The Limits to Growth

1413: 1622:. The study assessed whether, given key data known in 2020 about factors important for the "Limits to Growth" report, the original report's conclusions are supported. In particular, the 2020 study examined updated quantitative information about ten factors, namely population, fertility rates, mortality rates, industrial output, food production, services, non-renewable resources, persistent pollution, human welfare, and ecological footprint, and concluded that the "Limits to Growth" prediction is essentially correct in that continued economic growth is unsustainable under a "business as usual" model. The study found that current empirical data is broadly consistent with the 1972 projections and that if major changes to the consumption of resources are not undertaken, economic growth will peak and then rapidly decline by around 2040. 690:. The authors intended to explore the possibility of a sustainable feedback pattern that would be achieved by altering growth trends among the five variables under three scenarios. They noted that their projections for the values of the variables in each scenario were predictions "only in the most limited sense of the word", and were only indications of the system's behavioral tendencies. Two of the scenarios saw "overshoot and collapse" of the global system by the mid- to latter-part of the 21st century, while a third scenario resulted in a "stabilized world". 171: 1347:

reported outputs. The comparison falls comfortably within the range of uncertainty for almost all the available data, both in terms of magnitude and the patterns observed over time. Turner conducted an analysis of many studies, with a special focus on those authored by economists, that have consistently aimed to discredit the limits-to-growth concept over the course of several years. According to Turner, the aforementioned studies exhibit flaws and demonstrate a lack of comprehension regarding the model.

613: 5036: 5024: 4998: 1261:(SD) models found that the original SD was created for firms and set the pattern for urban, global, and other SD models. These firm-based SDs relied on superintending managers to prevent undesirable cycling and feedback loops caused by separate common-sense decisions made by individual sectors. However, the later global model lacked superintending managers that enforce interrelated world-level changes, making undesirable cycles and 1203:(RFF) testified that in their view, "The authors load their case by letting some things grow exponentially and others not. Population, capital and pollution grow exponentially in all models, but technologies for expanding resources and controlling pollution are permitted to grow, if at all, only in discrete increments." However, their testimony also noted the possibility of "relatively firm long-term limits" associated with 1181:, argued that the fundamental underlying concepts of the LTG scenarios were faulty because the very idea of what constitutes a "resource" varies over time. For instance, wood was the primary shipbuilding resource until the 1800s, and there were concerns about prospective wood shortages from the 1500s on. But then boats began to be made of iron, later steel, and the shortage issue disappeared. Simon argued in his book 4986: 3429: 1503:(CSIRO) in Australia published a paper called "A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality". It compared the past thirty years of data with the scenarios laid out in the 1972 book and found that changes in industrial production, food production, and pollution are all congruent with one of the book's three scenarios—that of "business as usual". This scenario in 1158:

misunderstood or wilfully misrepresented. They pointed out that the critics had failed to suggest any alternative model for the interaction of growth processes and resource availability, and "nor had they described in precise terms the sort of social change and technological advances that they believe would accommodate current growth processes."

1343:, who had been a vocal critic of LTG, said in 2009 that "thirty years later, the situation may have changed... it will probably be more important in the future to deal intellectually, quantitatively, as well as practically, with the mutual interdependence of economic growth, natural resource availability, and environmental constraints". 1453:(BTL) was published as a 20-year update on the original material. It "concluded that two decades of history mainly supported the conclusions we had advanced 20 years earlier. But the 1992 book did offer one major new finding. We suggested in BTL that humanity had already overshot the limits of Earth's support capacity." 1580:

In 2015, a calibration of the updated World3-03 model using historical data from 1995 to 2012 to better understand the dynamics of today's economic and resource system was undertaken. The results showed that human society has invested more to abate persistent pollution, increase food productivity and

1439:

concluded in 1978 that optimistic attitudes had won out, causing a general loss of momentum in the environmental movement. While summarizing a large number of opposing arguments, the article concluded that "scientific arguments for and against each position ... have, it would seem, played only a

1356:

on 2 September 2014. Turner used data from the UN to claim that the graphs almost exactly matched the 'Standard Run' from 1972 (i.e. the worst-case scenario, assuming that a 'business as usual' attitude was adopted, and there were no modifications of human behaviour in response to the warnings in the

1187:

that human ingenuity creates new resources as required from the raw materials of the universe. For instance, copper will never "run out". History demonstrates that as it becomes scarcer its price will rise and more will be found, more will be recycled, new techniques will use less of it, and at some

1166:

agreed that growth could not continue indefinitely, but that a natural end to growth was preferable to intervention. Wallich stated that technology could solve all the problems the report was concerned about, but only if growth continued apace. According to Wallich's cautionary statement, prematurely

1041:

as a whole shortly after publication in the 1970s (Peter Passel, Marc Roberts, and Leonard Ross), with similar criticism reoccurring from Ronald Baily, George Goodman and others in the 1990s. In 2011 Ugo Bardi in "The Limits to Growth Revisited" argued that "nowhere in the book was it stated that the

1545:

Hall and Day noted that "the values predicted by the limits-to-growth model and actual data for 2008 are very close." These findings are consistent with the 2008 CSIRO study which concluded: "The analysis shows that 30 years of historical data compares favorably with key features ... "standard run"

1092:

These conclusions are so far-reaching and raise so many questions for further study that we are quite frankly overwhelmed by the enormity of the job that must be done. We hope that this book will serve to interest other people, in many fields of study and in many countries of the world, to raise the

1070:

It is possible to alter these growth trends and to establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that is sustainable far into the future. The state of global equilibrium could be designed so that the basic material needs of each person on earth are satisfied and each person has an equal

1034:

skeptics criticizing the accuracy of the predictions. This interpretation has been widely propagated by media and environmental organizations, and authors who, apart from a note about the possibility of the future flows being "more complicated", did not clearly constrain or deny this interpretation.

1596:

on Limits to Growth. Its initial report concluded that "there is unsettling evidence that society is still following the 'standard run' of the original study – in which overshoot leads to an eventual collapse of production and living standards". The report also points out that some issues not fully

1557:, its methods, and historical reception and concluded that "The warnings that we received in 1972 ... are becoming increasingly more worrisome as reality seems to be following closely the curves that the ... scenario had generated." A popular analysis of the accuracy of the report by science writer 1515:

in the 21st century. In 2010, Nørgård, Peet, and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report". They said that, "its approach remains useful and that its conclusions are still surprisingly valid ... unfortunately the report has been largely dismissed by critics as a doomsday prophecy that has

1459:

was published in 2004. The authors observed that "It is a sad fact that humanity has largely squandered the past 30 years in futile debates and well-intentioned, but halfhearted, responses to the global ecological challenge. We do not have another 30 years to dither. Much will have to change if the

1270:

report combined these two approaches multiple times. System dynamists constructed interventions into the world model to demonstrate how their proposed interventions improved the system to prevent collapse. The SD model also aggregated the world’s population and resources which meant that it did not

1265:

and collapse happen in nearly all models no matter the parameter settings. There was no way for a few individuals in the model to override the structure of the system even if they understood the system as a whole. This meant there were only two solutions: convincing everyone in the system to change

1033:

Due to the detailed nature and use of actual resources and their real-world price trends, the indexes have been interpreted as a prediction of the number of years until the world would "run out" of them, both by environmentalist groups calling for greater conservation and restrictions on use and by

1625:

In 2023, the parameters of the World3 model were recalibrated using empirical data up to 2022. This improved parameter set results in a World3 simulation that shows the same overshoot and collapse mode in the coming decade as the original business-as-usual scenario of the Limits to Growth standard

891:

The chapter contains a large table that spans five pages in total, based on actual geological reserves data for a total of 19 non-renewable resources, and analyzes their reserves at 1972 modeling time of their exhaustion under three scenarios: static (constant growth), exponential, and exponential

574:

The report's findings suggest that, in the absence of significant alterations in resource utilization, it is highly likely that there will be an abrupt and unmanageable decrease in both population and industrial capacity. Although it faced severe criticism and scrutiny upon its release, the report

3059:

Of course, the actual nonrenewable resource availability in the next few decades will be determined by factors much more complicated that can be expressed by either the simple static reserve index or the exponential reserve index. We have studied this problem with a detailed model that takes into

4053:

Regrettably, the alignment of data trends with the LTG dynamics indicates that the early stages of collapse could occur within a decade, or might even be underway. This suggests, from a rational risk-based perspective, that we have squandered the past decades, and that preparing for a collapsing

1017:

Given present resources consumption rates and the projected increase in the rates, the great majority of the currently important nonrenewable resources will be extremely costly 100 years from now. (...) The prices of those resources with the shortest static reserve indices have already begun to

1346:

In a study conducted in 2008, Graham Turner from CSIRO discovered a significant correlation between the observed historical data spanning from 1970 to 2000 and the simulated outcomes derived from the "standard run" limits of the growth model. This correlation was apparent across nearly all the

1271:

demonstrate how crises emerge at different times and in different ways without any strictly global logic or form because of the unequal distributions of populations and resources. These issues indicate that the local, national, and regional differentiation in politics and economics surrounding

1161:

During that period, the very idea of any worldwide constraint, as indicated in the study, was met with scepticism and opposition by both businesses and the majority of economists. Critics declared that history proved the projections to be incorrect, such as the predicted resource depletion and

1157:

team, in a paper entitled "A Response to Sussex", described and analyzed five major areas of disagreement between themselves and the Sussex authors. The team asserted that the Sussex critics applied "micro reasoning to macro problems", and suggested that their own arguments had been either

1289:

With few exceptions, economics as a discipline has been dominated by a perception of living in an unlimited world, where resource and pollution problems in one area were solved by moving resources or people to other parts. The very hint of any global limitation as suggested in the report

702:

is the notion that if the rate of resource use is increasing, the number of reserves cannot be calculated by simply taking the current known reserves and dividing them by the current yearly usage, as is typically done to obtain a static index. For example, in 1972, the amount of

1412: 1067:, and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached sometime within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity. 1375:. Parenti further remarked that despite its scientific rigour and credibility, the intellectual guardians of influential economic interests actively dismissed LTG as a warning. A parallel narrative is currently unfolding within the realm of climate research. 1045:

While Chapter 2 serves as an introduction to the concept of exponential growth modeling, the actual World3 model uses an abstract "non-renewable resources" component based on static coefficients rather than the actual physical commodities described above.

2889: 1012:

The chapter also contains a detailed computer model of chromium availability with current (as of 1972) and double the known reserves as well as numerous statements on the current increasing price trends for discussed metals:

774: 1570:, Brian Hayes stated that the model is "more a polemical tool than a scientific instrument". He went on to say that the graphs generated by the computer program should not, as the authors note, be used as predictions. 2959: 707:

reserves was 775 million metric tons, of which 1.85 million metric tons were mined annually. The static index is 775/1.85=418 years, but the rate of chromium consumption was growing at 2.6 percent annually, or

1042:

numbers were supposed to be read as predictions", nonetheless as they were the only tangible numbers referring to actual resources, they were promptly picked as such by both supporters as well as opponents.

1531:

has had a significant impact on the conception of environmental issues and notes that (in his view) the models in the book were meant to be taken as predictions "only in the most limited sense of the word".

4329: 3936: 1138:

simulations ended in collapse, predicting the imminent end of irreplaceable resources. Passell also charged that the entire endeavour was motivated by a hidden agenda: to halt growth in its tracks.

29: 3060:

account the many interrelationships among such factors as varying grades of ores, production costs, new mining technology, the elasticity of consumer demand, and substitution with other resources

1357:

report). Birth rates and death rates were both slightly lower than projected, but these two effects cancelled each other out, leaving the growth in world population almost exactly as forecast.

1266:

the basic structure of population growth and collapse (moral response) and/or having a superintending agency analyzing the system as a whole and directing changes (technocratic response). The

1162:

associated economic collapse by the end of the 20th century. The methodology, the computer, the conclusions, the rhetoric and the people behind the project were criticised. Yale economist

1093:

space and time horizons of their concerns, and to join us in understanding and preparing for a period of great transition – the transition from growth to global equilibrium.

585:

Since its publication, some 30 million copies of the book in 30 languages have been purchased. It continues to generate debate and has been the subject of several subsequent publications.

4490: 1793: 842: 1675: 3274: 1153:

were very sensitive to a few key assumptions and suggest that the MIT assumptions were unduly pessimistic, and the MIT methodology, data, and projections were faulty. However, the

1211:

on which it depends, a disastrously virulent substance", and (implying that population growth in "developing countries" is problematic) that "we don't know what to do about it".

1074:

If the world's people decide to strive for this second outcome rather than the first, the sooner they begin working to attain it, the greater will be their chances of success.

575:

influenced environmental reforms for decades. Subsequent analysis notes that global use of natural resources has been inadequately reformed to alter its expected outcome. Yet

1360:

In 2010, Nørgård, Peet and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report", and said that it "has withstood the test of time and, indeed, has only become more relevant."

252: 1500: 3550: 1573:

In 2014, Turner concluded that "preparing for a collapsing global system could be even more important than trying to avoid collapse." Another 2014 study from the

2789: 4890: 712:. If instead of assuming a constant rate of usage, the assumption of a constant rate of growth of 2.6 percent annually is made, the resource will instead last 4321: 3641: 1018:

increase. The price of mercury, for example, has gone up 500 percent in the last 20 years; the price of lead has increased 300 percent in the last 30 years.

3427: 1634:

Books about humanity's uncertain future have appeared regularly over the years. A few of them, including the books mentioned above for reference, include:

1230:; the Catholic church, which bridled at the suggestion that overpopulation was one of mankind's major problems; finally, the political left, which saw the 4126: 3014: 1699: 1687: 1130:". Passell found the study's simulation to be simplistic while assigning little value to the role of technological progress in solving the problems of 4034:(Research Paper No. 4). MSSI Research Papers. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, The University of Melbourne. p. 16. 3551:"Capsule Review – The Global 2000 Report to the President. Vol. I: Entering the Twenty-First Century. Vol. II: The Technical Report". Foreign Affairs" 3186: 1310:

arrived at similar conclusions regarding expected global resource scarcity, and the need for multilateral coordination to prepare for this situation.

718: 559:, the study saw its findings first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971. The report's authors are 4219: 3667: 1965: 597:

were published in 1992 and 2004 respectively; in 2012, a 40-year forecast from Jørgen Randers, one of the book's original authors, was published as

4303: 1893: 1487: 1775: 1756: 1704: 4491:

Scientific Study: Forecasting the limits to the availability and diversity of global conventional oil supply: Validation; from John L Hallock Jr

2894: 3282:. Denmark: International Conference on Energy, Environment and Health – Optimisation of Future Energy Systems. pp. 133–137. Archived from 500: 344: 3283: 2425: 1218:

study came from at least four sources: those who saw the book as a threat to their business or industry; professional economists, who saw

4915: 3818: 3318: 5081: 4828: 3483: 1917: 3932: 1294:

was met with disbelief and rejection by businesses and most economists. However, this conclusion was mostly based on false premises.

4359: 3428:

United States Congress House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation (1973).

1626:

run. The main effect of the recalibration update is to raise the peaks of most variables and move them a few years into the future.

1398:

lacked accuracy, its basic thesis – that unlimited economic growth on a finite planet is impossible – was indisputably correct.

5086: 4860: 4551: 540:

computer model to simulate the consequence of interactions between the Earth and human systems. The model was based on the work of

372: 4026: 3078: 2156: 1639: 1307: 5071: 4454: 4067: 3915: 3892: 4039: 3712: 2710: 2680: 2648: 1875: 1126:

as "an empty and misleading work ... best summarized ... as a rediscovery of the oldest maxim of computer science:

232: 3431:

Growth and Its Implications for the Future: Hearing with Appendix, Ninety-third Congress, First[-second] Session ...

4518: 4415: 1987: 142: 60: 4920: 2673:

Limits and Beyond: 50 years on from The Limits to Growth, what did we learn and what's next? A Report to The Club of Rome

646:

Identify and study the dominant elements, and their interactions, that influence the long-term behavior of world systems.

3246:

Meadows, Donella H; Meadows, Dennis L; Randers, Jørgen; Behrens III, William W (February 1973). "A response to Sussex".

2984: 649:

To warn of the likely outcome of contemporary economic and industrial policies, with a view to influencing changes to a

4990: 3982: 3852: 2335:

Dr Turner is an Honorary Senior Fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute at the University of Melbourne.

493: 892:

with reserves multiplied by 5 to account for possible discoveries. A short excerpt from the table is presented below:

4812: 3326: 3222: 3088: 2587: 2512: 2461: 2026: 2006: 1996: 1983: 1958: 1868: 1848: 120: 4244: 779:

In general, the formula for calculating the amount of time left for a resource with constant consumption growth is:

5061: 4566: 4461: 4425: 1739: 3999: 1037:

While environmental organizations used it to support their arguments, a number of economists used it to criticize

5066: 5056: 4961: 4895: 365: 207: 3510:"How do we know we have global environmental problems? Science and the globalization of environmental discourse" 2547: 785: 4910: 3405: 3378: 2970: 2614: 2490: 2401: 2064: 2045: 400: 4134: 3003: 5106: 5101: 5076: 4429: 2638: 2301: 2114: 1618: 1593: 486: 154: 643:

Gain insights into the limits of our world system and the constraints it puts on human numbers and activity.

4484: 1142: 3677: 4935: 4925: 4838: 4744: 1805: 1234:

study as a scam by the elites designed to trick workers into believing that a proletarian paradise was a

3352: 2742: 1188:

point a better substitute will be found for it altogether. His book was revised and reissued in 1996 as

5014: 4807: 4479: 1835: 1656: 1447:, entitled "Beyond the Limits to Growth: Global Industrial Society, Vision or Nightmare?" and in 1992, 1372: 1115:

provoked a wide range of responses, including immediate criticisms almost as soon as it was published.

4381: 682:". At the time of the study, all these variables were increasing and were assumed to continue to grow 5111: 5091: 4717: 4541: 4220:"MIT Predicted in 1972 That Society Will Collapse This Century. New Research Shows We're on Schedule" 2604: 2111:(to intervene in a system if it is to be managed) – model proposed by Donella Meadows, 393: 287: 4722: 4511: 4468: 2579: 2162: 2081: 1204: 1200: 302: 4000:"Computation and the Human Predicament – The Limits to Growth and the Limits to Computer Modeling" 3029: 5096: 4664: 1929: 1574: 1464: 1272: 1127: 1054:

After reviewing their computer simulations, the research team came to the following conclusions:

576: 437: 327: 192: 2207: – Proposed condition wherein human numbers exceed the carrying capacity of the environment 1242:

government report found that "In the 1990s, criticism tended to focus on the misconception that

4833: 4791: 4786: 4669: 4546: 4407: 4231: 4094:"Understanding Global Systems Today—A Calibration of the World3-03 Model between 1995 and 2012" 2225: – Effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population 2108: 1178: 1174: 861: 2451: 4900: 4764: 4603: 2222: 2087: 1828: 1732: 1644: 1472: 1183: 650: 3789: 4930: 4885: 4853: 4848: 4774: 4749: 4705: 4175: 3603:"Does Growth Have a Future? Does Growth Theory Have a Future? Are These Questions Related?" 3450: 2393:

The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind

2252: 2216: 2204: 2132: 2126: 1763: 1744: 1651: 1546:

scenario, which results in collapse of the global system midway through the 21st Century."

1146: 452: 247: 162: 2884:{\displaystyle R=\int _{0}^{y}Ce^{\rho t}\ dt={\frac {C}{\rho }}\left(e^{\rho y}-1\right)} 202: 8: 5116: 5001: 4779: 4610: 4561: 4504: 4351: 4163: 3728:

Sandbach, Francis (1 November 1978). "The Rise and Fall of the Limits to Growth Debate".

2277: 2269: 2168: 1934: 1711: 1383: 1250: 1214:

In 1997, the Italian economist Giorgio Nebbia observed that the negative reaction to the

533: 462: 317: 312: 292: 4179: 3309: 5040: 4905: 4843: 4631: 4620: 4598: 4593: 4582: 4199: 3923: 3911: 3753: 3163: 3128: 2390:

Meadows, Donella H; Meadows, Dennis L; Randers, Jørgen; Behrens III, William W (1972).

2150: 1823: 1566: 1537: 1262: 1131: 709: 683: 679: 579: 560: 386: 212: 170: 99: 45: 28: 4393: 3574:"Revisiting The Limits to Growth: Could the Club of Rome Have Been Correct After All?" 2479: 1460:

ongoing overshoot is not to be followed by collapse during the twenty-first century."

1246:

predicted global resource depletion and social collapse by the end of the year 2000".

4880: 4754: 4647: 4556: 4421: 4411: 4397: 4203: 4191: 4035: 3978: 3848: 3745: 3708: 3622: 3531: 3526: 3509: 3401: 3395: 3374: 3368: 3322: 3259: 3228: 3218: 3084: 2762: 2716: 2706: 2676: 2644: 2610: 2583: 2574: 2486: 2457: 2397: 2246: 2240: 2060: 2041: 2022: 2015: 2002: 1992: 1979: 1954: 1922: 1880: 1864: 1844: 1751: 1512: 1508: 1449: 1379: 1364: 1208: 671: 589: 564: 529: 277: 257: 227: 222: 197: 127: 115: 50: 4389: 3211:

Cole, H. S. D.; Freeman, Christopher; Jahoda, Marie; Pavitt, K. L. R., eds. (1973).

2758: 2747:

Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion (SEED). CSIRO Working Paper Series

2391: 1482: 605:

authors, Dennis Meadows and Jørgen Randers, joined 19 other contributors to produce

568: 55: 4956: 4951: 4737: 4732: 4615: 4571: 4465: 4355: 4325: 4279: 4183: 4105: 4007: 3940: 3757: 3737: 3704: 3614: 3521: 3255: 3159: 3155: 3120: 2754: 1798: 1663: 1558: 1527:'s role in adjusting outcomes, their critics have overestimated it. He states that 1163: 1107: 1060: 663: 297: 4266:

Nebel, Arjuna; Kling, Alexander; Willamowski, Ruben; Schell, Tim (November 2023).

3948: 2219: – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem 4966: 4727: 4159: 3573: 2453:

A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming

2258: 2195: 2180: 2138: 1780: 1716: 1613: 1605: 1524: 1337:

turned out to be right. We simply wasted 30 important years ignoring this work."

1330: 1258: 1196: 1103: 687: 525: 472: 322: 282: 242: 237: 217: 3311:

Growing within Limits – A Report to the Global Assembly 2009 of the Club of Rome

1235: 1227: 769:{\displaystyle {\frac {\ln(1+0.026\times 418)}{0.026}}\approx {\text{95 years}}} 4971: 3790:"Perspectives on Limits to Growth: Challenges to Building a Sustainable Planet" 3741: 2174: 2102: 1904: 1680: 1598: 1432:

and has generally provided comprehensive updates to the book every five years.

467: 447: 4473: 3618: 2524: 2213: – Point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached 5050: 5035: 4710: 4659: 4195: 4092:

Pasqualino, Roberto; Jones, Aled; Monasterolo, Irene; Phillips, Alex (2015).

3897: 3626: 3535: 3009: 2988: 2766: 2720: 2189: 2144: 1810: 1223: 667: 612: 541: 432: 427: 4164:"Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data" 3602: 2511:

Nørgård, Jørgen Stig; Peet, John; Ragnarsdóttir, Kristín Vala (March 2010).

1692: 5028: 4759: 4385: 4127:"The Netherlands: An Interview with Gaya Branderhorst of Straatintimidatie" 3749: 3182: 2234: 2096: 1840: 1668: 1425: 1352: 1340: 1334: 1170: 1167:

halting progress would result in the perpetual impoverishment of billions.

636: 556: 3937:

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

3232: 2954:{\displaystyle y={\frac {\ln \left(1+\rho {\frac {R}{C}}\right)}{\rho }}.} 2700: 177:

Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment

4642: 4054:

global system could be even more important than trying to avoid collapse.

2749:. 2008–09. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( 2228: 1118:

Peter Passell and two co-authors published a 2 April 1972 article in the

1064: 457: 442: 332: 307: 4011: 3944: 3167: 3132: 631:

In commissioning the MIT team to undertake the project that resulted in

5023: 4527: 4284: 4267: 4245:"1972 Warning of Civilizational Collapse Was on Point, New Study Finds" 4187: 3672: 3642:"Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse" 3212: 1382:, a member of the Nobel Prize (1995) winning group associated with the 134: 4110: 4093: 3977:(3rd printing ed.). Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. 1581:

have a more productive service sector however the broad trends within

1481:

did not receive an official update in 2012, but one of its coauthors,

4697: 4322:"New initiative on transformational economics, EarthforAll, launched" 4307: 3124: 2743:"A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality" 1950: 1550: 1417: 1314: 675: 571:, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers. 2355: 1519:

Also in 2008, researcher Peter A. Victor wrote that even though the

4769: 4692: 4653: 4304:"Believing Cassandra: How to be an Optimist in a Pessimist's World" 4224: 3489:(Report). London: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Limits to Growth 2210: 2120: 1440:

small part in the general acceptance of alternative perspectives."

704: 422: 4401: 4268:"Recalibration of limits to growth: An update of the World3 model" 4091: 1279:, making it unable to accurately demonstrate real-world dynamics. 686:, while the ability of technology to increase resources grew only 4380: 3354:

Believing Cassandra: How to be an Optimist in a Pessimist's World

2694: 2692: 2603:

Meadows, Donella H.; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis L. (2004).

2572:

Meadows, Donella H.; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis L. (1992).

2129: – Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems 2099: – Study of the risks of collapse of industrial civilization 2055:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis (March 2005).

1768: 1444: 524:) is a 1972 report that discussed the possibility of exponential 3245: 2985:"Chapter 17: Growth and Productivity-The Long-Run Possibilities" 2036:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis (June 2004).

1333:

concluded his views on the report by saying, "In hindsight, The

4674: 3111:

Kaysen, Carl (1972). "The Computer That Printed out W*O*L*F*".

1350:

Turner reprised these observations in another opinion piece in

616: 537: 3819:"Documentation: "Already Beyond? – 40 Years Limits to Growth"" 2689: 1394:

Although the specific predictions of resource availability in

4496: 3400:(Paperback ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3373:(Hardcover ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3146:

Solow, Robert M. (1973). "Is the End of the World at Hand?".

2750: 2702:

Managing without growth : slower by design, not disaster

128: 1501:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1386:

on Science and World Affairs, supported the basic thesis of

4265: 3774:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jurgen; Meadows, Dennis (2004).

2013:

Meadows, Donella; Meadows, Dennis; Randers, Jorgen (1992).

1609: 3217:(1st, hardcover ed.). New York: Universe Publishing. 2183: – Argentine physicist (1928–2020), proponent of the 1577:

confirmed that data closely tracked the World3 BAU model.

1028: 3847:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 3778:. Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. p. xii. 3668:"'The Limits to Growth': A Book That Launched a Movement" 3484:

Limits Revisited: A Review of the Limits to Growth Debate

545: 3868: 3276:

Policy Means for Sustainable Energy Scenarios (abstract)

3214:

Models of doom : a critique of The limits to growth

2643:. White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 2609:. White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 2510: 2243: – American investor and philanthropist (1944–2015) 1134:, pollution, and food production. They charged that all 3975:

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality

3210: 2200:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1887:

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality

1601:, present additional challenges for human development. 1589: 1435:

An independent retrospective on the public debate over

1239: 4891:

International Conference on Population and Development

4025:

Turner, Graham (August 2014). Rickards, Lauren (ed.).

1817:

Powerdown: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World

1471:". Another symposium was held in the same year by the 1071:

opportunity to realize his individual human potential.

582:

failed to materialize in the years since publication.

5012: 3773: 3640:

Turner, Graham; Alexander, Cathy (2 September 2014).

2897: 2792: 2602: 2571: 2159: – Report commissioned by President Jimmy Carter 2054: 2035: 2012: 1321:

had become everyone's laughing stock, among some the

788: 721: 4486:

Peak Oil model that correctly tracked the oil output

3799:. Smithsonian Institution—Club of Rome. 1 March 2012 2670: 2192: – Idea about population growth and food supply 2141: – Measure of increase in market value of goods 2117: – Simulation language & graphical notation 2314: 2135: – Demands on ecosystem exceeding regeneration 3180: 3002: 2953: 2883: 2671:Bardi, Ugo; Alvarez Pereira, Carlos, eds. (2022). 2478: 2426:"Boom and doom: Revisiting prophecies of collapse" 2090: – American physicist (1923–2013), author of 2014: 886: 836: 768: 1494: 1207:, that humanity might "loose upon itself, or the 910:Consumption, projected average annual growth rate 5048: 3916:"Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil" 3845:2052. A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 2640:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 2198: – Resource use exceeding carrying capacity 2059:(Hardcover ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 2040:(Paperback ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 2021:(Hardcover ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 1894:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 1488:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 599:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 3910: 3869:"2052. A Global Forecast for the Next 40 Years" 3639: 3508:Taylor, Peter J.; Buttel, Frederick H. (1992). 3307: 2171: – One of the primary theories on peak oil 2165: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk 2153: – Methods bringing energy into production 2123: – Political, economic and social movement 1757:World Commission on Environment and Development 1597:addressed in the original 1972 report, such as 1543:Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil, 4352:"Earth for all – A survival guide to humanity" 4118: 3769: 3767: 3477: 3475: 3301: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 1941:Power: Limits and Prospects for Human Survival 1608:, then Director of Sustainability Services of 662:The World3 model is based on five variables: " 345:International Society for Ecological Economics 4512: 4154: 4152: 3893:"Prophesy of economic collapse 'coming true'" 3873:2052. A Global Forecast for the Next 40 Years 3481: 3444: 3442: 3347: 3345: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2274: – 1968 book predicting worldwide famine 1966:Earth for All – A Survival Guide for Humanity 680:consumption of nonrenewable natural resources 494: 4403:Earth for All: A Survival Guide for Humanity 3507: 3272: 2255: – Constant capital and population size 2177: – Efficiency leads to increased demand 2147: – Low availability of energy resources 1913:by Paul Sabin, Yale University Press (2014); 1299: 693: 532:with finite supply of resources, studied by 169: 4916:United Nations world population conferences 4298: 4296: 3997: 3764: 3676:(24–31 December 2012 issue). Archived from 3472: 3319:Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 2499: 2366: 2261: – Study of non-linear complex systems 1467:held a symposium entitled "Perspectives on 1325:ideas are becoming again popular". Reading 16:1972 book on economic and population growth 4829:Population and housing censuses by country 4519: 4505: 4320:Kellerhoff, Till, ed. (19 November 2020). 4319: 4158: 4149: 4059: 3482:Jackon, Tim; Webster, Robin (April 2016). 3439: 3342: 3065: 2237: – Primacy of productivity and growth 1553:published a book-length academic study of 1367:drew comparisons between the reception of 837:{\displaystyle y={\frac {\ln((rs)+1)}{r}}} 501: 487: 27: 4283: 4124: 4109: 3933:Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society 3525: 2476: 2423: 1953:and Carlos Alvarez Pereira, Exapt Press, 1863:by Ugo Bardi, Springer Briefs in Energy, 4552:Estimates of historical world population 4293: 3972: 3727: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2606:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 2105: – Ideological position in futurism 1787:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 1499:In 2008, physicist Graham Turner at the 1411: 1275:change was excluded from the SD used by 611: 595:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 373:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 4072:Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute 3842: 3665: 3571: 2636: 2449: 2389: 2249: – Fall of a complex human society 2157:The Global 2000 Report to the President 1640:An Essay on the Principle of Population 1407: 1317:commented that "Although, by the 1990s 1141:In 1973, a group of researchers at the 1029:Interpretations of the exhaustion model 935: 932: 929: 926: 5049: 4475:Smithsonian: 40 years Limits of Growth 4242: 4024: 3666:Parenti, Christian (5 December 2012). 3548: 3110: 3027: 2740: 2698: 2231: – Beyond optimum economic growth 4500: 4217: 4065: 3698: 3600: 3448: 3393: 3366: 3145: 3076: 2786:Limits To Growth, pg 60, Derivation: 2727: 2513:"The History of The Limits to Growth" 1876:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 1173:, a professor at the Universities of 233:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 4985: 3776:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 3601:Solow, Robert M. (1 December 2009). 3572:Simmons, Matthew R. (October 2000). 3308:van Vuuren, D. P.; Faber, A (2009). 3273:Meyer, N. I.; Nørgård, J.S. (2010). 2424:MacKenzie, Debora (4 January 2012). 2304:, a simulation programming language. 2057:Limits To Growth: The 30-Year Update 2038:Limits To Growth: The 30-Year Update 1457:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 4921:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 4432:from the original on 30 August 2022 4362:from the original on 30 August 2022 4332:from the original on 30 August 2022 4066:Denby, Claire (18 September 2019). 2282: – 2006 book by James Lovelock 1308:Global 2000 Report to the President 1282: 1226:encroachment on their professional 13: 3028:Bailey, Ronald (4 February 2004). 2545: 2092:Arithmetic, Population, and Energy 2084: – Systems dynamics archetype 601:; and in 2022 two of the original 253:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong' 14: 5128: 5082:Books critical of economic growth 4813:Population and Development Review 4469:Attribution Noncommercial license 4448: 4125:Szymańska, Julka (21 July 2015). 3549:Pierre, Andrew J. (Spring 1981). 3017:from the original on 15 May 2019. 2009:, 1974 second edition (paperback) 1443:In 1989, a symposium was held in 1088:The introduction goes on to say: 5034: 5022: 4997: 4996: 4984: 4861:Population concern organizations 4567:Projections of population growth 3701:Information Theory and Evolution 3434:U.S. Government Printing Office. 2705:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 1629: 1063:, industrialization, pollution, 1059:If the present growth trends in 5087:Environmental non-fiction books 4962:Human impact on the environment 4896:Population Action International 4374: 4344: 4313: 4259: 4243:Rosane, Olivia (26 July 2021). 4236: 4211: 4085: 4018: 3991: 3966: 3914:; John W. Day (May–June 2009). 3904: 3886: 3861: 3836: 3811: 3782: 3721: 3692: 3659: 3633: 3594: 3565: 3542: 3501: 3421: 3387: 3360: 3266: 3239: 3204: 3181:Passell, Peter; Roberts, Marc; 3174: 3139: 3104: 3047: 3021: 2995: 2977: 2963: 2780: 2759:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.05.001 2664: 2630: 2596: 2565: 2456:. MIT Press. pp. 366–371. 2329: 2320: 2315:#Comparisons and updated models 1747:(produced annually since 1984); 1535:In a 2009 article published in 1495:Comparisons and updated models 887:Commodity reserve extrapolation 619:Model Standard Run as shown in 366:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 208:Ecological model of competition 4911:United Nations Population Fund 4526: 4290:, published online 13 Nov 2023 4218:Ahmed, Nafeez (14 July 2021). 4208:, published online 03 Nov 2020 4068:"Is Global Collapse Imminent?" 3160:10.1080/05775132.1973.11469961 3080:The Limits to Growth Revisited 2971:The Skeptical Environmentalist 2539: 2477:Forrester, Jay Wright (1971). 2470: 2443: 2417: 2348: 2307: 2294: 1861:The Limits to Growth Revisited 1149:concluded that simulations in 1049: 919:5× reserves exponential index 825: 816: 807: 804: 749: 731: 1: 5072:Demographic economic problems 4272:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4168:Journal of Industrial Ecology 3998:Brian Hayes (May–June 2012). 3843:Randers, Jorgen (June 2012). 3367:Simon, Julian (August 1981). 2548:"The Limits to growth debate" 2342: 2115:DYNAMO (programming language) 1999:, 1974 second edition (cloth) 1767:, written by then-US senator 1676:The Challenge of Man's Future 1619:Journal of Industrial Ecology 1594:All-party parliamentary group 1523:team probably underestimated 1475:, entitled "Already Beyond?" 1195:To the US Congress in 1973, 4028:Is Global Collapse Imminent? 3607:History of Political Economy 3527:10.1016/0016-7185(92)90051-5 3260:10.1016/0016-3287(73)90062-1 2396:. New York: Universe Books. 1329:for the first time in 2000, 1143:Science Policy Research Unit 1097: 7: 4936:World Population Foundation 4926:World Population Conference 4839:World population milestones 3699:Avery, John Scales (2012). 3449:Bardi, Ugo (9 March 2008). 3030:"Science and Public Policy" 2074: 1973: 1943:by Richard Heinberg (2021); 1889:by Richard Heinberg (2011); 1819:by Richard Heinberg (2005); 1806:A Short History of Progress 1416:Researchers from China and 1108:Club of Rome § Critics 1104:Malthusian § Criticism 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 986: 983: 980: 977: 969: 966: 963: 960: 952: 949: 946: 943: 548:, as described in his book 10: 5133: 4808:Population and Environment 3973:Heinberg, Richard (2011). 3742:10.1177/030631277800800404 2523:(2): 59–63. Archived from 2185:Latin American World Model 1855:Too Smart for Our Own Good 1836:Storms of My Grandchildren 1657:Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. 1592:government established an 1516:not held up to scrutiny." 1373:global warming controversy 1300:Meyer & Nørgård (2010) 1101: 906: 905: 626: 577:price predictions based on 4980: 4944: 4869: 4821: 4800: 4718:Human population planning 4683: 4629: 4580: 4542:Demographics of the world 4534: 3730:Social Studies of Science 3619:10.1215/00182702-2009-014 2699:Victor, Peter A. (2008). 2552:The University of Vermont 2450:Edwards, Paul N. (2010). 2356:"The Limits to Growth+50" 1897:by Jørgen Randers (2012); 1857:by Craig Dilworth (2009); 1402: 1257:study and the associated 1253:’s interpretation of the 923: 901: 899: 694:Exponential reserve index 657: 394:Prosperity Without Growth 288:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 203:Ecological market failure 140: 126: 114: 106: 95: 77: 69: 38: 26: 4723:Compulsory sterilization 4382:Dixson-Declève, Sandrine 3451:"Cassandra's Curse: How 3394:Simon, Julian L (1996). 2637:Randers, Jørgen (2012). 2580:Chelsea Green Publishing 2287: 2163:Global catastrophic risk 2082:Attractiveness principle 1755:, published by the UN's 1604:In 2020, an analysis by 1205:carbon dioxide emissions 1201:Resources for the Future 870:= R/C or static reserve; 5062:1972 in the environment 4665:Malthusian growth model 3797:Smithsonian Institution 3397:The Ultimate Resource 2 2741:Turner, Graham (2008). 2300:The models were run on 1930:The Uninhabitable Earth 1575:University of Melbourne 1465:Smithsonian Institution 1190:The Ultimate Resource 2 1128:Garbage In, Garbage Out 882:= (annual) consumption. 438:Environmental economics 193:Carbon fee and dividend 5067:2004 non-fiction books 5057:1972 non-fiction books 4792:Zero population growth 4787:Sustainable population 4711:Malthusian catastrophe 4670:Overshoot (population) 4547:Demographic transition 4408:New Society Publishers 4131:Stop Street Harassment 4104:(8). MDPI: 9864–9889. 3351:Alan Atkisson (2010). 3187:"The Limits to Growth" 3083:. New York: Springer. 2955: 2885: 2485:. Wright-Allen Press. 2190:Malthusian catastrophe 2109:Twelve leverage points 1986:, 1972 first edition ( 1743:reports issued by the 1421: 1400: 1296: 1095: 1086: 1026: 862:continuous compounding 838: 770: 639:had three objectives: 623: 174: 143:Digitized 1972 edition 83:; 52 years ago 61:William W. Behrens III 4901:Population Connection 4765:Mere addition paradox 4604:Physiological density 4400:(22 September 2022). 4230:Study also available 3370:The Ultimate Resource 3013:. 19 September 2002. 2956: 2886: 2517:The Solutions Journal 2223:Population bottleneck 2088:Albert Allen Bartlett 1829:James Howard Kunstler 1473:Volkswagen Foundation 1415: 1392: 1313:In a 2008 blog post, 1287: 1184:The Ultimate Resource 1090: 1056: 1015: 839: 771: 651:sustainable lifestyle 615: 536:. The study used the 298:E. F. Schumacher 173: 22:The Limits to Growth 5107:Systems theory books 5102:Sustainability books 5077:Ecological economics 4931:World Population Day 4886:Church of Euthanasia 4775:Non-identity problem 4750:Political demography 4706:Human overpopulation 4456:The Limits to Growth 4302:Alan Atkisson (2010) 3459:The Oil Drum: Europe 3453:The Limits to Growth 3057:. 1972. p. 63. 2991:on 18 December 2010. 2895: 2790: 2253:Steady-state economy 2217:Planetary boundaries 2133:Ecological overshoot 2127:Ecological economics 1918:The Sixth Extinction 1764:Earth in the Balance 1745:Worldwatch Institute 1723:The Limits to Growth 1652:Our Plundered Planet 1564:In 2012, writing in 1561:was also published. 1555:The Limits to Growth 1485:, published a book, 1437:The Limits to Growth 1430:The Limits to Growth 1428:has persisted after 1408:Updates and symposia 1369:The Limits to Growth 1292:The Limits to Growth 1199:and Ronald Riker of 1147:University of Sussex 786: 719: 700:The Limits to Growth 621:The Limits to Growth 555:Commissioned by the 515:The Limits to Growth 453:Planetary boundaries 401:Ecological Economics 380:The Limits to Growth 248:Steady-state economy 163:Ecological economics 4780:Reproductive rights 4611:Population dynamics 4562:Population momentum 4398:Espen Stocknes, Per 4180:2021JInEc..25..614H 4012:10.1511/2012.96.186 3945:10.1511/2009.78.230 3912:Hall, Charles A. S. 3823:Volkswagen Stiftung 3357:, Earthscan, p. 13. 3077:Bardi, Ugo (2011). 2813: 2279:The Revenge of Gaia 2271:The Population Bomb 2169:Hubbert peak theory 1935:David Wallace-Wells 1712:The Population Bomb 1612:, was published in 1420:with Dennis Meadows 1384:Pugwash Conferences 534:computer simulation 518:(often abbreviated 463:Sustainable finance 318:Richard B. Norgaard 313:Joan Martinez Alier 293:Kenneth E. Boulding 33:First edition cover 23: 4906:Population Matters 4621:Population pyramid 4599:Population density 4594:Population decline 4285:10.1111/jiec.13442 4188:10.1111/jiec.13084 4004:American Scientist 3924:American Scientist 3901:, 17 November 2008 3680:on 1 December 2017 3613:(Suppl_1): 27–34. 3191:The New York Times 3004:"Treading lightly" 2951: 2881: 2799: 2546:Farley, Joshua C. 2326:from 1972, so 2072 2151:Energy development 1824:The Long Emergency 1740:State of the World 1567:American Scientist 1538:American Scientist 1422: 1273:socioenvironmental 1263:exponential growth 1209:ecosystem services 1132:resource depletion 1023:Chapter 2, page 66 834: 766: 624: 561:Donella H. Meadows 387:Small Is Beautiful 213:Ecosystem services 175: 100:Potomac Associates 46:Donella H. Meadows 21: 5010: 5009: 4881:7 Billion Actions 4755:Population ethics 4648:Carrying capacity 4557:Population growth 4384:; Gaffney, Owen; 4111:10.3390/su7089864 4041:978-0-7340-4940-7 3895:, by Jeff Hecht, 3714:978-981-4401-22-7 3289:on 9 October 2016 2946: 2935: 2850: 2832: 2712:978-1-84844-299-3 2682:978-1-914549-03-8 2650:978-1-60358-467-8 2575:Beyond the Limits 2247:Societal collapse 2241:Richard Rainwater 2017:Beyond the Limits 1947:Limits and Beyond 1923:Elizabeth Kolbert 1881:Yuval Noah Harari 1752:Our Common Future 1733:William R. Catton 1700:The Hungry Planet 1585:still held true. 1513:societal collapse 1450:Beyond the Limits 1380:John Scales Avery 1365:Christian Parenti 1249:Peter Taylor and 1008: 1007: 916:Exponential index 832: 764: 756: 672:industrialization 607:Limits and Beyond 590:Beyond the Limits 580:resource scarcity 565:Dennis L. Meadows 530:population growth 511: 510: 278:Serhiy Podolynsky 258:Uneconomic growth 228:Entropy pessimism 223:Energy accounting 198:Carrying capacity 148: 147: 81:2 March 1972 51:Dennis L. Meadows 5124: 5112:Demography books 5092:Futurology books 5039: 5038: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5000: 4999: 4988: 4987: 4957:Green Revolution 4738:Two-child policy 4733:One-child policy 4656: 4616:Population model 4572:World population 4521: 4514: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4476: 4466:Creative Commons 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4417:978-0-86571986-6 4394:Rockström, Johan 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4356:The Club of Rome 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4326:The Club of Rome 4317: 4311: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4160:Herrington, Gaya 4156: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133:. Archived from 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3954:on 22 March 2019 3953: 3947:. Archived from 3920: 3908: 3902: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3705:World Scientific 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3529: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3185:(2 April 1972). 3178: 3172: 3171: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3125:10.2307/20037939 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3055:Limits to Growth 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2987:. Archived from 2981: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2905: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2868: 2851: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2812: 2807: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2508: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2387: 2364: 2363: 2352: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2201: 2070: 2051: 2032: 2020: 1988:digital version) 1799:Richard Heinberg 1794:The Party's Over 1688:Mirage of Health 1664:Road to Survival 1583:Limits to Growth 1559:Richard Heinberg 1529:Limits to Growth 1479:Limits to Growth 1469:Limits to Growth 1396:Limits to Growth 1371:and the ongoing 1302: 1283:Positive reviews 1251:Frederick Buttle 1244:Limits to Growth 1164:Henry C. Wallich 1151:Limits to Growth 1084: 1081:Limits to Growth 1061:world population 1024: 897: 896: 843: 841: 840: 835: 833: 828: 796: 775: 773: 772: 767: 765: 762: 757: 752: 723: 603:Limits to Growth 503: 496: 489: 150: 149: 130: 102:– Universe Books 91: 89: 84: 31: 24: 20: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5013: 5011: 5006: 4976: 4940: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4817: 4796: 4745:Overconsumption 4728:Family planning 4685: 4679: 4652: 4636: 4633: 4625: 4587: 4584: 4576: 4530: 4525: 4474: 4451: 4446: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4390:Randers, Jørgen 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4314: 4301: 4294: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4216: 4212: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4137:on 28 June 2022 4123: 4119: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4060: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4031: 4023: 4019: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3765: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707:. p. 233. 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3634: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3555:Foreign Affairs 3547: 3543: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3447: 3440: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3350: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3244: 3240: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3179: 3175: 3144: 3140: 3113:Foreign Affairs 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3075: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3022: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2964: 2927: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2739: 2728: 2713: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2675:. Exapt Press. 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2527:on 20 July 2014 2509: 2500: 2493: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2388: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2259:System dynamics 2199: 2196:Overconsumption 2181:Carlos Mallmann 2139:Economic growth 2077: 2067: 2048: 2029: 1976: 1781:Mark Hertsgaard 1717:Paul R. Ehrlich 1632: 1614:Yale University 1606:Gaya Herrington 1525:price mechanism 1497: 1410: 1405: 1331:Matthew Simmons 1304: 1298: 1285: 1259:system dynamics 1197:Allen V. Kneese 1110: 1100: 1085: 1079: 1065:food production 1052: 1031: 1025: 1022: 889: 797: 795: 787: 784: 783: 761: 724: 722: 720: 717: 716: 696: 668:food production 660: 629: 507: 478: 477: 473:Thermoeconomics 418: 417: 408: 407: 360: 359: 350: 349: 323:Robert Costanza 283:Frederick Soddy 273: 272: 263: 262: 243:Spaceship Earth 238:Natural capital 218:Embodied energy 188: 187: 178: 87: 85: 82: 65: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5130: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097:Peak oil books 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5044: 5043: 5031: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4972:Sustainability 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4945:Related topics 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4836: 4834:Largest cities 4831: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4654:I = P × A × T 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4482: 4471: 4450: 4449:External links 4447: 4445: 4444: 4416: 4373: 4343: 4312: 4292: 4258: 4235: 4210: 4174:(3): 614–626. 4148: 4117: 4098:Sustainability 4084: 4058: 4040: 4017: 3990: 3984:978-0865716957 3983: 3965: 3903: 3885: 3860: 3854:978-1603584210 3853: 3835: 3810: 3781: 3763: 3736:(4): 495–520. 3720: 3713: 3691: 3658: 3632: 3593: 3581:Mud City Press 3564: 3541: 3520:(3): 405–416. 3500: 3471: 3455:was demonized" 3438: 3420: 3406: 3386: 3379: 3359: 3341: 3327: 3321:. p. 23. 3300: 3265: 3254:(1): 135–152. 3238: 3223: 3203: 3173: 3138: 3119:(4): 660–668. 3103: 3089: 3064: 3046: 3020: 2994: 2976: 2962: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2779: 2726: 2711: 2688: 2681: 2663: 2649: 2629: 2615: 2595: 2588: 2564: 2538: 2498: 2491: 2481:World Dynamics 2469: 2462: 2442: 2416: 2402: 2365: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2306: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2205:Overpopulation 2202: 2193: 2187: 2178: 2175:Jevons paradox 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2103:Cornucopianism 2100: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2052: 2046: 2033: 2027: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1944: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1908: 1905:Stephen Emmott 1898: 1890: 1884: 1872: 1858: 1852: 1832: 1820: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1784: 1779:by journalist 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1681:Harrison Brown 1672: 1660: 1648: 1645:Thomas Malthus 1631: 1628: 1599:climate change 1496: 1493: 1483:Jørgen Randers 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1224:uncredentialed 1120:New York Times 1099: 1096: 1083:, Introduction 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1051: 1048: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 989: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 955: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 921: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 904: 903: 900: 888: 885: 884: 883: 877: 871: 865: 855: 845: 844: 831: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 794: 791: 777: 776: 760: 755: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 698:A key idea in 695: 692: 659: 656: 655: 654: 647: 644: 628: 625: 569:Jørgen Randers 550:World Dynamics 509: 508: 506: 505: 498: 491: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 468:Thermodynamics 465: 460: 455: 450: 448:Green politics 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 419: 416:Related topics 415: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 361: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 339:Organizations: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 274: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 166: 165: 159: 158: 146: 145: 138: 137: 132: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 64: 63: 58: 56:Jørgen Randers 53: 48: 42: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5129: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:Bennett's law 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4873:organizations 4868: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Kaya identity 4658: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:Ghosh, Jayati 4383: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162:(June 2021). 4161: 4155: 4153: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3899: 3898:New Scientist 3894: 3889: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3703:. Singapore: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3346: 3330: 3328:9789069602349 3324: 3320: 3317:. Bilthoven: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3224:0-87663-184-7 3220: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183:Ross, Leonard 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3092: 3090:9781441994158 3086: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3010:The Economist 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2783: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2591: 2589:0-930031-62-8 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2473: 2465: 2463:9780262290715 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2431: 2430:New Scientist 2427: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145:Energy crisis 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2028:0-930031-55-5 2024: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2007:0-87663-918-X 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997:0-87663-222-3 1994: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984:0-87663-165-0 1981: 1978: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1959:9781914549038 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869:9781441994158 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849:9781608192007 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811:Ronald Wright 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1776:Earth Odyssey 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1705:Georg Bostrom 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630:Related books 1627: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1588:In 2016, the 1586: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:In 2012, the 1461: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1414: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1306:In 1980, the 1303: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1019: 1014: 991: 990: 974: 973: 957: 956: 940: 939: 922: 918: 915: 912: 909: 898: 895: 894: 893: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 859: 856: 854:= years left; 853: 850: 849: 848: 829: 822: 819: 813: 810: 801: 798: 792: 789: 782: 781: 780: 758: 753: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 728: 725: 715: 714: 713: 711: 710:exponentially 706: 701: 691: 689: 685: 684:exponentially 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 652: 648: 645: 642: 641: 640: 638: 634: 622: 618: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 583: 581: 578: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 542:Jay Forrester 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522: 517: 516: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 484: 482: 481: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 433:Eco-socialism 431: 429: 428:Eco-investing 426: 424: 421: 420: 412: 411: 403: 402: 398: 396: 395: 391: 389: 388: 384: 382: 381: 377: 375: 374: 370: 368: 367: 363: 362: 354: 353: 346: 343: 342: 341: 340: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 267: 266: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 182: 181: 172: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160: 156: 152: 151: 144: 139: 136: 133: 131: 125: 122: 121:0-87663-165-0 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98: 94: 80: 76: 72: 68: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 49: 47: 44: 43: 41: 37: 30: 25: 19: 4989: 4801:Publications 4760:Antinatalism 4698: 4675:World3 model 4535:Major topics 4485: 4458:1972 edition 4455: 4434:. Retrieved 4426:0-86571986-1 4402: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4315: 4310:, pp. 17–18. 4275: 4271: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4238: 4223: 4213: 4171: 4167: 4139:. Retrieved 4135:the original 4130: 4120: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4071: 4061: 4052: 4045:. Retrieved 4027: 4020: 4003: 3993: 3974: 3968: 3956:. Retrieved 3949:the original 3928: 3922: 3906: 3896: 3888: 3876:. Retrieved 3872: 3863: 3844: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3822: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3796: 3784: 3775: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3700: 3694: 3682:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3671: 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3646:The Guardian 3645: 3635: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3580: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3462:. Retrieved 3458: 3452: 3436:, pp 203–205 3430: 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3396: 3389: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3332:. Retrieved 3310: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3284:the original 3275: 3268: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3213: 3206: 3194:. Retrieved 3190: 3176: 3154:(1): 39–50. 3151: 3147: 3141: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3079: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3033: 3023: 3008: 2997: 2989:the original 2979: 2969: 2965: 2782: 2770:. Retrieved 2746: 2701: 2672: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2639: 2632: 2620:. Retrieved 2605: 2598: 2573: 2567: 2555:. Retrieved 2551: 2541: 2529:. Retrieved 2525:the original 2520: 2516: 2480: 2472: 2452: 2445: 2433:. Retrieved 2429: 2419: 2407:. Retrieved 2392: 2360:Club of Rome 2359: 2350: 2331: 2322: 2313:See section 2309: 2296: 2278: 2270: 2264: 2235:Productivism 2184: 2097:Collapsology 2091: 2056: 2037: 2016: 1964: 1946: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1892: 1886: 1874: 1860: 1854: 1841:James Hansen 1834: 1822: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1728: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1669:William Vogt 1662: 1650: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1617: 1603: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1504: 1498: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1426:Club of Rome 1423: 1395: 1393: 1390:by stating, 1387: 1377: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353:The Guardian 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341:Robert Solow 1339: 1335:Club of Rome 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1276: 1267: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1231: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1177:and, later, 1171:Julian Simon 1169: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1135: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1091: 1087: 1080: 1053: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1016: 1011: 913:Static index 890: 879: 873: 867: 864:growth rate; 857: 851: 846: 778: 699: 697: 661: 637:Club of Rome 632: 630: 620: 606: 602: 598: 594: 588: 587: 584: 573: 557:Club of Rome 554: 549: 520: 519: 514: 513: 512: 399: 392: 385: 379: 378: 371: 364: 338: 337: 303:Robert Ayres 18: 5041:Environment 4684:Society and 4643:Biocapacity 4442:(208 pages) 3939:: 230–237. 3878:28 November 3828:28 November 3803:28 November 3684:30 November 3651:28 November 3586:29 November 3334:27 November 3293:27 November 3096:27 November 3039:26 November 2891:reverts to 2622:27 November 2435:28 November 2409:26 November 2229:Post-growth 1228:perquisites 1122:describing 1050:Conclusions 458:Post-growth 443:Externality 333:Clive Spash 328:Tim Jackson 308:Herman Daly 5117:Prediction 5051:Categories 4871:Events and 4686:population 4632:Population 4583:Population 4528:Population 4247:. Ecowatch 4047:19 October 3673:The Nation 3493:23 October 3464:1 December 3413:6 December 3407:0691042691 3380:069109389X 3196:2 December 2616:1931498512 2557:1 December 2492:0262560186 2403:0876631650 2343:References 2066:1931498512 2047:193149858X 1949:edited by 1901:10 Billion 1693:René Dubos 1507:points to 1236:pipe dream 1102:See also: 876:= reserve; 664:population 88:1972-03-02 4967:Migration 4844:6 billion 4436:30 August 4366:30 August 4336:30 August 4308:Earthscan 4278:: 87–99. 4251:29 August 4204:226019712 4196:1088-1980 3627:0018-2702 3536:0016-7185 3148:Challenge 2944:ρ 2925:ρ 2911:⁡ 2871:− 2863:ρ 2848:ρ 2823:ρ 2801:∫ 2767:1834-5638 2721:247022295 1951:Ugo Bardi 1729:Overshoot 1551:Ugo Bardi 1549:In 2011, 1541:entitled 1418:Indonesia 1378:In 2012, 1363:In 2012, 1315:Ugo Bardi 1098:Criticism 992:Petroleum 802:⁡ 759:≈ 744:× 729:⁡ 676:pollution 404:(journal) 141:digital: 96:Publisher 78:Published 5002:Category 4770:Natalism 4693:Eugenics 4464:under a 4462:licensed 4430:Archived 4360:Archived 4358:. 2022. 4330:Archived 4225:Vice.com 3750:11610433 3514:Geoforum 3168:40719094 3133:20037939 3015:Archived 2974:, p. 121 2656:29 March 2211:Peak oil 2121:Degrowth 2075:See also 1974:Editions 1509:economic 1179:Maryland 1175:Illinois 1078:— 1021:— 924:Chromium 907:Resource 763:95 years 705:chromium 688:linearly 526:economic 423:Degrowth 186:Concepts 155:a series 153:Part of 70:Language 5015:Portals 4991:Commons 4634:ecology 4585:biology 4480:YouTube 4176:Bibcode 4141:28 June 4077:18 July 3758:1564426 3248:Futures 2772:25 July 2753:): 52. 2362:. 2022. 2265:Books: 1969:(2022). 1961:(2022). 1937:(2017); 1925:(2014); 1911:The Bet 1907:(2013); 1883:(2011); 1871:(2011); 1851:(2009); 1831:(2005); 1813:(2004); 1801:(2003); 1789:(2003); 1783:(1999); 1771:(1992); 1769:Al Gore 1759:(1987); 1735:(1980); 1725:(1972); 1719:(1968); 1707:(1965); 1695:(1959); 1683:(1956); 1671:(1948); 1659:(1948); 1647:(1798); 1610:KPMG US 1445:Hanover 1145:at the 847:where: 627:Purpose 86: ( 73:English 39:Authors 4701:genics 4424: 4414: 4202: 4194: 4038: 3981: 3958:1 July 3851: 3756: 3748: 3711: 3625: 3534: 3404: 3377: 3325: 3233:674851 3231: 3221: 3166: 3131: 3087: 3034:Reason 2831: 2765: 2719: 2709: 2679: 2647: 2613: 2586: 2531:1 July 2489: 2460: 2400: 2302:DYNAMO 2063: 2044: 2025: 2005: 1995: 1982: 1957: 1867: 1847: 1521:Limits 1505:Limits 1403:Legacy 1222:as an 1106:, and 902:Years 860:= the 678:, and 658:Method 635:, the 617:World3 538:World3 271:People 135:307838 5029:Books 4822:Lists 4200:S2CID 4032:(PDF) 3952:(PDF) 3931:(3). 3919:(PDF) 3793:(PDF) 3754:S2CID 3577:(PDF) 3487:(PDF) 3315:(PDF) 3287:(PDF) 3280:(PDF) 3164:JSTOR 3129:JSTOR 2751:CSIRO 2288:Notes 754:0.026 741:0.026 358:Works 107:Pages 4438:2022 4422:ISBN 4412:ISBN 4368:2022 4338:2022 4253:2021 4232:here 4192:ISSN 4143:2022 4079:2023 4049:2014 4036:ISBN 3979:ISBN 3960:2014 3880:2017 3849:ISBN 3830:2017 3805:2017 3746:PMID 3709:ISBN 3686:2017 3653:2017 3623:ISSN 3588:2017 3561:(4). 3532:ISSN 3495:2016 3466:2017 3415:2017 3402:ISBN 3375:ISBN 3336:2017 3323:ISBN 3295:2017 3229:OCLC 3219:ISBN 3198:2017 3098:2017 3085:ISBN 3041:2017 2774:2021 2763:ISSN 2717:OCLC 2707:ISBN 2677:ISBN 2658:2019 2645:ISBN 2624:2017 2611:ISBN 2584:ISBN 2559:2017 2533:2014 2487:ISBN 2458:ISBN 2437:2017 2411:2017 2398:ISBN 2061:ISBN 2042:ISBN 2023:ISBN 2003:ISBN 1993:ISBN 1980:ISBN 1955:ISBN 1865:ISBN 1845:ISBN 1511:and 1424:The 1238:. A 995:3.9% 978:2.0% 975:Lead 970:173 961:1.8% 958:Iron 944:4.1% 941:Gold 936:154 927:2.6% 593:and 528:and 129:OCLC 116:ISBN 4699:Dys 4478:on 4280:doi 4184:doi 4106:doi 4008:doi 3941:doi 3738:doi 3615:doi 3522:doi 3256:doi 3156:doi 3121:doi 2755:doi 1933:by 1921:by 1903:by 1879:by 1839:by 1827:by 1809:by 1797:by 1731:by 1715:by 1703:by 1691:by 1679:by 1667:by 1655:by 1643:by 1616:'s 1388:LTG 1327:LTG 1323:LTG 1319:LTG 1277:LTG 1268:LTG 1255:LTG 1232:LTG 1220:LTG 1216:LTG 1155:LTG 1136:LTG 1124:LTG 1113:LTG 1039:LTG 1004:50 987:64 964:240 953:29 930:420 747:418 633:LTG 546:MIT 544:of 521:LTG 110:205 5053:: 4489:, 4460:, 4428:. 4420:. 4410:. 4406:. 4396:; 4392:; 4388:; 4354:. 4328:. 4324:. 4306:, 4295:^ 4276:28 4274:. 4270:. 4222:. 4198:. 4190:. 4182:. 4172:25 4170:. 4166:. 4151:^ 4129:. 4100:. 4096:. 4070:. 4051:. 4006:. 4002:. 3929:97 3927:. 3921:. 3871:. 3821:. 3795:. 3766:^ 3752:. 3744:. 3732:. 3670:. 3644:. 3621:. 3611:41 3609:. 3605:. 3579:. 3559:59 3557:. 3553:. 3530:. 3518:23 3516:. 3512:. 3474:^ 3457:. 3441:^ 3344:^ 3250:. 3227:. 3189:. 3162:. 3152:16 3150:. 3127:. 3117:50 3115:. 3067:^ 3032:. 3007:. 2908:ln 2761:. 2745:. 2729:^ 2715:. 2691:^ 2582:. 2578:. 2550:. 2519:. 2515:. 2501:^ 2428:. 2368:^ 2358:. 1843:, 1590:UK 1491:. 1240:UK 1192:. 1001:20 998:31 984:21 981:26 967:93 947:11 933:95 799:ln 726:ln 674:, 670:, 666:, 609:. 567:, 563:, 552:. 157:on 5017:: 4854:8 4849:7 4520:e 4513:t 4506:v 4493:. 4440:. 4370:. 4340:. 4288:. 4282:: 4255:. 4228:. 4206:. 4186:: 4178:: 4145:. 4114:. 4108:: 4102:7 4081:. 4014:. 4010:: 3987:. 3962:. 3943:: 3935:/ 3882:. 3857:. 3832:. 3807:. 3760:. 3740:: 3734:8 3717:. 3688:. 3655:. 3629:. 3617:: 3590:. 3538:. 3524:: 3497:. 3468:. 3417:. 3383:. 3338:. 3297:. 3262:. 3258:: 3252:5 3235:. 3200:. 3170:. 3158:: 3135:. 3123:: 3100:. 3043:. 2949:. 2939:) 2933:C 2930:R 2922:+ 2919:1 2915:( 2902:= 2899:y 2878:) 2874:1 2866:y 2859:e 2854:( 2845:C 2840:= 2837:t 2834:d 2826:t 2819:e 2815:C 2810:y 2805:0 2797:= 2794:R 2776:. 2757:: 2723:. 2685:. 2660:. 2626:. 2592:. 2561:. 2535:. 2521:1 2495:. 2466:. 2439:. 2413:. 2317:. 2069:. 2050:. 2031:. 950:9 880:C 874:R 868:s 858:r 852:y 830:r 826:) 823:1 820:+ 817:) 814:s 811:r 808:( 805:( 793:= 790:y 750:) 738:+ 735:1 732:( 653:. 502:e 495:t 488:v 90:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.