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leave. Marlowe interrogates Brody further and pieces together the story: Geiger was blackmailing Carmen; the family driver, Owen Taylor, did not like it and so he snuck in and killed Geiger, then took the film of Carmen. Brody was staking out the house too and pursued the driver, knocked him out, stole the film, and possibly pushed the car off the pier. (In the novel, one investigator suggests that the chauffeur may have committed suicide. He had been rejected by Carmen, killed Carmen's pornographic exploiter, then drove off the pier intentionally.) Suddenly, the doorbell rings and Brody is shot dead; Marlowe gives chase and catches Geiger's male lover, Carol
Lundgren, who shot Brody thinking he had killed Geiger. He had also hidden Geiger's body, so he could remove his own belongings before the police got wind of the murder.
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she tries to kill him, but he has loaded the gun with blanks and merely laughs at her; the shock causes Carmen to have an epileptic seizure. Marlowe brings her back and tells Vivian he has guessed the truth: Carmen came on to Rusty and he spurned her, so she killed him. Eddie, who had been backing Geiger, helped Vivian conceal it by helping to dispose of Rusty's body, inventing a story about his wife running off with Rusty, and then blackmailing her himself. Vivian says she did it to keep it all from her father, so he would not despise his own daughters, and promises to have Carmen institutionalised.
281:, the two main stories that form the core of the novel are "Killer in the Rain" (published in 1935) and "The Curtain" (published in 1936). Although the stories were independent and shared no characters, they had some similarities that made it logical to combine them. In both stories there is a powerful father who is distressed by his wayward daughter. Chandler merged the two fathers into a new character and did the same for the two daughters, resulting in General Sternwood and his wild daughter Carmen. Chandler also borrowed small parts of two other stories, "Finger Man" and "Mandarin's Jade".
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292:, his writing team was perplexed by that question, in response to which Chandler replied that he had no idea. This exemplifies a difference between Chandler's style of crime fiction and that of previous authors. To Chandler, plot was less important than atmosphere and characterisation. An ending that answered every question while neatly tying every plot thread mattered less to Chandler than interesting characters with believable behaviour.
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find Geiger dead and Carmen drugged and naked, in front of an empty camera. He takes her home but when he returns, Geiger's body is gone. He quickly leaves. The next day, the police call him and let him know the
Sternwoods' car was found driven off a pier, with their chauffeur dead inside. It appears that he was hit on the head before the car entered the water. The police also ask if Marlowe is looking for Regan.
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receives the information. He goes to the location in
Realito, a repair shop with a home at the back, but Canino – with the help of Art Huck, the garage man – jumps him and knocks him out. When Marlowe awakens, he is tied up, and Mona is there with him. She says she has not seen Rusty in months; she only hid out to help Eddie and insists he did not kill Rusty. She frees Marlowe, and he shoots and kills Canino.
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violence from
Prohibition, and endured the severe decline of public welfare from disasters such as the Great Depression and Dust Bowl. Chandler himself was fired from his job at an oil company in 1932, which would lead him to begin writing in the grittier and more cynical hard-boiled genre that mirrored the hardships of its time. In American essayist Herbert Ruhm's introduction to the
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with Rusty. Marlowe revisits Geiger's house and finds Carmen trying to get in. They look for the photos, but she plays dumb about the night before. Eddie suddenly enters; he says he is Geiger's landlord and is looking for him. Eddie demands to know why
Marlowe is there; Marlowe takes no notice and states that he is no threat to him.
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309:, Chandler expanded this description of the room and used new detail (e.g. the contrast of white and "bled out", the coming rain) to foreshadow the fact that Mrs. Regan (Mrs. O'Mara in the original story) is covering up the murder of her husband by her sister and that the coming rainstorm will bring more deaths:
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The room was too big, the ceiling was too high, the doors were too tall, and the white carpet that went from wall to wall looked like a fresh fall of snow at Lake
Arrowhead. There were full-length mirrors and crystal doodads all over the place. The ivory furniture had chromium on it, and the enormous
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The next day, Marlowe visits
General Sternwood, who remains curious about Rusty's whereabouts and offers Marlowe an additional $ 1,000 fee if he is able to locate him. On the way out, Marlowe returns Carmen's gun to her, and she asks him to teach her how to shoot. They go to an abandoned field, where
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for work, which consequently made cities hotspots for the new meshing of demographic and socioeconomic changes. As a result, roots of modernity and mass culture began to form in
America, slowly eroding old social norms such as the traditional views of masculinity and family. This plays heavily into
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Marlowe investigates Geiger's bookstore and meets Agnes, the clerk. He determines that the store is an illegal pornography lending library. He follows Geiger home, stakes out his house, and sees Carmen enter. Later, he hears a scream, followed by gunshots and two cars speeding away. He rushes in to
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Erotica dealers with experience had to be tough, although not necessarily predatory, and the business was not for the timid or scrupulous. But the criminality of erotica dealers did not extend beyond bookselling into organized racketeering; Al Capone and Meyer Lansky were not role models. A figure
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Marlowe's loyalty to the
Sternwoods also caused readers to make connections to themes of family hierarchies and relations. Marlowe's isolation hangs over the entire novel, and readers have inferred that Marlowe's close dedication to his client is his implicit desire to be part of a family, citing
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The case is over, but
Marlowe is nagged by Rusty’s disappearance. The police accept that he simply ran off with Mona, since she is also missing, and since Eddie would not risk committing a murder in which he would be the obvious suspect. Mars calls Marlowe to his casino and seems to be nonchalant
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Marlowe stakes out the bookstore and sees its inventory being moved to Brody's home. Vivian comes to his office and says Carmen is being blackmailed with the nude photos from the previous night. She also mentions gambling at the casino of Eddie Mars and volunteers that Eddie's wife, Mona, ran off
327:(1939) who supplements his business activities as owner of a pornographic lending library in Hollywood by arranging sex orgies and blackmailing rich customers, is a fascinating but lurid exaggeration. However susceptible film personalities were to blackmail, it was not the métier of book dealers.
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This room had a white carpet from wall to wall. Ivory drapes of immense height lay tumbled casually on the white carpet inside the many windows, which stared towards the dark foot-hills. The air beyond the glass was dark too. It had not started to rain, yet there was a feeling of pressure in the
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Marlowe goes to Brody's home and finds him with Agnes, the bookstore clerk. Marlowe tells Brody that he knows they are taking over the lending library and blackmailing Carmen with the nude photos. Carmen forces her way in with a gun and demands the photos, but Marlowe takes her gun and makes her
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A man named Harry Jones, who is Agnes's new partner, approaches Marlowe and offers to tell him the location of Mona. Marlowe plans to meet him later, but Eddie’s henchman, Lash Canino, is suspicious of Jones and Agnes's intentions, and kills Jones first. Marlowe manages to meet Agnes anyway and
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In the very beginning of the novel, Chandler already sets up the masculine characterization of Marlowe when he observes a stained-glass panel portraying a knight attempting to rescue a damsel in distress. Readers have interpreted Marlowe's self-identification with the knight as illustrating a
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takes place in the 1930s, and thus its story was also largely influenced by the very real massive social upheaval during the interwar period. During the harsh 1930s, the American people lost much faith in the government due to their repeated intervention failures, experienced the rise of gang
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is called to the home of the wealthy and elderly General Sternwood. He wants Marlowe to deal with an attempt by a bookseller named Arthur Geiger to blackmail his wild young daughter, Carmen. She had previously been blackmailed by a man named Joe Brody. Sternwood mentions that his other, older
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When Chandler merged his stories into a novel, he spent more effort on expanding descriptions of people, places, and Marlowe's thinking than getting every detail of the plot perfectly consistent. In "The Curtain", the description of Mrs. O'Mara's room is just enough to establish the setting:
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ivory drapes lay tumbled on the white carpet a yard from the windows. The white made the ivory look dirty and the ivory made the white look bled out. The windows stared towards the darkening foothills. It was going to rain soon. There was pressure in the air already.
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a hard-boiled magazine that Chandler initially wrote for, Ruhm found that: "...the streets of the cities best reflected the moral disorder of the era. Events were depicted in language of these streets; mean, slangy, prejudiced, sometimes witty and always tough."
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about everything. Vivian is also there, and Marlowe senses something between her and Mars. He drives her home and she tries to seduce him, but he rejects her advances. When he gets home, he finds Carmen has snuck into his bed, and he rejects her, too.
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conformity to the chivalrous old views of masculinity. His disdain for queer relationships, such as with Geiger and Lundgren, sheds more light on what delineates Marlowe's masculinity as strictly conforming to the heteronormative perspective.
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daughter Vivian is in a loveless marriage with a man named Rusty Regan, who has disappeared. On Marlowe's way out, Vivian wonders if he was hired to find Regan, but Marlowe will not say.
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one another and secrets being exposed throughout the narrative. The title is a euphemism for death; the final pages of the book refer to a rumination about "sleeping the big sleep".
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With the case now over, Marlowe goes to a local bar and orders several double Scotches. While drinking, he begins to think about Mona "Silver-Wig" Mars, but never sees her again.
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This process — especially in a time when cutting and pasting was done by cutting and pasting paper — sometimes produced a plot with a few loose ends. An unanswered question in
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rated the book a 9.5 (out of 10.0), saying, "This is one of Raymond Chandler's best books … The real pleasures lie not in the story, but in Chandler's atmospheric settings."
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also praised the book: "As a study in depravity, the story is excellent, with Marlowe standing out as almost the only fundamentally decent person in it."
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Through this time of suffering, people began flocking towards big cities such as Los Angeles—also the setting of
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Letter to Jamie Hamilton, 21 March 1949. In Hiney, T. and MacShane, F. (2000).
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WATCHING THE DETECTIVE (A LITERARY ANALYSIS OF THE WORKS OF RAYMOND CHANDLER)
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Of the historical plausibility of Geiger's character, Jay A. Gertzman wrote:
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ranked it No. 62 on its list of the 100 best novels. The book review site
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Creatures of Darkness: Raymond Chandler, Detective Fiction, and Film Noir
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The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
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Marling, William. "Major Works: The Big Sleep, by Rayond Chandler".
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like A. G. Geiger, the dirty-books racketeer in Raymond Chandler's
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Bookleggers and Smuthounds: The Trade in Erotica 1920–1940
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IndieWire, "The Coens Speak (Reluctantly)", March 9, 1998
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has achieved critical acclaim. On November 5, 2019, the
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The story is noted for its complexity, with characters
439:Adaptation for radio by Bill Morrison, directed by
825:"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"
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497:and John D. Rakoff, premièred in October 2011 at
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981:The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler: A book review
288:is who killed the chauffeur. When Howard Hawks
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750:. 1982. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
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942:. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.
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197:In 1999, the book was voted 96th of
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671:. New York: E.P. Dutton. pp.
627:. New York: E.P. Dutton. pp.
596:. New York: E.P. Dutton. pp.
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567:. 16 October 2005. Archived from
413:by Richard Morrison, directed by
655:. Atlantic Monthly Press p. 105.
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21:The Big Sleep (disambiguation)
16:1939 novel by Raymond Chandler
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1543:First-person narrative novels
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882:"The Big Sleep | The Pequod"
762:"Philip Marlowe, Family Man"
668:The Life of Raymond Chandler
624:The Life of Raymond Chandler
593:The Life of Raymond Chandler
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1366:Philip Marlowe, Private Eye
653:The Raymond Chandler Papers
531:. In a 2014 retrospective,
529:100 most influential novels
216:List of the 100 Best Novels
167:by American-British writer
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814:(retrieved 7 January 2010)
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1518:Alfred A. Knopf books
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907:"New Mystery Stories"
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760:Beal, Wesley (2014).
746:ZINSSER, DAVID LOWE.
561:"All Time 100 Novels"
411:Television adaptation
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1078:The Lady in the Lake
227:Private investigator
19:For other uses, see
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1064:Farewell, My Lovely
911:archive.nytimes.com
527:on its list of the
499:The Mill at Sonning
443:, and broadcast on
146:Farewell, My Lovely
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1476:Perchance to Dream
1164:Killer in the Rain
862:. 24 November 2014
766:College Literature
571:on 22 October 2005
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510:Critical reception
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833:. 5 November 2019
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417:and starring
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1253:Time to Kill
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1109:(unfinished)
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914:. Retrieved
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864:. Retrieved
860:The Guardian
859:
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772:(2): 11–28.
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569:the original
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503:Dan Chameroy
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160:(1939) is a
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25:
1369:(1983–1986)
1192:Screenplays
1174:Non-fiction
837:10 November
445:BBC Radio 4
369:Adaptations
337:Black Mask,
301:atmosphere.
185:Los Angeles
165:crime novel
1538:Euphemisms
1497:Categories
1450:Television
1214:The Unseen
1143:Nevada Gas
1117:Characters
970:Faded Page
916:31 October
891:31 October
866:31 October
547:References
537:The Pequod
458:as Marlowe
451:as Marlowe
274:Black Mask
264:Background
179:and again
162:hardboiled
78:Hardboiled
1040:Works by
786:1542-4286
449:Ed Bishop
325:Big Sleep
91:Publisher
81:detective
1460:" (1950)
1361:" (1954)
1354:" (1950)
1235:Playback
1099:Playback
1001:Archived
989:Archived
972:(Canada)
938:(2000).
830:BBC News
520:BBC News
200:Le Monde
135:42659496
56:Language
1301:Marlowe
802:," 1998
523:listed
477:' film
382:trailer
380:in the
181:in 1978
177:in 1946
59:English
1442:(1978)
1434:(1946)
1336:(1998)
1328:(1978)
1320:(1975)
1312:(1973)
1304:(1969)
1296:(1947)
1288:(1947)
1280:(1946)
1272:(1944)
1264:(1942)
1256:(1942)
1049:Novels
946:
784:
704:
679:
635:
604:
575:25 May
390:(1946)
352:Themes
148:
64:Series
46:Author
1468:Other
1423:Films
673:68–69
204:'
119:Pages
85:crime
74:Genre
944:ISBN
918:2022
893:2022
868:2022
839:2019
782:ISSN
702:ISBN
677:ISBN
633:ISBN
602:ISBN
577:2010
565:Time
473:The
384:for
222:Plot
212:Time
129:OCLC
106:1939
1412:'s
968:at
774:doi
305:In
218:".
206:s "
122:277
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23:.
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