas Butterworth 21836:Hendrik J. Koornhof 21669:Order of Mapungubwe 21192:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 20176:Persons of the Year 19883:Amref Health Africa 19565:Enrique V. Iglesias 19559:José López Portillo 19422:Chandi Prasad Bhatt 19354:Ramakrishna Mission 18643:Pugwash Conferences 16590:Structure and wings 16116:Johannesburg statue 15963:(great-grandfather) 14754:Lodge, Tom (2006). 13480:. 7 December 2013. 13350:, pp. 125–126. 13256:, pp. 549–551. 13224:, pp. 110–113. 13034:, pp. 106–107. 12787:, pp. 582–583. 12649:, pp. 433–435. 12622:, pp. 164–165. 12574:, pp. 217–218. 12526:, pp. 135–138. 12458:, pp. 113–114. 12422:, pp. 906–907. 12398:, pp. 119–120. 12234:, pp. 37, 584. 12135:. 4 December 2017. 12039:Mail & Guardian 11979:. 5 December 2013. 11977:Mail & Guardian 11949:. 5 December 2013. 11463:, pp. 594–597. 11404:on 25 February 2013 11225:, pp. 591–592. 11078:, pp. 589–590. 11019:, pp. 590–591. 10999:, pp. 588–589. 10983:, pp. 587–588. 10943:, pp. 551–552. 10931:, pp. 549–551. 10915:, pp. 537–543. 10899:, pp. 537–543. 10832:, pp. 128–129. 10746:, pp. 558–559. 10730:, pp. 217–218. 10698:, pp. 556–557. 10678:, pp. 556–557. 10636:, pp. 563–564. 10604:, pp. 562–563. 10558:, pp. 561–567. 10542:, pp. 107–108. 10530:, pp. 560–561. 10430:, pp. 137–138. 10364:on 26 February 2013 10320:, pp. 571–573. 10288:, pp. 102–194. 10267:on 26 February 2013 10149:, pp. 520–521. 10121:, pp. 514–515. 10105:, pp. 518–520. 10077:, pp. 528–532. 10016:on 25 February 2013 10010:The Daily Telegraph 9880:, pp. 507–511. 9852:, pp. 495–496. 9805:, pp. 546–549. 9753:, pp. 525–527. 9677:, pp. 496–497. 9661:, pp. 508–511. 9611:, pp. 491–492. 9595:, pp. 492–493. 9496:, pp. 480–489. 9416:, pp. 467–477. 9341:, pp. 468–469. 9281:, pp. 467–468. 9261:, pp. 463–466. 9241:, pp. 466–467. 9225:, pp. 461–462. 9185:, pp. 456–459. 9173:, pp. 45, 69; 9145:, pp. 436–442. 9089:, pp. 429–430. 9062:, pp. 428–429. 9046:, pp. 424–427. 9027:, pp. 418–420. 8991:, pp. 415–418. 8975:, pp. 412–414. 8951:, pp. 409–410. 8904:, pp. 408–409. 8875:on 14 February 2013 8795:, pp. 399–402. 8767:, pp. 392–397. 8751:, pp. 390–392. 8640:, pp. 369–370. 8616:, pp. 373–380. 8576:, pp. 363–378. 8556:, pp. 354–357. 8532:, pp. 347–355. 8516:, pp. 343–345. 8466:, pp. 330–332. 8418:, pp. 338–342. 8390:, pp. 335–336. 8338:, pp. 324–325. 8318:, pp. 324–325. 8278:, pp. 319–320. 8258:, pp. 315–316. 8230:, pp. 363–364. 8206:, pp. 259–276. 8182:, pp. 285–286. 8170:, pp. 242–243. 8146:, pp. 314–315. 8110:, pp. 226–227. 8094:, pp. 223–225. 8018:, pp. 246–247. 7898:, pp. 210–214. 7810:, pp. 206–207. 7734:, pp. 116–128. 7483:, pp. 174–176. 7451:, pp. 173–174. 7431:, pp. 172–173. 7349:, pp. 170–172. 7317:, pp. 169–170. 7285:, pp. 167–169. 7253:, pp. 165–167. 7225:, pp. 163–165. 7177:, pp. 160–162. 7141:, pp. 158–159. 6992:, pp. 667–668. 6977:, pp. 154–156. 6929:, pp. 151–154. 6901:, pp. 150–151. 6877:, pp. 147–149. 6793:, pp. 140–143. 6761:, pp. 134–135. 6737:, pp. 132–133. 6709:, pp. 130–131. 6673:, pp. 117–122. 6641:, pp. 122–123. 6617:, pp. 116–117. 6593:, pp. 103–106. 6549:, pp. 110–113. 6465:, pp. 101–102. 6345:, p. 120–123; 6249:, pp. 95–101; 6021:, pp. 77, 80; 5929:, pp. 45, 47; 5517:, pp. 24, 25; 5141:, pp. 43, 48; 5105:, pp. 96–101; 4729:, pp. 27, 31; 4509:, pp. 2, 4–5; 4357:, pp. 102–103. 3991:Free Nelson Mandela 3792:described him as a 3596:African nationalist 3511:2010 FIFA World Cup 3265:Burundian Civil War 3233:African Renaissance 3099:" advocated by the 3070:Domestic programmes 3018:Minister of Defence 2848:Ohlange High School 2703:and Mandela at the 2610:Groot Schuur Minute 2574:François Mitterrand 2373:UN Security Council 2361:Freedom of the City 2323:World Heritage Site 2217:Wolsey Hall, Oxford 2185:World Peace Council 1987:Carl von Clausewitz 1774:Jehovah's Witnesses 1508:African nationalism 1332:Alice, Eastern Cape 1253:European colonizers 1172:, was ruler of the 1115:communist terrorist 1113:denounced him as a 975:in 1944. After the 930:African nationalist 928:. Ideologically an 526:Winifred Madikizela 471:Tripartite Alliance 446:, Eastern Cape 442:Mandela Graveyard, 22851:Emmeline Pankhurst 22770:Lady Diana Spencer 22748:Heroes & icons 22534:Charles E. Merrill 22253:Theodore Roosevelt 21881:Malegapuru Makgoba 21409:2006: Ahmad & 20757:Ayatollah Khomeini 20422:John Foster Dulles 20057:Juan Manuel Santos 19825:Max Planck Society 19571:Belisario Betancur 19438:Vivekananda Kendra 19406:Coretta Scott King 19174:Richard J. Roberts 19149:Russell Alan Hulse 18914:Juan Manuel Santos 18240:George C. Marshall 18083:Carl von Ossietzky 17978:Austen Chamberlain 17844:A. M. F. Beernaert 17812:Theodore Roosevelt 17804:Bertha von Suttner 16612:ANC Women's League 16274:Alfred Bitini Xuma 15871:Death of Apartheid 15623:Awards and honours 15360:Political offices 15348:on Nobelprize.org 15291:Nelson Mandela Day 15164:African Identities 15080:Smith, David James 13757:on 22 October 2010 13204:, pp. 74–76; 13168:, pp. 59–62; 13123:on 16 January 2016 12839:, pp. xv–xvi. 12008:The New York Times 11824:on 27 January 2016 11701:The New York Times 11605:on 27 January 2016 11544:The New York Times 11204:on 15 January 2016 11144:The Globe and Mail 11090:"Closing Ceremony" 11053:. 15 August 2001. 9988:. 6 October 2003. 9428:, pp. 76–77; 9213:, pp. 72–73; 8987:, pp. 58–59; 8763:, pp. 41–42; 8692:The New York Times 8604:, pp. 20–23; 7774:, pp. 79–80; 7754:, pp. 75–78; 7718:, pp. 63–68; 7658:, pp. 43–57; 7638:, pp. 42–44; 7606:, pp. 33–42; 7566:, pp. 27–32; 7537:on 1 February 2016 7313:, pp. 91–93; 7201:, pp. 81, 84. 6965:, pp. 92–93; 6781:, pp. 83–84; 6721:, pp. 85–86; 6697:, pp. 81–82; 6685:, pp. 83–84; 6537:, pp. 75–77; 6525:, pp. 74–76; 6501:, pp. 79–80; 6477:, pp. 79–80; 6401:, pp. 65–66; 6393:, pp. 71–75; 6389:, pp. 64–67; 6337:, pp. 59–60; 6245:, pp. 87–93; 6229:, pp. 54–57; 6169:, pp. 58–59; 6125:, pp. 83–84; 6113:, pp. 50–51; 6025:, pp. 88–89; 6013:, pp. 56–58; 6009:, pp. 44–46; 5933:, pp. 75–76; 5865:, pp. 81–83; 5861:, pp. 74–75; 5853:, pp. 48–49; 5849:, pp. 38–40; 5769:, pp. 68–70; 5741:, pp. 78–79; 5737:, pp. 72–73; 5725:, pp. 36–37; 5709:, pp. 76–78; 5705:, pp. 70–72; 5701:, pp. 41–42; 5553:, pp. 60–64; 5541:, pp. 40–41; 5521:, pp. 59–62; 5509:, pp. 39–40; 5477:, pp. 44–46; 5473:, pp. 52–56; 5461:, pp. 28–29; 5441:, pp. 34–35; 5421:, pp. 42–43; 5413:, pp. 33–34; 5397:, pp. 36, 43. 5365:, pp. 27–28; 5345:, pp. 34–35; 5341:, pp. 64–65; 5333:, pp. 33–34; 5293:, pp. 33–34; 5241:, pp. 45–46; 5213:, pp. 44–45; 5145:, pp. 31–32; 5117:, pp. 28–30; 5089:, pp. 27–28; 5081:, pp. 12–13; 5077:, pp. 89–94; 5073:, pp. 25–26; 5053:, pp. 20–22; 5049:, pp. 36–39; 5041:, pp. 73–76; 5021:, pp. 19–20; 5017:, pp. 34–35; 5013:, pp. 11–12; 5009:, pp. 78–86; 4981:, pp. 70–71; 4893:, pp. 67–69; 4877:, pp. 17–19; 4873:, pp. 33–34; 4869:, pp. 62–63; 4857:, pp. 21, 25. 4853:, pp. 15–18; 4849:, pp. 33–34; 4841:, pp. 62–65; 4805:, pp. 14–15; 4797:, pp. 53–54; 4777:, pp. 31–32; 4733:, pp. 12–13; 4725:, pp. 45–47; 4705:, pp. 29–31; 4697:, pp. 36–42; 4653:, pp. 31–34; 4649:, pp. 11–12; 4609:, pp. 27–29; 4585:, pp. 26–27; 4577:, pp. 22–25; 4497:, pp. 18–19; 4481:, pp. 23–24; 4385:, pp. 21–22; 3854:political prisoner 3841: 3802:Christian theology 3794:Christian humanist 3722:charismatic leader 3718: 3680:ideology by 1960. 3665: 3610:nationalists like 3577:Political ideology 3568:in Pretoria and a 3533: 3492: 3444: 3336: 3290: 3273:Pakalitha Mosisili 3206:Order of Good Hope 3197: 3120: 3080: 2913:on her March 1995 2804: 2731:liberal democratic 2709: 2679:Boipatong massacre 2565: 2499: 2445: 2439:administration of 2233: 2145:— Mandela's 2063:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2001:, there joined by 1941: 1876: 1720: 1661:Marxist philosophy 1617: 1555:Transvaal Province 1535: 1512:Alfred Bitini Xuma 1388:arranged marriages 1368:British war effort 1277: 1227:in the village of 1023:in 1961 after the 1009:1956 Treason Trial 985:racial segregation 902:Rolihlahla Mandela 707:Isitwalandwe Medal 399:Rolihlahla Mandela 18:Thembekile Mandela 22939:Freedom of speech 22908: 22907: 22902: 22901: 22830:Charles Lindbergh 22763:The American G.I. 22657:Robert H. Goddard 22643:Alexander Fleming 22267:Margaret Thatcher 22239:Eleanor Roosevelt 22197:Ruhollah Khomeini 22190:Pope John Paul II 22169:Mikhail Gorbachev 22155:Winston Churchill 22096: 22095: 22002: 22001: 21954:Tshilidzi Marwala 21846:Johann Lutjeharms 21635: 21634: 21214: 21213: 21196:Spirit of Ukraine 20896:Pope John Paul II 20873:The Peacemakers: 20849:George H. W. Bush 20841:Mikhail Gorbachev 20825:Mikhail Gorbachev 20669:Susan Brownmiller 20585:Lyndon B. Johnson 20561:Lyndon B. Johnson 20470:U.S. Scientists: 20454:Charles de Gaulle 20446:Nikita Khrushchev 20398:Mohammed Mosaddeq 20371:Winston Churchill 20299:Winston Churchill 20191:Charles Lindbergh 20139: 20138: 20032:Elbegdorj Tsakhia 19937: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19840: 19839: 19832:Fulbright Program 19754:Erasmus Programme 19615:Mikhail Gorbachev 19533:Laureates of the 19500: 19499: 19284: 19283: 19191:Economic Sciences 19027: 19026: 18888:Kailash Satyarthi 18773:Mohamed ElBaradei 18591:Mikhail Gorbachev 18286:Philip Noel-Baker 18270:Lester B. Pearson 18232:Albert Schweitzer 18013:Ferdinand Buisson 18005:Gustav Stresemann 17884:Henri La Fontaine 17745:Nobel Peace Prize 17707: 17706: 17606:(Foreign Affairs) 17461: 17460: 17408:Kraai van Niekerk 17293:Dawie de Villiers 17245:Deputy Presidents 17187: 17186: 16984: 16983: 16952:Kgalema Motlanthe 16755: 16754: 16679:uMkhonto we Sizwe 16654:Defiance Campaign 16516: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16485:Kgalema Motlanthe 16403:Secretary-General 16375:Kgalema Motlanthe 16164: 16163: 16106:Atlanta sculpture 15638:funeral attendees 15546:UMkhonto we Sizwe 15467: 15466: 15458:Succeeded by 15434:Diplomatic posts 15424:Succeeded by 15392:Succeeded by 15380: 15093:978-0-297-85524-8 15071:978-0-00-743797-9 14955:978-0-7969-1970-0 14936:978-1-58648-832-1 14910:978-0-241-12787-2 14859:978-0-7540-8724-3 14840:978-0-7540-8723-6 14765:978-0-19-921935-3 14713:978-0-86877-417-6 14694:978-0-7969-1970-0 14675:978-0-415-93381-0 14653:978-1-55643-417-4 14477:978-0-19-974022-2 14449:978-0-19-280301-6 14382:978-0-14-008941-7 14331:978-0-00-743797-9 14312:978-1-107-01311-7 14293:978-0-8214-1566-5 13947:on 5 January 2005 13839:on 1 October 2006 13448:Los Angeles Times 13310:, pp. 1, 2; 12746:(5 August 2004). 12191:Los Angeles Times 11733:. 28 March 2013. 11341:Los Angeles Times 7674:, pp. 68–75. 7618:, pp. 43–49. 6445:, pp. 96–99. 6413:, pp. 87–95. 6349:, pp. 82–84. 6305:, pp. 76–77. 6253:, pp. 77–80. 6133:, pp. 71–72. 6101:, pp. 72–73. 6045:, p. 52, 53. 6029:, pp. 66–67. 5941:, pp. 64–65. 5889:, pp. 63–64. 5869:, pp. 61–62. 5837:, pp. 63–64. 5805:, pp. 55–56. 5745:, pp. 53–55. 5713:, pp. 51–52. 5613:, pp. 48–49. 5481:, pp. 39–41. 5425:, pp. 38–39. 5349:, pp. 34–35. 5165:, pp. 48–49. 5149:, pp. 32–33. 5121:, pp. 30–31. 5093:, pp. 29–30. 5057:, pp. 27–28. 5025:, pp. 26–27. 4881:, pp. 24–25. 4809:, pp. 18–21. 4785:, pp. 17–18. 4749:, pp. 48–50. 4709:, pp. 9–11; 4557:, pp. 8, 20. 4517:, pp. 91–92. 4513:, pp. 5, 7; 4429:, pp. 1, 3; 4144:. 7 December 2013 3931:Order of St. John 3915:Nishan-e-Pakistan 3905:, and the Libyan 3903:Lenin Peace Prize 3690:social democratic 3645:liberal democracy 3218:Pan Am Flight 103 2903:Harry Oppenheimer 2582:George H. W. Bush 2578:Pope John Paul II 2474:a tribute concert 2385:Margaret Thatcher 2264:Progressive Party 2197:life imprisonment 2079:Ahmed Sékou Touré 2024:Nobel Peace Prize 1979:Umkhonto we Sizwe 1853:Winnie Madikizela 1810:guerrilla warfare 1753:Mandela and Tambo 1677:Defiance Campaign 1669:classless society 1127:Nobel Peace Prize 1076:liberal framework 1021:uMkhonto we Sizwe 997:Defiance Campaign 842: 841: 822: 727:see list for more 713:Nobel Peace Prize 701:Nishan-e-Pakistan 695:Lenin Peace Prize 489:Evelyn Ntoko Mase 16:(Redirected from 23296: 23049:Anti-capitalists 22961: 22960: 22959: 22949: 22948: 22937: 22936: 22935: 22925: 22924: 22923: 22916: 22895: 22888: 22881: 22874: 22867: 22860: 22853: 22846: 22839: 22832: 22825: 22818: 22811: 22804: 22793: 22786: 22779: 22772: 22765: 22758: 22740: 22733: 22726: 22715: 22708: 22706:William Shockley 22701: 22694: 22687: 22680: 22673: 22666: 22659: 22652: 22645: 22638: 22631: 22629:Philo Farnsworth 22624: 22617: 22610: 22603: 22585: 22578: 22571: 22564: 22557: 22550: 22543: 22536: 22529: 22522: 22515: 22508: 22501: 22494: 22487: 22480: 22473: 22466: 22459: 22452: 22434: 22427: 22420: 22418:Steven Spielberg 22413: 22406: 22399: 22392: 22385: 22378: 22371: 22364: 22357: 22350: 22343: 22336: 22329: 22322: 22315: 22308: 22301: 22283: 22276: 22269: 22262: 22255: 22248: 22241: 22234: 22227: 22220: 22213: 22206: 22199: 22192: 22185: 22178: 22171: 22164: 22157: 22150: 22148:David Ben-Gurion 22123: 22116: 22109: 22100: 22099: 22048:Joaquim Chissano 22029: 22022: 22015: 22006: 22005: 21994:Thokozani Majozi 21937: 21774: 21706: 21678: 21662: 21655: 21648: 21639: 21638: 21628: 21620: 21612: 21604: 21596: 21588: 21578: 21571: 21564: 21557: 21550: 21543: 21536: 21529: 21522: 21520: 21509: 21501: 21493: 21485: 21477: 21469: 21461: 21453: 21445: 21437: 21425: 21413: 21405: 21393: 21385: 21384:& K. Tillman 21374: 21367: 21360: 21353: 21346: 21337: 21329: 21321: 21313: 21305: 21297: 21289: 21281: 21273: 21241: 21234: 21227: 21218: 21217: 21207: 21199: 21187: 21179: 21167: 21159: 21157: 21130: 21122: 21114: 21106: 21104: 21088: 21080: 21072: 21064: 21056: 21048: 21040: 21032: 21024: 21022: 21005: 20997: 20989: 20987: 20970: 20967:Rudolph Giuliani 20951: 20943: 20935: 20923: 20915: 20907: 20899: 20891: 20889: 20868: 20860: 20852: 20844: 20836: 20828: 20820: 20812: 20804: 20796: 20784: 20776: 20768: 20760: 20752: 20744: 20736: 20717: 20715: 20701:Billie Jean King 20667:American Women: 20662: 20654: 20646: 20634: 20626: 20618: 20610: 20608: 20588: 20580: 20572: 20564: 20556: 20548: 20540: 20532: 20530: 20512:William Shockley 20488:Joshua Lederberg 20484:Donald A. Glaser 20465: 20457: 20449: 20441: 20433: 20425: 20417: 20409: 20401: 20382: 20374: 20366: 20358: 20350: 20342: 20334: 20326: 20318: 20310: 20302: 20294: 20286: 20278: 20266: 20258: 20250: 20242: 20234: 20226: 20218: 20210: 20202: 20194: 20166: 20159: 20152: 20143: 20142: 20120:Aung San Suu Kyi 20078:Martti Ahtisaari 19964: 19957: 19950: 19941: 19940: 19846: 19845: 19805:and the Spanish 19698:Rigoberta Menchú 19544: 19543: 19527: 19520: 19513: 19504: 19503: 19493: 19485: 19477: 19469: 19461: 19453: 19441: 19433: 19425: 19417: 19409: 19401: 19393: 19385: 19377: 19365: 19357: 19349: 19341: 19338:A. T. Ariyaratne 19333: 19311: 19304: 19297: 19288: 19287: 19222: 19180:Phillip A. Sharp 19176:(United Kingdom) 19054: 19047: 19040: 19031: 19030: 19020: 19009: 19007:Narges Mohammadi 18998: 18979: 18964: 18953: 18942: 18927: 18916: 18905: 18894: 18892:Malala Yousafzai 18879: 18868: 18857: 18838: 18827: 18816: 18814:Martti Ahtisaari 18805: 18790: 18775: 18760: 18749: 18738: 18727: 18701: 18693: 18685: 18673: 18661: 18659:José Ramos-Horta 18649: 18637: 18621: 18609: 18607:Rigoberta Menchú 18601: 18599:Aung San Suu Kyi 18593: 18585: 18577: 18569: 18561: 18553: 18545: 18537: 18529: 18517: 18509: 18501: 18493: 18481: 18473: 18471:Mairead Corrigan 18450: 18442: 18430: 18415: 18414: 18408: 18397: 18386: 18375: 18364: 18363: 18355: 18354: 18346: 18335: 18324: 18312: 18304: 18302:Dag Hammarskjöld 18296: 18288: 18280: 18272: 18264: 18263: 18257: 18256: 18250: 18242: 18234: 18226: 18207: 18199: 18191: 18190: 18184: 18172: 18160: 18152: 18144: 18143: 18137: 18136: 18130: 18129: 18123: 18122: 18116: 18115: 18109: 18101: 18093: 18085: 18077: 18075:Arthur Henderson 18069: 18061: 18060: 18054: 18042: 18040:Nathan Söderblom 18034: 18032:Frank B. Kellogg 18026: 18025: 18019: 18007: 17984: 17972: 17971: 17965: 17964: 17958: 17950: 17944:Hjalmar Branting 17938: 17930: 17922: 17921: 17915: 17907: 17906: 17900: 17899: 17893: 17892: 17886: 17878: 17870: 17858: 17850: 17838: 17826: 17814: 17806: 17798: 17790: 17782: 17770: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17711: 17710: 17560:(Communications) 17519:Deputy President 17488: 17481: 17474: 17465: 17464: 17353:Patrick McKenzie 17323:Chris Liebenberg 17214: 17207: 17200: 17191: 17190: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16988: 16987: 16919:(post-Apartheid) 16782: 16775: 16768: 16759: 16758: 16748: 16743: 16742: 16716: 16646: 16617:ANC Youth League 16524: 16326:Deputy President 16228: 16227: 16221: 16220: 16213: 16204: 16197: 16190: 16181: 16180: 16168: 16167: 16152: 16151: 16088:"Rise Up" (song) 16003:Makaziwe Mandela 15997:Makgatho Mandela 15698:Mahlamba Ndlopfu 15578:Pollsmoor Prison 15493: 15486: 15479: 15470: 15469: 15452: 15439:Preceded by 15407:Preceded by 15371: 15365:Preceded by 15357: 15356: 15353: 15248: 15221:Tomaselli, Keyan 15216: 15187: 15170:(3–4): 342–356. 15158: 15131:Suttner, Raymond 15126: 15097: 15075: 15058:Sampson, Anthony 15053: 15030:Journal of Power 15020: 15003:(116): 130–142. 14991: 14959: 14940: 14928: 14919:Meredith, Martin 14914: 14892: 14875:(112): 101–116. 14863: 14844: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14798: 14769: 14738: 14717: 14698: 14679: 14657: 14641: 14630: 14606: 14596: 14587:(140): 292–296. 14568: 14552: 14529:Cold War History 14523: 14513: 14481: 14462: 14453: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14386: 14364: 14335: 14316: 14297: 14269: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14237: 14217: 14211: 14205: 14199: 14193: 14187: 14181: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14121: 14114: 14106: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14080: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14046: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13989: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13952: 13937: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13885: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13799: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13788: 13773: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13701: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13470: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13459: 13450:. 13 July 2018. 13440: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13413: 13407: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13373: 13367: 13357: 13351: 13345: 13339: 13333: 13327: 13326:, pp. 1, 2. 13321: 13315: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13263: 13257: 13247: 13241: 13231: 13225: 13199: 13193: 13179: 13173: 13159: 13153: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13005: 12999: 12993: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12963: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12899: 12889: 12883: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12840: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12740: 12734: 12720: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12672: 12666: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12599: 12593: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12459: 12453: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12282: 12276: 12267: 12257: 12251: 12241: 12235: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12182: 12176: 12170: 12161: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12125: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12100: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12072:. South Africa. 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12019: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11939: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11864:. 27 June 2013. 11854: 11848: 11847: 11841: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11820:. Archived from 11809: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11693: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11601:. Archived from 11590: 11588: 11586: 11577:. Archived from 11566: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11470: 11464: 11454: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11347:on 26 June 2013. 11343:. Archived from 11332: 11323: 11322: 11310: 11301: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11020: 11006: 11000: 10990: 10984: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10922: 10916: 10906: 10900: 10886: 10880: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10849: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10753: 10747: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10705: 10699: 10685: 10679: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10643: 10637: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10590: 10584: 10575: 10565: 10559: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10485: 10479: 10473: 10467: 10453: 10447: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10379:(19 July 2003). 10373: 10371: 10369: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10331:Sampson, Anthony 10327: 10321: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10248:on 31 March 2012 10247: 10241:. Archived from 10240: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10203: 10196: 10187: 10181: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10150: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10084: 10078: 10068: 10062: 10052: 10046: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9978: 9972: 9958: 9952: 9942: 9936: 9922: 9916: 9902: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9859: 9853: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9806: 9792: 9786: 9776: 9770: 9760: 9754: 9740: 9734: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9668: 9662: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9618: 9612: 9602: 9596: 9586: 9580: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9550:. Archived from 9539: 9533: 9519: 9513: 9503: 9497: 9487: 9481: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9423: 9417: 9407: 9401: 9387: 9381: 9363: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9328: 9322: 9308: 9302: 9288: 9282: 9268: 9262: 9248: 9242: 9232: 9226: 9208: 9202: 9192: 9186: 9168: 9162: 9152: 9146: 9128: 9122: 9112: 9106: 9096: 9090: 9072: 9063: 9053: 9047: 9037: 9028: 9018: 9012: 8998: 8992: 8982: 8976: 8958: 8952: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8911: 8905: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8860: 8854: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8796: 8774: 8768: 8758: 8752: 8738: 8732: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8647: 8641: 8623: 8617: 8599: 8593: 8583: 8577: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8523: 8517: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8473: 8467: 8441: 8435: 8425: 8419: 8397: 8391: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8345: 8339: 8325: 8319: 8301: 8295: 8285: 8279: 8265: 8259: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8213: 8207: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8101: 8095: 8081: 8075: 8065: 8059: 8049: 8043: 8025: 8019: 8005: 7999: 7989: 7983: 7973: 7967: 7957: 7951: 7941: 7935: 7925: 7919: 7905: 7899: 7889: 7883: 7865: 7859: 7841: 7835: 7817: 7811: 7789: 7783: 7769: 7763: 7741: 7735: 7709: 7703: 7681: 7675: 7649: 7643: 7625: 7619: 7593: 7587: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7525:Nelson Mandela. 7522: 7516: 7490: 7484: 7458: 7452: 7438: 7432: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7392: 7386: 7376: 7370: 7356: 7350: 7324: 7318: 7311:Benneyworth 2011 7292: 7286: 7260: 7254: 7232: 7226: 7208: 7202: 7199:Benneyworth 2011 7184: 7178: 7171:Benneyworth 2011 7148: 7142: 7112: 7106: 7084: 7078: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7014: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6978: 6952: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6908: 6902: 6884: 6878: 6864: 6858: 6836: 6830: 6800: 6794: 6768: 6762: 6744: 6738: 6716: 6710: 6680: 6674: 6648: 6642: 6624: 6618: 6600: 6594: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6520: 6514: 6496: 6490: 6472: 6466: 6452: 6446: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6384: 6378: 6356: 6350: 6328: 6322: 6312: 6306: 6288: 6282: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6224: 6218: 6200: 6194: 6164: 6158: 6140: 6134: 6108: 6102: 6080: 6074: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6036: 6030: 6004: 5998: 5984: 5978: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5920: 5914: 5896: 5890: 5876: 5870: 5844: 5838: 5812: 5806: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5720: 5714: 5688: 5682: 5664: 5658: 5648: 5642: 5620: 5614: 5600: 5594: 5568: 5562: 5536: 5530: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5456: 5450: 5432: 5426: 5404: 5398: 5384: 5378: 5356: 5350: 5328: 5322: 5304: 5298: 5276: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5228: 5222: 5196: 5190: 5172: 5166: 5156: 5150: 5128: 5122: 5100: 5094: 5064: 5058: 5032: 5026: 5000: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4940: 4934: 4912: 4906: 4888: 4882: 4864: 4858: 4836: 4830: 4816: 4810: 4792: 4786: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4720: 4714: 4688: 4682: 4672: 4666: 4644: 4638: 4620: 4614: 4600: 4594: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4524: 4518: 4492: 4486: 4485:, pp. 2, 4. 4468: 4462: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4421:, pp. 7–8; 4412: 4406: 4396: 4390: 4381:, pp. 8–9; 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4312: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4190:official website 4186:See for example 4184: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4102: 4091: 4080: 3967:Higher Than Hope 3877:—accused him of 3780: 3694:socialist states 3678:Marxist–Leninist 3590: 3420:Barlinnie prison 3350:anti-retrovirals 3174:Kashmir conflict 3152:illegal migrants 3089:market economics 3052:Francois Pienaar 3032:Betsie Schoombie 3028:Hendrik Verwoerd 2979: 2872:Deputy President 2844:Constand Viljoen 2825:Democratic Party 2781:in Switzerland. 2756: 2755: 2598:Mahathir Mohamad 2586:African American 2501:Recovering from 2401:Tokai, Cape Town 2397:Pollsmoor Prison 2311: 2302: 2249:Yu Chi Chan Club 2150: 2118:Bachelor of Laws 2055:Haile Selassie I 2017: 1975:Cuban Revolution 1921:Pietermaritzburg 1803: 1757:police brutality 1741:Jawaharlal Nehru 1372:Second World War 1305:European culture 1281:privy councillor 1249:anti-imperialist 1217: 1125:, including the 1064:new constitution 1044:Pollsmoor Prison 1011:. Influenced by 987:that privileged 951:royal family in 899: 894: 887: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 824: 823: 759: 758: 745: 579: 577: 573: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 428: 408: 406: 390:Personal details 378: 366: 357: 347: 334: 322: 303: 291: 281: 264: 252:2nd and 4th 244: 232: 198: 176: 169: 157: 125: 101: 91: 47: 46: 21: 23304: 23303: 23299: 23298: 23297: 23295: 23294: 23293: 22969: 22968: 22967: 22957: 22955: 22943: 22933: 22931: 22921: 22919: 22911: 22909: 22904: 22903: 22898: 22891: 22884: 22879:Andrei Sakharov 22877: 22872:Jackie Robinson 22870: 22863: 22856: 22849: 22842: 22835: 22828: 22821: 22814: 22807: 22796: 22789: 22782: 22775: 22768: 22761: 22754: 22743: 22738:Wright brothers 22736: 22729: 22718: 22711: 22704: 22697: 22690: 22683: 22676: 22669: 22662: 22655: 22648: 22641: 22634: 22627: 22622:Albert Einstein 22620: 22613: 22608:Tim Berners-Lee 22606: 22599: 22588: 22581: 22574: 22567: 22560: 22553: 22546: 22539: 22532: 22525: 22518: 22511: 22504: 22497: 22492:Amadeo Giannini 22490: 22483: 22476: 22469: 22462: 22455: 22448: 22437: 22430: 22425:Igor Stravinsky 22423: 22416: 22409: 22402: 22395: 22388: 22381: 22374: 22367: 22362:Aretha Franklin 22360: 22353: 22346: 22339: 22334:Charlie Chaplin 22332: 22325: 22318: 22311: 22304: 22299:Louis Armstrong 22297: 22286: 22279: 22272: 22265: 22260:Margaret Sanger 22258: 22251: 22244: 22237: 22230: 22223: 22216: 22209: 22202: 22195: 22188: 22181: 22174: 22167: 22160: 22153: 22146: 22135: 22127: 22097: 22092: 22039: 22033: 22003: 21998: 21964:Tebello Nyokong 21935: 21930: 21906:Siyabulela Xuza 21866:Bernie Fanaroff 21831:Pragasen Pillay 21811:Valerie Mizrahi 21806:Sibusiso Sibisi 21796:Patricia Berjak 21772: 21767: 21758:Zwelakhe Sisulu 21723:Basil Schonland 21704: 21699: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21636: 21631: 21623: 21615: 21607: 21599: 21591: 21583: 21574: 21567: 21560: 21553: 21546: 21539: 21532: 21525: 21512: 21504: 21496: 21488: 21480: 21472: 21464: 21456: 21448: 21440: 21428: 21416: 21408: 21396: 21388: 21379: 21370: 21363: 21356: 21349: 21340: 21332: 21324: 21316: 21308: 21300: 21292: 21284: 21276: 21268: 21260: 21250: 21245: 21215: 21210: 21202: 21190: 21182: 21170: 21162: 21137:Jamal Khashoggi 21135:The Guardians: 21134: 21133: 21125: 21117: 21109: 21092: 21091: 21083: 21075: 21067: 21061:Mark Zuckerberg 21059: 21051: 21043: 21035: 21027: 21009: 21008: 21000: 20992: 20985:Sherron Watkins 20974: 20973: 20965: 20954: 20946: 20938: 20926: 20918: 20910: 20902: 20894: 20872: 20871: 20863: 20855: 20847: 20839: 20831: 20823: 20815: 20807: 20801:Peter Ueberroth 20799: 20787: 20779: 20771: 20763: 20755: 20747: 20739: 20731: 20720: 20673:Kathleen Byerly 20666: 20665: 20657: 20649: 20639:Henry Kissinger 20637: 20629: 20621: 20613: 20592: 20591: 20583: 20575: 20567: 20559: 20551: 20545:Pope John XXIII 20543: 20537:John F. Kennedy 20535: 20528:Robert Woodward 20524:James Van Allen 20469: 20468: 20460: 20452: 20444: 20436: 20428: 20420: 20414:Konrad Adenauer 20412: 20404: 20396: 20385: 20377: 20369: 20363:Harry S. Truman 20361: 20355:George Marshall 20353: 20347:James F. Byrnes 20345: 20339:Harry S. Truman 20337: 20329: 20323:George Marshall 20321: 20313: 20305: 20297: 20289: 20281: 20271:Chiang Kai-shek 20269: 20261: 20253: 20245: 20239:Hugh S. Johnson 20237: 20229: 20221: 20215:Mohandas Gandhi 20213: 20205: 20199:Walter Chrysler 20197: 20189: 20178: 20170: 20140: 20135: 20094:Lakhdar Brahimi 20066: 20062:Ernesto Zedillo 20010: 19989: 19973: 19968: 19938: 19929: 19911:Ellen MacArthur 19871:Paris Agreement 19851: 19836: 19724:Valeri Polyakov 19577:Contadora group 19549: 19538: 19531: 19501: 19496: 19488: 19480: 19474:Qaboos bin Said 19472: 19464: 19456: 19444: 19436: 19428: 19420: 19412: 19404: 19396: 19388: 19380: 19368: 19360: 19352: 19346:Gerhard Fischer 19344: 19336: 19328: 19320: 19315: 19285: 19280: 19218: 19210: 19207:(United States) 19201:(United States) 19185: 19182:(United States) 19160: 19157:(United States) 19151:(United States) 19135: 19110: 19109:(United States) 19090: 19081:(United States) 19065: 19058: 19028: 19023: 19018:to be announced 19012: 19001: 18988:Ales Bialiatski 18982: 18967: 18956: 18945: 18930: 18919: 18908: 18897: 18882: 18871: 18860: 18855:Tawakkol Karman 18841: 18830: 18819: 18808: 18793: 18778: 18763: 18758:Wangari Maathai 18752: 18741: 18730: 18715: 18704: 18696: 18688: 18676: 18664: 18652: 18640: 18624: 18612: 18604: 18596: 18588: 18580: 18572: 18564: 18556: 18548: 18540: 18532: 18520: 18512: 18504: 18496: 18484: 18476: 18464: 18453: 18448:Andrei Sakharov 18445: 18433: 18428:Henry Kissinger 18418: 18412: 18411: 18400: 18389: 18378: 18367: 18359: 18358: 18350: 18349: 18338: 18327: 18315: 18307: 18299: 18291: 18283: 18275: 18267: 18261: 18260: 18254: 18253: 18245: 18237: 18229: 18221: 18210: 18202: 18194: 18188: 18187: 18175: 18163: 18155: 18147: 18141: 18140: 18134: 18133: 18127: 18126: 18120: 18119: 18113: 18112: 18104: 18096: 18088: 18080: 18072: 18064: 18058: 18057: 18052:Nicholas Butler 18045: 18037: 18029: 18023: 18022: 18010: 18001:Aristide Briand 17998: 17987: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17962: 17961: 17956:Fridtjof Nansen 17953: 17948:Christian Lange 17941: 17933: 17925: 17919: 17918: 17910: 17904: 17903: 17897: 17896: 17890: 17889: 17881: 17873: 17861: 17853: 17841: 17829: 17817: 17809: 17801: 17793: 17785: 17773: 17758: 17747: 17738: 17708: 17703: 17668:Sydney Mufamadi 17530: 17514: 17498: 17492: 17462: 17457: 17388:Sydney Mufamadi 17261: 17240: 17224: 17218: 17188: 17183: 17020: 17015: 16985: 16980: 16973: 16968:Cyril Ramaphosa 16918: 16909: 16878:Nico Diederichs 16838: 16835:State President 16829: 16795: 16786: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16733: 16714: 16708: 16664:Freedom Charter 16644: 16638: 16585: 16522: 16508: 16479:Cyril Ramaphosa 16443:Elijah Mdolomba 16398: 16381:Cyril Ramaphosa 16333:Walter Rubusana 16321: 16316:Cyril Ramaphosa 16244:Sefako Makgatho 16215: 16211: 16208: 16173: 16165: 16160: 16140: 16126:Pretoria statue 16044: 16035:(granddaughter) 16023:(granddaughter) 16021:Ndileka Mandela 15949: 15855:Film depictions 15850: 15758: 15752: 15708: 15702: 15644: 15593:Liliesleaf Farm 15556:Freedom Charter 15524: 15511: 15502: 15497: 15463: 15454: 15448: 15444: 15429: 15420: 15412: 15397: 15388: 15370: 15317: 15256: 15251: 15094: 15072: 14956: 14937: 14911: 14860: 14841: 14819: 14817: 14816:on 24 July 2013 14766: 14714: 14695: 14676: 14662:Herbst, Jeffrey 14654: 14478: 14459:Altre Modernità 14450: 14428: 14426: 14391:Boehmer, Elleke 14383: 14332: 14313: 14294: 14277: 14272: 14264: 14260: 14252: 14245: 14235: 14233: 14218: 14214: 14206: 14202: 14194: 14190: 14182: 14173: 14165: 14161: 14151: 14149: 14140: 14139: 14135: 14125: 14123: 14119: 14112: 14110:"Ods Home Page" 14108: 14107: 14103: 14093: 14091: 14082: 14081: 14077: 14067: 14065: 14052: 14051:, p. 601; 14047: 14043: 14033: 14031: 14018: 14017: 14013: 14003: 14001: 14000:on 24 July 2013 13990: 13986: 13976: 13974: 13973:on 21 June 2008 13965: 13964: 13960: 13950: 13948: 13939: 13938: 13934: 13924: 13922: 13913: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13887: 13886: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13842: 13840: 13831: 13830: 13826: 13816: 13814: 13807:The Independent 13801: 13800: 13796: 13786: 13784: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13760: 13758: 13744: 13743: 13739: 13729: 13727: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13708:. 18 July 2012. 13703: 13702: 13693: 13685: 13681: 13669: 13665: 13650: 13646: 13638: 13634: 13626: 13622: 13614: 13610: 13602: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13557: 13549: 13545: 13537: 13533: 13529:, p. xxvi. 13525: 13521: 13513: 13509: 13501: 13497: 13487: 13485: 13472: 13471: 13467: 13457: 13455: 13442: 13441: 13437: 13427: 13425: 13416:Hooper, Simon. 13414: 13410: 13402: 13398: 13390: 13386: 13374: 13370: 13362:, p. 599; 13358: 13354: 13346: 13342: 13334: 13330: 13322: 13318: 13306: 13302: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13265: 13264: 13260: 13248: 13244: 13232: 13228: 13200: 13196: 13184:, p. 296; 13180: 13176: 13160: 13156: 13148:, p. 147; 13144:, p. 481; 13140: 13136: 13126: 13124: 13115: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13090: 13086: 13078: 13074: 13066: 13062: 13054: 13050: 13042: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13006: 13002: 12994: 12990: 12982: 12978: 12970: 12966: 12958: 12954: 12950:, pp. 5–6. 12946: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12922:, p. 581; 12918: 12914: 12906: 12902: 12894:, p. 582; 12890: 12886: 12878:, p. xvi; 12874: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12850: 12843: 12835:, p. 119; 12831: 12827: 12819: 12815: 12807: 12803: 12795: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12771: 12767: 12757: 12755: 12741: 12737: 12729:, p. 495; 12725:, p. 133; 12721: 12717: 12709: 12705: 12697: 12693: 12685: 12681: 12673: 12669: 12661:, p. 570; 12657: 12653: 12645: 12641: 12633: 12626: 12618: 12614: 12606: 12602: 12594: 12590: 12582: 12578: 12570: 12566: 12558: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12534: 12530: 12522:, p. 365; 12518: 12514: 12506: 12502: 12494: 12490: 12478: 12474: 12466: 12462: 12454: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12394: 12390: 12382: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12350:, p. viii. 12346: 12342: 12334: 12330: 12322: 12318: 12310: 12306: 12298: 12285: 12277: 12270: 12258: 12254: 12242: 12238: 12230:, p. 241; 12226:, p. 220; 12218: 12214: 12206: 12202: 12183: 12179: 12171: 12164: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12140: 12127: 12126: 12122: 12112: 12110: 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12031: 12027: 12017: 12015: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11956: 11954: 11941: 11940: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11886: 11885: 11881: 11871: 11869: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11835: 11834: 11827: 11825: 11810: 11806: 11796: 11794: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11770: 11768: 11767:on 8 April 2013 11755: 11754: 11750: 11740: 11738: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11710: 11708: 11695: 11694: 11690: 11680: 11678: 11665: 11664: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11622: 11618: 11608: 11606: 11584: 11582: 11567: 11563: 11553: 11551: 11536: 11532: 11513: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11487: 11485: 11480:. 11 May 2004. 11472: 11471: 11467: 11459:, p. 598; 11455: 11448: 11438: 11436: 11429:The Independent 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11396: 11388: 11386: 11373: 11372:, p. 600; 11368: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11333: 11326: 11311: 11304: 11296:, p. 593; 11292: 11288: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11246: 11244: 11233: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11205: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11167: 11163: 11153: 11151: 11136: 11132: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11086: 11082: 11074: 11070: 11060: 11058: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11030: 11023: 11007: 11003: 10995:, p. 576; 10991: 10987: 10979:, p. 576; 10975: 10971: 10963: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10927:, p. 576; 10923: 10919: 10911:, p. 568; 10907: 10903: 10895:, p. 568; 10891:, p. 211; 10887: 10883: 10875:, p. 130; 10871: 10867: 10859: 10852: 10844:, p. 207; 10840: 10836: 10828: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10800:, p. 204; 10792: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10714:, p. 216; 10706: 10702: 10694:, p. 215; 10686: 10682: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10654: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10628:, p. 144; 10624: 10620: 10612: 10608: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10578: 10566: 10562: 10554:, p. 216; 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10514: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10486: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10462:, p. 573; 10458:, p. 131; 10454: 10450: 10438: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10414:, p. 573; 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10348: 10346: 10335:"Mandela at 85" 10333:(6 July 2003). 10328: 10324: 10316:, p. 219; 10308: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10259: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10238: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10204:on 24 July 2013 10201: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10176:, p. 205; 10172: 10168: 10160: 10153: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10117:, p. 519; 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089:, p. 563; 10085: 10081: 10069: 10065: 10053: 10049: 10037:, p. 213; 10033: 10029: 10019: 10017: 9995: 9993: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9963:, p. 212; 9959: 9955: 9943: 9939: 9927:, p. 212; 9923: 9919: 9911:, p. 528; 9903: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9876: 9872: 9860: 9856: 9848:, p. 517; 9844:, p. 213; 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9809: 9793: 9789: 9777: 9773: 9765:, p. 186; 9761: 9757: 9741: 9737: 9729:, p. 543; 9725:, p. 209; 9721: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9669: 9665: 9657:, p. 566; 9653:, p. 210; 9645: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9603: 9599: 9591:, p. 514; 9587: 9583: 9571: 9567: 9557: 9555: 9554:on 3 April 2013 9540: 9536: 9528:, p. 512; 9520: 9516: 9504: 9500: 9488: 9484: 9472:, p. 188; 9468: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9424: 9420: 9412:, p. 495; 9408: 9404: 9396:, p. 497; 9392:, p. 182; 9388: 9384: 9376:, p. 494; 9372:, p. 182; 9364: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9289: 9285: 9277:, p. 180; 9269: 9265: 9249: 9245: 9233: 9229: 9217:, p. 177; 9209: 9205: 9197:, p. 460; 9193: 9189: 9169: 9165: 9153: 9149: 9137:, p. 174; 9129: 9125: 9113: 9109: 9101:, p. 409; 9097: 9093: 9081:, p. 173; 9073: 9066: 9058:, p. 439; 9054: 9050: 9038: 9031: 9019: 9015: 9007:, p. 410; 8999: 8995: 8983: 8979: 8967:, p. 172; 8963:, pp. 57; 8959: 8955: 8943:, p. 171; 8939: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8922:on 28 July 2008 8914: 8912: 8908: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8861: 8857: 8845:, p. 167; 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8779:, p. 567; 8775: 8771: 8759: 8755: 8739: 8735: 8727:, p. 388; 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8656:, p. 160; 8652:, p. 320; 8648: 8644: 8636:, p. 369; 8632:, p. 160; 8624: 8620: 8600: 8596: 8584: 8580: 8568:, p. 160; 8564: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8524: 8520: 8512:, p. 358; 8504:, p. 254; 8500: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8483:on 22 June 2008 8475: 8474: 8470: 8458:, p. 157; 8442: 8438: 8430:, p. 210; 8426: 8422: 8398: 8394: 8378:, p. 224; 8374: 8370: 8366:, pp. 329. 8362: 8358: 8350:, p. 347; 8346: 8342: 8330:, p. 148; 8326: 8322: 8314:, p. 340; 8306:, p. 218; 8302: 8298: 8286: 8282: 8270:, p. 155; 8266: 8262: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8218:, p. 135; 8214: 8210: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166:, p. 317; 8162:, p. 139; 8158:, p. 268; 8154: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8102: 8098: 8082: 8078: 8066: 8062: 8054:, p. 301; 8050: 8046: 8026: 8022: 8006: 8002: 7994:, p. 334; 7990: 7986: 7978:, p. 337; 7974: 7970: 7958: 7954: 7942: 7938: 7926: 7922: 7906: 7902: 7890: 7886: 7878:, p. 124; 7870:, p. 175; 7866: 7862: 7854:, p. 283; 7846:, p. 169; 7842: 7838: 7830:, p. 299; 7826:, p. 126; 7822:, p. 174; 7818: 7814: 7798:, p. 266; 7790: 7786: 7778:, p. 279; 7770: 7766: 7750:, p. 262; 7746:, p. 165; 7742: 7738: 7726:, p. 306; 7710: 7706: 7694:, p. 303; 7690:, p. 268; 7682: 7678: 7654:, p. 140; 7650: 7646: 7630:, p. 160; 7626: 7622: 7602:, p. 226; 7594: 7590: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7523: 7519: 7511:, p. 193; 7507:, p. 302; 7503:, p. 265; 7499:, p. 258; 7495:, p. 159; 7491: 7487: 7459: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7402:. 15 May 2016. 7394: 7393: 7389: 7377: 7373: 7365:, p. 216; 7357: 7353: 7325: 7321: 7305:, p. 211; 7301:, p. 100; 7293: 7289: 7265:, p. 114; 7261: 7257: 7245:, p. 210; 7233: 7229: 7209: 7205: 7197:, p. 209; 7185: 7181: 7153:, p. 111; 7149: 7145: 7133:, p. 206; 7121:, p. 170; 7117:, p. 110; 7113: 7109: 7093:, p. 171; 7089:, p. 108; 7085: 7081: 7073:, p. 171; 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7052:on 6 March 2016 7031: 7029: 7028:on 3 March 2016 7016: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6981: 6957:, p. 107; 6953: 6949: 6937: 6933: 6913:, p. 107; 6909: 6905: 6885: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6837: 6833: 6825:, p. 178; 6809:, p. 151; 6801: 6797: 6769: 6765: 6757:, p. 177; 6745: 6741: 6733:, p. 175; 6717: 6713: 6681: 6677: 6649: 6645: 6637:, p. 167; 6625: 6621: 6609:, p. 142; 6601: 6597: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6521: 6517: 6505:, p. 296; 6497: 6493: 6473: 6469: 6461:, p. 147; 6457:, p. 275; 6453: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6385: 6381: 6373:, p. 118; 6357: 6353: 6329: 6325: 6313: 6309: 6289: 6285: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6225: 6221: 6201: 6197: 6165: 6161: 6141: 6137: 6109: 6105: 6081: 6077: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6037: 6033: 6005: 6001: 5989:, p. 170; 5985: 5981: 5965:, p. 165; 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5921: 5917: 5897: 5893: 5881:, p. 176; 5877: 5873: 5845: 5841: 5821:, p. 176; 5813: 5809: 5797:, p. 168; 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5721: 5717: 5689: 5685: 5665: 5661: 5653:, p. 154; 5649: 5645: 5621: 5617: 5605:, p. 151; 5601: 5597: 5569: 5565: 5537: 5533: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5457: 5453: 5433: 5429: 5405: 5401: 5389:, p. 136; 5385: 5381: 5357: 5353: 5329: 5325: 5305: 5301: 5277: 5273: 5253: 5249: 5229: 5225: 5197: 5193: 5177:, p. 100; 5173: 5169: 5161:, p. 106; 5157: 5153: 5129: 5125: 5101: 5097: 5065: 5061: 5033: 5029: 5001: 4997: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4941: 4937: 4913: 4909: 4889: 4885: 4865: 4861: 4837: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4793: 4789: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4721: 4717: 4689: 4685: 4673: 4669: 4645: 4641: 4621: 4617: 4613:, pp. 8–9. 4601: 4597: 4593:, pp. 7–9. 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4525: 4521: 4493: 4489: 4469: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4413: 4409: 4397: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4313: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4050: 3962: 3923:Order of Canada 3894: 3888: 3829: 3821:Martin Meredith 3782: 3774: 3750:Anthony Sampson 3706: 3657: 3632: 3607:Raymond Suttner 3592: 3588: 3579: 3566:Union Buildings 3525: 3519: 3496:tribute concert 3460:Hillary Clinton 3428: 3363:was created at 3354:prostate cancer 3324: 3319: 3282: 3249:First Congo War 3237:soft diplomatic 3161: 3159:Foreign affairs 3072: 2981: 2974: 2965: 2945:49th conference 2941:Richard Stengel 2895:Whoopi Goldberg 2891:Michael Jackson 2862: 2856: 2793: 2787: 2691:state terrorism 2666:Cyril Ramaphosa 2658: 2634:Muammar Gaddafi 2590:R. Venkataraman 2554: 2549: 2543: 2487: 2478:Wembley Stadium 2441:Ken Livingstone 2393: 2352:Soweto uprising 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2205: 2152: 2144: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2071:Habib Bourguiba 2019: 2015: 1995:Liliesleaf Farm 1933: 1881:Vernon Berrangé 1834:nationalisation 1830:Rusty Bernstein 1805: 1801:Freedom Charter 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1765:Makaziwe Phumia 1761:Group Areas Act 1643:'s support for 1609: 1575:Afrikaner Party 1484: 1479: 1416:Communist Party 1384: 1356:Abraham Lincoln 1348:K. D. Matanzima 1340:Roman Dutch law 1309:African culture 1269: 1245:African history 1219: 1215: 1154: 1148: 1143: 892: 885: 852: 848: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 828: 825: 818: 815: 779: 754: 753: 733: 661: 638: 582: 581: 569: 565: 555: 535: 531: 528: 518: 498: 494: 491: 462: 461:Other political 451:Political party 430: 426: 425:5 December 2013 410: 404: 402: 401: 400: 376: 364: 358: 353: 345: 332: 326:Walter Rubusana 320: 304: 299: 289: 279: 265: 260: 242: 230: 225: 221: 216: 199: 194: 174: 166:State President 163: 155: 150: 146: 141: 126: 121: 104: 92: 59: 57: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23302: 23292: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22979:Nelson Mandela 22966: 22965: 22953: 22941: 22929: 22906: 22905: 22900: 22899: 22897: 22896: 22889: 22882: 22875: 22868: 22861: 22854: 22847: 22844:Marilyn Monroe 22840: 22833: 22826: 22819: 22816:Kennedy family 22812: 22805: 22802:Tenzing Norgay 22798:Edmund Hillary 22794: 22787: 22780: 22773: 22766: 22759: 22751: 22749: 22745: 22744: 22742: 22741: 22734: 22727: 22716: 22709: 22702: 22695: 22688: 22681: 22674: 22667: 22660: 22653: 22646: 22639: 22632: 22625: 22618: 22611: 22604: 22596: 22594: 22590: 22589: 22587: 22586: 22579: 22572: 22565: 22558: 22551: 22548:Walter Reuther 22544: 22537: 22530: 22527:Louis B. Mayer 22523: 22516: 22513:William Levitt 22509: 22502: 22495: 22488: 22481: 22474: 22467: 22464:Willis Carrier 22460: 22453: 22445: 22443: 22439: 22438: 22436: 22435: 22428: 22421: 22414: 22407: 22400: 22393: 22386: 22379: 22372: 22365: 22358: 22351: 22344: 22337: 22330: 22323: 22316: 22309: 22302: 22294: 22292: 22288: 22287: 22285: 22284: 22277: 22270: 22263: 22256: 22249: 22242: 22235: 22228: 22221: 22218:Nelson Mandela 22214: 22211:Vladimir Lenin 22207: 22200: 22193: 22186: 22179: 22172: 22165: 22162:Mahatma Gandhi 22158: 22151: 22143: 22141: 22137: 22136: 22126: 22125: 22118: 22111: 22103: 22094: 22093: 22091: 22090: 22084: 22081: 22075: 22072: 22066: 22063: 22057: 22053:Nelson Mandela 22044: 22041: 22040: 22032: 22031: 22024: 22017: 22009: 22000: 21999: 21997: 21996: 21991: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21969:Himla Soodyall 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21944:Peter Beighton 21940: 21938: 21932: 21931: 21929: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21888: 21886:Ismail Mohamed 21883: 21878: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21841:Bongani Mayosi 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21816:Wieland Gevers 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21777: 21775: 21769: 21768: 21766: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21753:Mangena Mokone 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21728:Sydney Brenner 21725: 21720: 21718:F. W. de Klerk 21715: 21709: 21707: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21697: 21695:Albert Luthuli 21692: 21687: 21685:Nelson Mandela 21681: 21679: 21673: 21672: 21665: 21664: 21657: 21650: 21642: 21633: 21632: 21630: 21629: 21621: 21613: 21605: 21597: 21589: 21581: 21580: 21579: 21572: 21565: 21558: 21551: 21544: 21537: 21530: 21510: 21502: 21494: 21486: 21478: 21470: 21462: 21454: 21446: 21438: 21426: 21414: 21406: 21394: 21386: 21377: 21376: 21375: 21368: 21361: 21354: 21338: 21330: 21322: 21314: 21306: 21298: 21290: 21282: 21274: 21265: 21262: 21261: 21255: 21252: 21251: 21244: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21221: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21208: 21200: 21188: 21180: 21168: 21164:Greta Thunberg 21160: 21131: 21123: 21115: 21107: 21094:Ebola Fighters 21089: 21081: 21073: 21065: 21057: 21049: 21041: 21037:Vladimir Putin 21033: 21025: 21006: 21002:George W. Bush 20998: 20990: 20977:Cynthia Cooper 20971: 20962: 20960: 20956: 20955: 20953: 20952: 20948:George W. Bush 20944: 20936: 20924: 20916: 20908: 20900: 20892: 20883:Nelson Mandela 20879:F. W. de Klerk 20869: 20861: 20853: 20845: 20837: 20829: 20821: 20817:Corazon Aquino 20813: 20805: 20797: 20785: 20777: 20769: 20761: 20753: 20745: 20737: 20728: 20726: 20722: 20721: 20719: 20718: 20697:Barbara Jordan 20663: 20655: 20647: 20635: 20627: 20619: 20611: 20598:William Anders 20589: 20581: 20573: 20565: 20557: 20549: 20541: 20533: 20520:Charles Townes 20500:Edward Purcell 20476:Charles Draper 20466: 20458: 20450: 20442: 20434: 20430:Harlow Curtice 20426: 20418: 20410: 20402: 20393: 20391: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20383: 20375: 20367: 20359: 20351: 20343: 20335: 20327: 20319: 20311: 20303: 20295: 20287: 20279: 20275:Soong Mei-ling 20267: 20263:Wallis Simpson 20259: 20255:Haile Selassie 20251: 20243: 20235: 20227: 20219: 20211: 20203: 20195: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20179: 20169: 20168: 20161: 20154: 20146: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20133: 20132:(former chair) 20127: 20125:Muhammad Yunus 20122: 20117: 20114:Nelson Mandela 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20085:(former chair) 20080: 20074: 20072: 20071:Former Members 20068: 20067: 20065: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20018: 20016: 20012: 20011: 20009: 20008: 20003: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19987: 19981: 19979: 19975: 19974: 19967: 19966: 19959: 19952: 19944: 19935: 19934: 19931: 19930: 19928: 19927: 19920: 19913: 19907: 19901: 19895: 19885: 19879: 19873: 19863: 19856: 19853: 19852: 19842: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19835: 19834: 19828: 19821: 19815: 19809: 19799: 19793: 19780:(Mozambique), 19774: 19768: 19762: 19756: 19750: 19744: 19738: 19732: 19726: 19708: 19694:Fatiha Boudiaf 19678: 19668: 19662: 19656: 19646: 19640: 19638:Nelson Mandela 19630: 19623: 19617: 19611:Jacques Delors 19607: 19601: 19595: 19585: 19579: 19573: 19567: 19561: 19554: 19551: 19550: 19540: 19539: 19530: 19529: 19522: 19515: 19507: 19498: 19497: 19495: 19494: 19486: 19478: 19470: 19466:Yōhei Sasakawa 19462: 19458:Ekal Vidyalaya 19454: 19442: 19434: 19426: 19418: 19410: 19402: 19394: 19386: 19378: 19374:Nelson Mandela 19366: 19358: 19350: 19342: 19334: 19330:Julius Nyerere 19325: 19322: 19321: 19314: 19313: 19306: 19299: 19291: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19215: 19212: 19211: 19209: 19208: 19205:Douglass North 19202: 19195: 19193: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19183: 19177: 19170: 19168: 19162: 19161: 19159: 19158: 19152: 19145: 19143: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19133: 19132:(South Africa) 19127: 19126:(South Africa) 19124:Nelson Mandela 19120: 19118: 19112: 19111: 19105: 19103: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19088: 19082: 19079:Kary B. Mullis 19075: 19073: 19067: 19066: 19057: 19056: 19049: 19042: 19034: 19025: 19024: 19022: 19021: 19010: 18999: 18980: 18977:Dmitry Muratov 18965: 18954: 18943: 18928: 18917: 18906: 18895: 18880: 18869: 18866:European Union 18858: 18839: 18828: 18817: 18806: 18791: 18788:Muhammad Yunus 18776: 18761: 18750: 18739: 18728: 18721:United Nations 18712: 18710: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18702: 18694: 18686: 18674: 18662: 18650: 18647:Joseph Rotblat 18638: 18622: 18619:F. W. de Klerk 18615:Nelson Mandela 18610: 18602: 18594: 18586: 18578: 18570: 18562: 18554: 18546: 18538: 18530: 18518: 18510: 18502: 18494: 18491:Menachem Begin 18482: 18474: 18467:Betty Williams 18461: 18459: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18451: 18443: 18431: 18416: 18409: 18398: 18395:Norman Borlaug 18387: 18376: 18365: 18356: 18347: 18336: 18325: 18313: 18305: 18297: 18294:Albert Luthuli 18289: 18281: 18273: 18265: 18258: 18251: 18243: 18235: 18227: 18218: 18216: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18208: 18200: 18192: 18185: 18173: 18161: 18153: 18145: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18117: 18110: 18102: 18094: 18086: 18078: 18070: 18062: 18055: 18043: 18035: 18027: 18020: 18008: 17995: 17993: 17989: 17988: 17986: 17985: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17951: 17939: 17936:Léon Bourgeois 17931: 17928:Woodrow Wilson 17923: 17916: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17887: 17879: 17871: 17859: 17851: 17839: 17832:Klas Arnoldson 17827: 17820:Ernesto Moneta 17815: 17807: 17799: 17791: 17783: 17771: 17768:Frédéric Passy 17755: 17753: 17749: 17748: 17737: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17714: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17701: 17695: 17689: 17683: 17677: 17671: 17665: 17664:(Public Works) 17659: 17653: 17647: 17644:Penuell Maduna 17641: 17636:(1996–1998) / 17631: 17625: 17619: 17618:(Home Affairs) 17613: 17610:Nkosazana Zuma 17607: 17601: 17595: 17589: 17586:Sibusiso Bengu 17583: 17577: 17572:(1996–1998) / 17567: 17561: 17555: 17552:Lionel Mtshali 17545: 17538: 17536: 17532: 17531: 17529: 17528: 17522: 17520: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17512: 17510:Nelson Mandela 17506: 17504: 17500: 17499: 17491: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17468: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17455: 17453:Nkosazana Zuma 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17383:Lionel Mtshali 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17328:Penuell Maduna 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17278:Sibusiso Bengu 17275: 17269: 17267: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17254: 17252:F. W. de Klerk 17248: 17246: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17236:Nelson Mandela 17232: 17230: 17226: 17225: 17217: 17216: 17209: 17202: 17194: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17025: 17022: 17021: 17014: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16991: 16982: 16981: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16971: 16970:(2018-present) 16965: 16955: 16949: 16943: 16933: 16926:Nelson Mandela 16922: 16920: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16905:F. W. de Klerk 16902: 16897: 16895:Marais Viljoen 16892: 16887: 16884:Marais Viljoen 16881: 16875: 16869: 16864: 16858: 16852: 16846: 16844: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16806: 16804: 16797: 16796: 16789:Heads of State 16785: 16784: 16777: 16770: 16762: 16753: 16752: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16731: 16726: 16720: 16718: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16706: 16701: 16699:Bisho massacre 16696: 16694:Operation Vula 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16650: 16648: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16593: 16591: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16583: 16577: 16571: 16565: 16559: 16553: 16547: 16541: 16535: 16528: 16526: 16518: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16506: 16505:(2022–present) 16503:Fikile Mbalula 16500: 16494: 16491:Gwede Mantashe 16488: 16482: 16476: 16470: 16464: 16458: 16452: 16446: 16440: 16434: 16431:TD Mweli Skota 16428: 16425: 16419: 16413: 16406: 16404: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16396: 16395:(2022–present) 16393:Paul Mashatile 16390: 16384: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16360: 16354: 16351:Nelson Mandela 16348: 16342: 16339:Nelson Mandela 16336: 16329: 16327: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16319: 16318:(2017–present) 16313: 16307: 16301: 16298:Nelson Mandela 16295: 16289: 16286:Albert Luthuli 16283: 16277: 16271: 16265: 16259: 16253: 16247: 16241: 16234: 16232: 16225: 16217: 16216: 16207: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16184: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16099:Nelson Mandela 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16036: 16033:Zoleka Mandela 16030: 16027:Mandla Mandela 16024: 16018: 16015:Zindzi Mandela 16012: 16006: 16000: 15994: 15988: 15982: 15976: 15973:Nosekeni Fanny 15970: 15964: 15957: 15955: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15947: 15939: 15931: 15927:Winnie Mandela 15923: 15915: 15907: 15903:Goodbye Bafana 15899: 15891: 15883: 15875: 15867: 15858: 15856: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15781:46664 concerts 15778: 15773: 15768: 15762: 15760: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15750: 15742: 15734: 15726: 15718: 15712: 15710: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15654: 15652: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15635: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15516: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15500:Nelson Mandela 15496: 15495: 15488: 15481: 15473: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15456: 15445: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15431: 15430: 15425: 15422: 15413: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15390: 15381: 15368:F. W. de Klerk 15366: 15362: 15361: 15355: 15354: 15346:Nelson Mandela 15343: 15334: 15328:Nelson Mandela 15325: 15319:Nelson Mandela 15299: 15294: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15267: 15262: 15255: 15254:External links 15252: 15250: 15249: 15217: 15188: 15159: 15141:(2): 107–130. 15127: 15109:(2): 353–366. 15098: 15092: 15076: 15070: 15054: 15036:(3): 317–339. 15021: 14992: 14974:(6): 905–921. 14960: 14954: 14941: 14935: 14915: 14909: 14893: 14864: 14858: 14845: 14839: 14826: 14799: 14781:(2): 289–301. 14770: 14764: 14751: 14740: 14739: 14729:(3): 161–171. 14718: 14712: 14699: 14693: 14680: 14674: 14658: 14652: 14631: 14621:(3): 565–590. 14607: 14569: 14553: 14524: 14496:(4): 657–676. 14486:Ellis, Stephen 14482: 14476: 14463: 14454: 14448: 14435: 14387: 14381: 14373:Nelson Mandela 14365: 14336: 14330: 14317: 14311: 14298: 14292: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14268:, p. 289. 14258: 14243: 14212: 14210:, p. 138. 14200: 14188: 14186:, p. vii. 14171: 14159: 14133: 14101: 14075: 14049:Battersby 2011 14041: 14011: 13984: 13958: 13932: 13906: 13880: 13850: 13824: 13794: 13768: 13737: 13711: 13706:The Cape Times 13691: 13689:, p. 918. 13679: 13677:, p. 918. 13663: 13644: 13642:, p. 360. 13632: 13620: 13618:, p. 173. 13608: 13591: 13579: 13577:, p. 582. 13567: 13565:, p. 101. 13555: 13553:, p. 296. 13543: 13541:, p. 599. 13531: 13519: 13507: 13495: 13465: 13435: 13420:. Al Jazeera. 13408: 13396: 13384: 13382:, p. 918. 13378:, p. 82; 13368: 13352: 13340: 13338:, p. 225. 13328: 13316: 13314:, p. 906. 13300: 13298:, p. 565. 13288: 13258: 13242: 13240:, p. 500. 13226: 13208:, p. 93; 13194: 13192:, p. 110. 13174: 13154: 13152:, p. 246. 13134: 13108: 13096: 13084: 13082:, p. 142. 13072: 13070:, p. 342. 13060: 13048: 13036: 13024: 13012: 13010:, p. 295. 13000: 12988: 12986:, p. 189. 12976: 12974:, p. 164. 12964: 12952: 12940: 12928: 12926:, p. 907. 12912: 12900: 12898:, p. xvi. 12884: 12882:, p. 583. 12868: 12866:, p. 599. 12864:Battersby 2011 12856: 12854:, p. xvi. 12841: 12825: 12813: 12811:, p. 576. 12801: 12789: 12777: 12775:, p. 577. 12765: 12735: 12733:, p. 503. 12715: 12713:, p. 111. 12703: 12691: 12679: 12667: 12665:, p. 326. 12651: 12639: 12637:, p. 294. 12624: 12612: 12610:, p. 231. 12600: 12588: 12576: 12564: 12562:, p. 361. 12552: 12540: 12538:, p. 232. 12528: 12512: 12510:, p. 282. 12500: 12498:, p. 298. 12488: 12472: 12460: 12448: 12446:, p. 162. 12436: 12434:, p. 605. 12432:Battersby 2011 12424: 12412: 12410:, p. 433. 12400: 12388: 12386:, p. 914. 12376: 12364: 12362:, p. 107. 12352: 12340: 12338:, p. 102. 12328: 12326:, p. 109. 12316: 12314:, p. 122. 12304: 12302:, p. 907. 12283: 12268: 12262:, p. 13; 12252: 12250:, p. 231. 12236: 12212: 12210:, p. 173. 12200: 12177: 12175:, p. 130. 12162: 12160:, p. 917. 12150: 12120: 12087: 12056: 12025: 11994: 11964: 11931: 11905: 11879: 11849: 11804: 11778: 11748: 11718: 11688: 11658: 11647:on 13 May 2013 11628: 11626:, p. 607. 11624:Battersby 2011 11616: 11581:on 9 July 2013 11561: 11530: 11507: 11505:, p. 600. 11503:Battersby 2011 11495: 11465: 11461:Battersby 2011 11446: 11415: 11370:Battersby 2011 11362: 11360:, p. 594. 11358:Battersby 2011 11350: 11324: 11302: 11300:, p. 598. 11298:Battersby 2011 11286: 11284:, p. 593. 11282:Battersby 2011 11274: 11227: 11223:Battersby 2011 11215: 11188: 11177:on 14 May 2019 11161: 11130: 11107: 11080: 11076:Battersby 2011 11068: 11036: 11034:, p. 598. 11032:Battersby 2011 11021: 11017:Battersby 2011 11001: 10997:Battersby 2011 10985: 10981:Battersby 2011 10969: 10967:, p. 219. 10957: 10955:, p. 578. 10945: 10933: 10917: 10901: 10881: 10879:, p. 211. 10865: 10863:, p. 211. 10850: 10848:, p. 536. 10834: 10822: 10820:, p. 535. 10810: 10808:, p. 534. 10786: 10784:, p. 366. 10774: 10748: 10732: 10720: 10718:, p. 558. 10700: 10680: 10664: 10638: 10618: 10616:, p. 564. 10606: 10591: 10589:, p. 214. 10576: 10574:, p. 560. 10560: 10544: 10532: 10520: 10518:, p. 559. 10508: 10506:, p. 555. 10496: 10494:, p. 214. 10490:, p. 89; 10480: 10478:, p. 133. 10468: 10448: 10446:, p. 510. 10432: 10420: 10404: 10322: 10302: 10300:, p. 130. 10290: 10278: 10227: 10225:, p. 312. 10215: 10182: 10180:, p. 521. 10166: 10151: 10135: 10123: 10107: 10095: 10093:, p. 532. 10079: 10063: 10047: 10027: 9973: 9953: 9937: 9917: 9894: 9892:, p. 508. 9882: 9870: 9868:, p. 204. 9864:, p. 88; 9854: 9834: 9832:, p. 524. 9822: 9807: 9787: 9771: 9769:, p. 517. 9755: 9735: 9733:, p. 517. 9715: 9703: 9691: 9689:, p. 502. 9679: 9663: 9649:, p. 87; 9639: 9613: 9597: 9581: 9579:, p. 490. 9565: 9534: 9532:, p. 491. 9524:, p. 82; 9514: 9512:, p. 488. 9498: 9482: 9480:, p. 484. 9462: 9450: 9448:, p. 479. 9438: 9436:, p. 478. 9418: 9402: 9382: 9380:, p. 474. 9368:, p. 68; 9355: 9353:, p. 471. 9343: 9323: 9313:, p. 46; 9303: 9301:, p. 472. 9293:, p. 80; 9283: 9273:, p. 79; 9263: 9243: 9227: 9203: 9187: 9163: 9161:, p. 444. 9147: 9123: 9107: 9091: 9077:, p. 47; 9064: 9048: 9029: 9023:, p. 60; 9013: 9011:, p. 420. 9003:, p. 60; 8993: 8977: 8953: 8933: 8906: 8886: 8855: 8853:, p. 407. 8835: 8833:, p. 403. 8823: 8797: 8769: 8753: 8733: 8731:, p. 386. 8723:, p. 62; 8719:, p. 41; 8709: 8678: 8666: 8664:, p. 381. 8642: 8618: 8594: 8592:, p. 368. 8588:, p. 35; 8578: 8558: 8546: 8544:, p. 355. 8534: 8518: 8494: 8468: 8454:, p. 36; 8436: 8434:, p. 340. 8420: 8406:, p. 30; 8392: 8368: 8356: 8354:, p. 326. 8340: 8320: 8296: 8294:, p. 321. 8290:, p. 24; 8280: 8260: 8244: 8242:, p. 296. 8232: 8208: 8184: 8172: 8148: 8136: 8134:, p. 228. 8124: 8112: 8096: 8076: 8074:, p. 231. 8060: 8044: 8020: 8000: 7998:, p. 241. 7984: 7982:, p. 222. 7968: 7966:, p. 221. 7952: 7950:, p. 229. 7936: 7934:, p. 232. 7920: 7900: 7884: 7860: 7858:, p. 205. 7836: 7812: 7784: 7782:, p. 205. 7764: 7762:, p. 204. 7736: 7704: 7686:, p. 62; 7676: 7644: 7620: 7588: 7548: 7517: 7485: 7453: 7433: 7417: 7387: 7385:, p. 172. 7371: 7369:, p. 172. 7351: 7319: 7287: 7255: 7227: 7203: 7193:, p. 97; 7179: 7173:, p. 81; 7165:, p. 95; 7143: 7129:, p. 95; 7107: 7105:, p. 204. 7101:, p. 90; 7079: 7077:, p. 207. 7063: 7006: 6994: 6979: 6947: 6945:, p. 151. 6931: 6903: 6879: 6859: 6841:, p. 99; 6831: 6829:, p. 143. 6817:, p. 84; 6805:, p. 94; 6795: 6773:, p. 98; 6763: 6739: 6711: 6675: 6653:, p. 79; 6643: 6619: 6595: 6577:, p. 83; 6563: 6551: 6529:, p. 93; 6515: 6513:, p. 110. 6491: 6489:, p. 110. 6467: 6447: 6427: 6425:, p. 134. 6415: 6379: 6365:, p. 60; 6351: 6323: 6317:, p. 66; 6307: 6283: 6267: 6255: 6241:, p. 73; 6233:, p. 61; 6219: 6213:, p. 95; 6209:, p. 87; 6195: 6181:, p. 58; 6173:, p. 60; 6159: 6153:, p. 86; 6145:, p. 64; 6135: 6129:, p. 92; 6121:, p. 54; 6103: 6097:, p. 85; 6093:, p. 54; 6085:, p. 51; 6075: 6059: 6047: 6031: 5999: 5997:, p. 103. 5993:, p. 94; 5979: 5973:, p. 77; 5969:, p. 53; 5955: 5953:, p. 172. 5943: 5937:, p. 87; 5915: 5909:, p. 48; 5905:, p. 55; 5901:, p. 42; 5891: 5885:, p. 78; 5871: 5839: 5833:, p. 88; 5829:, p. 78; 5825:, p. 47; 5817:, p. 41; 5807: 5801:, p. 44; 5787: 5775: 5759: 5757:, p. 165. 5747: 5733:, p. 44; 5715: 5693:, p. 35; 5683: 5677:, p. 66; 5673:, p. 37; 5659: 5643: 5637:, p. 66; 5629:, p. 43; 5625:, p. 36; 5615: 5609:, p. 64; 5595: 5589:, p. 48; 5585:, p. 67; 5581:, p. 30; 5573:, p. 40; 5563: 5557:, p. 48; 5549:, p. 29; 5531: 5525:, p. 47; 5505:, p. 24; 5495: 5483: 5469:, p. 35; 5451: 5437:, p. 31; 5427: 5417:, p. 53; 5399: 5393:, p. 53; 5379: 5373:, p. 44; 5369:, p. 48; 5351: 5323: 5317:, p. 34; 5313:, p. 49; 5299: 5289:, p. 47; 5285:, p. 22; 5271: 5265:, p. 33; 5261:, p. 24; 5247: 5237:, p. 23; 5223: 5217:, p. 33; 5205:, p. 26; 5201:, p. 23; 5191: 5185:, p. 33; 5181:, p. 44; 5167: 5151: 5123: 5113:, p. 41; 5095: 5085:, p. 40; 5069:, p. 23; 5059: 5045:, p. 12; 5037:, p. 21; 5027: 5005:, p. 21; 4995: 4989:, p. 19; 4985:, p. 11; 4971: 4959: 4953:, p. 18; 4949:, p. 10; 4945:, p. 68; 4935: 4929:, p. 18; 4925:, p. 35; 4921:, p. 10; 4917:, p. 68; 4907: 4901:, p. 18; 4897:, p. 34; 4883: 4859: 4831: 4825:, p. 32; 4821:, p. 56; 4811: 4801:, p. 32; 4787: 4781:, p. 14; 4773:, p. 52; 4763: 4751: 4739: 4715: 4693:, p. 17; 4683: 4677:, p. 43; 4667: 4661:, p. 18; 4639: 4633:, p. 27; 4629:, p. 25; 4615: 4595: 4569:, p. 17; 4559: 4547: 4537:, p. 25; 4529:, p. 20; 4519: 4505:, p. 24; 4487: 4477:, p. 12; 4473:, p. 16; 4463: 4457:, p. 15; 4447: 4435: 4417:, p. 15; 4407: 4401:, p. 17; 4391: 4371: 4359: 4349:, p. 26; 4339: 4327: 4321:, p. 23; 4307: 4287: 4277:, p. 17; 4269:, p. 16; 4259: 4220:(3): 141–152. 4196: 4179: 4173:, p. 17; 4169:, p. 21; 4155: 4129: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4059:Mandela effect 4056: 4049: 4046: 3961: 3958: 3935:Order of Merit 3890:Main article: 3887: 3884: 3837:Mandela statue 3828: 3825: 3806:Elleke Boehmer 3766: 3762:Indian cuisine 3705: 3702: 3656: 3653: 3631: 3628: 3601:The historian 3580: 3578: 3575: 3521:Main article: 3518: 3515: 3504:Mandla Mandela 3436:George W. Bush 3427: 3424: 3404:George W. Bush 3373:46664 campaign 3356:in July 2001. 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3281: 3278: 3160: 3157: 3071: 3068: 2986:Rainbow Nation 2966: 2964: 2961: 2947:of the ANC in 2907:Anglo American 2858:Main article: 2855: 2852: 2789:Main article: 2786: 2783: 2735:bill of rights 2713:Bisho massacre 2711:Following the 2675:unitary system 2671:federal system 2657: 2654: 2553: 2550: 2545:Main article: 2542: 2539: 2518:F. W. de Klerk 2486: 2483: 2405:Ahmed Kathrada 2392: 2389: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2237:hunger strikes 2204: 2201: 2193:death sentence 2168:Quartus de Wet 2136: 2110:Donald Rickard 2102:Cecil Williams 2094:Main article: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2075:William Tubman 2051:Julius Nyerere 2037:(PAFMECSA) in 2007: 2003:Raymond Mhlaba 1960:Albert Luthuli 1948:'s 1905 novel 1932: 1929: 1789: 1784:Main article: 1781: 1778: 1745:cell structure 1685:Mahatma Gandhi 1683:influenced by 1653:Vladimir Lenin 1625:general strike 1608: 1605: 1598:, replaced by 1579:National Party 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1412:Lazar Sidelsky 1408:articled clerk 1383: 1380: 1364:British Empire 1268: 1265: 1203: 1174:Thembu Kingdom 1152:Mandela family 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1121:, he received 1119:social justice 1084:combat poverty 1052:F. W. de Klerk 977:National Party 926:reconciliation 918:His government 906:anti-apartheid 840: 839: 836: 835: 826: 816: 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 804: 803: 800: 799: 792: 788: 787: 785:Writing career 781: 780: 778: 777: 774: 771: 767: 765: 761: 760: 751: 747: 746: 739: 735: 734: 732: 731: 722: 716: 710: 704: 698: 692: 686: 683:Sakharov Prize 679: 677: 673: 672: 667: 663: 662: 660: 659: 656: 655:philanthropist 653: 650: 646: 644: 640: 639: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 615: 613: 607: 606: 588: 584: 583: 567: 561: 560: 559: 558: 533: 529: 524: 523: 522: 521: 496: 492: 487: 486: 485: 484: 481: 479: 475: 474: 464: 458: 457: 452: 448: 447: 440: 436: 435: 434:, South Africa 429:(aged 95) 423: 419: 418: 398: 396: 392: 391: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 367: 361: 360: 350: 349: 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 314:Albert Luthuli 311: 307: 306: 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 282: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 257: 256: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 210: 208: 202: 201: 191: 190: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 158: 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 137: 135: 129: 128: 118: 117: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 94: 93: 58: 56:Nelson Mandela 55: 52:His Excellency 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23301: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22976: 22974: 22964: 22954: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22940: 22930: 22928: 22918: 22917: 22914: 22894: 22890: 22887: 22886:Mother Teresa 22883: 22880: 22876: 22873: 22869: 22866: 22862: 22859: 22855: 22852: 22848: 22845: 22841: 22838: 22834: 22831: 22827: 22824: 22820: 22817: 22813: 22810: 22806: 22803: 22799: 22795: 22792: 22788: 22785: 22781: 22778: 22774: 22771: 22767: 22764: 22760: 22757: 22753: 22752: 22750: 22746: 22739: 22735: 22732: 22728: 22725: 22721: 22720:Francis Crick 22717: 22714: 22710: 22707: 22703: 22700: 22696: 22693: 22689: 22686: 22685:Leakey family 22682: 22679: 22675: 22672: 22668: 22665: 22661: 22658: 22654: 22651: 22650:Sigmund Freud 22647: 22644: 22640: 22637: 22633: 22630: 22626: 22623: 22619: 22616: 22615:Rachel Carson 22612: 22609: 22605: 22602: 22601:Leo Baekeland 22598: 22597: 22595: 22591: 22584: 22580: 22577: 22573: 22570: 22566: 22563: 22562:David Sarnoff 22559: 22556: 22552: 22549: 22545: 22542: 22538: 22535: 22531: 22528: 22524: 22521: 22520:Lucky Luciano 22517: 22514: 22510: 22507: 22503: 22500: 22496: 22493: 22489: 22486: 22482: 22479: 22475: 22472: 22468: 22465: 22461: 22458: 22454: 22451: 22447: 22446: 22444: 22440: 22433: 22432:Oprah Winfrey 22429: 22426: 22422: 22419: 22415: 22412: 22411:Frank Sinatra 22408: 22405: 22401: 22398: 22394: 22391: 22390:Pablo Picasso 22387: 22384: 22380: 22377: 22373: 22370: 22369:Martha Graham 22366: 22363: 22359: 22356: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22342: 22338: 22335: 22331: 22328: 22324: 22321: 22320:Marlon Brando 22317: 22314: 22310: 22307: 22303: 22300: 22296: 22295: 22293: 22289: 22282: 22278: 22275: 22271: 22268: 22264: 22261: 22257: 22254: 22250: 22247: 22243: 22240: 22236: 22233: 22232:Ronald Reagan 22229: 22226: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22208: 22205: 22201: 22198: 22194: 22191: 22187: 22184: 22180: 22177: 22173: 22170: 22166: 22163: 22159: 22156: 22152: 22149: 22145: 22144: 22142: 22138: 22134: 22132: 22124: 22119: 22117: 22112: 22110: 22105: 22104: 22101: 22088: 22085: 22082: 22079: 22076: 22073: 22070: 22067: 22064: 22061: 22058: 22055: 22054: 22049: 22046: 22045: 22042: 22037: 22036:Ibrahim Prize 22030: 22025: 22023: 22018: 22016: 22011: 22010: 22007: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21974:Monique Zaahl 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21949:Hamilton Naki 21947: 21945: 21942: 21941: 21939: 21933: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21889: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21778: 21776: 21770: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21748:Doris Lessing 21746: 21744: 21743:Frank Nabarro 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21733:J. M. Coetzee 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21713:Allan Cormack 21711: 21710: 21708: 21702: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21680: 21674: 21670: 21663: 21658: 21656: 21651: 21649: 21644: 21643: 21640: 21627: 21622: 21619: 21614: 21611: 21606: 21603: 21598: 21595: 21590: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21573: 21570: 21566: 21563: 21559: 21556: 21552: 21549: 21545: 21542: 21538: 21535: 21531: 21528: 21524: 21523: 21516: 21511: 21508: 21503: 21500: 21495: 21492: 21487: 21484: 21479: 21476: 21471: 21468: 21463: 21460: 21455: 21452: 21447: 21444: 21439: 21436: 21432: 21427: 21424: 21420: 21415: 21412: 21407: 21404: 21400: 21395: 21392: 21387: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21369: 21366: 21362: 21359: 21355: 21352: 21348: 21347: 21344: 21339: 21336: 21331: 21328: 21323: 21320: 21315: 21312: 21307: 21304: 21299: 21296: 21291: 21288: 21283: 21280: 21275: 21272: 21267: 21266: 21263: 21259: 21253: 21249: 21242: 21237: 21235: 21230: 21228: 21223: 21222: 21219: 21205: 21201: 21197: 21193: 21189: 21185: 21181: 21177: 21176:Kamala Harris 21173: 21169: 21165: 21161: 21156: 21155: 21150: 21146: 21142: 21138: 21132: 21128: 21124: 21120: 21116: 21112: 21111:Angela Merkel 21108: 21103: 21102:Salome Karwah 21099: 21095: 21090: 21086: 21082: 21078: 21074: 21070: 21069:The Protester 21066: 21062: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21046: 21042: 21038: 21034: 21030: 21026: 21021: 21020:Melinda Gates 21017: 21013: 21007: 21003: 20999: 20995: 20991: 20986: 20982: 20981:Coleen Rowley 20978: 20972: 20968: 20964: 20963: 20961: 20957: 20949: 20945: 20941: 20937: 20933: 20929: 20925: 20921: 20917: 20913: 20909: 20905: 20904:Newt Gingrich 20901: 20897: 20893: 20888: 20887:Yitzhak Rabin 20884: 20880: 20876: 20875:Yasser Arafat 20870: 20866: 20862: 20858: 20854: 20850: 20846: 20842: 20838: 20834: 20830: 20826: 20822: 20818: 20814: 20810: 20809:Deng Xiaoping 20806: 20802: 20798: 20794: 20793:Yuri Andropov 20790: 20789:Ronald Reagan 20786: 20782: 20778: 20774: 20770: 20766: 20765:Ronald Reagan 20762: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20749:Deng Xiaoping 20746: 20742: 20738: 20734: 20730: 20729: 20727: 20723: 20714: 20710: 20706: 20702: 20698: 20694: 20690: 20686: 20682: 20678: 20674: 20670: 20664: 20660: 20656: 20652: 20648: 20644: 20643:Richard Nixon 20640: 20636: 20632: 20631:Richard Nixon 20628: 20624: 20620: 20616: 20612: 20607: 20603: 20599: 20595: 20590: 20586: 20582: 20578: 20574: 20570: 20566: 20562: 20558: 20554: 20550: 20546: 20542: 20538: 20534: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20517: 20516:Edward Teller 20513: 20509: 20505: 20501: 20497: 20496:Linus Pauling 20493: 20492:Willard Libby 20489: 20485: 20481: 20477: 20473: 20472:George Beadle 20467: 20463: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20439: 20435: 20431: 20427: 20423: 20419: 20415: 20411: 20407: 20406:Elizabeth II 20403: 20399: 20395: 20394: 20392: 20388: 20380: 20376: 20372: 20368: 20364: 20360: 20356: 20352: 20348: 20344: 20340: 20336: 20332: 20328: 20324: 20320: 20316: 20315:Joseph Stalin 20312: 20308: 20304: 20300: 20296: 20292: 20291:Joseph Stalin 20288: 20284: 20280: 20276: 20272: 20268: 20264: 20260: 20256: 20252: 20248: 20244: 20240: 20236: 20232: 20228: 20224: 20220: 20216: 20212: 20208: 20207:Owen D. Young 20204: 20200: 20196: 20192: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20177: 20175: 20167: 20162: 20160: 20155: 20153: 20148: 20147: 20144: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20075: 20073: 20069: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20052:Ricardo Lagos 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20019: 20017: 20013: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19994:Deputy Chairs 19992: 19986: 19985:Mary Robinson 19983: 19982: 19980: 19976: 19972: 19965: 19960: 19958: 19953: 19951: 19946: 19945: 19942: 19925: 19921: 19918: 19914: 19912: 19908: 19906: 19902: 19900: 19896: 19894: 19890: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19878: 19874: 19872: 19868: 19864: 19862: 19858: 19857: 19854: 19847: 19843: 19833: 19829: 19826: 19822: 19820: 19816: 19814: 19810: 19808: 19804: 19800: 19798: 19794: 19791: 19787: 19783: 19779: 19775: 19773: 19769: 19767: 19763: 19761: 19757: 19755: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19743: 19739: 19737: 19733: 19731: 19727: 19725: 19721: 19717: 19713: 19709: 19707: 19703: 19699: 19695: 19691: 19687: 19683: 19679: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19667: 19663: 19661: 19657: 19655: 19654:Yasser Arafat 19651: 19650:Yitzhak Rabin 19647: 19645: 19641: 19639: 19635: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19622: 19618: 19616: 19612: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19600: 19596: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19584: 19583:Raúl Alfonsín 19580: 19578: 19574: 19572: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19560: 19556: 19555: 19552: 19545: 19541: 19536: 19528: 19523: 19521: 19516: 19514: 19509: 19508: 19505: 19491: 19487: 19483: 19479: 19475: 19471: 19467: 19463: 19459: 19455: 19451: 19447: 19443: 19439: 19435: 19431: 19427: 19423: 19419: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19395: 19391: 19387: 19383: 19379: 19375: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19351: 19347: 19343: 19339: 19335: 19331: 19327: 19326: 19323: 19319: 19312: 19307: 19305: 19300: 19298: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19221: 19217: 19216: 19213: 19206: 19203: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19194: 19192: 19188: 19181: 19178: 19175: 19172: 19171: 19169: 19167: 19163: 19156: 19153: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19144: 19142: 19138: 19131: 19128: 19125: 19122: 19121: 19119: 19117: 19113: 19108: 19107:Toni Morrison 19104: 19101: 19097: 19093: 19086: 19085:Michael Smith 19083: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19074: 19072: 19068: 19063: 19055: 19050: 19048: 19043: 19041: 19036: 19035: 19032: 19019: 19015: 19011: 19008: 19004: 19000: 18997: 18993: 18989: 18985: 18981: 18978: 18974: 18970: 18966: 18963: 18959: 18955: 18952: 18948: 18944: 18941: 18937: 18936:Denis Mukwege 18933: 18929: 18926: 18922: 18918: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18878: 18874: 18870: 18867: 18863: 18859: 18856: 18852: 18851:Leymah Gbowee 18848: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18811: 18807: 18804: 18800: 18796: 18792: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18774: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18748: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18726: 18722: 18718: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18707: 18700: 18695: 18692: 18687: 18684: 18683:David Trimble 18680: 18675: 18672: 18671:Jody Williams 18668: 18663: 18660: 18656: 18651: 18648: 18644: 18639: 18636: 18635:Yasser Arafat 18632: 18631:Yitzhak Rabin 18628: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18611: 18608: 18603: 18600: 18595: 18592: 18587: 18584: 18579: 18576: 18571: 18568: 18563: 18560: 18555: 18552: 18547: 18544: 18539: 18536: 18531: 18528: 18524: 18519: 18516: 18511: 18508: 18503: 18500: 18499:Mother Teresa 18495: 18492: 18488: 18483: 18480: 18475: 18472: 18468: 18463: 18462: 18460: 18456: 18449: 18444: 18441: 18437: 18436:Seán MacBride 18432: 18429: 18425: 18423: 18417: 18410: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18385: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18366: 18362: 18357: 18353: 18348: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18334: 18330: 18326: 18323: 18319: 18314: 18311: 18310:Linus Pauling 18306: 18303: 18298: 18295: 18290: 18287: 18282: 18279: 18274: 18271: 18266: 18259: 18252: 18249: 18244: 18241: 18236: 18233: 18228: 18225: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18213: 18206: 18201: 18198: 18197:John Boyd Orr 18193: 18186: 18183: 18179: 18174: 18171: 18167: 18162: 18159: 18154: 18151: 18146: 18139: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18108: 18103: 18100: 18095: 18092: 18087: 18084: 18079: 18076: 18071: 18068: 18067:Norman Angell 18063: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18044: 18041: 18036: 18033: 18028: 18021: 18018: 18017:Ludwig Quidde 18014: 18009: 18006: 18002: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17990: 17983: 17982:Charles Dawes 17979: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17957: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17940: 17937: 17932: 17929: 17924: 17917: 17914: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17885: 17880: 17877: 17872: 17869: 17865: 17860: 17857: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17840: 17837: 17836:Fredrik Bajer 17833: 17828: 17825: 17824:Louis Renault 17821: 17816: 17813: 17808: 17805: 17800: 17797: 17792: 17789: 17788:Randal Cremer 17784: 17781: 17780:Charles Gobat 17777: 17776:Élie Ducommun 17772: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17750: 17746: 17742: 17735: 17730: 17728: 17723: 17721: 17716: 17715: 17712: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17690: 17687: 17684: 17681: 17678: 17675: 17674:Steve Tshwete 17672: 17669: 17666: 17663: 17660: 17657: 17656:Zola Skweyiya 17654: 17651: 17650:Stella Sigcau 17648: 17645: 17642: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17620: 17617: 17614: 17611: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17599: 17598:Trevor Manuel 17596: 17593: 17590: 17587: 17584: 17581: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17565: 17562: 17559: 17556: 17553: 17549: 17546: 17543: 17542:Derek Hanekom 17540: 17539: 17537: 17533: 17527: 17524: 17523: 17521: 17517: 17511: 17508: 17507: 17505: 17501: 17496: 17489: 17484: 17482: 17477: 17475: 17470: 17469: 17466: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17443:Steve Tshwete 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17433:Zola Skweyiya 17431: 17429: 17428:Stella Sigcau 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17338:Trevor Manuel 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17308:Derek Hanekom 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17264: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17243: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17222: 17215: 17210: 17208: 17203: 17201: 17196: 17195: 17192: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17012: 17007: 17005: 17000: 16998: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16976: 16969: 16966: 16963: 16959: 16956: 16953: 16950: 16947: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16885: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16862: 16859: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16836: 16832: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16783: 16778: 16776: 16771: 16769: 16764: 16763: 16760: 16750: 16749: 16736: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16717: 16711: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16684:Radio Freedom 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16669:Rivonia Trial 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16641: 16635: 16634: 16630: 16628: 16627:Luthuli House 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16594: 16592: 16588: 16581: 16578: 16575: 16572: 16569: 16566: 16563: 16560: 16557: 16554: 16551: 16548: 16545: 16542: 16539: 16536: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16525: 16519: 16504: 16501: 16498: 16497:Ace Magashule 16495: 16492: 16489: 16486: 16483: 16480: 16477: 16474: 16471: 16468: 16465: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16455:Walter Sisulu 16453: 16450: 16447: 16444: 16441: 16438: 16435: 16432: 16429: 16426: 16423: 16420: 16417: 16414: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16401: 16394: 16391: 16388: 16385: 16382: 16379: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16367: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16357:Walter Sisulu 16355: 16352: 16349: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16337: 16334: 16331: 16330: 16328: 16324: 16317: 16314: 16311: 16308: 16305: 16302: 16299: 16296: 16293: 16290: 16287: 16284: 16281: 16278: 16275: 16272: 16269: 16266: 16263: 16260: 16257: 16254: 16251: 16248: 16245: 16242: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16205: 16200: 16198: 16193: 16191: 16186: 16185: 16182: 16176: 16169: 16157: 16156: 16147: 16146: 16143: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16121:London statue 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16040: 16039:Ndaba Mandela 16037: 16034: 16031: 16028: 16025: 16022: 16019: 16016: 16013: 16010: 16007: 16004: 16001: 15998: 15995: 15992: 15989: 15986: 15983: 15980: 15977: 15974: 15971: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15946: 15944: 15943:Mandela's Gun 15940: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15900: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15882: 15880: 15876: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15853: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15755: 15749: 15747: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15735: 15733: 15731: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15705: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15658:1994 election 15656: 15655: 15653: 15651: 15647: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15573:Robben Island 15571: 15569: 15568:Rivonia Trial 15566: 15564: 15563:Treason Trial 15561: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15527: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15501: 15494: 15489: 15487: 15482: 15480: 15475: 15474: 15471: 15462: 15453: 15451: 15443: 15437: 15432: 15428: 15419: 15418: 15411: 15405: 15400: 15396: 15387: 15386: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15369: 15363: 15358: 15352: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15315: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15085: 15084:Young Mandela 15081: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14951: 14947: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14927: 14926: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14906: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14865: 14861: 14855: 14851: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14832: 14827: 14815: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14771: 14767: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14719: 14715: 14709: 14705: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14686: 14681: 14677: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14649: 14645: 14640: 14639: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14557:Forster, Dion 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14473: 14469: 14464: 14460: 14455: 14451: 14445: 14441: 14436: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14347:(1): 78–101. 14346: 14342: 14337: 14333: 14327: 14323: 14318: 14314: 14308: 14304: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14285: 14280: 14279: 14267: 14262: 14256:, p. 41. 14255: 14250: 14248: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14204: 14197: 14192: 14185: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14168: 14163: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14118: 14111: 14105: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14015: 13999: 13995: 13988: 13972: 13968: 13962: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13895:on 2 May 2013 13894: 13890: 13884: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13838: 13834: 13828: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13707: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13688: 13683: 13676: 13673:, p. 2; 13672: 13667: 13659: 13655: 13648: 13641: 13636: 13630:, p. 46. 13629: 13624: 13617: 13612: 13605: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13589:, p. 17. 13588: 13583: 13576: 13571: 13564: 13559: 13552: 13547: 13540: 13539:Meredith 2010 13535: 13528: 13523: 13517:, p. xv. 13516: 13515:Meredith 2010 13511: 13505:, p. 13. 13504: 13499: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13469: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13423: 13419: 13412: 13405: 13400: 13394:, p. 16. 13393: 13388: 13381: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13361: 13360:Meredith 2010 13356: 13349: 13344: 13337: 13332: 13325: 13320: 13313: 13309: 13304: 13297: 13296:Meredith 2010 13292: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13255: 13251: 13250:Meredith 2010 13246: 13239: 13235: 13234:Meredith 2010 13230: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13214:Meredith 2010 13211: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13178: 13172:, p. 36. 13171: 13167: 13163: 13158: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13142:Meredith 2010 13138: 13122: 13118: 13112: 13106:, p. 21. 13105: 13104:Meredith 2010 13100: 13094:, p. 78. 13093: 13088: 13081: 13076: 13069: 13064: 13058:, p. 86. 13057: 13052: 13046:, p. 65. 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13022:, p. 89. 13021: 13016: 13009: 13004: 12998:, p. 29. 12997: 12992: 12985: 12980: 12973: 12972:Meredith 2010 12968: 12961: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12937: 12936:Meredith 2010 12932: 12925: 12921: 12916: 12909: 12904: 12897: 12896:Meredith 2010 12893: 12888: 12881: 12877: 12876:Meredith 2010 12872: 12865: 12860: 12853: 12852:Meredith 2010 12848: 12846: 12838: 12837:Meredith 2010 12834: 12829: 12823:, p. 87. 12822: 12817: 12810: 12805: 12798: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12774: 12769: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12744:Khumalo, Fred 12739: 12732: 12728: 12727:Meredith 2010 12724: 12719: 12712: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12688: 12683: 12677:, p. 51. 12676: 12671: 12664: 12660: 12655: 12648: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12629: 12621: 12616: 12609: 12604: 12598:, p. 17. 12597: 12592: 12585: 12580: 12573: 12568: 12561: 12556: 12550:, p. 18. 12549: 12544: 12537: 12532: 12525: 12521: 12516: 12509: 12504: 12497: 12492: 12485: 12481: 12476: 12470:, p. xi. 12469: 12464: 12457: 12452: 12445: 12440: 12433: 12428: 12421: 12416: 12409: 12404: 12397: 12392: 12385: 12380: 12373: 12368: 12361: 12356: 12349: 12344: 12337: 12332: 12325: 12320: 12313: 12308: 12301: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12281:, p. ix. 12280: 12275: 12273: 12266:, p. 14. 12265: 12261: 12256: 12249: 12245: 12240: 12233: 12229: 12228:Meredith 2010 12225: 12221: 12216: 12209: 12204: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12169: 12167: 12159: 12154: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12108: 12104: 12103:The Telegraph 12099: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12029: 12013: 12009: 12005: 11998: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11968: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11936: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11893: 11889: 11883: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11845: 11839: 11823: 11819: 11818:The Telegraph 11815: 11808: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11766: 11762: 11761:The Telegraph 11758: 11752: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11662: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11625: 11620: 11604: 11600: 11599:The Telegraph 11596: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11565: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11499: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11462: 11458: 11457:Meredith 2010 11453: 11451: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11359: 11354: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11329: 11320: 11316: 11309: 11307: 11299: 11295: 11294:Meredith 2010 11290: 11283: 11278: 11262: 11258: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11224: 11219: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11176: 11172: 11165: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11134: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11096:on 8 May 2013 11095: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11072: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11033: 11028: 11026: 11018: 11014: 11013:Meredith 2010 11010: 11005: 10998: 10994: 10993:Meredith 2010 10989: 10982: 10978: 10977:Meredith 2010 10973: 10966: 10961: 10954: 10949: 10942: 10937: 10930: 10926: 10925:Meredith 2010 10921: 10914: 10910: 10909:Meredith 2010 10905: 10898: 10894: 10893:Meredith 2010 10890: 10885: 10878: 10874: 10869: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10831: 10826: 10819: 10814: 10807: 10803: 10802:Meredith 2010 10799: 10795: 10790: 10783: 10778: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10724: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10622: 10615: 10610: 10603: 10598: 10596: 10588: 10583: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10564: 10557: 10553: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10529: 10524: 10517: 10512: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10477: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10460:Meredith 2010 10457: 10452: 10445: 10441: 10440:Meredith 2010 10436: 10429: 10424: 10417: 10413: 10412:Meredith 2010 10408: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10378: 10363: 10359: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10319: 10318:Meredith 2010 10315: 10311: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10287: 10282: 10266: 10262: 10244: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10219: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10178:Meredith 2010 10175: 10170: 10164:, p. 62. 10163: 10158: 10156: 10148: 10147:Meredith 2010 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10116: 10115:Meredith 2010 10111: 10104: 10103:Meredith 2010 10099: 10092: 10088: 10087:Meredith 2010 10083: 10076: 10072: 10071:Meredith 2010 10067: 10060: 10056: 10055:Meredith 2010 10051: 10044: 10040: 10039:Meredith 2010 10036: 10031: 10015: 10011: 10007: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9966: 9965:Meredith 2010 9962: 9957: 9950: 9946: 9945:Meredith 2010 9941: 9934: 9930: 9929:Meredith 2010 9926: 9921: 9914: 9910: 9909:Meredith 2010 9906: 9901: 9899: 9891: 9886: 9879: 9874: 9867: 9863: 9858: 9851: 9847: 9846:Meredith 2010 9843: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9799:Meredith 2010 9796: 9791: 9784: 9780: 9779:Meredith 2010 9775: 9768: 9767:Meredith 2010 9764: 9759: 9752: 9748: 9747:Meredith 2010 9744: 9739: 9732: 9728: 9727:Meredith 2010 9724: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9671:Meredith 2010 9667: 9660: 9656: 9655:Meredith 2010 9652: 9648: 9643: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9610: 9607:, p. 3; 9606: 9601: 9594: 9590: 9589:Meredith 2010 9585: 9578: 9574: 9573:Meredith 2010 9569: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9527: 9526:Meredith 2010 9523: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9506:Meredith 2010 9502: 9495: 9491: 9490:Meredith 2010 9486: 9479: 9478:Meredith 2010 9475: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9430:Meredith 2010 9427: 9422: 9415: 9411: 9410:Meredith 2010 9406: 9399: 9395: 9394:Meredith 2010 9391: 9386: 9379: 9375: 9374:Meredith 2010 9371: 9367: 9362: 9360: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9336: 9335:Meredith 2010 9332: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9315:Meredith 2010 9312: 9307: 9300: 9296: 9295:Meredith 2010 9292: 9287: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9256: 9255:Meredith 2010 9252: 9247: 9240: 9239:Meredith 2010 9236: 9231: 9224: 9220: 9219:Meredith 2010 9216: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9199:Meredith 2010 9196: 9191: 9184: 9180: 9179:Meredith 2010 9176: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9156: 9155:Meredith 2010 9151: 9144: 9140: 9139:Meredith 2010 9136: 9133:, p. 6; 9132: 9127: 9120: 9116: 9115:Meredith 2010 9111: 9104: 9100: 9099:Meredith 2010 9095: 9088: 9084: 9083:Meredith 2010 9080: 9076: 9071: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9056:Meredith 2010 9052: 9045: 9041: 9040:Meredith 2010 9036: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9006: 9005:Meredith 2010 9002: 8997: 8990: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8969:Meredith 2010 8966: 8962: 8957: 8950: 8946: 8945:Meredith 2010 8942: 8937: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8899: 8898:Meredith 2010 8896:, p. 2; 8895: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8848: 8847:Meredith 2010 8844: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8789:Meredith 2010 8786: 8783:, p. 1; 8782: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8750: 8746: 8745:Meredith 2010 8742: 8737: 8730: 8726: 8725:Meredith 2010 8722: 8718: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8658:Meredith 2010 8655: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8635: 8634:Meredith 2010 8631: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8611: 8610:Meredith 2010 8607: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8571: 8570:Meredith 2010 8567: 8562: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8527: 8526:Meredith 2010 8522: 8515: 8511: 8510:Meredith 2010 8507: 8503: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8465: 8461: 8460:Meredith 2010 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8432:Meredith 2010 8429: 8424: 8417: 8413: 8412:Meredith 2010 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8385: 8384:Meredith 2010 8381: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8349: 8348:Meredith 2010 8344: 8337: 8333: 8332:Meredith 2010 8329: 8324: 8317: 8313: 8312:Meredith 2010 8309: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8272:Meredith 2010 8269: 8264: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8220:Meredith 2010 8217: 8212: 8205: 8201: 8200:Meredith 2010 8197: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8165: 8164:Meredith 2010 8161: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8122:, p. 60. 8121: 8116: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8088:Meredith 2010 8085: 8080: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8052:Meredith 2010 8048: 8041: 8037: 8036:Meredith 2010 8033: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8013: 8012:Meredith 2010 8009: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7992:Meredith 2010 7988: 7981: 7977: 7976:Meredith 2010 7972: 7965: 7961: 7960:Meredith 2010 7956: 7949: 7945: 7944:Meredith 2010 7940: 7933: 7929: 7928:Meredith 2010 7924: 7917: 7913: 7912:Meredith 2010 7909: 7904: 7897: 7893: 7892:Meredith 2010 7888: 7881: 7880:Meredith 2010 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7857: 7853: 7852:Meredith 2010 7849: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7829: 7828:Meredith 2010 7825: 7821: 7816: 7809: 7805: 7804:Meredith 2010 7801: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7777: 7776:Meredith 2010 7773: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720:Meredith 2010 7717: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7688:Meredith 2010 7685: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7660:Meredith 2010 7657: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7640:Meredith 2010 7637: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7608:Meredith 2010 7605: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7572:Meredith 2010 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7515:, p. 74. 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7501:Meredith 2010 7498: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7478: 7477:Meredith 2010 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7379:Meredith 2010 7375: 7368: 7364: 7363:Meredith 2010 7360: 7355: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7339:Meredith 2010 7336: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303:Meredith 2010 7300: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7275:Meredith 2010 7272: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7243:Meredith 2010 7240: 7236: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7196: 7195:Meredith 2010 7192: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7131:Meredith 2010 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7103:Meredith 2010 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7075:Meredith 2010 7072: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6967:Meredith 2010 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6919:Meredith 2010 6916: 6912: 6907: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6891:Meredith 2010 6888: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6847:Meredith 2010 6844: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819:Meredith 2010 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6783:Meredith 2010 6780: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751:Meredith 2010 6748: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6727:Meredith 2010 6724: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699:Meredith 2010 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663:Meredith 2010 6660: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6631:Meredith 2010 6628: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6607:Meredith 2010 6604: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6583:Meredith 2010 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6559:Meredith 2010 6555: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6539:Meredith 2010 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6479:Meredith 2010 6476: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6459:Meredith 2010 6456: 6451: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6423:Meredith 2010 6419: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6403:Meredith 2010 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6377:, p. 84. 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367:Meredith 2010 6364: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339:Meredith 2010 6336: 6332: 6327: 6321:, p. 92. 6320: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6295:Meredith 2010 6292: 6287: 6280: 6276: 6275:Meredith 2010 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6247:Meredith 2010 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6211:Meredith 2010 6208: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183:Meredith 2010 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6157:, p. 73. 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6127:Meredith 2010 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6073:, p. 68. 6072: 6068: 6063: 6057:, p. 47. 6056: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6023:Meredith 2010 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5995:Meredith 2010 5992: 5988: 5983: 5977:, p. 92. 5976: 5975:Meredith 2010 5972: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5935:Meredith 2010 5932: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5913:, p. 94. 5912: 5911:Meredith 2010 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5863:Meredith 2010 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5831:Meredith 2010 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5785:, p. 26. 5784: 5779: 5773:, p. 35. 5772: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5739:Meredith 2010 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5707:Meredith 2010 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5681:, p. 49. 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5657:, p. 42. 5656: 5652: 5647: 5641:, p. 48. 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5611:Meredith 2010 5608: 5604: 5599: 5593:, p. 36. 5592: 5588: 5587:Meredith 2010 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5561:, p. 36. 5560: 5556: 5555:Meredith 2010 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5529:, p. 36. 5528: 5524: 5523:Meredith 2010 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5475:Meredith 2010 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5449:, p. 54. 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5419:Meredith 2010 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5395:Meredith 2010 5392: 5388: 5383: 5377:, p. 37. 5376: 5372: 5371:Meredith 2010 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5344: 5343:Meredith 2010 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5321:, p. 34. 5320: 5316: 5315:Meredith 2010 5312: 5308: 5303: 5297:, p. 33. 5296: 5292: 5291:Meredith 2010 5288: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5269:, p. 34. 5268: 5264: 5263:Meredith 2010 5260: 5256: 5251: 5245:, p. 33. 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5221:, p. 33. 5220: 5216: 5215:Meredith 2010 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5189:, p. 34. 5188: 5184: 5183:Meredith 2010 5180: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5143:Meredith 2010 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5115:Meredith 2010 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5087:Meredith 2010 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5051:Meredith 2010 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5019:Meredith 2010 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4993:, p. 26. 4992: 4988: 4987:Meredith 2010 4984: 4980: 4975: 4969:, p. 25. 4968: 4963: 4957:, p. 93. 4956: 4952: 4951:Meredith 2010 4948: 4944: 4939: 4933:, p. 25. 4932: 4928: 4927:Meredith 2010 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4905:, p. 25. 4904: 4900: 4899:Meredith 2010 4896: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4875:Meredith 2010 4872: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4851:Meredith 2010 4848: 4845:, p. 9; 4844: 4840: 4835: 4829:, p. 15. 4828: 4827:Meredith 2010 4824: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4803:Meredith 2010 4800: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4779:Meredith 2010 4776: 4772: 4767: 4761:, p. 17. 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 15. 4736: 4732: 4731:Meredith 2010 4728: 4724: 4719: 4713:, p. 14. 4712: 4708: 4707:Meredith 2010 4704: 4701:, p. 8; 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4681:, p. 11. 4680: 4679:Meredith 2010 4676: 4671: 4664: 4663:Meredith 2010 4660: 4657:, p. 3; 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4635:Meredith 2010 4632: 4628: 4625:, p. 7; 4624: 4619: 4612: 4611:Meredith 2010 4608: 4605:, p. 7; 4604: 4599: 4592: 4589:, p. 5; 4588: 4587:Meredith 2010 4584: 4581:, p. 3; 4580: 4576: 4573:, p. 4; 4572: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4541:, p. 5; 4540: 4539:Meredith 2010 4536: 4533:, p. 3; 4532: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4507:Meredith 2010 4504: 4501:, p. 3; 4500: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4483:Meredith 2010 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4459:Meredith 2010 4456: 4451: 4445:, p. 19. 4444: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4427:Meredith 2010 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4403:Meredith 2010 4400: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4369:, p. 19. 4368: 4363: 4356: 4353:, p. 1; 4352: 4348: 4343: 4337:, p. 26. 4336: 4331: 4324: 4323:Meredith 2010 4320: 4317:, p. 3; 4316: 4311: 4305:, p. 16. 4304: 4301:, p. 2; 4300: 4297:, p. 4; 4296: 4291: 4284: 4281:, p. 2; 4280: 4279:Meredith 2010 4276: 4273:, p. 3; 4272: 4268: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4165:, p. 3; 4164: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995:Hugh Masekela 3992: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3838: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3739:Madiba shirts 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3714:Madiba shirts 3710: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3574: 3571: 3570:state funeral 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3549:Thabo Makgoba 3547: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3468:Robert Mugabe 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3328: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132:Edwin Cameron 3130:Critics like 3128: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:mixed economy 3076: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036:Daniel Theron 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:, Joe Slovo, 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2960: 2958: 2957:Samora Machel 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880:Groote Schuur 2877: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2801:1994 election 2797: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771:Liberty Medal 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:KwaZulu-Natal 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2561:Luthuli House 2558: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2467:majority rule 2463: 2462:Kobie Coetsee 2459: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381:Ronald Reagan 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2287:agent of the 2284: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245:Eddie Daniels 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Robben Island 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Rivonia Trial 2151: 2148: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2096:Rivonia Trial 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2028:Dingane's Day 2025: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893:Treason Trial 1891:. The formal 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1868: 1867:(1960–2020). 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1786:Treason Trial 1777: 1775: 1770: 1769:Lillian Ngoyi 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1591:direct action 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Anton Lembede 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:class warfare 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Walter Sisulu 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350:, as well as 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Fort Beaufort 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Cape Province 1159: 1153: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Robben Island 1036: 1034: 1033:Rivonia Trial 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999:and the 1955 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:anti-colonial 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 890: 889: 879: 846: 837: 814: 805: 801: 798: 797: 793: 791:Notable works 789: 786: 782: 775: 772: 769: 768: 766: 762: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 730: 728: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 680: 678: 674: 671: 668: 664: 657: 654: 651: 648: 647: 645: 641: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 614: 612: 608: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590:6, including 589: 585: 564: 563:Graça Simbine 557: 556: 527: 520: 519: 490: 483: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 459: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 439:Resting place 437: 433: 424: 420: 417: 413: 397: 393: 388: 384: 380: 374: 371: 368: 362: 356: 351: 348: 340: 336: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 312: 308: 302: 297: 294:Walter Sisulu 293: 287: 283: 277: 273: 269: 263: 258: 255: 250: 246: 240: 237: 234: 228: 219: 215: 214:Walter Sisulu 212: 211: 209: 207: 203: 197: 192: 189: 184: 181: 178: 172: 167: 162: 159: 153: 144: 139: 138: 136: 134: 130: 124: 119: 116: 111: 107: 100: 95: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 23279:Xhosa people 22963:South Africa 22809:Helen Keller 22784:Billy Graham 22756:Muhammad Ali 22724:James Watson 22671:Edwin Hubble 22636:Enrico Fermi 22555:Pete Rozelle 22506:Estée Lauder 22404:Bart Simpson 22341:Le Corbusier 22306:Lucille Ball 22217: 22176:Adolf Hitler 22130: 22060:Festus Mogae 22052: 22051: 21989:Namrita Lall 21896:William Soga 21871:George Ekama 21861:Barry Schoub 21856:Pieter Steyn 21821:Phuti Ngoepe 21786:George Ellis 21781:Percy Amoils 21690:Oliver Tambo 21684: 21541:Denhollander 21442: 21256:Named after 21204:Taylor Swift 21152: 21119:Donald Trump 21098:Kent Brantly 21085:Pope Francis 21077:Barack Obama 21053:Ben Bernanke 21045:Barack Obama 20959:2001–present 20928:Bill Clinton 20920:Andrew Grove 20882: 20865:Bill Clinton 20781:The Computer 20733:Jimmy Carter 20709:Carol Sutton 20677:Alison Cheek 20623:Willy Brandt 20602:Frank Borman 20508:Emilio Segrè 20283:Adolf Hitler 20223:Pierre Laval 20173: 20130:Desmond Tutu 20113: 20104:Jimmy Carter 20006:Graça Machel 19893:Khan Academy 19813:Bill Drayton 19788:(Mali), and 19784:(Tanzania), 19720:Chiaki Mukai 19690:Graça Machel 19660:Mário Soares 19637: 19414:Desmond Tutu 19398:Václav Havel 19373: 19370:Grameen Bank 19250: 19199:Robert Fogel 19123: 19017: 18994: / 18990: / 18975: / 18938: / 18890: / 18853: / 18849: / 18825:Barack Obama 18801: / 18786: / 18784:Grameen Bank 18771: / 18747:Shirin Ebadi 18736:Jimmy Carter 18723: / 18709:2001–present 18699:Kim Dae-jung 18681: / 18669: / 18657: / 18645: / 18633: / 18629: / 18627:Shimon Peres 18617: / 18614: 18543:Desmond Tutu 18525: / 18489: / 18469: / 18438: / 18426: / 18420: 18406:Willy Brandt 18320: / 18278:Georges Pire 18224:Léon Jouhaux 18205:Ralph Bunche 18180: / 18168: / 18158:Cordell Hull 18099:Robert Cecil 18050: / 18015: / 18003: / 17980: / 17946: / 17868:Alfred Fried 17866: / 17864:Tobias Asser 17846: / 17834: / 17822: / 17778: / 17766: / 17764:Henry Dunant 17634:Tito Mboweni 17592:Pallo Jordan 17570:Sipo Mzimela 17509: 17448:Abe Williams 17393:Sipo Mzimela 17348:Tito Mboweni 17313:Pallo Jordan 17235: 17118: 16925: 16890:John Vorster 16872:Jan de Klerk 16825:Elizabeth II 16793:South Africa 16744: 16631: 16461:Oliver Tambo 16449:James Calata 16437:E. J. Khaile 16416:Selope Thema 16387:David Mabuza 16350: 16345:Oliver Tambo 16338: 16297: 16292:Oliver Tambo 16280:James Moroka 16153: 16098: 16073:Madiba shirt 15991:Graça Machel 15942: 15934: 15926: 15918: 15910: 15902: 15894: 15886: 15878: 15870: 15862: 15745: 15737: 15729: 15721: 15499: 15447: 15415: 15410:Oliver Tambo 15383: 15373: 15372: 15307: 15228: 15224: 15199:(1): 17–31. 15196: 15192: 15167: 15163: 15138: 15134: 15106: 15102: 15083: 15061: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15000: 14996: 14971: 14967: 14945: 14924: 14900: 14897:Meer, Fatima 14872: 14868: 14849: 14830: 14818:. Retrieved 14814:the original 14808: 14803: 14778: 14774: 14755: 14744: 14726: 14722: 14703: 14684: 14665: 14637: 14618: 14614: 14584: 14580: 14573:Freund, Bill 14564: 14560: 14532: 14528: 14493: 14489: 14467: 14461:(12): 40–58. 14458: 14439: 14427:. 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Castro 17139:F. Castro 17059:F. Castro 17049:Gopallawa 16962:2009-2018 16940:1999-2008 16930:1994-1999 16915:President 16861:Tom Naudé 16841:Apartheid 16820:George VI 16633:ANC Today 16231:President 15759:namesakes 15707:Books and 15245:144534323 15213:144447985 15184:145448829 15155:218645921 15123:143225875 15060:(2011) . 15050:143804607 15017:154241514 14988:144338285 14889:150631478 14795:142631031 14603:153570087 14567:: 87–115. 14549:155994044 14520:144061623 14429:27 August 14419:144267205 14361:144616007 13843:2 January 13206:Meer 1988 13092:Meer 1988 12984:Meer 1988 12663:Read 2010 11838:cite news 11181:3 October 10386:AllAfrica 9986:BBC Sport 8650:Meer 1988 8626:Meer 1988 8602:Meer 1988 8448:Meer 1988 8252:Meer 1988 8196:Meer 1988 8156:Meer 1988 8068:Meer 1988 8032:Meer 1988 7796:Meer 1988 7748:Meer 1988 7632:Meer 1988 7600:Meer 1988 7560:Meer 1988 7497:Meer 1988 7465:Meer 1988 7331:Meer 1988 7267:Meer 1988 7235:Meer 1988 7211:Meer 1988 7187:Meer 1988 7155:Meer 1988 7119:Meer 1988 7091:Meer 1988 7071:Meer 1988 6807:Meer 1988 6687:Meer 1988 6655:Meer 1988 6575:Meer 1988 6527:Meer 1988 6499:Meer 1988 6475:Meer 1988 6391:Meer 1988 6231:Meer 1988 6171:Meer 1988 6143:Meer 1988 6011:Meer 1988 5903:Meer 1988 5851:Meer 1988 5627:Meer 1988 5571:Meer 1988 5539:Meer 1988 5507:Meer 1988 5439:Meer 1988 5331:Meer 1988 5203:Meer 1988 5071:Meer 1988 4647:Meer 1988 4623:Meer 1988 4603:Meer 1988 4571:Meer 1988 4315:Meer 1988 4242:143354489 4234:1607-3614 4148:10 August 4106:"Mandela" 4070:Footnotes 3858:nostalgia 3630:Democracy 3541:gallstone 3500:Hyde Park 3412:Iraqi oil 3222:Scots law 2840:Pik Botha 2602:Bob Hawke 2281:Brandfort 2256:Afrikaans 2158:began at 1895:began in 1865:Zindziswa 1849:Cape Town 1736:suspended 1649:Karl Marx 1583:racialist 1581:. Openly 1551:Peter Mda 1492:Joe Slovo 1455:Alexandra 1436:Coloureds 1424:Europeans 1420:communist 1370:when the 1324:BA degree 1297:Healdtown 1261:Dalibunga 1233:Methodist 1208:my family 1131:clan name 1111:the right 1005:seditious 993:Transvaal 934:socialist 922:apartheid 776:Dalibunga 764:Nicknames 738:Signature 666:Known for 604:Zindziswa 355:In office 342:19th 310:President 301:In office 271:President 262:In office 196:In office 186:11th 123:In office 22499:Ray Kroc 21677:Platinum 21435:T. Smith 21423:Ringland 21399:MacLaren 21311:D. Smith 20912:David Ho 19891:and the 19869:and the 19674:and the 19087:(Canada) 18992:Memorial 17612:(Health) 17134:Abdullah 17129:Mahathir 17114:Pastrana 17079:Drnovšek 16810:George V 16747:Category 16532:Morogoro 16155:Category 15975:(mother) 15969:(father) 15919:Invictus 15709:speeches 15304:template 15082:(2010). 14921:(2010). 14899:(1988). 14627:27551769 14575:(2014). 14423:Archived 14399:Parallax 14393:(2005). 14371:(1986). 14230:Archived 14146:Archived 14117:Archived 14088:Archived 14062:Archived 14058:BBC News 14028:Archived 14024:BBC News 13919:Archived 13867:Archived 13811:Archived 13781:Archived 13724:Archived 13658:Archived 13482:Archived 13478:BBC News 13452:Archived 13422:Archived 13275:Archived 13271:BBC News 12752:Archived 12195:Archived 12137:Archived 12133:BBC News 12107:Archived 12074:Archived 12043:Archived 12012:Archived 11981:Archived 11951:Archived 11947:BBC News 11918:Archived 11892:Archived 11866:Archived 11862:BBC News 11791:Archived 11735:Archived 11731:CTV News 11705:Archived 11675:Archived 11671:BBC News 11548:Archived 11525:Archived 11482:Archived 11478:BBC News 11433:Archived 11383:Archived 11379:NBC News 11319:Archived 11261:Archived 11241:Archived 11148:Archived 11125:Archived 11121:BBC News 11055:Archived 11050:BBC News 10761:Archived 10651:Archived 10391:Archived 10343:Archived 9990:Archived 9626:Archived 9558:25 March 8810:Archived 8696:Archived 7404:Archived 4246:Archived 4142:NBC News 4116:Archived 4048:See also 4042:Invictus 4031:Invictus 3921:and the 3800:than on 3775:— 3731:visually 3624:Gandhism 3454:and the 3389:Makgatho 3299:de facto 3292:The new 3136:HIV/AIDS 2897:and the 2876:Tuynhuys 2834:and the 2817:and the 2701:De Klerk 2650:Sebokeng 2638:Houghton 2377:Cold War 2346:and the 2319:national 2166:. Judge 1897:Pretoria 1838:Kliptown 1820:and the 1428:Africans 1100:HIV/AIDS 1029:sabotage 959:and the 658:activist 592:Makgatho 587:Children 113:1st 22913:Portals 22893:Bill W. 21626:Gleason 21586:Russell 21569:Raisman 21562:Nichols 21555:Maroney 21548:Douglas 21507:Shriver 21475:Roberts 21467:Summitt 21459:Bozella 21443:Mandela 21365:Burnett 21358:Bingham 21335:Freeman 21327:Sanders 21279:Palermo 21271:Valvano 21145:Wa Lone 20015:Members 19792:(Ghana) 19772:Al Gore 19629:(UNHCR) 19476:(2019) 19141:Physics 18799:Al Gore 17743:of the 17169:Rouhani 17154:Tantawi 17149:Mubarak 17119:Mandela 17104:Suharto 16839:(under 16801:Monarch 16645:History 16224:Leaders 16061:history 16049:Related 15911:Endgame 15879:Mandela 15863:Mandela 15306:below ( 14820:15 June 14094:18 July 13488:29 June 13458:29 June 13428:29 June 13281:13 July 13127:13 July 12750:. BBC. 11872:27 June 11771:6 April 11741:10 June 11641:News 24 11317:. NPR. 11259:. CBS. 11239:. BBC. 7032:29 June 4252:25 July 4026:Mandela 4001:", and 3979:Mandela 3975:Mandela 3971:Mandela 3871:Defense 3813:manhood 3670:Marxism 3637:natural 3612:Nkrumah 3488:Tshwane 3438:in the 3385:Bangkok 3334:in 2000 3125:Armscor 2739:premier 2594:Suharto 2509:, near 2458:Inkatha 2443:in 1985 2435:by the 2418:reforms 2365:Glasgow 2262:of the 1999:Rivonia 1973:in the 1622:May Day 1561:In the 1500:Orlando 1440:atheism 1432:Indians 1326:at the 1317:prefect 1289:Engcobo 1176:in the 1013:Marxism 900:; born 750:Website 580: 568: 554: 534: 530: 517: 497: 493: 478:Spouses 32:Mandala 22800:& 22722:& 22080:(2014) 22071:(2011) 22062:(2008) 22056:(2007) 21936:Bronze 21773:Silver 21624:2024: 21618:USWNST 21616:2023: 21608:2022: 21600:2021: 21592:2020: 21584:2019: 21576:Wieber 21513:2018: 21505:2017: 21499:Dobson 21497:2016: 21491:Jenner 21489:2015: 21481:2014: 21473:2013: 21465:2012: 21457:2011: 21451:Thomas 21449:2010: 21441:2009: 21433:& 21431:Carlos 21429:2008: 21421:& 21419:Cullen 21417:2007: 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