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false charge of abducting a nun from a convent. Vivaldi and Paulo are taken to the prisons of the
Inquisition in Rome to be questioned and put to trial. They are confused about the circumstances behind their confinement, which their captors will not reveal. Ellena, however, is sent by order of Schedoni to a lone house on the seashore, inhabited only by the villain Spalatro, Schedoni's accomplice in previous crimes, to be murdered. Schedoni comes to the house to assassinate Ellena personally, but becomes convinced from a portrait on her person that she is his daughter. Schedoni has a change of heart, and decides to take Ellena personally back to Naples to hide her from the Marchesa. While on their journey, they once again encounter the dismissed Spalatro, who had followed them with designs of extorting money from Schedoni, but Spalatro is shot in a scuffle and left behind (and shortly after dies of fever). Schedoni and Ellena arrive in Naples, where Schedoni places Ellena in the convent of Santa Maria del Pianto until Vivaldi can be freed. Schedoni returns to the Marchesa, keeping secret his endorsement of the marriage of the Marchesa's son and his daughter, but distracts the Marchesa temporarily with information that Ellena comes from a noble lineage, so a marriage would at least be proper, if not lucrative. Meanwhile, in the prison of the Inquisition, the mysterious monk who had previously eluded Vivaldi, now known to be Nicola di Zampari, appears and narrates to him the guilty crimes of Father Schedoni before he became a monk, and convinces him to formally call Schedoni and Father Ansaldo, to whom Schedoni had previously disclosed his deeds in a confessional booth, to the trial as the accused and witness, respectively, in the crimes. Both are made to appear before the tribunal, where Schedoni is convicted from their testimony of murdering his brother, as well as marrying and later stabbing his brother's wife in a jealous rage, in his former life as the dissolute Count di Bruno, or Count di Marinella. Schedoni is sentenced to death, and before he is led away into confinement, tells Vivaldi his relationship to Ellena and her whereabouts. Vivaldi is also escorted back to his cell, with the knowledge that the charges against him will be dropped. Meanwhile, Paulo (Vivaldi's servant) escapes the prison and notifies the Marchese of Vivaldi's situation, who hurries to Rome to secure his son's release. Schedoni, on his deathbed, in the presence of the tribunal, further reveals that he had already fatally poisoned both himself and his betrayer Nicola with poison concealed in his vest.
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about his love for a poor orphan, she appeals to her ambitious and cunning confessor, Father
Schedoni, to prevent the marriage, with a promise that she will help him obtain promotion in his order. As Vivaldi continues to visit Signora Bianchi at Villa Altieri, he is approached by a monk, who seems to be an apparition, threatening him to keep away from the villa and Ellena. After each encounter, Vivaldi tries in vain to capture the strange monk, with the help of his friend Bonarmo and his faithful servant Paulo. Vivaldi suspects that the monk is Father Schedoni, and is determined to know why his courtship of Ellena is discouraged. After being promised the hand of Ellena and appointed her guardian by Signora Bianchi before her sudden mysterious death, Vivaldi finds that Ellena has been kidnapped from the villa, and immediately deduces it is by the hand of the Marchesa and Schedoni. Leaving Naples secretly in pursuit of her abductors, Vivaldi and Paulo eventually find Ellena held at the remote convent of San Stefano, at the mercy of a cruel Lady Abbess, and Vivaldi infiltrates the convent disguised as a religious pilgrim to rescue her. In the convent, Ellena befriends a lovely but melancholy nun, Sister Olivia, who helps her escape from the convent into the care of Vivaldi.
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whom, like the rest, is
Italian, and represents the ideal behavior of English women. She is both mental and materially independent. Ellena's clear "Englishness" separates her from the foreign background of Italy and the villainous church. Although the church is painted in a negative light, likely due to Radcliffe's own Protestant ideology, the convent Santa Maria del Pianto is shown as a refuge from "motherhood, wifehood, and the heterosexual lover." The convent provides intellectual and spiritual freedom for women. During the eighteenth century, women were poorly, if at all, educated. Women's education consisted of how to be submissive and quiet; they were taught how to disappear by physically and mentally. Their bodies weren't their own. Men's controlling nature forced them to remain on the edge of adolescence; they weren't well educated, they couldn't speak for themselves, and their appraised and glorified anorexic bodies kept them young. Because of this, many women failed to mature and only found strength in their creative imaginations and friendships. In the convent, Ellena was able to establish herself through small tasks and female connections. Ellena showcases the importance of the female attempts at self-definition.
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belief that "terror and horror are so far opposite that the first expands the soul, and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life; the other contracts, freezes, and nearly annihilates them" (Radcliffe). As an already established author, Radcliffe was a large influence in Lewis's writing career. Their notoriety and aesthetic contrasts led to the two often being compared – even by the authors themselves. Even as recently as 2005, writers such as Vartan
Messier compare their styles: "The contrast between the two writers is obvious in their approach to the Gothic, and more particularly, in the explicitness of content and in their use of certain Gothic conventions." Unlike the characters in Lewis' novel, reviewers observed that Radcliffe illustrated that guilt and depravity can be constructed upon the desire for absolute power rather than mere sexuality, and their source is ultimately human rather than demonic. The direction in which Gothic literature was moving, from terror to horror, may have inhibited Radcliffe from continuing her career. A gender comparison can also be seen between
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but natural illness (having
Confessed, the Marchesa has also exacted a promise from her husband that he should sanction the marriage of Ellena and Vivaldi). Beatrice and Olivia recognise each other, and elate Ellena with the news that she is the daughter of Olivia, who is revealed to be the Countess di Bruno, whom Schedoni had stabbed in jealous rage and left for dead. This leads Ellena to realise that she is actually not Schedoni's daughter, but his niece. Since they are of the same lineage, Ellena is still from a noble family, which would allow her to marry Vivaldi with honour. Once it is revealed that Ellena is from an aristocratic family, it is determined that she has the royal blood that allows her to be worthy of marrying Vivaldi.
320:, which is distinguished by the use of the explained supernatural. The Female Gothic differs from the Male Gothic in that elements initially perceived as supernatural are eventually revealed to have rational explanations, rather than serving as indicators of an actual ghost of otherworldly entity. These explanations largely serve to expose a true human threat, often the desire and motivations of characters seeking control and power over others. The Female Gothic also tends to advocate against injustice committed against female characters, ascribing these heroines with more agency and independence than was typical for representations the time as well as the genre of the Gothic itself. Speaking of Diana Wallace's book,
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Gothic protagonists, and many readers approved of his strong personality. Not only was he considered one of the best characters, but one of the best villains; he had "great energy, with strong passions, and inordinate pride; sometimes softened by the feelings of humanity, but preserving the firmnesss of his mind in the most trying situations". However, many of these reviews found a fault in the extent of his wicked nature, and others asserted that
Radcliffe's careful handling of his character and attempt to implement a touch of parental affection to soften him only served to make him seem less realistic.
324:, Yael Shapira concludes that the Female Gothic "helps articulate women's experiences and their problematic status in both history and historiography". This differs from the traditional style of the Male Gothic, which Wallace feels is limited by the inherent biases of a male perspective. In this sense, the Female Gothic "extended engagement with the ways in which the feminine has historically been constructed through male eyes" (106). As Kröger and Miller explain, "Ghosts are spooky but the true threat was one she saw in the real world: men who were willing to abuse women in order to gain wealth" (24).
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Englishman asks why this assassin is protected in the church, an
Italian friend travelling with him directs his attention to a famous confessional in the church, which was the scene of a particularly startling confession. He offers to send him a narrative relating this former assassin's confession, and the problems that attended it, to his hotel, and the two retire from the church and go their separate ways. The Englishman reads the story in his hotel room as follows:
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sublimity which characterises the discovery made by the former that Ellena was his daughter, at the instant in which he was about to stab her, was perhaps unparalleled". This style of 'painting the sublime' reflects the preference for allegorical or transcendent imagery over physical or realistic imagery in the Gothic literary and artistic period. Originating in the works of Edmund Burke's
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chapter headings to foretell succinctly the action of her novels. Even in the texts of the novels, phrases from
Shakespeare appear, and these are not always the well-known phrases". The plays were also acted quite frequently in Radcliffe's day, so it is probable that "Radcliffe had seen Shakespeare’s dramas performed". Radcliffe also referenced the plays of Shakespeare, including
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those works Mrs. Radcliffe was probably familiar", while the characters also turn into artists who paint portraits of other characters in their heads. Sculptures can be seen in the tribunal members of the
Inquisition for their faces are unyielding and hard as stone, and even the flickering lamps cannot soften their facial expressions.
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Modesty – In the scene where
Vivaldi and Ellena meet in a church, Vivaldi falls in love with Ellena because of her beautiful voice and his desire to see her, as she is hidden behind the veil. This unveiling is through nature, not masculine desire as a breeze from the water caught the veil. This is an
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from June 1798 stated that, "Among those parts of the romance which we disapprove, we may reckon the examination before the court of inquisition: it is so improbable, that we should rather have attributed it to one of Mrs. Radcliffe's numerous imitators". Despite this, the review went on to say that
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It is 1758 in the church of San Lorenzo in Naples where Vincentio di Vivaldi sees the beautiful Ellena di Rosalba with her aunt, Signora Bianchi. Vivaldi is struck with her beauty, and intends to court her, with the hopes that they will end up married. When Vivaldi's mother, the proud Marchesa, hears
662:, the villa scene where Vivaldi overhears Ellena nearly a facsimile of the balcony scene; Olivia's reappearance after years of faking her death mirroring the character Hermione, and Olivia's daughter Ellena being brought up in a lower class than her birth mirroring the Hermione's daughter Perdita in
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and is considered to be the defining characteristic of the author's many Gothic works. This unique characteristic of her writing set the author apart from other writers of the time and earned her a reputation through the appraisal she received from many well-respected literary voices of the time. In
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While riding towards Naples after the escape, Vivaldi presses Ellena for an immediate marriage, and she finally consents. But moments before they are to take their vows before a priest at a church, agents claiming to work for the Inquisition, informed by Schedoni, interrupt and arrest Vivaldi on the
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in 1794. Her reputation was successful enough to allow her to be read by learned gentlemen as well as young men and women. Because the term 'gothic story' was not commonly used in this period of time, Radcliffe's contemporaries used the term 'romance' to describe her genre. This term was classified
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Ann Radcliffe uses the technique of scene imagery to evoke emotion in characters, and to describe landscapes and surroundings in extreme detail. The most notable imagery in the novel are from art pieces and the picturesque. The actual artists "mentioned were seventeenth century Italian artists with
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Back at the convent, Ellena distinguishes a voice all too familiar, and sees her dearly loved Sister Olivia in the convent courtyard. While the two recount each other's experiences since they last parted, Ellena's servant Beatrice comes to report the sudden death of the Marchesa from a long-dormant
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The plot starts in Naples, Italy in the 18th century, in the church of Santa Maria del Pianto, where an English traveller is speaking with an Italian friar. The Englishman notices a man of extraordinary appearance in a shadowy area of the church, who is an assassin, according to the friar. When the
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provides an in depth look into Radcliffe's portrayal of the Catholic Church as cruel, arrogant, and corrupt. The character Schedoni solidifies the Church as an opposing force. He is murderous, manipulative, hypocritical, and above all else he represents the "un-English" way of life. Unlike Ellena,
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praised Radcliffe's visual and descriptive language in the novel, citing "the part…which displays the greatest genius, and the most force of description, is the account of the scenes which passed in the long house on the shore of the Adriatic, between Schedoni, Ellena, and Spalatro: – The horrible
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is Radcliffe's "greatest work," paying particular reverence to the "masterly dialogues" in several key scenes, including the interview between Marchesa and Schedoni in the church of San Nicolo as well as the discussion between Schedoni and Spalatro, in which the later refuses to murder Ellena. The
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Aside from imagery being described as physical art, Radcliffe includes images of personification, animals, religion, storms, magic, and enchantment. As noted by E.J. Clery, "Radcliffe's heroines are women of imagination. By their taste for scenery and aptitude for fancy they transform the plots of
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and many of Shakespeare's works: "When one author not only makes allusions to the work of another, but also frequently directly quotes him, the case for influence can be firmly established. That Ann Radcliffe had a thorough knowledge of Shakespeare can be deduced from her use of his quotations as
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Most reviewers were united in believing that the monk Schedoni was the most successful character that Radcliffe had created in any of her novels. Characterised as a man governed by an amalgam of anger, hypocrisy and guilt, the monk was praised as standing apart from the traditional conventions of
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Lewis and Radcliffe both influenced the tradition of the Gothic novel, but did so in different ways. Lewis wrote in the tradition of the masculine gothic, favoring depictions of horror, while Radcliffe preferred the evocation of terror, explaining in her essay "On The Supernatural in Poetry" her
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Reassuring protection and concealment of purpose – Since the veil is given to her by Sister Olivia (later found to be Ellena's mother) it protects her by disguising Ellena as she escapes from her prisons. The veil allows her a means of communicating safely with the other nuns and later Vivaldi.
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The ending of the novel is a happy one; Vivaldi and Paulo are released from prison, Ellena is reunited with her mother, and Vivaldi and Ellena are joined in marriage, and all the villains have died. The Marchesa dies shortly before finding out that her son has been freed from prison. Father
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prompted a wide variety of both favourable and unfavorable reviews, making the overall reception of the novel very mixed. To some critics, it was the high point of Ann Radcliffe's short but productive career; to others, it represented a distinct decline in form from her earlier products.
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sentimental fiction into otherwordly romance: they are effectively the co-authors of their own stories". Images in the novel make it possible to see one thing in the expressions of something else, reason as to which Radcliffe creates anxiety from descriptions of terror and the
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was a great financial success for Radcliffe. Because of her reputation and earlier success, the author earned ÂŁ800 from the original copyright of the novel, which was considered a very large sum for a female author and was unparalleled by many of Radcliffe's contemporaries.
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of the scene accorded with the temper of his mind, and he listened in deep attention for returning sounds, which broke upon his ear like distant thunder muttering imperfectly from the clouds". (page 12 Oxford World Classics Edition) All of the imagery presented in
495:– The veil, used by Ellena to aid her escape with Vivaldi after being captured, was given to her by Sister Olivia. This veil appears almost obsessively through the work, symbolising modesty, and reassuring protection and concealment of purpose.
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swung to a more positive light. Upon her death in 1823, the political and social atmosphere in England had changed again and Radcliffe regained positive assessments of her importance in the history of Gothic writers. In her obituary in the
656:"In , her last critically acclaimed novel, she leaned heavily on the plots of Shakespeare". The plot follows the three stages of the romantic comedy model and parallels many of Shakespeare's plays including "the thwarted love" present in
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in December 1796 attempted to make a rational assessment of the disappointment that some people felt in reading the novel, saying that: "It was impossible to raise curiosity and expectation to a higher pitch than she has done in her
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was first announced in December 1796. At the time of the novel's release, Ann Ward Radcliffe was already a well-known and well-received Gothic writer. She had gained fame from several of her earlier works, most noticeably
676:, as well as Schedoni murdering his brother and marrying his wife just as Claudius; the "aura of superstition and fear" that Schedoni and Spalatro experience while preparing to kill Ellena "is almost taken verbatim from
443:. There was also some unfavorable criticism of the scenes dealing with the Spanish Inquisition, which are sometimes considered too unrealistic or ridiculous to be believable to the audience. A review in
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to Radcliffe's earlier and more overwhelmingly successful pieces. Several articles commented on the difficulty the author had in maintaining her reputation after her early success. The writer of
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wrote that she was, "the Shakespeare of Romance writers". He believed that her readers valued her unrivaled ability to create – to realise visually – an enchanted, storied, and landscaped past.
439:; yet these mysteries she accounted for in a natural manner". Having been frightened perfectly by Radcliffe before, this critique believed that readers were likely prepared for the twists of
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described the mastery of Ann Radcliffe's narrative description as allowing the reader to almost see, feel and experience the events on the Mediterranean alongside the characters.
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Schedoni, condemned to die, poisons himself and Nicola di Zampari, and calls a tribunal including the Marchese and Vivaldi to witness their final confessions at his deathbed.
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129:, such as religion, aristocracy, and nationality. Radcliffe's renowned use of veiled imagery is considered to have reached its height of sophistication and complexity in
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Following Radcliffe's retirement after this novel at the young age of thirty-two, and her death a few decades later, public opinion of her overall works including
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The animalistic imagery used to describe Schedoni is also taken verbatim from the works of Shakespeare. He is described as a "serpent" mirroring language from
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echo these tensions between approval and disappointment in what would be the final novel of Radcliffe's Gothic career. The writer of an 1827 review in the
133:; concealment and disguise are central motifs of the novel. The novel is noted for its extremely effective antagonist, Father Schedoni, who influenced the
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The characters themselves also appear to mimic the characteristics of Shakespeare's heroes, heroines and villains. Ellena has the beloved status of
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In a time where writing novels for commercial consumption was one of the only means through which a female author could earn a respectable living,
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as writing about miraculous tales through the use of poetic prose. This poetic element was referred to in multiple reviews of Radcliffe's
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on the stories and rhetoric of Radcliffe. It would only take a casual reader of both writers, however, to spot the similarities between
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719:; and Father Schedoni, the most developed character in the novel, is a manipulator like Iago, tortured by his love for Ellena just as
1526:. "Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel." Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. 2001, p. 153.
649:, in her personal journal. The "sameness" of her plots, a major criticism of Radcliffe, can also be attributed to her following the
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she was noted to have produced romances that we able to be translated into 'every European tongue' to the 'honour of the country.'
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Radcliffe, Ann and Jane Austen. Two Gothic Classics by Women , edited and introduced by Deborah D. Rogers, Signet Classics, 1995.
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has a dark, mysterious, and somber tone which fixates on the themes of love, devotion, and persecution during the time period of
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as he psychologically manipulates other characters, and his manipulations are the catalyst for the major conflicts in the plot.
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1954:
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Swigart, Ford Harris. "A Study of the Imagery in the Gothic Romances of Ann Radcliffe". University of Pittsburgh, 1966, p. 4.
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Swigart, Ford Harris. "A Study of the Imagery in the Gothic Romances of Ann Radcliffe". University of Pittsburgh, 1966, p.12.
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important scene in relevance to the veil as it shows how Ellena is not passive and does not need to be unveiled by Vivaldi.
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there still remained several scenes that would successfully seize the imagination and interest the passions of readers.
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857:"The Italian, or the Confessional of the Black Penitents, by Ann Radcliffe, 3 vols. published in London last Monday"
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pull the novel together by way of description, which sets the scene for the reader and the characters.
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Schmitt, Cannon (Winter 1994). "Techniques of Terror, Technologies of Nationality: Ann Radcliffe's
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Bonarmo, Lady Abbess of San Stefano, Inquisitors, Father Ansaldo, Beatrice, Jeronimo
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she was, "the finest writer in this kind of fiction that ever existed;" and in the
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City where Vivaldi, his parents, Ellena, Schedoni, Paulo and Signora Bianchi reside
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However, the veil is also what keeps her from her immediate marriage to Vivaldi.
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Tooley, Brenda (2000). "Gothic Utopia: Heretical Sanctuary in Ann Radcliffe's
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Orphan niece of Signora Bianchi; Daughter of Sister Olivia; Vivaldi's lover
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However, various negative reviews emerged and had issues when comparing
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Son of the Marchese and Marchesa di Vivaldi of Naples; Ellena's suitor
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There are few scholarly texts commenting on the direct influence of
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Shakespearean Influence in the Major Novels of Ann Radcliffe
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The Preceptor as Fiend: Radcliffe's Psychology of the Gothic
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Church where Vivaldi first meets Ellena and Signora Bianchi
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876:"Amelia Alderson to Mary Wollstonecraft, 18 December 1796"
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989:"Female Gothic Histories: Gender, History and the Gothic"
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called her "the first poetess of romance fiction"; while
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Radcliffe, Ann (1826). "On the Supernatural in Poetry".
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The Italian, or the Confessional of the Black Penitents
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Female Gothic Histories: Gender, History and the Gothic
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Female Gothic Histories: Gender, History and the Gothic
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The Italian, or the Confessional of the Black Penitents
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Anti-Catholicism, oppression, and women's independence
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Ann Radcliffe's writing falls under the genre of the
1157:"Review: Gaston de Blondeville, by Anne Radcliffe".
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in her novels. Similarly, a later evaluation in the
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Literary Hours: or, Sketches Critical and Narrative
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895:Murray, E.B. "Ann Radcliffe". Twayne, 1972, p.135.
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959:Women's Gothic: From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley
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117:, it was only published posthumously in 1826).
1511:Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe
1114:Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe
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1116:. Leicester University Press. pp. 60–61.
1513:. Leicester University Press. pp. 60–1.
1271:Rogers (1823). "Obituary – Mrs. Radcliffe".
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216:Nun at San Stefano Convent, Mother of Ellena
192:Mother of Vivaldi; Conspirator with Schedoni
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1101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 236.
1099:Women and Literature in Britain, 1800–1900
1049:Kröger, Lisa; R Anderson, Melanie (2019).
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267:Convent to Sister Olivia; prison to Ellena
222:Conspirator with Schedoni and the Marchesa
186:Confessor to the Marchesa; uncle to Ellena
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1159:United States Review and Literary Gazette
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1038:. University of Wales Press. p. 106.
386:United States Review and Literary Gazette
271:Santa Maria del Pianto/ Santa del Pianto:
1416:Seeing Things: literature and the visual
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1129:The Critical Response to Ann Radcliffe
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1551:Randolf, Virginia Seal (April 1973).
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1222:Ann Radcliffe in Relation to her Time
1172:"Mrs. Radcliffe's Italian, a Novel".
1144:Ann Radcliffe in Relation to her Time
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776:; a "basilisk" mirroring language in
380:Reviews that were run in response to
1877:A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794
1224:. Yale University Press. p. 47.
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184:Father Schedoni/ Count di Marinella:
137:characters of Victorian literature.
1260:. Blackwell Publishers. p. 40.
350:general praise for the author, Sir
273:Convent and Monastery referenced to
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1818:The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne
1205:"Mrs Radcliffe's Poetical Works".
576:"The Italian" Radcliffe novel
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1966:
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1495:, vol. 25, no. 2, 2005, p. 37ff.
1467:. Vol. 16. pp. 145–162.
214:Sister Olivia/ Countess di Bruno:
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1483:as a response to Matthew Lewis'
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863:. 17 December 1796. p. 4.
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1069:Introduction to 'The Italian'
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1955:Novels about the Inquisition
1499:. Accessed 12 December 2019.
723:is tortured by his love for
401:On the Sublime and Beautiful
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233:Less Significant Characters:
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1765:public domain audiobook at
1737: Characters in the play
1719: Characters in the play
1701: Characters in the play
1683: Characters in the play
1665: Characters in the play
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1611: Characters in the play
1593: Characters in the play
1575: Characters in the play
1127:Rogers, Deborah D. (1994).
793:
393:writer of a 1797 review in
16:1796 novel by Ann Radcliffe
10:
1971:
1741:Folger Shakespeare Library
1723:Folger Shakespeare Library
1705:Folger Shakespeare Library
1687:Folger Shakespeare Library
1669:Folger Shakespeare Library
1651:Folger Shakespeare Library
1633:Folger Shakespeare Library
1615:Folger Shakespeare Library
1597:Folger Shakespeare Library
1579:Folger Shakespeare Library
1497:Literature Resource Center
1235:"Review of Ann Radcliffe,
802:, Oneworld Classics, 2008
487:
282:
1868:
1834:The Romance of the Forest
1809:
1681:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1559:Morehead State University
1557:(Master of Arts thesis).
1378:, and Charlotte Brontë's
1258:A Companion to the Gothic
1097:Shattock, Joanne (2001).
874:Alderson, Amelia (1796).
815:, Penguin Classics, 2001
737:A Midsummer Night's Dream
388:declares his belief that
338:The Romance of the Forest
277:Prison of the Inquisition
88:
80:
70:
56:
48:
38:
33:First edition title page.
26:
1842:The Mysteries of Udolpho
1509:Norton, Richtor (1999).
1464:The New Monthly Magazine
1220:McIntyre, Clara (1939).
1146:. Yale University Press.
1142:McIntyre, Clara (1939).
1112:Norton, Richter (1999).
861:Staffordshire Advertiser
342:The Mysteries of Udolpho
1950:Novels set in the 1750s
1930:British thriller novels
1905:Novels by Ann Radcliffe
1034:Wallace, Diana (2013).
529:Shakespearean influence
140:
1935:British romance novels
1414:Vernon, Peter (2005).
1256:Punter, David (2001).
1082:Drake, Nathan (1800).
1067:Miles, Robert (2000).
987:Shapira, Yael (2017).
653:model of Shakespeare.
493:The veil (nun's habit)
1915:English Gothic novels
1910:British horror novels
1858:Gaston de Blondeville
1399:Miall, David (2000).
1386:JMU Scholarly Commons
1368:Hause, Marie (2010).
1339:10.1353/elh.1994.0040
1023:– via ProQuest.
1005:10.1353/pan.2017.0011
309:The Female Gothic in
172:Vincentio di Vivaldi:
114:Gaston de Blondeville
1273:Gentleman's Magazine
1207:The Edinburgh Review
561:improve this article
470:Gentleman’s Magazine
461:New Monthly Magazine
437:Mysteries of Udolpho
196:Marchese di Vivaldi:
190:Marchesa di Vivaldi:
1945:Fiction set in 1758
1940:Novels set in Italy
1477:Messier, Vartan P.
1242:The Critical Review
1188:"The Victorian Web"
630:William Shakespeare
446:The Critical Review
23:
1925:Sentimental novels
1826:A Sicilian Romance
1374:, Ann Radcliffe's
1174:The Monthly Review
1131:. Greenwood Press.
1051:Monster, She Wrote
705:with the pride of
426:The English Review
395:The Monthly Review
226:Nicola di Zampari:
204:Servant of Vivaldi
21:
1887:
1886:
1591:The Winter's Tale
1425:978-2-86906-200-9
957:"Ann Radcliffe".
821:978-0-14-043754-6
808:978-1-84749-054-4
782:The Winter’s Tale
665:The Winter's Tale
626:
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198:Father of Vivaldi
127:French Revolution
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81:Publication place
65:Sentimental novel
1962:
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742:Romeo and Juliet
659:Romeo and Juliet
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414:Edinburgh Review
208:Signora Bianchi:
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993:Partial Answers
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930:on 20 July 2011
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550:single source
546:This section
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1900:1797 novels
1850:The Italian
1762:The Italian
1699:Richard III
1481:The Italian
1376:The Italian
1321:The Italian
1288:The Italian
1237:The Italian
999:: 189–192.
922:The Italian
829:The Italian
813:The Italian
800:The Italian
778:Richard III
759:Richard III
646:The Tempest
634:The Italian
519:The Italian
481:The Italian
455:The Italian
441:The Italian
432:The Italian
421:The Italian
390:The Italian
382:The Italian
370:The Italian
363:The Italian
347:The Italian
333:The Italian
311:The Italian
303:The Italian
131:The Italian
119:The Italian
1894:Categories
1434:1004186905
1021:1876743067
843:References
617:March 2023
587:newspapers
166:Characters
103:is a 1796
1735:Cymbeline
1663:King Lear
1442:cite book
1355:161155282
1013:152054943
787:Cymbeline
764:King Lear
750:King Lear
725:Desdemona
712:King Lear
557:talk page
328:Reception
298:solemnity
241:Locations
220:Spalatro:
1767:LibriVox
1485:The Monk
1380:Villette
1372:The Monk
1306:20718173
1017:ProQuest
934:22 April
794:Editions
707:Cordelia
672:does in
670:Claudius
523:The Monk
511:The Monk
49:Language
1645:Othello
1627:Macbeth
1347:2873361
1176:. 1797.
1161:. 1827.
768:Macbeth
754:Macbeth
732:Macbeth
721:Othello
695:Othello
682:Macbeth
678:Macbeth
601:scholar
488:Symbols
296:. "The
294:uncanny
283:Imagery
247:Naples:
135:Byronic
52:English
1880:(1795)
1861:(1826)
1853:(1797)
1845:(1794)
1837:(1791)
1829:(1790)
1821:(1789)
1810:Novels
1609:Hamlet
1492:Atenea
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406:terror
202:Paulo:
39:Author
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1343:JSTOR
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1009:S2CID
963:JSTOR
717:Romeo
709:from
692:from
684:sees
608:JSTOR
594:books
408:over
92:Print
57:Genre
1448:link
1430:OCLC
1420:ISBN
936:2011
883:2022
833:ISBN
817:ISBN
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690:Iago
643:and
580:news
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