Terra Nova Expedition

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verdict on the disaster that overtook his party, written when he was close to death, lists the initial loss of pony transport, weather conditions, "a shortage of fuel in our depots for which I cannot account", and the sickening of Evans and Oates, but ultimately Scott concludes that "our wreck is certainly due to this sudden advent of severe weather on the Barrier −30 °F (−34 °C) in the day, −47 °F (−44 °C) at night". Presumably with regard to the failed rendezvous with the dog teams requested for 1 March 1912, Scott furthermore wrote, "No-one is to blame and I hope no attempt will be made to suggest that we have lacked support". Cherry-Garrard, whom Atkinson placed in charge of the dog teams which started late, failed to meet Scott and turned for home, observes that "the whole business simply bristles with 'ifs'"; an accumulation of decisions and circumstances that might have fallen differently ultimately led to catastrophe. But "we were as wise as anyone can be before the event."

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position. We may find ourselves in safety at the next depot, but there is a horrid element of doubt." The party then met with three, ultimately critical, difficulties: the non-appearance of the dog teams, an unexpected large drop in temperature and a shortage of fuel in the depots. The low temperatures caused poor surfaces which Scott likened to "pulling over desert sand"; he described the surface as "coated with a thin layer of woolly crystals, formed by radiation no doubt. These are too firmly fixed to be removed by the wind and cause impossible friction on the runners." The low temperatures were accompanied by an absence of wind, something Scott had expected to assist them on their northern journey.

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Scott's expedition. Fiennes in contrast quotes from a letter by Cherry-Garrard in 1938 that Meares had been ready at Cape Evans to resupply One Ton Depot as ordered, when he had seen the ship arrive in the bay and so stayed at base—the "ship" turned out to be a mirage, and the real ship did not arrive until mid-February. According to Fiennes, Meares was preoccupied with his late father's estate and was anxious to leave on the ship as soon as he could. Three of the XS rations required for One Ton Depot had been man-hauled there by a party which left Cape Evans on 26 December, but neither Meares nor anyone else transported the missing rations or the dog food to One Ton Depot.

1388:, Cherry-Garrard recalled the controversial verbal orders given by Atkinson. He was to travel to One Ton Depot as fast as possible, where he was to leave food for the returning polar party. If Scott had not arrived before him, Cherry-Garrard should decide "what to do". Atkinson also emphasised that this was not a rescue party, and added that Scott had given instructions that the dogs were "not to be risked in view of the sledging plans for next season". In the standard edition of his book, Cherry-Garrard omitted any mention of Scott's request to be picked up at 82° or 82°30' on 1 March. But after Atkinson's and Lady Scott's deaths in 1929 and 1947 respectively, in a 1093: 1213: 861: 1022: 231: 1231:. At this point the dogs would return to base and the ponies would be shot for food. Thereafter, 12 men in three groups would ascend the glacier and begin the crossing of the polar plateau, using man-hauling. Only one of these groups would carry on to the pole; the supporting groups would be sent back at specified latitudes. The composition of the final polar group would be decided by Scott during the journey. For the return journey, Scott ordered that the dog teams set off again from the base camp to replenish depots and meet the polar party between latitude 82 and 82.30 on 1 March to assist the party home. 1305:, dated March 16, Scott wondered whether he had overshot the meeting point and fought the growing suspicion that he had in fact been abandoned by the dog teams: "We very nearly came through, and it's a pity to have missed it, but lately I have felt that we have overshot our mark. No-one is to blame and I hope no attempt will be made to suggest that we had lacked support." On the same day, Oates, who "now with hands as well as feet pretty well useless", voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death. Scott wrote that Oates' last words were, "I am just going outside and may be some time". 1239:

the expedition had reached the Gateway, the name given by Shackleton to the route from the Barrier on to the Beardmore Glacier. At this point a blizzard struck, forcing the men to camp until 9 December, and to break into rations intended for the Glacier journey. When the blizzard lifted, the remaining ponies were shot as planned, and their meat deposited as food for the return parties. On 11 December, Meares and Dimitri turned back with the dogs, carrying a message back to base that "things were not as rosy as they might be, but we keep our spirits up and say the luck must turn."

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who was suffering from severe frostbite and was, Scott records, "a good deal run down." The condition of Oates's feet became an increasing anxiety as the group approached the summit of the Beardmore Glacier and prepared for the descent to the Barrier. On 7 February, they began their descent and had serious difficulty locating a depot. In a brief spell of good weather, Scott ordered a half-day's rest, allowing Wilson to "geologise"; 30 pounds (14 kg) of fossil-bearing samples were added to the sledges. These plant fossils were later used to support the theory of

1338:"Five XS rations , 3 cases of biscuit, 5 gallons of oil and as much dog food as you can conveniently carry". If this mission could not be carried out by dogs, then "at all hazard" a man-hauling team was to carry the XS rations to the depot. Meares had been further instructed that in about the first week in February, depending on news received from returning units, he should set out, with dogs, with a view to meeting the returning polar party between latitudes 82° or 82°30' on about 1 March. The objective of these orders was to hasten the party back to Cape Evans before 33: 448: 1368:. After One Ton Depot he was unable to march, and was carried on the sledge by Crean and Lashly to a point 35 miles (56 km) south of Hut Point. At that point he appeared likely to die. On 18 February, Crean walked on alone to reach Hut Point (covering 35 miles (56 km) of difficult terrain in only 18 hours), where he found Atkinson and Dimitri with their dogs, pausing in their journey to meet Scott. Atkinson diverted his attention to the rescue of Evans, whom he brought to Hut Point, barely alive, on 794:

purpose. Everybody was kept busy; scientific work continued, observations and measurements were taken, equipment was overhauled and adapted for future journeys. The surviving ponies needed daily exercise, and the dogs required regular attention. Scott spent much time calculating sledging rations and weights for the forthcoming polar march. The routine included regular lectures on a wide range of subjects: Ponting on Japan, Wilson on sketching, Oates on horse management and geologist Debenham on volcanoes.

494: 1289: 1264:(88° 23' S) on 9 January. Seven days later, about 15 miles (25 km) from their goal, Amundsen's black flag was spotted and the party knew that they had been forestalled. They reached the Pole the next day, 17 January: "The Pole. Yes, but under very different circumstances from those expected ... Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward of priority. Well, it is something to have got here." 1660:—also found in Australia, New Zealand, Africa, and India—supported the ideas that the climate of Antarctica was formerly warm enough to support trees, and that Antarctica was once united to the other landmasses. Before the expedition, glaciers had been studied only in Europe. The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change. In 1920, former 568: 1036: 1409:, in worsening weather and with his own supplies dwindling, Cherry-Garrard turned for home. Meanwhile, Scott's team were fighting for their lives less than 70 miles (113 km) away. Atkinson would later write, "I am satisfied that no other officer of the expedition could have done better". Cherry-Garrard was troubled for the rest of his life by thoughts that he might have taken other actions that could have saved the polar party. 480:, believing it impossible to ascend the Beardmore Glacier with motors or with animals. The motors and animals would be used to haul loads only across the Barrier, enabling the men to preserve their strength for the later Glacier and Plateau stages. In practice, the motor sledges proved only briefly useful, and the ponies' performance was affected by their age and poor condition. As to dogs, while Scott's experiences on 748:

to Cherry-Garrard, the first reaction of Scott and his party was an urge to rush over to the Bay of Whales and "have it out" with Amundsen. Scott recorded the event calmly in his journal. "One thing only fixes itself in my mind. The proper, as well as the wiser, course is for us to proceed exactly as though this had not happened. To go forward and do our best for the honour of our country without fear or panic."

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of the dog food depot, would mean killing dogs for dog food as they went along, thus breaching Atkinson's "not to be risked" order. Cherry-Garrard argued that the weather was too poor for further travel, with daytime temperatures as low as −37 °F (−38 °C), and that he might miss Scott if leaving the depot, and thus decided to wait for Scott. On

1535:, beyond reproach, remained almost unchallenged, for although there were rifts among some who were close to the expedition, including relatives of those who died, this disharmony was not public. There was no real change in public perceptions until the 1970s, by which time nearly all those directly concerned with the expedition were dead. 1552:). Huntford was critical of Scott's supposedly authoritarian leadership style and of his poor judgment of men, and blamed him for a series of organisational failures that led to the death of everyone in the polar party. Scott's personal standing suffered from these attacks; efforts to restore his reputation have included the account by 1235:

little more than 50 miles (80 km) of travel, so the party man-hauled 740 pounds (336 kg) of supplies for the remaining 150 miles (240 km) reaching their assigned latitude two weeks later. Scott's main party, which had left Cape Evans on 1 November with the dogs and ponies, caught up with them on 21 November.

207:(112 miles (180 km)) from his objective. Scott had claimed the McMurdo Sound area as his own "field of work", and Shackleton's use of the area as a base was in breach of an undertaking he gave Scott. This soured relations between the two explorers, and increased Scott's determination to surpass Shackleton's achievements. 1285:. Evans's health was deteriorating; a hand injury was failing to heal, he was badly frostbitten, and he is thought to have injured his head after several falls on the ice. "He is absolutely changed from his normal self-reliant self", wrote Scott. Near the bottom of the glacier Evans collapsed, and died on 17 February. 1252:

composition of the polar party: five men (Scott, Wilson, Oates, Bowers and Edgar Evans) would go forward while Lieutenant Evans, Lashly and Crean would return to Cape Evans. The decision to take five men forward involved recalculations of weights and rations, since everything had been based on four-men teams.

1052:. The storm also carried away the tent upon which their survival would depend during their return journey, but fortunately this was recovered half a mile away. The group set out on the return journey to Cape Evans, arriving there on 1 August. The three eggs that survived the journey went first to the 1337:

Before setting out on the South Pole journey, Scott had made arrangements intended to help the polar party home with the use of dogs. Meares, who was expected to have returned to Cape Evans by 19 December, had been instructed that in late December or early January he should transport to One Ton Depot

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The party were further slowed down by the frostbite in Oates' left foot. Daily marches were now down to less than five miles (8 km), which was insufficient given the lack of oil. By March 10, it became evident the dog teams were not coming: "The dogs which would have been our salvation have

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After confirming their position and planting their flag, Scott's party turned homewards. During the next three weeks they made good progress, Scott's diary recording several "excellent marches". Nevertheless, Scott began to worry about the physical condition of his party, particularly of Edgar Evans,

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Travelling during the Antarctic winter had not been previously tried; Scott wrote that it was "a bold venture, but the right men have gone to attempt it." Cherry-Garrard later described the horrors of the 19 days it took to travel the 60 miles (97 km) to Cape Crozier. Gear, clothes, and sleeping

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region approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Butter Point. Taylor's companions this time were Debenham, Gran and Forde. The main journey began on 14 November and involved difficult travel over sea ice to Granite Harbour, which was reached on 26 November. Headquarters were established

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Amundsen was courteous and hospitable, willing for Campbell to camp nearby and offering him help with his dogs. Campbell politely declined, and returned with his party to Cape Evans to report this development. Scott received the news on 22 February, during the first depot-laying expedition. According

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the honour of this achievement." There were other objectives, both scientific and geographical; the scientific work was considered by Wilson as the main work of the expedition: "No one can say that it will have only been a Pole-hunt ... We want the scientific work to make the bagging of the Pole

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A "polarised" motor car had been unsuccessfully tried in the Antarctic by Shackleton, on his 1907–1909 expedition, while his pioneering use of ponies had transported him as far as the foot of the Beardmore Glacier. Scott believed that ponies had served Shackleton well, and he thought he could resolve

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For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about

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Several events occurred to obscure and ultimately frustrate this order. The fact that Meares had turned back from the polar march much later than originally planned meant that he did not return to Cape Evans until 5 January. Huntford suggests he resigned at this point because he was "disgusted" with

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on 15 January 1912, but the ship could not reach them. The party waited until 5 February before trekking southward, and were rescued from the ice when they were finally spotted from the ship on 18 February. Geological specimens from both Western Mountains expeditions were retrieved by

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The aim of the first season's depot-laying was to place a series of depots on the Barrier from its edge—Safety Camp—down to 80°S, for use on the polar journey which would begin the following spring. The final depot would be the largest, and would be known as One Ton Depot. The work was to be carried

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on 29 November. During the first days of December the ship was struck by a heavy storm; at one point, with the ship taking heavy seas and the pumps having failed, the crew had to bail her out with buckets. The storm resulted in the loss of two ponies, a dog, 10 long tons (10,000 kg) of coal and

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to take charge of the dog teams and recruited Shackleton's former motor specialist, Bernard Day, to run the motor sledges. Oates would be in charge of the ponies, but as he could not join the expedition until May 1910, Scott instructed Meares, who knew nothing of horses, to buy them—with unfortunate

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The remaining expedition members still at Cape Evans waited through the winter, continuing their scientific work. In the spring Atkinson had to consider whether efforts should first be directed to the rescue of Campbell's Northern Party, or to establishing if possible the fate of the polar party. A

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and depositing the extra rations. Scott was not there. With supplies for themselves and the dogs for twenty-four days, they had about eight days' time before having to return to Hut Point. The alternative to waiting was moving southwards for another four days. Any travel beyond that, in the absence

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Scott's initial plan was that the dogs would return to base at this stage. Because of slower than expected progress, he decided to take the dogs on further. Day and Hooper were dispatched to Cape Evans with a message to this effect for Simpson, who had been left in charge there. On 4 December,

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A few days later, after the march had resumed, Scott sent the three weakest ponies home (two died en route). As the depot-laying party approached 80°, he became concerned that the remaining ponies would not make it back to base unless the party turned north immediately. Against the advice of Oates,

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Expedition was organised as a private venture without significant institutional support. Scott estimated the total cost at £40,000, half of which was eventually met by a government grant. The balance was raised by public subscription and loans. The expedition was further assisted by the free supply

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Cherry-Garrard had no scientific training, but was a protégé of Wilson's. He had, like Oates, contributed £1,000 to funds. After first being turned down by Scott, he allowed his contribution to stand, which impressed Scott sufficiently for him to reverse his decision. Crane describes Cherry-Garrard

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to his privately published 1948 edition, Cherry-Garrard acknowledged the existence of Scott's order and provided reasons why Atkinson, and later he himself, failed to comply: Atkinson was too exhausted at the beginning of February to set off to meet Scott, and the lack of dog food at One Ton Depot

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With Atkinson thus occupied, an alternative arrangement to pick up Scott was necessary. Disregarding Meares, who was "not available for work", the most qualified person available to meet Scott's party was the physicist Wright, an experienced traveller and navigator, but the chief scientist Simpson

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left so that news of the polar conquest could be carried immediately to New Zealand. Scott placed greater emphasis on the former journey than on the latter: "Whilst the object of your third journey is important, that of the second is vital". The substance of these orders was reiterated to Atkinson

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The remaining eight men continued south, in better conditions which enabled them to make up some of the time lost on the Barrier. By 30 December, they had "caught up" with Shackleton's 1908–1909 timetable. On 3 January 1912, at latitude 87° 32' S, Scott made his decision on the

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The party began the ascent of the Beardmore, and on 20 December, reached the beginning of the polar plateau where they laid the Upper Glacier Depot. There was still no hint from Scott as to who would be in the final polar party. On 22 December, at latitude 85° 20' S, Scott sent

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Scott returned to Safety Camp with the dogs, after risking his own life to rescue a dog-team that had fallen into a crevasse. When the slower pony party arrived, one of the animals was in very poor condition and died shortly afterwards. Later, as the surviving ponies were crossing the sea ice near

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from Amundsen, informing Scott that the Norwegian was "proceeding south"; the telegram was the first indication to Scott that he was in a race. When asked by the press for a reaction, Scott replied that his plans would not change and that he would not sacrifice the expedition's scientific goals to

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march to 80°S. As well as being a qualified medical doctor and a distinguished research zoologist, he was also a talented illustrator. Wilson's scientific team—which Scott's biographer David Crane considered "as impressive a group of scientists as had ever been on a polar expedition"—included some

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the party found the tent containing the frozen bodies of Scott, Wilson and Bowers, 11 miles (18 km) south of One Ton Depot. Atkinson read the relevant portions of Scott's diaries, and the nature of the disaster was revealed. After diaries, personal effects and records had been collected, the

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away, but outside the door of the tent it remains a scene of whirling drift. I do not think we can hope for any better things now. We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the end cannot be far. It seems a pity but I do not think I can write more. R. Scott.

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stage, so that "particular points in the development of the bird could be worked out". This required a trip in the depths of winter to obtain eggs in an appropriately early stage of incubation. A secondary purpose was to experiment with food rations and equipment in advance of the coming summer's

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In comparing the achievements of Scott and Amundsen, most polar historians generally accept that Amundsen's skills with ski and dogs, his general familiarity with ice conditions, and his clear focus on a non-scientific expedition gave him considerable advantages in the race for the Pole. Scott's

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The motor party, consisting of Lieutenant Evans, Day, Lashly, and Hooper, started from Cape Evans on 24 October, with two motor sledges, their objective being to haul loads to latitude 80° 30' S and wait there for the others. By 1 November, both motor sledges had failed after

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arrived from her winter mooring in New Zealand on 9 February, and instead of setting off for Scott, Atkinson used the shore party for the arduous task of unloading the ship—a mistake, Cherry-Garrard thought, since these men might be required to sledge again. Belatedly, on 13 February,

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Oates' sacrifice increased the team's speed but it was too late to save them, especially since Scott's right toes were now becoming frostbitten. Scott, Wilson and Bowers struggled on to a point 11 miles (18 km) south of One Ton Depot, but were halted on 20 March, by a fierce blizzard.

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On the Barrier stage of the homeward march, Scott reached the 82° 30' S meeting point for the dog teams, three days ahead of schedule, noting in his diary for 27 February 1912: "We are naturally always discussing possibility of meeting dogs, where and when, etc. It is a critical

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On 23 April, the sun set for the duration of the winter months, and the party settled into the Cape Evans hut. Under Scott's naval regime the hut was divided by a wall made of packing cases, so that officers and men lived largely separate existences, scientists being deemed "officers" for this

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Scott's programme included a plan to explore and carry out scientific work in King Edward VII Land, to the east of the Barrier. A party under Campbell was organised for this purpose, with the option of exploring Victoria Land to the north-west if King Edward VII Land proved inaccessible. On 26

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bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard. Often the daily distance travelled was little more than a single mile.

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At Cape Evans the shore parties disembarked, with the ponies, dogs, the three motorised sledges (one of which was lost during unloading), and the bulk of the party's stores. Scott was "astonished at the strength of the ponies" as they transferred stores and materials from ship to shore. A

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after the completion of further geological work, but due to heavy pack ice, the ship was unable to reach them. The group, with meagre rations which they had to supplement by fish and seal meat, were forced to spend the winter months of 1912 in a snow cave which they excavated on

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from snow blocks, stone, and a sheet of canvas they had brought for the roof. They were then able to visit the penguin colony and collect several emperor penguin eggs. Subsequently, their igloo shelter was almost destroyed in a blizzard with winds of force 11 on the

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On 17 April 1912 a party under Atkinson, in command at Cape Evans during the absence of the polar party, went to relieve Campbell's party but were beaten back by the weather. The Northern Party survived the winter in their icy chamber, and set out for the base camp on

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insisted Wright's scientific work be given priority. Atkinson therefore chose Cherry-Garrard. Lieutenant Evans wrote later that he thought Scott would have approved the decision to keep Wright at the base camp. Cherry-Garrard would be accompanied by Dimitri.

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The Northern Party spent the 1911 winter in their hut. Their exploration plans for the summer of 1911–1912 could not be fully carried out, partly because of the condition of the sea ice and also because they were unable to discover a route into the interior.

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When Cherry-Garrard returned from One Ton Depot without Scott's party, anxieties rose. Atkinson, now in charge at Cape Evans as the senior naval officer present, decided to make another attempt to reach the polar party when the weather permitted, and on

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Scott still hoped to race Amundsen to the telegraph cablehead in Australia: "Now for a desperate struggle to get the news through first. I wonder if we can do it." On 18 January they discovered Amundsen's tent, some supplies, a letter to King

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January, Campbell's party left in the ship and headed east. After several failed attempts to land his party on the King Edward VII Land shore, Campbell exercised his option to sail to Victoria Land. On its return westward along the Barrier edge,

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of a range of provisions and equipment from sympathetic commercial firms. The fund-raising task was largely carried out by Scott, and was a considerable drain on his time and energy, continuing in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand after

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back Atkinson, Cherry-Garrard, Wright and Keohane. Scott reminded Atkinson "to take the two dog-teams south in the event of Meares having to return home, as seemed likely" to assist the polar party on its return journey the following March.

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On returning to Hut Point on 25 November, the search party found that the Northern Party had rescued itself and had returned safely to base. Early in the morning of 10 February 1913, Atkinson and Pennell rowed into the New Zealand port of

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Expedition, was resurrected under Cherry-Garrard's editorship. On 6 June, a feast was arranged to mark Scott's 43rd birthday; a second celebration on 21 June marked Midwinter Day, the day that marks the midpoint of the long polar night.

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The journey started on 27 January "in a state of hurry bordering on panic", according to Cherry-Garrard. Progress was slower than expected, and the ponies' performance was adversely affected because Oates was opposed to using Norwegian

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at a site christened Geology Point, and a stone hut was built. During the following weeks, exploration and surveying work took place on the Mackay Glacier, and a range of features to the north of the glacier were identified and named.

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after his second-in-command, would be free of ice in the short Antarctic summer, enabling the ship to come and go. As the seas to the south froze over, the expedition would have ready access over the ice to Hut Point and the Barrier.

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that he wrote about the expedition. Scott called the Winter Journey "a very wonderful performance", and was highly satisfied with the experiments in rations and equipment: "We are as near perfection as experience can direct."

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The scientific contributions of the expedition were long overshadowed by the deaths of Scott and his party. The 12 scientists who participated—the largest Antarctic scientific team of its time—made important discoveries in

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On 13 September 1911, Scott revealed his plans for the South Pole march. Sixteen men would set out, using the two remaining motor sledges, ponies and dogs for the Barrier stage of the journey, which would bring them to the

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had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's party of five died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after

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and to fulfil a programme of geological, magnetic and meteorology studies on an "unprecedented" scale. There were further plans to explore King Edward VII Land, a venture described by Campbell, who was to lead it, as

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had made him dubious of their reliability, his writings show that he recognised their effectiveness in the right hands. As the expedition developed, he became increasingly impressed with their capabilities.

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made a timely start impractical. Karen May of the Scott Polar Research Institute goes further by suggesting that the instruction about saving the dogs for the following season was Atkinson's own invention.

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When Atkinson arrived back at Cape Evans from the Beardmore Glacier at the end of January, he was the senior officer present and thus in command of the base camp, a role to which he was not accustomed.

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Expedition's Scientific Reports, and was anxious to follow up this earlier research. The journey's scientific purpose was to secure emperor penguin eggs from the rookery near Cape Crozier at an early

1426:, when, in Atkinson's view, the weather, the cold and the time of year made further progress south impossible. Atkinson recorded, "In my own mind I was morally certain that the party had perished". 962:

areas before moving southwards to the Koettlitz Glacier. After further work there, they started homewards on 2 March, taking a southerly route to Hut Point, where they arrived on 14 March.

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and was halted, remaining for twenty days before breaking clear and continuing southward. The delay, which Scott attributed to "sheer bad luck", had consumed 6.1 long tons (6,200 kg) of coal.

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Atkinson set out with Dimitri Gerov and the dog teams for the scheduled meeting with Scott on the Barrier, reaching Hut Point 13 miles (21 km) south before being delayed by bad weather.

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The latitude of 82° 17' was accepted at the time. Modern maps and a re-examination of photographs and drawings have indicated that the final position was probably about 82° 11'. (

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who wanted to go forward, killing the ponies for meat as they collapsed, Scott decided to lay One Ton Depot at 79°29′S, more than 30 miles (48 km) short of its intended location.

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Although each day they attempted to advance, they were unable to do so. Scott's last diary entry, dated 29 March 1912, the presumed date of their deaths, ends with these words:

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had made a significant contribution to Antarctic scientific and geographical knowledge, but in terms of penetration southward had reached only 82° 17' and had not traversed the

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The loss of Scott and his party overshadowed all else in the British public's mind, including Amundsen's feat in being first at the Pole. For many years the image of Scott as a

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Expedition's relief ship in 1904, was appointed Scott's second-in-command. Evans had abandoned plans to mount his own expedition and transferred his financial backing to Scott.

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Hut Point, the ice broke up. Despite a determined rescue attempt, three more ponies died. Of the eight ponies that had begun the depot-laying journey, only two returned home.

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and had left them behind at Cape Evans. On 4 February, the party established Corner Camp, 40 miles (64 km) from Hut Point, when a blizzard held them up for three days.

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in New Zealand, where additional supplies were taken aboard, including 34 dogs, 19 Siberian ponies and three motorised sledges. The ship, heavily overloaded, finally left

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its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability and, more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.

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Scott defined the objects of the expedition in his initial public appeal: "The main objective of this expedition is to reach the South Pole, and to secure for the

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set out with Keohane, man-hauling a sledge containing 18 days' provisions. In very low temperatures (−40 °F (−40 °C)) they had reached Corner Camp by

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in the half-light outside the hut; Scott recorded that, "Atkinson is by far the best player, but Hooper, P.O. Evans and Crean are also quite good." The

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of snow erected, topped by a cross fashioned from Gran's skis. The party searched further south for Oates's body, but found only his sleeping bag. On

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scouted for possible landing sites around Cape Crozier at the eastern point of the island, before proceeding to McMurdo Sound to its west, where both

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As he made his preparations for a further expedition, Scott was aware of other impending polar ventures. A Japanese expedition was being planned; the

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win the race to the Pole. In his diary he wrote that Amundsen had a fair chance of success, and perhaps deserved his luck if he got through.

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on 15 June 1910. Scott, detained by expedition business, sailed later on a faster passenger liner and joined the ship in South Africa. In

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returned to England with over 2,100 plants, animals, and fossils, over 400 of which were new to science. Discoveries of the fossil plant

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prefabricated accommodation hut measuring 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) was erected and made habitable by 18 January.

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As Campbell was now the senior naval officer of the expedition, he assumed command for its final weeks until the arrival of

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The objective of this journey was geological exploration of the coastal area west of McMurdo Sound, in a region between the

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Scott had decided on a mixed transport strategy, relying on contributions from dogs, motor sledges and ponies. He appointed

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polar journey. Scott approved, and a party consisting of Wilson, Bowers and Cherry-Garrard set out on 27 June 1911.

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out by 12 men, the eight fittest ponies, and two dog teams; ice conditions prevented the use of the motor sledges.

6800: 6381: 6320: 4099: 1761:, p. 205). In his later diary entries covering the Southern Journey their performance is described as "splendid" ( 1503: 250: 6823: 4381: 4298: 4276: 4228: 4175: 4153: 4127: 4089: 4059: 4035: 211: 114:. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored 551:

for £100. He was thus able to impose naval discipline on the expedition, and as a registered yacht of the Squadron,

6901: 412: 921:. Geological and other specimens collected by the Northern Party were retrieved from Cape Adare and Evans Cove by 825:

After reporting Amundsen's arrival to Scott at Cape Evans, Campbell's Eastern party (Campbell, Priestley, Levick,

203:, and had struck out for the Pole. He had been forced to turn for home at 88° 23' S, less than 100 158:

eventually resumed his naval career but continued to nurse ambitions of returning south, with the conquest of the

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and hunger, with extreme winds and low temperatures, and the discomfort of a blubber stove in confined quarters.

106:, was a private venture financed by public contributions and a government grant. It had further backing from the 5823: 7544: 6955: 6925: 5268: 5258: 4842: 4544: 4049: 1665: 1068: 1053: 946:. This work was undertaken by a party consisting of Taylor, Debenham, Wright and Edgar Evans. They landed from 798: 431:

was the expedition's photographer, whose pictures would leave a vivid visual record. On the advice of explorer

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meeting of the whole group decided that they should first search for signs of Scott. The party set out on

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to continue fund-raising while the ship proceeded to New Zealand. Waiting for Scott in Melbourne was a

514: 111: 5877: 1468:, informing him of the fate of Scott and his party. Atkinson and Pennell then boarded a train to meet 7268: 6878: 6574: 6373: 6158: 6040: 5843: 5725: 5576: 5425: 5363: 5350: 5223: 4949: 4601: 3778: 1009:

This journey was conceived by Wilson. He had suggested the need for it in the Zoology section of the

130:

in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.

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During the early, depot-laying stages of the expedition, Scott expresses loss of faith in the dogs (

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May, K. (January 2013). "Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott's last expedition".

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Cherry-Garrard afterwards described this as the "worst journey in the world", and used this as the

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This was a continuation of the work carried out in the earlier journey, this time concentrating on

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After Scott had considered various possible wintering spots, he chose a cape remembered from the

249:

veterans together with five who had been with Shackleton on his 1907–1909 expedition. Lieutenant

1560:'s scientific analysis of the weather conditions that ultimately defeated Scott, David Cranes's 7423: 6989: 4921: 1778:, the expedition's treasurer; in it, Scott apologises for leaving the finances in "a muddle". ( 1473: 1183: 408: 303: 48: 6256: 3655:"Scott of the Antarctic could have been saved if his orders had been followed, say scientists" 7428: 7202: 7155: 7054: 6858: 6720: 6469: 6463: 6313: 6271: 6233: 6213: 5808: 5583: 5419: 5329: 5311: 5228: 5199: 5189: 5077: 5014: 4788: 4045: 1519: 864: 854: 420: 5469: 1807:, p. 64, gives a longer version: "Beg leave to inform you Fram proceeding Antarctica"; 7282: 7274: 7217: 6805: 6669: 6595: 6587: 6387: 6327: 6286: 5899: 5890: 5761: 5756: 5660: 5524: 5281: 5243: 4850: 4620: 4588: 4532: 4512: 3941: 1838: 1774:

The total cost of the expedition was not published. One of Scott's last letters was to Sir

1571:

After suffering irreversible damage while carrying supplies to base stations in Greenland,

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During the final returning party's journey, Lieutenant Evans had become seriously ill with

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The Admiralty also provided a largely naval lower deck, including the Antarctic veterans

234: 155: 80: 40: 5043: 3970: 3945: 1506:, overlooking Hut Point, inscribed with the five names of the dead and a quotation from 7124: 7016: 6997: 6561: 6536: 6078: 5972: 5936: 5912: 5803: 5650: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5517: 5495: 5474: 5355: 5345: 5092: 4980: 4908: 4581: 4572: 4564: 4475: 4455: 4255: 4142: 4074: 4024: 464:

the motor traction problem by developing a tracked snow "motor" (the forerunner of the

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was to leave in 1911, but would be working in a different sector of the continent; and

1301:

evidently failed. Meares had a bad trip home I suppose." In a farewell letter to Sir

913:

1912. Despite their physical weakness, the whole party managed to reach Cape Evans on

583:

merely an item in the results." He hoped to continue investigations, begun during the

7496: 7302: 7296: 7252: 7237: 7166: 7138: 7046: 6983: 6893: 6865: 6845: 6783: 6691: 6655: 6529: 6496: 6489: 6442: 6424: 6341: 6090: 5959: 5907: 5813: 5766: 5694: 5683: 5395: 5385: 5377: 5273: 5263: 5174: 5169: 5152: 5118: 4985: 4972: 4793: 4699: 4657: 4652: 4442: 4377: 4357: 4294: 4272: 4259: 4224: 4207: 4190: 4171: 4149: 4123: 4085: 4055: 4031: 1859: 1372:. From that point, Atkinson's priority was to bring Evans to the safety of the ship. 1282: 1228: 943: 834: 803: 531: 404: 307: 271: 204: 196: 181: 177: 107: 103: 97:

He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that a

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1913. Before the final departure a large wooden cross was erected on the slopes of

1464:, from where they sent a coded message back to the expedition's New Zealand agent, 1057: 826: 447: 4349: 1736:

veterans were Scott, Wilson, Edgar Evans, Lashly, Crean, Heald and Wiliamson. The

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Butter Point was named after a depot containing butter was left there during the

1553: 1539: 1025: 985: 588: 572: 432: 428: 416: 382:

as chief scientist. Wilson was Scott's closest confidant among the party; on the

350: 342: 6026: 1668:

at the University of Cambridge, which houses a major library of polar research.

710:

days as the "Skuary", about 15 miles (24 km) north of Scott's 1902 base at

326: (equivalent to about £129,000 in 2023) and his services to the expedition. 222:, a potential rival from Norway, had also announced plans for an Arctic voyage. 7477: 7460: 7413: 7372: 7362: 7331: 7190: 7180: 7072: 7022: 6887: 6837: 6810: 6755: 6551: 6546: 6395: 6248: 6102: 6064: 6021: 5954: 5928: 5882: 5855: 5828: 5798: 5741: 5699: 5689: 5569: 5562: 5459: 5439: 5251: 5211: 5142: 4938: 4913: 4868: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4778: 4773: 4747: 4727: 4495: 4334: 4163: 1512: 1261: 1178: 1120: 1049: 959: 955: 684: 670: 579: 556: 400: 387: 338: 311: 219: 215: 170: 44: 4319: 4251: 1288: 965: 958:

region, and then conducted explorations and survey work in the Dry Valley and

230: 7538: 7440: 7382: 7377: 7367: 7317: 7312: 7288: 7232: 7109: 7103: 7098: 6697: 6608: 6601: 6356: 6151: 6130: 5998: 5776: 5746: 5714: 5709: 5546: 5452: 5335: 5130: 4943: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4783: 4692: 4527: 4369: 4081: 1598: 1584: 1557: 1092: 842: 741: 645: 601: 510: 477: 275: 200: 192: 187:

had narrowly failed to reach the Pole. Starting from a base close to Scott's

148: 115: 1343:

when he left Scott at the top of the Beardmore Glacier on 22 December 1911.

797:

To ensure that physical fitness was maintained there were frequent games of

245:

Expedition. They were chosen from 8,000 applicants, and included seven

7471: 7465: 7077: 7041: 6907: 6734: 6684: 6623: 6477: 6165: 6116: 5966: 5788: 5751: 5731: 5672: 5206: 5194: 5137: 5065: 4966: 4863: 4857: 4754: 4742: 4615: 4593: 4517: 4470: 4406: 4211: 4194: 4076:

Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South

1775: 1656: 1477: 1302: 1021: 978: 974: 951: 871:

photographed in 1992. Campbell's Northern Party camped nearby in 1911–1912.

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65 men (including replacements) formed the shore and ship's parties of the

127: 7508: 7408: 7356: 7174: 6961: 6749: 6124: 6056: 5818: 5677: 5640: 5540: 5532: 5340: 4676: 1647: 1532: 1188: 1060:, and thereafter were the subject of a report from Cossar Stewart at the 427:

as "the future interpreter, historian and conscience of the expedition."

330: 52: 665: 7307: 7210: 7194: 7036: 6969: 6870: 6279: 6228: 6188: 5510: 5236: 5164: 5106: 4499: 4467: 4026:

Antarctic Destinies: Scott, Shackleton and the changing face of heroism

1643: 1389: 1035: 885: 868: 846: 715: 674: 567: 543:

relief operation. Scott wanted to sail her as a naval vessel under the

498: 473: 267: 255: 159: 91: 76: 56: 1664:

geographer Frank Debenham and geologist Raymond Priestley founded the

917:, after a perilous journey which included a crossing of the difficult 493: 90:

from 1901 to 1904, and wanted to be the first to reach the geographic

6829: 5666: 5218: 5001: 3600: 3598: 1576: 902: 898: 711: 625: 4411: 3954: 3929: 1740:

veterans were Priestley, Day, Cheetham, Paton and Williams (list of

1575:

was set on fire and later sunk by gunfire off the southern coast of

756: 110:, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the 6761: 3125: 3123: 860: 774: 654: 633: 501:

food company was one of many commercial sponsors of the expedition.

294:, known as "The Wicked Mate", was one of the few who had skills in 3880: 3746: 3595: 3571: 3051: 933: 7388: 6768: 5033: 5009: 4997: 3622: 3224: 3222: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2959: 2702: 2690: 1828:, pp. 79–82); the party was then called the "Eastern Party". 1639: 1631: 1260:

The polar group continued towards the Pole, passing Shackleton's

1098: 621: 559:

regulations which might otherwise have deemed her unfit to sail.

465: 5555: 3120: 1396:

Cherry-Garrard left Hut Point with Dimitri and two dog teams on

282:

once the shore parties had landed; and two Surgeon-Lieutenants,

5634: 4959: 2767: 1635: 1461: 1456:, they raised a cairn near to where they believed he had died. 1365: 1014: 295: 195:, Shackleton had crossed the Great Ice Barrier, discovered the 3844: 3832: 3734: 3547: 3311: 3309: 3219: 3075: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2344: 5020: 3511: 2976: 2974: 2714: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2612: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 1928: 1449: 1044: 32: 3996:"The Scott expedition: how science gained the pole position" 3475: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 2079: 1880: 1803:, p. 127, all report it as a simple, "Am going south". 1375: 1327: 649:

65 imperial gallons (300 L) of petrol. On 10 December,

529:

By far the largest single cost was the purchase of the ship

451:

Tabloid medical chest for Scott's Antarctic Expedition, 1910

391:

who would enjoy later careers of distinction: meteorologist

4269:

A First Rate Tragedy: Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions

3820: 3776: 3758: 3451: 3427: 3403: 3352: 3306: 3282: 3183: 3159: 3135: 3087: 3034: 2527: 2525: 2214: 2166: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2000: 1439:, accompanied by a team of mules that had been landed from 1350: 1043:

After reaching Cape Crozier on 15 July, the party built an

966:

Second geological expedition, November 1911 – February 1912

469: 3369: 3367: 2971: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2791: 2660: 2624: 2549: 2440: 2332: 2202: 1892: 3559: 3535: 3439: 3321: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2680: 2678: 2602: 2600: 2500: 2498: 2392: 2132: 2130: 1904: 509:

Expedition, where fundraising was handled jointly by the

3808: 3674: 3634: 3270: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 2803: 2585: 2522: 2510: 2471: 2262: 2103: 2036: 2024: 1964: 6225: 3868: 3796: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3610: 3583: 3523: 3499: 3487: 3463: 3415: 3391: 3379: 3364: 3340: 3258: 3195: 3171: 3147: 3063: 2322: 2320: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2226: 2055: 1916: 79:

which took place between 1910 and 1913. Led by Captain

2839: 2827: 2815: 2779: 2755: 2738: 2726: 2675: 2636: 2597: 2573: 2495: 2286: 2190: 2154: 2127: 2067: 2012: 1976: 815: 571:

Grotto in an iceberg, 5 January 1911, photographed by

298:, and was chosen to lead the party that would explore 4374:

The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition

3901:"Scott's wrecked ship Terra Nova found off Greenland" 3856: 3294: 3246: 3234: 3207: 3099: 2561: 2483: 2274: 2250: 2238: 853:, where they built a hut close to Norwegian explorer 539:

had been in Antarctica before, as part of the second

3988: 3986: 3984: 2947: 2537: 2459: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2317: 2298: 2178: 2142: 2091: 1988: 1940: 1318:

Every day we have been ready to start for our depot

764:

hut at Hut Point, used as a shelter and stores depot

2115: 1952: 1523:Observation Hill, overlooking Hut Point, where the 1516:: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield". 884:1912, and transferred the party to the vicinity of 807:, which had been produced by Shackleton during the 714:. Scott hoped that this location, which he renamed 278:, who would serve as navigator and take command of 4318: 4141: 4115: 4073: 4023: 3994: 3653: 1443:during its resupply visit the previous summer. On 378:To head his scientific programme, Scott appointed 3981: 1713: 1412: 1323:Last entry. For God's sake look after our people. 1004: 7536: 3923: 3921: 3777:Telegraph Press Association (10 February 1913). 1678:Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions 1538:Controversy was ignited with the publication of 1064:. The eggs failed to support Wilson's theories. 547:; to enable this, he obtained membership of the 460:consequences for their quality and performance. 435:, Scott recruited a young Norwegian ski expert, 353:(cook) and Frederick Hooper (domestic steward). 1851: 934:First geological expedition, January–March 1911 4218: 4206:. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 4189:. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 4044: 3886: 3850: 3752: 3740: 3658:. The Daily Telegraph blog. 30 December 2012. 3604: 3577: 3553: 3517: 3228: 3081: 3057: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2965: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2654: 2618: 2085: 1792: 1697:, a 1924 documentary film about the expedition 302:. Two non-Royal Navy officers were appointed: 154:'s return from the Antarctic in 1904, Captain 4427: 3918: 1818: 1546:(1979, re-published and televised in 1985 as 1490:Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott 1429: 928: 4329:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1831: 1621:. Its submerged remains were found in 2012. 691:Arriving off Ross Island on 4 January 1911, 322:. Oates, independently wealthy, volunteered 4285: 1934: 1791:The telegram's exact wording is uncertain. 1556:(a direct rebuttal of Huntford's version), 386:Expedition he had accompanied Scott on the 341:. Other seamen in the shore party included 4434: 4420: 4356: 4021: 3962: 3838: 1768: 1745: 1527:memorial cross was erected in January 1913 1211: 1097:Scott, Bowers, Wilson, and Edgar Evans at 607: 122:. An attempted landing and exploration of 3953: 1448:tent was collapsed over the bodies and a 1376:Cherry-Garrard's journey to One Ton Depot 1332: 1328:Attempts to relieve the polar party, 1912 1080: 977:cooking seal fry on the blubber stove at 841:1911 they sailed northwards, arriving at 253:, who had been the navigating officer on 7492:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4136: 3814: 3680: 3640: 3481: 3276: 2232: 2172: 2061: 1898: 1812: 1785: 1726: 1518: 1351:Atkinson's aborted journey to meet Scott 1287: 1034: 1020: 969: 859: 755: 679: 664: 566: 492: 446: 306:("Birdie"), who was a lieutenant in the 229: 31: 7067:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4368: 4326:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4316: 4266: 4201: 4184: 4110: 3874: 3826: 3802: 3764: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3616: 3589: 3529: 3505: 3493: 3469: 3457: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3358: 3346: 3315: 3288: 3264: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3093: 3069: 3045: 2980: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2732: 2684: 2669: 2642: 2630: 2606: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2531: 2504: 2489: 2477: 2453: 2338: 2292: 2280: 2256: 2244: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2160: 2136: 2121: 2109: 2073: 2018: 2006: 1982: 1910: 1857:Lieutenant Evans had departed with the 1845: 1825: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1779: 1762: 1758: 897:. Here they suffered severe privations— 14: 7537: 4307: 4162: 3992: 3927: 3898: 2398: 2350: 1970: 1946: 1075: 6211: 4453: 4441: 4415: 4170:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4098: 4068: 4007:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3968: 3862: 3628: 3565: 3541: 3445: 3334: 3300: 3252: 3240: 3213: 3129: 2591: 2543: 2516: 2465: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2326: 2311: 2268: 2184: 2148: 2097: 2049: 2030: 1994: 1958: 1922: 1886: 1864: 1796: 1720: 1561: 992:The party was due to be picked up by 4376:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3662:from the original on 12 January 2022 1751: 1624: 600:thing of the whole expedition", and 472:). Scott always intended to rely on 99:Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen 27:1910–13 British Antarctic expedition 7575:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 7570:Expeditions from the United Kingdom 6853:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 5050:Norse colonization of North America 4237: 4221:Captain Oates, Soldier and Explorer 3971:"Researchers praise Scott's legacy" 3930:"Antarctica: Scientists to the end" 3114: 1683:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1242: 816:Main expedition journeys, 1911–1912 687:by a motor sledge in November 1911. 375:(groom), a Ukrainian, also landed. 24: 6382:United States Exploring Expedition 788: 726: 660: 176:In 1909, Scott received news that 25: 7606: 7456:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 6824:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 4392: 4293:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 4219:Limb, S.; Cordingley, P. (1982). 3969:Ghosh, Pallab (17 January 2012). 3928:Martin, Colin (19 January 2012). 1275: 820: 212:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 7585:United Kingdom and the Antarctic 7350:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 6743:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 3892: 3770: 3646: 1091: 837:became the "Northern Party". On 526:had sailed from British waters. 4030:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 3899:Rincon, Paul (16 August 2012). 1400:, arriving at One Ton Depot on 1308: 751: 333:(no relation to Edward Evans), 137: 126:was unsuccessful. A journey to 7595:History of the Ross Dependency 4310:Edward Wilson of the Antarctic 4122:. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 4051:The Worst Journey in the World 3993:Robson, David (21 June 2011). 3779:"Terra Nova Arrives at Oamaru" 1666:Scott Polar Research Institute 1413:Atkinson's final relief effort 1005:Winter journey to Cape Crozier 13: 1: 6729:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 6664:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 6212: 1701: 1688:List of Antarctic expeditions 1255: 1159:First to reach the South Pole 1139:11 mi (18 km) S of 880:returned from New Zealand on 612: 562: 364:(dog driver), a Russian, and 142: 7086:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 6902:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 6708:French Antarctic Expeditions 6638:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 6524:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 4642:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 4364:. London: William Heinemann. 4350:UK public library membership 1874: 1824:Scott's orders to Campbell ( 1483: 442: 225: 162:as his specific target. The 73:British Antarctic Expedition 7: 6171:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 5850:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 4715:Andrée's balloon expedition 1671: 1292:Grave of the Southern party 744:, an inlet in the Barrier. 320:6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons 10: 7611: 5372:Franklin's lost expedition 5072:Christian IV's expeditions 4454: 4362:The Heart of the Antarctic 4223:. London: B. T. Batsford. 4014: 2086:Limb & Cordingley 1982 1487: 1430:Search party, October 1912 1217:Scott's route compared to 929:Western geological parties 515:Royal Geographical Society 488: 419:, and assistant zoologist 270:personnel released by the 112:Royal Geographical Society 7189: 6920: 6507: 6247: 6224: 6220: 6207: 5726:Great Northern Expedition 5620: 5402:Rae–Richardson expedition 5151: 4996: 4602:British Arctic Expedition 4494: 4466: 4462: 4449: 4252:10.1017/S0032247411000751 4202:Huxley, L., ed. (1913b). 4185:Huxley, L., ed. (1913a). 4054:. London: Penguin Books. 1579:on 13 September 1943, at 1210: 1205: 1197: 1163: 1155: 1135: 1124:1 November 1911 1116: 1106: 1090: 7010:British Antarctic Survey 7004:Captain Arturo Prat Base 6249:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2776:, pp. 292–294, 316. 2353:, pp. 183, 192–193. 1889:, pp. 332, 335–343. 1706: 290:. Ex-Royal Navy officer 266:Among the other serving 7486:Pole of inaccessibility 7149:Antarctic Treaty System 5490:2nd Grinnell expedition 4320:"Wilson, Edward Adrian" 4204:Scott's Last Expedition 4187:Scott's Last Expedition 4144:The Last Place on Earth 4022:Barczewski, S. (2007). 1694:The Great White Silence 1562:2005 biography of Scott 1549:The Last Place on Earth 1144:29 March 1912 1062:University of Edinburgh 703:had previously landed. 608:First season, 1910–1911 75:, was an expedition to 4335:10.1093/ref:odnb/36952 4312:. London: John Murray. 4168:Scott of the Antarctic 1528: 1333:Orders concerning dogs 1325: 1293: 1184:Henry Robertson Bowers 1081:The Barrier: southward 1054:Natural History Museum 1040: 1028: 1001:in January 1913. 981: 950:on 26 January at 872: 765: 688: 677: 575: 502: 452: 304:Henry Robertson Bowers 238: 59: 49:Henry Robertson Bowers 7545:Terra Nova expedition 7156:Transglobe Expedition 7055:Operation Deep Freeze 6464:Challenger expedition 5330:Coppermine expedition 4851:Drifting ice stations 4271:. London: Constable. 4148:. London: Pan Books. 1599:60.25417°N 45.92917°W 1522: 1316: 1291: 1038: 1024: 973: 863: 855:Carstens Borchgrevink 759: 738:Amundsen's expedition 683: 668: 570: 496: 450: 421:Apsley Cherry-Garrard 395:; Canadian physicist 233: 35: 18:Terra Nova expedition 4317:Savours, A. (2011). 4267:Preston, D. (1999). 2223:, pp. 113, 217. 2009:, pp. xxi–xxii. 1723:, pp. 214–215). 1270:Haakon VII of Norway 1174:Edward Adrian Wilson 919:Drygalski Ice Tongue 895:Inexpressible Island 549:Royal Yacht Squadron 423:completed the team. 300:King Edward VII Land 284:George Murray Levick 124:King Edward VII Land 37:Edward Adrian Wilson 7580:Robert Falcon Scott 7326:South magnetic pole 5992:Brusilov expedition 5101:Danish colonization 4539:North magnetic pole 4308:Seaver, G. (1933). 3946:2012Natur.481..264M 3889:, pp. 609–610. 3887:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3851:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3841:, pp. 252–260. 3829:, pp. 410–422. 3767:, pp. 338–349. 3755:, pp. 539–544. 3753:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3741:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3607:, pp. 472–473. 3605:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3580:, pp. 462–463. 3578:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3568:, pp. 555–556. 3554:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3544:, pp. 187–188. 3518:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3484:, pp. 502–503. 3460:, pp. 583–595. 3436:, pp. 590–592. 3412:, pp. 574–580. 3361:, pp. 292–294. 3337:, pp. 547–552. 3318:, pp. 547–562. 3291:, pp. 529–545. 3229:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3192:, pp. 167–168. 3168:, pp. 298–306. 3144:, pp. 162–165. 3096:, pp. 158–159. 3082:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3060:, pp. 351–353. 3058:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3048:, pp. 361–369. 3031:, pp. 323–335. 3029:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3019:, pp. 316–322. 3017:Cherry-Garrard 1970 3007:, pp. 310–312. 3005:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2995:, pp. 295–309. 2993:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2983:, pp. 333–334. 2968:, pp. 305–307. 2966:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2944:, pp. 224–290. 2932:, pp. 222–223. 2920:, pp. 186–221. 2908:, pp. 184–185. 2896:, pp. 401–402. 2884:, pp. 155–179. 2872:, pp. 312–316. 2860:, pp. 134–135. 2800:, pp. 324–328. 2721:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2711:, pp. 182–196. 2709:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2699:, pp. 167–170. 2697:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2672:, pp. 214–216. 2655:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2633:, pp. 187–188. 2619:Cherry-Garrard 1970 2594:, pp. 473–474. 2558:, pp. 106–107. 2519:, pp. 448–450. 2456:, pp. 128–131. 2401:, pp. 127–134. 2341:, pp. 488–489. 2271:, pp. 462–464. 2211:, pp. 112–113. 2175:, pp. 262–264. 2052:, pp. 413–416. 2033:, pp. 401–403. 1973:, pp. 186–187. 1937:, pp. 110–116. 1925:, pp. 335–336. 1913:, pp. 100–101. 1901:, pp. 176–177. 1815:both use this form. 1799:, p. 423, and 1793:Cherry-Garrard 1970 1604:60.25417; -45.92917 1594: / 1170:Robert Falcon Scott 1111:Robert Falcon Scott 1087: 1086:South Polar journey 1076:South polar journey 940:McMurdo Dry Valleys 587:Expedition, of the 555:became exempt from 407:. Senior geologist 308:Royal Indian Marine 235:Robert Falcon Scott 156:Robert Falcon Scott 81:Robert Falcon Scott 41:Robert Falcon Scott 7565:1913 in Antarctica 7560:1912 in Antarctica 7555:1911 in Antarctica 7550:1910 in Antarctica 7017:Operation Windmill 6998:Operation Highjump 5973:Rusanov expedition 5878:A. E. Nordenskiöld 5622:North East Passage 5426:McClure expedition 4106:. London: Collins. 4046:Cherry-Garrard, A. 3448:, p. 560–561. 1748:, pp. 17–18). 1544:Scott and Amundsen 1529: 1294: 1085: 1041: 1039:The collected eggs 1029: 982: 873: 766: 689: 678: 576: 503: 453: 409:T. Griffith Taylor 288:Edward L. Atkinson 239: 205:geographical miles 60: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 6984:Operation Tabarin 6846:Far Eastern Party 6692:Nimrod Expedition 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 5762:M. Pronchishcheva 5684:Siberian Cossacks 5153:Northwest Passage 4486:Research stations 4443:Polar exploration 4348:(Subscription or 3117:, pp. 72–90. 2812:, pp. 87–90. 2534:, pp. 89–90. 2480:, pp. 13–14. 1625:Scientific legacy 1386:The Worst Journey 1384:In his 1922 book 1283:continental drift 1229:Beardmore Glacier 1224: 1223: 1101:at the South Pole 1069:title of the book 944:Koettlitz Glacier 925:in January 1913. 857:'s old quarters. 835:Frank V. Browning 804:South Polar Times 653:met the southern 405:Raymond Priestley 399:; and geologists 318:captain from the 197:Beardmore Glacier 178:Ernest Shackleton 171:Great Ice Barrier 120:Western Mountains 71:, officially the 16:(Redirected from 7602: 7031:Ronne Expedition 6516: 6510: 6374:Dumont d'Urville 6222: 6221: 6209: 6208: 5757:V. Pronchishchev 4464: 4463: 4451: 4450: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4399:Works about the 4387: 4365: 4353: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4282: 4263: 4234: 4215: 4198: 4181: 4159: 4147: 4133: 4121: 4107: 4104:South with Scott 4095: 4079: 4065: 4041: 4029: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2112:, p. 27–29. 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1935:Riffenburgh 2005 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1868: 1863:in March 1912. ( 1855: 1849: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1789: 1783: 1772: 1766: 1755: 1749: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1504:Observation Hill 1501: 1455: 1446: 1438: 1425: 1421: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1371: 1243:Beardmore ascent 1215: 1151: 1149: 1131: 1129: 1095: 1088: 1084: 1058:South Kensington 1026:Emperor penguins 916: 912: 891: 883: 852: 840: 827:George P. Abbott 413:Edward W. Nelson 374: 366:Anton Omelchenko 363: 325: 274:were Lieutenant 21: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7518: 7193: 7185: 7061:McMurdo Station 6930:Modern research 6928: 6916: 6651:O. Nordenskjöld 6514: 6508: 6503: 6419:Ross expedition 6243: 6216: 6195: 5624: 5616: 5157:Northern Canada 5155: 5147: 5000: 4992: 4498: 4490: 4458: 4445: 4440: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4301: 4287:Riffenburgh, B. 4279: 4231: 4178: 4156: 4130: 4092: 4062: 4038: 4017: 4012: 3991: 3982: 3967: 3963: 3955:10.1038/481264a 3926: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853:, pp. 564. 3849: 3845: 3839:Barczewski 2007 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3322: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1867:, p. 556). 1856: 1852: 1848:, p. 183). 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1790: 1786: 1782:, p. 600). 1773: 1769: 1765:, p. 486). 1756: 1752: 1746:Shackleton 1911 1731: 1727: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1674: 1627: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1554:Ranulph Fiennes 1540:Roland Huntford 1499: 1492: 1486: 1453: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1378: 1369: 1353: 1335: 1330: 1311: 1278: 1262:Farthest South 1258: 1245: 1216: 1193: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121:Cape Evans base 1102: 1099:Amundsen's base 1083: 1078: 1007: 986:Granite Harbour 968: 936: 931: 914: 910: 889: 881: 850: 838: 823: 818: 791: 789:Winter quarters 754: 729: 727:Amundsen's camp 663: 661:Cape Evans base 640:Scott rejoined 615: 610: 589:emperor penguin 573:Herbert Ponting 565: 535:, for £12,500. 491: 445: 433:Fridtjof Nansen 429:Herbert Ponting 417:Denis G. Lillie 368: 357: 351:Thomas Clissold 343:Patrick Keohane 323: 292:Victor Campbell 228: 145: 140: 104:its supply ship 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7608: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7478:Vostok Station 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7429:Cherry-Garrard 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7269:Southern Cross 7265: 7264: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7199: 7197: 7191:Farthest South 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7152: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6888:Ross Sea party 6884: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6849: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6688: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6582:Southern Cross 6575:Southern Cross 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6519: 6517: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6321:Bellingshausen 6311: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6180: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5630: 5628: 5626:Russian Arctic 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5068: 5063: 5061:Snæbjörn galti 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4963: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4854: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496:Farthest North 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4394: 4393:External links 4391: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4366: 4358:Shackleton, E. 4354: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4283: 4277: 4264: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4199: 4182: 4176: 4160: 4154: 4134: 4128: 4108: 4096: 4090: 4066: 4060: 4042: 4036: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010: 3980: 3961: 3917: 3891: 3879: 3877:, p. 221. 3867: 3865:, p. 426. 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3817:, p. 526. 3807: 3805:, p. 229. 3795: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3743:, p. 530. 3733: 3731:, p. 211. 3721: 3719:, p. 309. 3709: 3707:, p. 210. 3697: 3695:, p. 306. 3685: 3683:, p. 504. 3673: 3645: 3643:, p. 503. 3633: 3631:, ch. 17. 3621: 3619:, p. 251. 3609: 3594: 3592:, p. 249. 3582: 3570: 3558: 3556:, p. 465. 3546: 3534: 3532:, p. 250. 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 209. 3498: 3496:, p. 361. 3486: 3474: 3472:, p. 180. 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3424:, p. 589. 3414: 3402: 3400:, p. 584. 3390: 3388:, p. 575. 3378: 3376:, p. 583. 3363: 3351: 3349:, p. 581. 3339: 3320: 3305: 3303:, p. 543. 3293: 3281: 3279:, p. 481. 3269: 3267:, p. 545. 3257: 3255:, p. 536. 3245: 3243:, p. 534. 3233: 3231:, p. 439. 3218: 3216:, p. 530. 3206: 3204:, p. 496. 3194: 3182: 3180:, p. 275. 3170: 3158: 3156:, p. 470. 3146: 3134: 3119: 3098: 3086: 3084:, p. 350. 3074: 3072:, p. 260. 3062: 3050: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2848:, p. 130. 2838: 2836:, p. 126. 2826: 2824:, p. 112. 2814: 2802: 2790: 2788:, p. 259. 2778: 2766: 2764:, p. 158. 2754: 2752:, p. 151. 2737: 2735:, p. 149. 2725: 2723:, p. 201. 2713: 2701: 2689: 2687:, p. 142. 2674: 2659: 2657:, p. 147. 2647: 2645:, p. 206. 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 172. 2611: 2609:, p. 144. 2596: 2584: 2582:, p. 139. 2572: 2560: 2548: 2546:, p. 450. 2536: 2521: 2509: 2507:, p. 137. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 424. 2458: 2439: 2437:, p. 411. 2427: 2425:, p. 409. 2415: 2413:, p. 474. 2403: 2391: 2389:, p. 398. 2379: 2377:, p. 406. 2367: 2365:, p. 277. 2355: 2343: 2331: 2329:, p. 401. 2316: 2314:, p. 397. 2297: 2295:, p. 432. 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2235:, p. 255. 2225: 2213: 2201: 2199:, p. 101. 2189: 2187:, p. 432. 2177: 2165: 2163:, p. 114. 2153: 2151:, p. 417. 2141: 2139:, p. 112. 2126: 2114: 2102: 2100:, p. 375. 2090: 2078: 2076:, p. 111. 2066: 2064:, p. 267. 2054: 2035: 2023: 2021:, p. 498. 2011: 1999: 1997:, p. 425. 1987: 1985:, p. 157. 1975: 1963: 1961:, p. 430. 1951: 1949:, p. 179. 1939: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1850: 1830: 1817: 1795:, p. 82, 1784: 1767: 1750: 1725: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1626: 1623: 1485: 1482: 1431: 1428: 1414: 1411: 1377: 1374: 1352: 1349: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1310: 1307: 1277: 1276:The last march 1274: 1257: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1222: 1221: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179:Lawrence Oates 1176: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1050:Beaufort scale 1006: 1003: 967: 964: 960:Taylor Glacier 956:Ferrar Glacier 935: 932: 930: 927: 865:Borchgrevink's 831:Harry Dickason 822: 821:Northern Party 819: 817: 814: 790: 787: 753: 750: 740:camped in the 728: 725: 685:William Lashly 662: 659: 614: 611: 609: 606: 580:British Empire 564: 561: 557:Board of Trade 490: 487: 444: 441: 401:Frank Debenham 397:Charles Wright 393:George Simpson 388:Farthest South 339:William Lashly 314:("Titus"), an 312:Lawrence Oates 227: 224: 220:Roald Amundsen 216:Douglas Mawson 144: 141: 139: 136: 45:Lawrence Oates 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7607: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609:Discovery Hut 6607: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6139:A. Sibiryakov 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6111:Glavsevmorput 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413:J. Richardson 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:M. Corte-Real 5173: 5171: 5170:G. Corte-Real 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093:C. Richardson 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4902:Georgiy Sedov 4898: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4789:Riiser-Larsen 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4383:9780300099218 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4300:9780747572534 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278:9780094795303 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4230:9780713426939 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4177:9780297774334 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4155:9780330288163 4151: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4129:9780340826973 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118:Captain Scott 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4091:9780007150687 4087: 4083: 4082:HarperCollins 4078: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4061:9780140095012 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4037:9781847251923 4033: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4019: 4006: 4002: 4001:The Telegraph 3997: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940:(7381): 264. 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3815:Huntford 1985 3811: 3804: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3681:Huntford 1985 3677: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3641:Huntford 1985 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3520:, p. 31. 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3482:Huntford 1985 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3277:Huntford 1985 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3132:, ch. 9. 3131: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2570:, p. 99. 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2492:, p. 16. 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2289: 2283:, p. 50. 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2259:, p. 22. 2258: 2253: 2247:, p. 89. 2246: 2241: 2234: 2233:Huntford 1985 2229: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2173:Huntford 1985 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2088:, p. 94. 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2062:Huntford 1985 2058: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1899:Huntford 1985 1895: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1744:personnel in 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1558:Susan Solomon 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Joseph Kinsey 1463: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1427: 1410: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1373: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1324: 1321: 1320:11 miles 1315: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1141:One Ton Depot 1138: 1134: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1089: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1000: 995: 990: 987: 980: 976: 972: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 926: 924: 920: 906: 904: 900: 896: 887: 879: 870: 866: 862: 858: 856: 848: 844: 843:Robertson Bay 836: 832: 828: 813: 810: 806: 805: 800: 795: 786: 782: 778: 776: 770: 763: 758: 749: 745: 743: 742:Bay of Whales 739: 735: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 686: 682: 676: 672: 667: 658: 656: 652: 647: 646:Port Chalmers 643: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 605: 603: 602:Victoria Land 599: 594: 590: 586: 581: 574: 569: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533: 527: 525: 520: 516: 512: 511:Royal Society 508: 500: 495: 486: 483: 479: 478:Polar Plateau 475: 471: 467: 461: 458: 449: 440: 438: 434: 430: 424: 422: 418: 414: 411:, biologists 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 385: 381: 380:Edward Wilson 376: 372: 367: 361: 356: 355:Dimitri Gerov 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:Harry Pennell 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 244: 236: 232: 223: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 201:Polar Plateau 199:route to the 198: 194: 193:McMurdo Sound 191:anchorage in 190: 186: 184: 179: 174: 172: 168: 166: 161: 157: 153: 152: 135: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Victoria Land 113: 109: 105: 100: 95: 93: 89: 87: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 66: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 7532: 7484: 7472:Pole of Cold 7470: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7355: 7348: 7324: 7295: 7281: 7275:Borchgrevink 7267: 7254: 7239: 7219: 7204: 7173: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7117: 7108: 7091: 7084: 7065: 7053: 7029: 7015: 7008: 6996: 6982: 6968: 6954: 6947: 6908: 6900: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6859: 6851: 6844: 6831: 6822: 6784: 6777: 6776: 6767: 6760: 6748: 6741: 6727: 6715:Pourquoi-Pas 6714: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6685:Orcadas Base 6683: 6675: 6662: 6656:C. A. Larsen 6644: 6636: 6622: 6615: 6602: 6594: 6588:Borchgrevink 6581: 6573: 6530: 6522: 6497:C. A. Larsen 6490: 6471: 6462: 6444: 6426: 6417: 6404: 6389: 6380: 6367: 6328: 6314: 6307: 6288: 6273: 6183: 6176: 6159: 6152: 6138: 6123: 6109: 6096: 6071: 6057: 6055: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6031: 5997: 5990: 5971: 5937: 5935: 5921: 5919: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5869: 5867: 5848: 5724: 5682: 5665: 5633: 5597: 5595: 5575: 5574: 5554: 5553: 5539: 5526: 5511: 5497: 5488: 5475: 5446: 5434:Investigator 5433: 5424: 5400: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5357: 5328: 5305: 5290: 5275: 5245: 5230: 5200: 5119: 5099: 5070: 5066:Erik the Red 5048: 5026: 5019: 4976:submersibles 4973: 4967:Arktika 2007 4965: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4932: 4923: 4920: 4901: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4856: 4849: 4825: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4766: 4764: 4735: 4732: 4721:S. A. Andrée 4713: 4700: 4675: 4667: 4664: 4640: 4622: 4609: 4600: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4537: 4407:Open Library 4400: 4373: 4361: 4338:. Retrieved 4324: 4309: 4290: 4268: 4246:(1): 72–90. 4243: 4240:Polar Record 4239: 4220: 4203: 4186: 4167: 4143: 4138:Huntford, R. 4117: 4103: 4075: 4050: 4025: 4000: 3974: 3964: 3937: 3933: 3908:. Retrieved 3904: 3894: 3882: 3875:Preston 1999 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3827:Fiennes 2003 3822: 3810: 3803:Preston 1999 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3783:Evening Post 3782: 3772: 3765:Huxley 1913b 3760: 3748: 3736: 3729:Preston 1999 3724: 3717:Huxley 1913b 3712: 3705:Preston 1999 3700: 3693:Huxley 1913b 3688: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3648: 3636: 3624: 3617:Solomon 2001 3612: 3590:Solomon 2001 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3530:Solomon 2001 3525: 3513: 3506:Preston 1999 3501: 3494:Fiennes 2003 3489: 3477: 3470:Preston 1999 3465: 3458:Huxley 1913a 3453: 3441: 3434:Huxley 1913a 3429: 3422:Huxley 1913a 3417: 3410:Huxley 1913a 3405: 3398:Huxley 1913a 3393: 3386:Huxley 1913a 3381: 3374:Huxley 1913a 3359:Solomon 2001 3354: 3347:Huxley 1913a 3342: 3316:Huxley 1913a 3296: 3289:Huxley 1913a 3284: 3272: 3265:Huxley 1913a 3260: 3248: 3236: 3209: 3202:Huxley 1913a 3197: 3190:Preston 1999 3185: 3178:Fiennes 2003 3173: 3166:Huxley 1913a 3161: 3154:Huxley 1913a 3149: 3142:Preston 1999 3137: 3094:Preston 1999 3089: 3077: 3070:Fiennes 2003 3065: 3053: 3046:Huxley 1913a 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2981:Huxley 1913a 2961: 2956:, p. 1. 2954:Huxley 1913b 2949: 2942:Huxley 1913b 2937: 2930:Huxley 1913b 2925: 2918:Huxley 1913b 2913: 2906:Huxley 1913b 2901: 2894:Huxley 1913b 2889: 2882:Huxley 1913b 2877: 2870:Huxley 1913b 2865: 2858:Huxley 1913b 2853: 2846:Huxley 1913b 2841: 2834:Huxley 1913b 2829: 2822:Huxley 1913b 2817: 2810:Huxley 1913b 2805: 2798:Huxley 1913a 2793: 2786:Huxley 1913a 2781: 2774:Huxley 1913a 2769: 2762:Preston 1999 2757: 2750:Preston 1999 2733:Preston 1999 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2685:Preston 1999 2670:Preston 1999 2650: 2643:Fiennes 2003 2638: 2631:Huxley 1913a 2626: 2614: 2607:Preston 1999 2587: 2580:Preston 1999 2575: 2568:Huxley 1913a 2563: 2556:Huxley 1913a 2551: 2539: 2532:Huxley 1913a 2512: 2505:Preston 1999 2490:Huxley 1913a 2485: 2478:Huxley 1913a 2473: 2461: 2454:Preston 1999 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2339:Huxley 1913b 2334: 2293:Huxley 1913a 2288: 2281:Preston 1999 2276: 2264: 2257:Solomon 2001 2252: 2245:Preston 1999 2240: 2228: 2221:Preston 1999 2216: 2209:Preston 1999 2204: 2197:Preston 1999 2192: 2180: 2168: 2161:Preston 1999 2156: 2144: 2137:Preston 1999 2122:Savours 2011 2117: 2110:Solomon 2001 2105: 2093: 2081: 2074:Preston 1999 2069: 2057: 2026: 2019:Huxley 1913b 2014: 2007:Huxley 1913a 2002: 1990: 1983:Fiennes 2003 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1911:Preston 1999 1906: 1894: 1882: 1858: 1853: 1846:Huxley 1913b 1839: 1833: 1826:Huxley 1913b 1820: 1805:Solomon 2001 1801:Preston 1999 1787: 1780:Huxley 1913a 1776:Edgar Speyer 1770: 1763:Huxley 1913a 1759:Huxley 1913a 1753: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1715: 1692: 1661: 1657:Glossopteris 1655: 1651: 1628: 1610: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1511: 1495: 1493: 1478:Christchurch 1469: 1458: 1440: 1433: 1416: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1309:Eleven miles 1303:Edgar Speyer 1299: 1295: 1279: 1266: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1066: 1042: 1030: 1010: 1008: 998: 993: 991: 983: 979:Cape Roberts 975:Robert Forde 952:Butter Point 947: 937: 922: 911:30 September 907: 877: 874: 867:1899 hut at 824: 808: 802: 796: 792: 783: 779: 771: 767: 761: 752:Depot laying 746: 736:encountered 733: 730: 721: 707: 705: 700: 696: 692: 690: 650: 641: 639: 629: 620:sailed from 617: 616: 597: 593:Cape Crozier 584: 577: 552: 545:White Ensign 540: 536: 530: 528: 523: 518: 506: 504: 481: 462: 457:Cecil Meares 454: 437:Tryggve Gran 425: 383: 377: 347:Robert Forde 328: 279: 265: 260: 254: 251:Edward Evans 246: 242: 240: 209: 188: 182: 175: 164: 150: 146: 138:Preparations 132: 128:Cape Crozier 96: 85: 72: 68: 64: 63: 61: 29: 7175:Lake Vostok 7125:Tryoshnikov 7047:Schlossbach 6938:Christensen 6880:James Caird 6801:E. R. Evans 6567:Dobrowolski 6537:de Gerlache 6239:Expeditions 6125:Aviaarktika 6079:Samoylovich 5950:Kolomeitsev 5844:Middendorff 5804:Gedenshtrom 5224:I. Fyodorov 4986:Chilingarov 4874:E. Fyodorov 4481:Expeditions 4370:Solomon, S. 4112:Fiennes, R. 3788:9 September 2399:Seaver 1933 2351:Huxley 1977 1971:Huxley 1977 1947:Huxley 1977 1648:meteorology 1602: / 1533:tragic hero 1454:15 November 1445:12 November 1398:26 February 1370:22 February 1189:Edgar Evans 890:18 February 851:17 February 671:Scott's Hut 517:(RGS), the 505:Unlike the 474:man-hauling 468:and of the 369: [ 358: [ 331:Edgar Evans 53:Edgar Evans 7590:South Pole 7539:Categories 7398:Terra Nova 7303:Shackleton 7246:J. C. Ross 7205:Resolution 7195:South Pole 6970:New Swabia 6894:Mackintosh 6866:Shackleton 6785:Terra Nova 6778:Terra Nova 6512:Heroic Age 6472:Challenger 6432:J. C. Ross 6342:Bransfield 6274:Resolution 6189:icebreaker 6153:Chelyuskin 5894:expedition 5872:Expedition 5814:Matyushkin 5772:Kh. Laptev 5767:Chelyuskin 5661:Heemskerck 5651:Chancellor 5646:Willoughby 5641:Koch boats 5584:Stefansson 5518:McClintock 5482:Inglefield 5324:J. C. Ross 5231:Resolution 5083:Cunningham 4981:Sagalevich 4670:expedition 4629:Stephenson 4589:C. F. Hall 4576:expedition 4550:J. C. Ross 4513:Heemskerck 4500:North Pole 4403:expedition 4401:Terra Nova 4352:required.) 4164:Huxley, E. 4080:. London: 3863:Crane 2005 3629:Evans 1949 3566:Crane 2005 3542:Evans 1949 3446:Crane 2005 3335:Crane 2005 3301:Crane 2005 3253:Crane 2005 3241:Crane 2005 3214:Crane 2005 3130:Evans 1949 2592:Crane 2005 2544:Crane 2005 2517:Crane 2005 2466:Crane 2005 2435:Crane 2005 2423:Crane 2005 2411:Crane 2005 2387:Crane 2005 2375:Crane 2005 2363:Crane 2005 2327:Crane 2005 2312:Crane 2005 2269:Crane 2005 2185:Crane 2005 2149:Crane 2005 2098:Crane 2005 2050:Crane 2005 2031:Crane 2005 1995:Crane 2005 1959:Crane 2005 1923:Crane 2005 1887:Crane 2005 1865:Crane 2005 1860:Terra Nova 1842:Expedition 1797:Crane 2005 1721:Crane 2005 1702:References 1662:Terra Nova 1652:Terra Nova 1644:glaciology 1611:Terra Nova 1608: ( 1589:45°55′45″W 1586:60°15′15″N 1573:Terra Nova 1525:Terra Nova 1500:18 January 1496:Terra Nova 1488:See also: 1470:Terra Nova 1441:Terra Nova 1437:29 October 1390:postscript 1358:Terra Nova 1340:Terra Nova 1256:South Pole 1219:Amundsen's 1198:Fatalities 1148:1912-03-29 1128:1911-11-01 999:Terra Nova 994:Terra Nova 948:Terra Nova 923:Terra Nova 915:7 November 886:Evans Cove 878:Terra Nova 869:Cape Adare 847:Cape Adare 839:9 February 734:Terra Nova 716:Cape Evans 693:Terra Nova 675:Cape Evans 651:Terra Nova 642:Terra Nova 630:Terra Nova 618:Terra Nova 613:Voyage out 591:colony at 563:Objectives 553:Terra Nova 537:Terra Nova 532:Terra Nova 524:Terra Nova 519:Terra Nova 280:Terra Nova 268:Royal Navy 243:Terra Nova 185:expedition 167:Expedition 160:South Pole 143:Background 92:South Pole 88:Expedition 77:Antarctica 69:Expedition 65:Terra Nova 57:South Pole 7497:Tolstikov 7283:Discovery 7253:HMS 7238:HMS 7220:Adventure 7218:HMS 7203:HMS 7139:Tolstikov 6860:Endurance 6645:Antarctic 6630:Drygalski 6603:Discovery 6596:Discovery 6557:Arctowski 6470:HMS 6443:HMS 6437:Abernethy 6425:HMS 6403:USS 6390:Vincennes 6388:USS 6368:Astrolabe 6308:San Telmo 6289:Adventure 6287:HMS 6272:HMS 6267:Kerguelen 6229:Continent 6214:Antarctic 6091:Urvantsev 6049:Vilkitsky 5902:Jeannette 5900:USS 5892:Jeannette 5856:Weyprecht 5834:Pakhtusov 5784:Chichagov 5777:D. Laptev 5720:Permyakov 5695:Stadukhin 5690:Perfilyev 5667:Mangazeya 5605:H. Larsen 5570:Rasmussen 5525:HMS 5496:USS 5445:HMS 5432:HMS 5396:Collinson 5386:HMS 5378:HMS 5356:HMS 5304:HMS 5289:HMS 5274:HMS 5259:Mackenzie 5246:Discovery 5244:HMS 5229:HMS 5201:Discovery 5180:Frobisher 5143:Rasmussen 5056:Gunnbjörn 5002:Greenland 4931:USS 4922:USS 4794:Ellsworth 4736:Roosevelt 4666:Nansen's 4623:Discovery 4621:HMS 4608:HMS 4555:Abernethy 4523:Marmaduke 4260:145297104 4100:Evans, E. 4070:Crane, D. 4048:(1970) . 3910:16 August 1875:Footnotes 1840:Discovery 1734:Discovery 1577:Greenland 1484:Aftermath 1474:Lyttelton 1011:Discovery 903:dysentery 899:frostbite 882:4 January 809:Discovery 775:snowshoes 762:Discovery 712:Hut Point 708:Discovery 697:Discovery 626:Melbourne 585:Discovery 541:Discovery 507:Discovery 482:Discovery 443:Transport 384:Discovery 335:Tom Crean 272:Admiralty 261:Discovery 247:Discovery 226:Personnel 189:Discovery 165:Discovery 151:Discovery 108:Admiralty 86:Discovery 7509:A. Fuchs 7466:V. Fuchs 7446:McKinley 7409:E. Evans 7368:Bjaaland 7363:Amundsen 7313:Marshall 7226:Furneaux 7078:V. Fuchs 7042:E. Ronne 7037:F. Ronne 6976:Ritscher 6830:SY 6818:Filchner 6762:Framheim 6756:Amundsen 6562:Racoviță 6547:Amundsen 6542:Lecointe 6411:Ringgold 6405:Porpoise 6295:Furneaux 6131:Shevelev 6086:Begichev 6065:Amundsen 6027:Nagórski 6005:Brusilov 5999:Sv. Anna 5913:Melville 5883:Palander 5839:Tsivolko 5799:Sannikov 5794:Billings 5737:Chirikov 5656:Barentsz 5598:St. Roch 5589:Bartlett 5563:Amundsen 5547:Sverdrup 5447:Resolute 5336:Franklin 5264:Kotzebue 5131:Sverdrup 5114:Scoresby 5088:Lindenov 4939:Plaisted 4924:Nautilus 4869:Shirshov 4843:Belyakov 4838:Baydukov 4812:Nautilus 4774:Amundsen 4734:SS 4693:Sverdrup 4688:Johansen 4658:Brainard 4653:Lockwood 4508:Barentsz 4372:(2001). 4360:(1911). 4289:(2005). 4166:(1977). 4140:(1985). 4114:(2003). 4102:(1949). 4072:(2005). 4005:Archived 3975:BBC News 3905:BBC News 3660:Archived 3115:May 2013 1813:Huntford 1672:See also 1542:'s book 1508:Tennyson 1424:30 March 1420:26 March 1407:10 March 942:and the 799:football 760:Scott's 655:pack ice 634:telegram 628:he left 513:and the 476:for the 118:and the 7514:Messner 7461:Hillary 7441:Balchen 7389:Polheim 7383:Wisting 7261:Crozier 7233:Weddell 7211:J. Cook 7181:Kapitsa 7162:Fiennes 7104:Klenova 7073:Hillary 7023:Ketchum 6949:BANZARE 6924:· 6769:Polheim 6735:Shirase 6721:Charcot 6531:Belgica 6450:Crozier 6362:Morrell 6357:Weddell 6335:Lazarev 6280:J. Cook 6234:History 6184:Arktika 6160:Krassin 6145:Voronin 6117:Schmidt 6103:Ushakov 6042:Vaygach 6010:Albanov 5979:Rusanov 5960:Kolchak 5955:Matisen 5929:Makarov 5908:De Long 5809:Wrangel 5789:Lyakhov 5742:Malygin 5700:Dezhnev 5527:Pandora 5498:Advance 5465:Kennedy 5460:Belcher 5453:Kellett 5440:McClure 5364:Beechey 5358:Blossom 5351:Simpson 5319:Crozier 5312:Hoppner 5269:J. Ross 5237:J. Cook 5185:Gilbert 5078:J. Hall 5044:Ingólfr 5034:Naddodd 5028:Vikings 5015:Brendan 5010:Pytheas 4998:Iceland 4952:Arktika 4944:Herbert 4909:Badygin 4879:Krenkel 4864:Papanin 4833:Chkalov 4819:Wilkins 4784:Wisting 4728:F. Cook 4634:Markham 4594:Bessels 4583:Polaris 4574:Polaris 4545:J. Ross 4528:Carolus 4476:History 4212:1522514 4195:1522514 4015:Sources 3942:Bibcode 1809:Fiennes 1640:geology 1632:zoology 1513:Ulysses 1402:4 March 1146: ( 1126: ( 845:, near 669:Inside 622:Cardiff 489:Finance 466:Snowcat 256:Morning 237:in 1905 55:at the 7424:Bowers 7419:Wilson 7378:Hassel 7373:Helmer 7342:Mackay 7332:Mawson 7297:Nimrod 7255:Terror 7240:Erebus 7167:Burton 6962:Rymill 6838:Mawson 6832:Aurora 6811:Lashly 6796:Wilson 6699:Nimrod 6676:Scotia 6483:Murray 6458:Cooper 6445:Terror 6427:Erebus 6396:Wilkes 6347:Palmer 6315:Vostok 6262:Bouvet 6186:-class 6166:Gakkel 6034:Taymyr 6015:Konrad 5984:Kuchin 5922:Yermak 5829:Lavrov 5747:Ovtsyn 5732:Bering 5710:Ivanov 5673:Hudson 5635:Pomors 5612:Cowper 5577:Karluk 5476:Isabel 5470:Bellot 5420:Austin 5388:Terror 5380:Erebus 5276:Griper 5252:Clerke 5212:Baffin 5195:Hudson 5126:Nansen 5039:Garðar 4960:Barneo 4827:ANT-25 4803:Italia 4779:Nobile 4748:Henson 4707:Amedeo 4683:Nansen 4648:Greely 4518:Hudson 4456:Arctic 4380: 4346: 4297: 4291:Nimrod 4275: 4258: 4227: 4210: 4193: 4174: 4152: 4126: 4088: 4058: 4034: 3934:Nature 1742:Nimrod 1738:Nimrod 1650:. The 1646:, and 1636:botany 1462:Oamaru 1366:scurvy 1107:Leader 1015:embryo 833:) and 701:Nimrod 324:£1,000 310:, and 296:skiing 259:, the 214:under 183:Nimrod 147:After 7504:Crary 7451:Dufek 7414:Oates 7404:Scott 7337:David 7318:Adams 7289:Barne 7110:Mirny 7099:Somov 6909:Quest 6806:Crean 6791:Scott 6670:Bruce 6624:Gauss 6617:Gauss 6491:Jason 6478:Nares 6352:Davis 6329:Mirny 6302:Smith 6257:Roché 6177:Lenin 6097:Sadko 6022:Wiese 5967:Sedov 5938:Zarya 5861:Payer 5824:Litke 5819:Anjou 5752:Minin 5715:Vagin 5705:Popov 5678:Poole 5533:Young 5346:Dease 5291:Hecla 5282:Parry 5207:Bylot 5190:Davis 5165:Cabot 5138:Peary 5120:Jason 5107:Egede 5021:Papar 4933:Skate 4914:Wiese 4894:NP-37 4887:NP-36 4767:Norge 4755:Sedov 4743:Peary 4701:Jason 4616:Nares 4610:Alert 4565:Hayes 4533:Parry 4471:Ocean 4340:8 May 4256:S2CID 3666:7 May 1707:Notes 1476:near 1450:cairn 1206:Route 1117:Start 1045:igloo 373:] 362:] 7436:Byrd 7357:Fram 7308:Wild 6990:Marr 6956:BGLE 6943:Byrd 6871:Wild 6750:Fram 6552:Cook 6073:AARI 6058:Maud 5945:Toll 5870:Vega 5556:Gjøa 5541:Fram 5504:Kane 5341:Back 5306:Fury 5297:Lyon 5219:Munk 4858:NP-1 4760:Byrd 4677:Fram 4668:Fram 4560:Kane 4378:ISBN 4342:2015 4295:ISBN 4273:ISBN 4225:ISBN 4208:OCLC 4191:OCLC 4172:ISBN 4150:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4086:ISBN 4056:ISBN 4032:ISBN 3912:2012 3790:2012 3668:2015 1811:and 1732:The 1164:Crew 1156:Goal 699:and 497:The 470:tank 415:and 403:and 337:and 316:Army 286:and 149:RRS 62:The 51:and 7133:3rd 7119:2nd 7093:1st 6926:IGY 6922:IPY 5512:Fox 5408:Rae 4974:Mir 4950:NS 4405:at 4331:doi 4248:doi 3950:doi 3938:481 1844:. 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