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shows that these centers were the economic and cultural engines of
Teotihuacan. Established by the elite to showcase the sumptuary goods that the resident craftsmen provided, the neighborhood centers representing diversity in goods was aided by the heavy concentration of immigrated individuals from different regions of Mesoamerica. Along with archeological evidence pointing to one of the primary traded items being textiles, craftspeople capitalized on their mastery of painting, building, the performance of music and military training. These neighborhood centers closely resembled individual compounds, often surrounded by physical barriers separating them from the others. In this way, Teotihuacan developed an internal economic competition that fueled productivity and helped create a social structure of its own that differed from the larger structure. The repeated actions of the craftworkers left their physical mark. Based on the wear of teeth, archeologists were able to determine that some bodies worked with fibers with their frontal teeth, insinuating that they were involved with making nets, like those depicted in mural art. Female skeletons provided evidence that they might have sewn or painted for long periods of time, indicative of the headdresses that were created as well as pottery which was fired and painted. Wear on specific joints indicate the carrying of heavy objects over an extended period of time. Evidence of these heavy materials is found in the copious amounts of imported pottery, and raw materials found on-site, such as rhyolitic glass shards, marble, and slate. The residences of the rural population of the city were in enclaves between the middle-class residences or the periphery of the city while smaller encampments filled with earthenware from other regions, also suggest that merchants were situated in their own encampments as well.
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the pre-Columbian New World. The size and quality of the monuments, the originality of the residential architecture, and the miraculous iconography in the colored murals of the buildings or the vases with the paintings of butterflies, eagles, coyotes with feathers and jaguars, suggest beyond any doubt a high-level civilization, whose cultural influences were spread and transplanted into all the
Mesoamerican populations. The main monuments of the city of Teotihuacan are connected to each other by a central road of 45 meters wide and a length of 2 kilometers, called "Avenue of the Dead " (Avenida de Los Muertos), because it is believed to have been paved with tombs. East is the imposing "Pyramid of the Sun " (Piramide del Sol), the third-largest pyramid in the world. It has a volume of 1 million cubic meters. It is a gradual pyramid, with a base dimension of 219.4 x 231.6 meters and a height of 65 meters. At the top of the pyramid, there was a huge pedestal, where human sacrifices were made. At the north end of the city, the Boulevard of the dead ends in the "Pyramid of the Moon " (Piramide de la Luna), surrounded laterally by platforms-ramps and lower pyramids. In the southern part is the "Temple of Cetzalkokal " (Quetzalcoatl), dedicated to God in the form of a winged serpent, which gives life and fertility. Sculpture representation of the God Ketzalkokal and twelve Heads of winged snakes adorn the two sides of the uphill scale of the temple.
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geographical boundaries of the city, with cities such as Monte Alban in Oaxaca Mexico, Tikal in
Guatemala, and some Mayan states. Figurines, blades, arrowheads, spikes, knife handles, jewelry, masks, or ornaments, etc were some of the most notable and common objects constructed. Obsidian came mainly from the mines of Pachuca (Teotihuacan) and its processing was the most important industry in the city, which had acquired the monopoly in the trade of obsidian in the broader Middle American region. The state also heavily monitored the trade, movement, and creation of obsidian tools, as it was such an important industry in the city that it was limited to the regional workshops where the tools were produced. This brittle yet strong rock, was mainly formed into objects by flaking off pieces from a larger cone, but wood and bone tools have also been found to have been used in the process.
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1464:. Both cities, roughly the same size and hubs for trade, were productive centers of artisans and commerce. Roughly around 100 BCE, however, the power dynamic changed when Mount Xitle, an active volcano, erupted, and heavily affected Cuicuilco and the farmland that supported it. It is believed that the later exponential growth of Teotihuacan's population was due to the subsequent migration of those displaced by the eruption. While this eruption is referenced as being the primary cause of the mass exodus, recent advancements of dating have shed light on an even earlier eruption. The eruption of Popocatepetl in the middle of the first century preceded that of Xitle, and is believed to have begun the aforementioned degradation of agricultural lands and structural damage to the city. Xitle's eruption further instigated the abandonment of Cuicuilco.
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orientation of the
Ciudadela. The two constructions recorded sunrises and sunsets on particular dates, allowing the use of an observational calendar. The orientation of the Sun Pyramid was intended to record âthe sunrises on February 11 and October 29 and sunsets on April 30 and August 13. The interval from February 11 and October 29, as well as from August 13 to April 30, is exactly 260 daysâ. The recorded intervals are multiples of 13 and 20 days, which were elementary periods of the Mesoamerican calendar. Furthermore, the Sun Pyramid is aligned to Cerro Gordo to the north, which means that it was purposefully built on a spot where a structure with a rectangular ground plan could satisfy both topographic and astronomical requirements. The artificial cave under the pyramid additionally attests to the importance of this spot.
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entrance; a vertical shaft of almost 5 meters by side is the access to the tunnel. At 14 meters deep, the entrance leads to a nearly 100-meter long corridor that ends in a series of underground galleries in the rock. After archeologists broke ground at the entrance of the tunnel, a staircase, and ladders that would allow easy access to the subterranean site were installed. Works advanced slowly and with painstaking care; excavating was done manually, with spades. Nearly 1,000 tons of soil and debris were removed from the tunnel. There were large spiral seashells, cat bones, pottery, fragments of human skin. The rich array of objects unearthed included: wooden masks covered with inlaid rock
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the Sun in specific places throughout
Teotihuacan in precise degrees and angles over three km in distance. The layout of these crosses suggests it was there to work as a grid to the layout of Teotihuacan because they are laid out in a rectangular shape facing the Avenue of the Dead. The direction of the axes of the crosses don't point to an astronomical North and South direction but instead point to their own city's North. Numerology also has significance in the cross pecking because of the placement and amount of the holes, which sometimes count to 260 days, the length of the ritual calendrical cycle. Some of the pecked-cross circles also resemble an ancient Aztec game called,
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testing was particularly helpful when analyzing this neighborhood because it painted a clear picture of the initial influx from Oaxaca, followed by routine journeys back to the homeland to maintain the culture and heritage of the following generations. Later oxygen isotope ratio testing also revealed that out of the skeletons tested, four-fifths of them had immigrated to the city or were born in the city, but spent their childhood in their homeland before returning to
Teotihuacan. There was evidence of constant interaction between Teotihuacan and the Oaxacan homeland through journeys taken by children and mothers, keeping the culture and the roots to their homeland alive.
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1620:. Scholars believe that the people offered human sacrifices as part of a dedication when buildings were expanded or constructed. The victims were probably enemy warriors captured in battle and brought to the city for ritual sacrifice to ensure the city could prosper. Some men were decapitated, some had their hearts removed, others were killed by being hit several times over the head, and some were buried alive. Animals that were considered sacred and represented mythical powers and the military were also buried alive or captured and held in cages such as cougars, a wolf, eagles, a falcon, an owl, and even venomous snakes.
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also performed oxygen isotope ratio testing and strontium isotope ratio testing to determine, using the bones and the teeth of the skeletons uncovered, whether these skeletons were native to
Teotihuacan or were immigrants to the city. The oxygen ratio testing can be used to determine where someone grew up, and the strontium ratio testing can be used to determine where someone was born and where they were living when they died. These tests revealed a lot of information, but specifically enabled clear distinction between the people living in the ethnic neighborhoods and those native to Teotihuacan.
956:, the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon. Further, the shift of political power from the Temple of the Feathered Serpent and its surrounding palace structure to the Avenue of the Dead Complex occurred sometime between CE 250 and 350. Some authors believe that this represents a shift from the centralized, monarchical political system to a more decentralized and bureaucratic organization. Around 300 CE, the Temple of the Feathered Serpent was desecrated and construction in the city proceeded in a more egalitarian direction, focusing on the building of comfortable, stone accommodations for the population
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1334:. Some think this suggests that the burning was from an internal uprising and the invasion theory is flawed because early archeological efforts were focused exclusively on the palaces and temples, places used by the upper classes. Because all of these sites showed burning, archeologists concluded that the whole city was burned. Instead, it is now known that the destruction was centered on major civic structures along the Avenue of the Dead. The sculptures inside palatial structures, such as Xalla, were shattered. No traces of foreign invasion are visible at the site.
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1934:, announced that INAH's investigation of the tunnel â closed nearly 1,800 years ago by Teotihuacan dwellers â will proceed. The INAH team, consisting of about 30 people supported by national and international advisors at the highest scientific levels, intended to enter the tunnel in SeptemberâOctober 2010. This excavation, the deepest made at the Pre-Hispanic site, was part of the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of archeological excavations at Teotihuacan and its opening to the public.
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and sizes of rooms as well as the quality of assorted objects found in the residency, dwellings radiating outward from the
Central district and along the Avenue of the Dead might have been occupied by higher status individuals. However, Teotihuacan overall does not appear to have been organized into discrete zoning districts. The more elite compounds were often decorated with elaborate murals. Thematic elements of these murals included processions of lavishly dressed priests,
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Mid-Classic period. "Teotihuacan-inspired ideologies" and motifs persisted at Maya centers into the Late
Classic, long after Teotihuacan itself had declined. However, scholars debate the extent and degree of Teotihuacan influence. Some believe that it had direct and militaristic dominance while others view the adoption of "foreign" traits as part of a selective, conscious, and bi-directional
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and were adequate for the needs of their society. Other societies around
Teotihuacan adopted some of the symbols that were used there. The inhabitants there rarely used any other societies' symbols and art. These writing systems were not anything like those of their neighbors, but the same writings show that they must have been aware of the other writings.
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featuring round adobe structures, as well as foreign pottery and artifacts identified as belonging to the Gulf Coast region. This neighborhood, similarly to Tlailotclan, saw a huge influx of immigration, determined by the strontium isotope ratio testing of bones and teeth, with people spending a significant part of their lives before death in Teotihuacan.
1373:, competed to fill the power void. They may have even aligned themselves against Teotihuacan to seize the opportunity to further reduce its influence and power. The art and architecture at these sites emulate Teotihuacan forms but also demonstrate an eclectic mix of motifs and iconography from other parts of Mesoamerica, particularly the Maya region.
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with a small hammer-like device that produces cuplike markings that are 1 centimeter in diameter and 2 centimeters apart. They all have axes that are in line with the city structures of the region. Because they are aligned with the structures of the cities, they also align with the position of significant astronomical bodies.
1904:(GPR) and a team of some 20 archeologists and workers the approximate length of the tunnel and the presence of internal chambers. They scanned the earth under the Ciudadela, returning every afternoon to upload the results to GĂłmez's computers. By 2005, the digital map was complete. The archeologists explored the tunnel with a
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decline. Factors that also led to the decline of the city included disruptions in tributary relations, increased social stratification, and power struggles between the ruling and intermediary elites. Following this decline, Teotihuacan continued to be inhabited, though it never reached its previous levels of population.
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2160:, the fourth basic structure of the site, is situated between two main pyramids. Along the Avenue are many smaller talud-tablero platforms as well. The Aztecs believed they were tombs, inspiring the name of the avenue. Scholars have now established that these were ceremonial platforms that were topped with temples.
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1593:. The dominant civic architecture is the pyramid. Politics were based on the state religion, and religious leaders were the political leaders. Religious leaders would commission artists to create religious artworks for ceremonies and rituals. The artwork likely commissioned would have been a mural or a
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The Ciudadela is a great enclosed plaza capable of holding 100,000 people. About 700,000 cubic meters (yards) of material were used to construct its buildings. Its central feature is the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, which was flanked by upper-class apartments. The entire compound was designed to overwhelm
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The Ciudadela was completed during the Miccaotli phase, and the Pyramid of the Sun underwent a complex series of additions and renovations. The Great Compound was constructed across the Avenue of the Dead, west of Ciudadela. This was probably the city's marketplace. The existence of a large market in
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Pecked-cross circles throughout the city and in the surrounding regions served as a way to design the urban grid, and as a way to read their 260-day calendar. The urban grid had great significance to city planners when constructing Teotihuacan, as the cross is pecked into the ground in the Pyramid of
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statues, wearing garments and beads; their open eyes would have shone with precious minerals. Two of the figurines were still in their original positions, leaning back and appearing to contemplate up at the axis where the three planes of the universe meet â likely the founding shamans of Teotihuacan,
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During the installation of a "sound and light" show in 1971, workers discovered the entrance to a tunnel and cave system underneath the Pyramid of the Sun. Although scholars long thought this to be a natural cave, more recent examinations have established the tunnel was entirely manmade. The interior
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The other main neighborhood was called Barrio de Los Comerciantes, or the Merchants' Barrio. There is less information about those who lived here (or perhaps more research needs to be done), but this neighborhood also had clear differences from other areas of the city. The architecture was different,
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The population reached its peak numbers around 400 to 500 CE. During 400 to 500 CE, the Xolalpan period, the city's population was estimated to be 100,000 to 200,000 people. This number was achieved by estimating compound sizes to hold approximately 60 to 100, with 2,000 compounds. These high numbers
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Architectural styles prominent at Teotihuacan are found widely dispersed at a number of distant Mesoamerican sites, which some researchers have interpreted as evidence for Teotihuacan's far-reaching interactions and political or militaristic dominance. A style particularly associated with Teotihuacan
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The nature of political and cultural interactions between Teotihuacan and the centers of the Maya region (as well as elsewhere in Mesoamerica) has been a long-standing and significant area for debate. Substantial exchange and interaction occurred over the centuries from the Terminal Preclassic to the
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civilization, left ample attestations of dynastic authoritarian sovereignty in the form of royal palaces, ceremonial ball courts, and depictions of war, conquest, and humiliated captives. However, no such artifacts have been found in Teotihuacan. Many scholars have thus concluded that Teotihuacan was
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peoples. The builders of Teotihuacan took advantage of the geography in the Basin of Mexico. From the swampy ground, they constructed raised beds, called chinampas, creating high agricultural productivity despite old methods of cultivation. This allowed for the formation of channels, and subsequently
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exhibited explosive growth and emerged as the largest metropolis in Mesoamerica. Factors influencing this growth include the destruction of other settlements due to volcanic eruptions and the economic pull of the expanding city. This influx of new residents caused a reorganization of urban housing to
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It was mentioned that the underground passage runs under Feathered Serpent Temple, and the entrance is located a few meters away from the temple at the expected place, deliberately sealed with large boulders nearly 2,000 years ago. The hole that had appeared during the 2003 storms was not the actual
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There was a big find in the La Ventilla district that contains over 30 signs and clusters on the floor of the patio. Much of the findings in Teotihuacan suggest that the inhabitants had their own writing style. The figures were made "quickly and show control" giving the idea that they were practiced
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Teotihuacan also had two other neighborhoods that prominently depicted this multiethnic city picture. Both neighborhoods contained not only different architecture from the other parts of Teotihuacan but also artifacts and burial practices that began the narrative of these places. Archaeologists have
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rate and the role of the different ethnicities. The high infant mortality rate was important within the neighborhood, and the city at large, as there are a large number of perinatal skeletons at Teopancazco. This suggests that the population of Teotihuacan was sustained and grew due to people coming
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during the 6th century, further supporting the hypothesis of famine as one of the more plausible reasons for the decline of Teotihuacan. Urbanized Teotihuacanos would likely have been dependent on agricultural crops such as maize, beans, amaranth, tomatillos, and pumpkins. If climate change affected
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describes the time period between 650 and 750 CE. It marks the end of Teotihuacan as a major power in Mesoamerica. The city's elite housing compounds, clustered around the Avenue of the Dead, bear many burn marks, and archeologists hypothesize that the city experienced civil strife that hastened its
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The city of Teotihuacan was characterized by large and imposing buildings, which included, apart from the complexes of houses, temples, large squares, stadiums, and palaces of the rulers, nobles, and priests. The city's urban-ceremonial space is considered one of the most impressive achievements of
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in 1910. The site of Teotihuacan was the first to be expropriated for the national patrimony under the Law of Monuments (1897), giving jurisdiction under legislation for the Mexican state to take control. Some 250 plots were farmed on the site. Peasants who had been farming portions were ordered to
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Teotihuacan compounds show evidence of being segregated into three classes: high elites, intermediate elites, and the laboring class. Residential architectural structures seem to be differentiable by the artistry and complexity of the structure itself. Based on the quality of construction materials
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troops and 60 agents of the Attorney General's Office were sent to the TeotihuacĂĄn site to seize parcels of land intended for illegal construction and to forcibly stop further destruction of historical sites. The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) had suspended authorization for
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announced that a construction crew had been bulldozing the northern outskirts of the city ruins in order to develop the land for an amusement park, despite three-months worth of orders from the government to stop work. The report detailed that at least 25 archeological structures were in immediate
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More recently, Teotihuacan has become the center of controversy over Resplandor Teotihuacan, a massive light and sound spectacular installed to create a nighttime show for tourists. Critics explain that a large number of perforations for the project have caused fractures in stones and irreversible
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These pecked-cross circles can be found not just in Teotihuacan, but also throughout Mesoamerica. The ones found all share certain similarities. These include having the shape of two circles, one being inside of the other. They are all found pecked on the ground or onto rocks. They are all created
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religious and political center of the city. The name "Citadel" was given to it by the Spanish, who believed it was a fort. Most of the common people lived in large apartment buildings spread across the city. Many of the buildings contained workshops where artisans produced pottery and other goods.
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style disseminated through Mesoamerica generally from the end of the Preclassic period, and not specifically, or solely, via Teotihuacano influence. It is unclear how or from where the style spread into the Maya region. During its zenith, the main structures at Teotihuacan, including the pyramids,
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lasted from 350 to 650 CE and is known as the classical period of Teotihuacan, during which the city reached the apogee of its influence in Mesoamerica. Its population is estimated at a minimum of 125,000 inhabitants, and the city was among the largest cities in the ancient world, containing 2,000
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by many centuries. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the first millennium (1 CE to 500 CE), Teotihuacan was the largest city in the Americas, with a population of at least 25,000, but has been estimated at 125,000 or more, making it at least the sixth-largest city in the world during its
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figures, the storm god deity, and an anonymous goddess whose hands offer gifts of maize, precious stones, and water. Rulers who may have requested to be immortalized through art are noticeably absent in Teotihuacan artwork. Observed artwork, instead, tends to portray institutionalized offices and
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Archeological evidence suggests that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic city, and while the predominant language or languages used in Teotihuacan have been lost to history, Totonac and Nahua, early forms of which were spoken by the Aztecs, seem to be highly plausible. This apparent regionally diverse
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In 378 a group of Teotihuacanos organized a coup d'etat in Tikal, Guatemala. This was not the Teotihuacan state; it was a group of the Feathered-Serpent people, thrown out of the city. The Feathered-Serpent Pyramid was burnt, all the sculptures were torn from the temple, and another platform was
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The early history of Teotihuacan is quite mysterious, and the origin of its founders is uncertain. Around 300 BCE, people of the central and southeastern areas of Mesoamerica began to gather into larger settlements. Teotihuacan was the largest urban center of Mesoamerica before the Aztecs, almost
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of Mesoamerica. This period saw a massive reconstruction of buildings, and the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, which dates back to the previous period, was covered with a plaza with rich sculptural decoration. Typical artistic artifacts of this period are funeral masks, crafted mainly from green
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The first human establishment in the Teotihuacan area dates back to 600 BCE, and until 200 BCE the site consisted of scattered small villages. The total estimated population of the Teotihuacan Valley during this time was approximately 6,000. From 100 BCE to 750 CE, Teotihuacan evolved into a huge
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around the first century CE. It became the largest and most populated center in the pre-Columbian Americas. Teotihuacan was home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate the large population. The term Teotihuacan (or Teotihuacano) is also used to refer to the whole civilization and
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A recent discovery of an 1800-year-old bouquet of flowers was made in 2021. The flowers, which were found in the tunnel beneath a pyramid dedicated to the feathered serpent deity QuetzalcĂłatl, date to between roughly 1 and 200 C.E. It is the first time such a well-preserved plant matter has been
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and supposed he was now observing a kind of similar mirror tunnel, leading to a subterranean chamber beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent. He decided initially to elaborate on a clear hypothesis and to obtain approval. Meanwhile, he erected a tent over the sinkhole to preserve it from the
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First trying to examine the hole with a flashlight from above GĂłmez could see only darkness, so tied with a line of heavy rope around his waist he was lowered by several colleagues, and descending into the murk he realized it was a perfectly cylindrical shaft. At the bottom he came to rest in an
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of Teotihuacan was never completely lost. After the fall of the city, various squatters lived on the site. During Aztec times, the city was a place of pilgrimage and identified with the myth of Tollan, the place where the sun was created. Today, Teotihuacan is one of the most noted archeological
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The laboring classes, themselves also stratified, consisted of farmers, skilled craftworkers, and the peripheral rural population. The city dwelling craftspeople of various specialties were housed in apartment complexes distributed throughout the city, known as neighborhood centers, and evidence
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The processing of obsidian was the most developed art and the main source of wealth in Teotihuacan and many other ancient Mesoamerican cultures. The workshops produced tools or objects of obsidian of various uses and types (black and grey colors), intended for commercial transactions beyond the
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One neighborhood was called Tlailotlacan and was believed to be a neighborhood of migrants predominantly from the Oaxaca region. The excavations there featured prominently artifacts in the Zapotec style of from the Zapotec region, including one tomb with an antechamber. The oxygen isotope ratio
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The Avenue of the Dead is roughly 40 meters wide and 4 km long. Further down the Avenue of the Dead, after a small river, is the area known as the Citadel, containing the ruined Temple of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl. This area was a large plaza surrounded by temples that formed the
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those projects in March, yet construction work with heavy machinery and looting of artifacts had continued. The seizure of the land came a week after the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) warned that TeotihuacĂĄn was at risk of losing its UNESCO World Heritage designation.
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The urban layout of Teotihuacan exhibits two slightly different orientations, which resulted from both astronomical and topographic criteria. The central part of the city, including the Avenue of the Dead, conforms to the orientation of the Sun Pyramid, while the southern part reproduces the
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crop yields, then the harvest would not have been sufficient to feed Teotihucan's extensive population. However, the two main hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Drought leading to famine could have led to incursions from smaller surrounding civilizations as well as internal unrest.
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tools found throughout Mesoamerica. The city is thought to have been established around 100 BCE, with major monuments continuously under construction until about 250 CE. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries CE, but its major monuments were sacked and
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In 1980-82, another major program of excavation and restoration was carried out at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent and the Avenue of the Dead complex. Most recently, a series of excavations at the Pyramid of the Moon have greatly expanded evidence of cultural practices.
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during its occupation. Teotihuacan was a large pre-historic city that underwent massive population growth and sustained it over most of the city's occupancy. In 100 CE, the population could be estimated at around 60,000-80,000, after 200 years of the city's occupancy, within
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The city covered eight square miles (21 km), and 80 to 90 percent of the total population of the valley resided in Teotihuacan. Apart from the pyramids, Teotihuacan is also anthropologically significant for its complex, multi-family residential compounds, the
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describing their encounters with Teotihuacan conquerors. The creation of murals, perhaps tens of thousands of murals, reached its height between 450 and 650. The artistry of the painters was unrivaled in Mesoamerica and has been compared with that of painters in
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leave and the Mexican government eventually paid some compensation to those individuals. A feeder train line was built to the site in 1908, which allowed the efficient hauling of material from the excavations and later brought tourists to the site. In 1910, the
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deities. It suggests their art glorifies nature and the supernatural and emphasizes egalitarian rather than aristocratic values. Also absent from Teotihuacan artwork is writing, despite the city having a strong network of contact with the literate Maya.
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Scholars originally thought that invaders attacked the city in the 7th or 8th century, sacking and burning it. More recent evidence, however, seems to indicate that the burning was limited to the structures and dwellings associated primarily with the
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Another example of artificial landscape modifications is the course of the San Juan River, which was modified to bend around the structures as it goes through the center of town eventually returning to its natural course outside of Teotihuacan.
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Numerous stone masks have been found at Teotihuacan, and have been generally believed to have been used during a funerary context. However, other scholars call this into question, noting that the masks "do not seem to have come from burials".
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1660:, was occupied during most of the time Teotihuacan was as well. It showed that Teotihuacan was a multiethnic city that was broken up into areas of different ethnicities and workers. This neighborhood was important in two ways; the high
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square miles), and perhaps housed a population of 150,000 people, with one estimate reaching as high as 250,000. Various districts in the city housed people from across the Teotihuacan region of influence, which spread south as far as
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saw these magnificent ruins and claimed a common ancestry with the Teotihuacanos, modifying and adopting aspects of their culture. The ethnicity of the inhabitants of Teotihuacan is the subject of debate. Possible candidates are the
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The sudden destruction of Teotihuacan was common for Mesoamerican city-states of the Classic and Epi-Classic period. Many Maya states suffered similar fates in subsequent centuries, a series of events often referred to as the
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occurred between 200 - 1 BCE and marks the development of a distinctively urban area. During this period, Teotihuacan began to grow into a city as local farmers began coalescing around the abundant springs of Teotihuacan.
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LujĂĄn, Leonardo LĂłpez; Nadal, Laura Filloy; Fash, Barbara W.; Fash, William L.; HernĂĄndez, Pilar (2006). "The Destruction of Images in Teotihuacan: Anthropomorphic Sculpture, Elite Cults, and the End of a Civilization".
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The War Serpent. Taube has differentiated two different serpent deities whose depictions alternate on the Feathered Serpent Pyramid: the Feathered Serpent and what he calls the "War Serpent". Other researchers are more
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Manzanilla L. (2003) The abandonment of Teotihuacan. The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, Foundations of Archaeological Inquiry, eds Inomata T, Webb RW (Univ of Utah Press, Salt Lake City), pp
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to provide a glittering brightness to the complex, and to create the effect of standing under the stars as a peculiar re-creation of the underworld. At the end of the passage, GĂłmez ChĂĄvez's team uncovered four
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Although it is a subject of debate whether Teotihuacan was the center of a state empire, its influence throughout Mesoamerica is well documented. Evidence of Teotihuacano presence is found at numerous sites in
1984:"Pyrite was certainly used by the Teotihuacanos and other ancient Mesoamerican societies. Originally, the spheres would have shown brilliantly. They are indeed unique, but I have no idea what they mean."
1736:(1645â1700) made some excavations around the Pyramid of the Sun. Minor archeological excavations were conducted in the 19th century. In 1905 Mexican archeologist and government official, in the regime of
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1124:
The city reached its peak in 450 CE when it was the center of a powerful culture whose influence extended through much of the Mesoamerican region. At this time, the city covered over 30 km (over
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538:
1930:
located the entrance to the tunnel that leads to galleries under the pyramid, where remains of rulers of the ancient city might have been deposited. In August 2010 GĂłmez ChĂĄvez, now director of
952:
the unique compound complexes that typify Teotihuacan. This period is notable for its monumental architecture and sculpture, especially the construction of some of the most well-known sites of
1003:, which attributed the site to the Toltecs. However, the Nahuatl word "Toltec" generally means "craftsman of the highest level" and may not always refer to the Toltec civilization centered at
1881:
apparently ancient construction â a man-made tunnel, blocked in both directions by immense stones. GĂłmez was aware that archeologists had previously discovered a narrow tunnel underneath the
2503:) In this case, all buried bodies had their hands tied behind their backs. The necklace is made of pieces that simulate human jaws, but other subjects buried wore necklaces with actual jaws.
2297:
2019:
guiding pilgrims to the sanctuary, and carrying bundles of sacred objects used to perform rituals, including pendants and pyrite mirrors, which were perceived as portals to other realms.
1923:
to perform three-dimensional register of the spaces beneath the temple. A small opening in the tunnel wall was made and the scanner captured the first images, 37 meters into the passage.
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buildings within an area of 18 square kilometers. It was also during this high period when Teotihuacan contained approximately half all people in the Valley of Mexico, becoming a kind of
659:. It is clear that many different cultural groups lived in Teotihuacan during the height of its power, with migrants coming from all over, but especially from Oaxaca and the Gulf Coast.
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texts are known to exist (or known to have once existed). Inscriptions from Maya cities show that Teotihuacan nobility traveled to, and perhaps conquered, local rulers as far away as
2212:
an urban center of this size is strong evidence of state organization. Teotihuacan was at that point simply too large and too complex to have been politically viable as a chiefdom.
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population of Teotihuacan can be traced back to a natural disaster that occurred prior to its population boom. At one point in time, Teotihuacan was rivaled by another basin power,
1054:
Evidence of a king or other authoritarian ruler is strikingly absent in Teotihuacan. Contemporaneous cities in the same region, including Mayan and Zapotec, as well as the earlier
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interprets the name as "place of those who have the road of the gods." This is because the Aztecs believed that the gods created the universe at that site. The name is pronounced
2270:
1337:
Evidence for population decline beginning around the 6th century lends some support to the internal unrest hypothesis. The decline of Teotihuacan has been correlated to lengthy
1022:
volcano may have prompted a mass emigration out of the central valley and into the Teotihuacan valley. These settlers may have founded or accelerated the growth of Teotihuacan.
1954:, elaborate necklaces, rings, greenstone crocodile teeth and human figurines, crystals shaped into eyes, beetle wings arranged in a box, sculptures of jaguars, and hundreds of
9878:
1500:, whose people did not have any known history of contact with either of the abovementioned groups. Other scholars maintain that the largest population group must have been of
1504:
ethnicity because the Otomi language is known to have been spoken in the area around Teotihuacan both before and after the Classic period and not during the middle period.
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has come under scrutiny by experts, who now feel that the site's name may have been changed by Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. Archeologist VerĂłnica Ortega of the
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de la Fuente B, ed. 1995. La Pintura Mural Prehispånica en México I: Teotihuacan. Tomo 1: Catålogo. Mexico City: Inst. Investigaciones Estéticas, Univ. Nac. Autón. Méx.
1866:
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Laporte, Juan Pedro (2003). "Architectural Aspects of Interaction Between Tikal and Teotihuacan during the Early Classic Period". In Geoffrey E. Braswell (ed.).
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Restored portion of Teotihucan architecture showing the typical Mesoamerican use of red paint complemented on gold and jade decoration upon marble and granite.
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people as the founders of Teotihuacan and have suggested that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic state since they find diverse cultural aspects connected to the
785:. By normal Nahuatl orthographic conventions, a written accent mark would not appear in that position. Both this pronunciation and the Spanish pronunciation
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9863:
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4788:
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Grove, David (March 1994). "Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 8th and 9th October 1988 . Janet Catherine Berlo".
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documented the progress. By 2015 nearly 75,000 fragments of artifacts have been discovered, studied, cataloged, analyzed and, when possible, restored.
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into the city, rather than the population reproducing. The influx of people came from surrounding areas, bringing different ethnicities to the city.
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1000 years prior to their epoch. The city was already in ruins by the time of the Aztecs. For many years, archeologists believed it was built by the
5140:
1353:. This theory of ecological decline is supported by archeological remains that show a rise in the percentage of juvenile skeletons with evidence of
3346:
1997:
One of the most remarkable findings in the tunnel chambers was a miniature mountainous landscape, 17 meters underground, with tiny pools of liquid
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canoe traffic, to transport food from farms around the city. The earliest buildings at Teotihuacan date to about 200 BCE. The largest pyramid, the
6291:
Varela Torrecilla, Carmen; Geoffrey E. Braswell (2003). "Teotihuacan and Oxkintok: New Perspectives from YucatĂĄn". In Geoffrey E. Braswell (ed.).
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to build a large store in the third archeological zone of the park. According to Sergio GĂłmez ChĂĄvez, an archeologist and researcher for Mexico's
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3423:(1986) says it "might lie between 125,000 and 250,000". Millon, p. 18, lists 125,000 in AD 600. Taube, p. 1, says "perhaps as many as 150,000".
2635:
2237:
8676:
3317:
Graeber, David and Wengrow, David "The Dawn of Everything, A New History of Humanity" (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), pp. 330-332
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Graeber, David and Wengrow, David "The Dawn of Everything, A New History of Humanity" (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), pp. 342-343
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lands in 1418. Huetzin was deposed by the invaders, and Tezozomoc installed a man named Totomochtzin. Less than a decade later, in 1427, the
154:
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2585:
2153:
6611:
5707:
Cheek, Charles D. (1977). "Excavations at the Palangana and the Acropolis, Kaminaljuyu". In William T. Sanders; Joseph W. Michels (eds.).
1886:
hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit TeotihuacĂĄn. Researchers reported that the tunnel was believed to have been sealed in 200 CE.
1784:. This undertaking had the goals of clearing the Avenue of the Dead, consolidating the structures facing it, and excavating the Palace of
1250:
The city was a center of industry, home to many potters, jewelers, and craftspeople. Teotihuacan is known for producing a great number of
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268:
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2001:
representing lakes. The walls and ceiling of the tunnel were found to have been carefully impregnated with mineral powder composed of
1958:
spheres. The mysterious globes lay in both the north and south chambers. Ranging from 40 to 130 millimeters, the balls have a core of
9873:
8230:
6731:
6497:
2579:
4882:
Acosta, Jorge R. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN TEOTIHUACAN." Artes De MĂ©xico, no. 134 (1970): 11-18. Accessed September 13, 2020.
1242:
style at sites such as Tikal, where its use precedes the 5th-century appearance of iconographic motifs shared with Teotihuacan. The
1066:(literally, "born of fire"), depicted with artifacts and the feather-serpent imagery associated with Teotihuacan culture, conquered
7234:
2966:
Parsons, Jeffrey R. (1974). "The Development of a Prehistoric Complex Society: A Regional Perspective from the Valley of Mexico".
212:
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6443:
2277:
1798:
319:
4614:
Berlo JC. 1989. Early writing in central Mexico: in Tlilli, in Tlapalli before A. D. 1000. See Diehl & Berlo 1989, pp. 19â47
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9818:
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6338:
2600:
2332:
1750:
1285:
Scholars have based interpretations of Teotihuacan culture on its archeology, murals that adorn the site (and others, like the
1010:
In the Late Formative era, a number of urban centers arose in central Mexico. The most prominent of these appears to have been
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6300:
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5588:
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2442:
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611:
598:
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2418:
706:
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2805:"Immigration and the Ancient City of Teotihuacan in Mexico: a Study Using Strontium Isotope Ratios in Human Bone and Teeth"
1823:
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linguistic affiliation. He uses this to explain general influences from Totonacan and MixeâZoquean languages in many other
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led a major project of excavation and restoration. The Pyramid of the Sun was restored to celebrate the centennial of the
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1805:
1616:
As evidenced from human and animal remains found during excavations of the pyramids in the city, Teotihuacanos practiced
1234:
style pre-dates its earliest appearance at Teotihuacan in the Early Classic period; it appears to have originated in the
35:
3933:
3870:
Wright Carr; David Charles (2005). "El papel de los otomies en las culturas del altiplano central 5000 a.C â 1650 d.C".
1104:
as the first king. The Dynasty went on to have sixteen rulers. CopĂĄn is located in modern-day Honduras, as described by
1007:. Since Toltec civilization flourished centuries after Teotihuacan, the people could not have been the city's founders.
90:
9833:
9681:
8681:
8250:
7229:
6868:
5637:
Braswell, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction". In Geoffrey E. Braswell (ed.).
4533:"Demography and ethnic continuity in the Tlailotlacan enclave of Teotihuacan: the evidence from stable oxygen isotopes"
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5991:
2532:
8325:
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7258:
6696:
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4019:
3977:
3943:
3404:
3377:
3328:
2102:
1733:
1309:
1101:
137:
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6721:
2084:
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may be understood as a generic Nahua term applied to any large settlement. In the Mesoamerican concept of urbanism,
8010:
7699:
1753:
met in Mexico, coinciding with the centennial celebrations, and the distinguished delegates, such as its president
1381:. Nearby, in the Morelos valley, Xochicalco was sacked and burned in 900, and Tula met a similar fate around 1150.
1183:
240:
97:
6502:
6374:
5034:
4475:"Oxygen Isotopes and the Identification of Geographical Origins: The Valley of Oaxaca versus the Valley of Mexico"
2611:
2167:
A recreation of a map of the city featured in the June 1967 issue of Scientific American and the captioned source.
1832:
1814:
9307:
8080:
7710:
7392:
7207:
6818:
1862:
813:
8469:
6772:
6173:
Governance and Polity at Classic Teotihuacan; in Julia Ann Hendon, Rosemary A. Joyce, "Mesoamerican archaeology"
4401:"Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study"
4135:"Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study"
3554:"Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study"
8172:
8015:
6863:
6712:
5701:
3447:
2080:
631:
75:
8151:
7427:
5374:
Aveni, Anthony F.; Hartung, Horst; Buckingham, Beth (1978). "The Pecked Cross Symbol in Ancient Mesoamerica".
3671:"Aztec Teotihuacan: Political Processes at a Postclassic and Early Colonial City-State in the Basin of Mexico"
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7402:
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1893:
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104:
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412:
299:
9740:
9624:
8255:
8183:
8147:
7217:
4212:", the name of the much later Aztec storm god. Coe (1994), p. 101, uses the same term. However, the use of
4087:
Symbolic notation of Teotihuacan : elements of writing in a Mesoamerican culture of the classic period
2224:
The archeological park of Teotihuacan is under threat from development pressures. In 2004, the governor of
2076:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1537:
1270:", apparently ruler of Teotihuacan, who reigned for over 60 years and installed his relatives as rulers of
971:
stone and covered with mosaics of turquoise, shell or obsidian. These masks were highly uniform in nature.
727:
71:
17:
6400:
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8787:
7849:
7721:
7307:
7049:
6858:
6689:
6048:
4859:
1745:
1362:
835:
688:. The site covers a total surface area of 83 square kilometers (32 sq mi) and was designated a
4925:
4605:
Pasztory E. 1990. El poder militar como realidad y metĂĄfora en Teotihuacan. See CardĂłs 1990, pp. 181â204
4473:
White, Christine D.; Spence, Michael W.; Le Q. Stuart-Williams, Hilary; Schwarcz, Henry P. (July 1998).
2454:
1445:
86:
31:
8076:
7960:
7803:
6811:
6145:
6086:"The Place Where Time Began: An Archaeologist's Interpretation of What Happened in Teotihuacan History"
6058:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion
5522:
1493:
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1986:
All these artifacts were deposited deliberately and pointedly, as if in offering to appease the gods.
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9708:
8856:
8420:
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4749:
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from Teotihuacan, 5thâ6th centuries, possibly a ritual container to receive sacrificed human hearts (
1547:
5214:
3621:
2643:
931:
urban and administrative center with cultural influences throughout the broader Mesoamerica region.
843:
This naming convention led to much confusion in the early 20th century, as scholars debated whether
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in 1987. It is the most-visited archeological site in Mexico, receiving 4,185,017 visitors in 2017.
9823:
9666:
9641:
9491:
9150:
9145:
7783:
7387:
7312:
7189:
7164:
6878:
6232:
5799:
Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 8th and 9th October 1988
4330:
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2590:
2141:
2065:
2015:
1979:
1937:
1901:
1853:
1410:
827:
677:
667:
436:
6389:
5893:(1975). "An Interpretation of the Cave underneath the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico".
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9853:
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9051:
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7859:
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360° Panoramic View of the Avenue of the Dead, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon
5052:
4531:
White, Christine D.; Spence, Michael W.; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Law, Kimberley R. (December 2004).
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3452:
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1926:
In 2009, the government granted GĂłmez permission to dig. By the end of 2009 archeologists of the
1574:
The Flayed God. Known primarily from figurines and so assumed to be related to household rituals.
754:
662:
After the collapse of Teotihuacan, central Mexico was dominated by more regional powers, notably
64:
8084:
3872:
2496:
as part of the rites of consecration for the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent (phase Miccaotli,
674:
9755:
9656:
9651:
9339:
9287:
9207:
9140:
9044:
9029:
8922:
8689:
8643:
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8371:
6278:. Ancient America series. Vol. 1. Barnardsville, NC: Center for Ancient American Studies.
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Teotihuacan: City of Water, City of Fire. De Young Museum, September 30, 2017âFebruary 11, 2018
4926:
Teotihuacan tunnel â entrance located. Archaeologists Locate the Entrance to Teotihuacan Tunnel
2758:
SPENCE, MICHAEL W.; WHITE, CHRISTINE D.; RATTRAY, EVELYN C.; LONGSTAFFE, FRED J. (2006-12-31),
2605:
2351:
1857:
Teotihuacan - Temple of the Feathered Serpent - architectural detail to the right of the steps.
1497:
7502:
3295:
1640:
Teotihuacan had one of the largest, or perhaps had the largest, population of any city in the
1566:
The Fat God. Known primarily from figurines and so assumed to be related to household rituals.
1488:
presented linguistic evidence suggesting that an important ethnic group in Teotihuacan was of
1238:
region during the Preclassic. Analyses have traced the development into local variants of the
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were painted in impressive shades of dark red, with some small spots persisting to this day.
1078:, as recorded by Stela 31 at Tikal and other monuments in the Maya region. At this time, the
566:
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7139:
6414:
Lidar scans of the TeotihuacĂĄn Valley reveal how the landscape was engineered centuries ago.
4990:
Lakes of mercury and human sacrifices â after 1,800 years, Teotihuacan reveals its treasures
2556:
2029:
The significance of these new discoveries is publicly explored in a major exhibition at the
1873:(INAH). After days of a heavy rainstorm, GĂłmez ChĂĄvez noticed that a nearly three-foot-wide
920:
9813:
9779:
9609:
9579:
9454:
9385:
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8609:
8447:
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8289:
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8020:
7985:
7905:
7594:
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7197:
7179:
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6803:
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4962:
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3503:), who argues that much of Teotihuacan's influence stems from direct militaristic conquest.
2816:
2616:
2240:(INAH) fragments of ancient pottery were found where trucks dumped the soil from the site.
1070:, 600 miles away from Teotihuacan, removing and replacing the Maya king, with support from
1030:
776:
656:
9559:
7482:
6121:(1992). "Abstraction and the rise of a utopian state at Teotihuacan", in Janet Berlo, ed.
5608:
5281:Ć prajc, Ivan (2018). "Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica".
5056:
2729:. Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
894:, meaning "City of the Sun" rather than "City of the Gods", as the current name suggests.
8:
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of the city. The population, eventually, stabilized around 100,000 people around 300 CE.
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732:
692:
581:
396:
197:
111:
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7317:
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6340:
Reconfiguring the Archaeological Sensibility: Mediating Heritage at Teotihuacan, Mexico
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6249:
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5912:
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5793:(1992). "Teotihuacan Glyphs and Imagery in the Light of Some Early Colonial Texts". In
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4134:
4085:
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3553:
3474:"Sacrificial Burial Deepens Mystery At Teotihuacan, But Confirms The City's Militarism"
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ruler was also associated with Teotihuacan culture. Linda R. Manzanilla wrote in 2015:
1043:
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577:
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Teotihuacan is known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant
7864:
3969:
Feathered serpents and flowering trees : reconstructing the murals of TeotihuacĂĄn
2410:
2157:
1206:). Variants of the generic style are found in a number of Maya region sites including
9693:
9589:
9525:
9520:
9449:
9346:
9061:
8989:
8984:
8826:
8755:
8738:
8733:
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7879:
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7099:
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7006:
6996:
6834:
6541:
6378:
6323:
6306:
6296:
6279:
6230:Ć prajc, Ivan; Sprajc, Ivan (2000). "Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
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1998:
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5267:
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First Images of the Interior of Teotihuacan Tunnel Captured by Camera on Small Robot
4684:
4592:
4385:
3828:
3113:
2722:
9542:
9329:
9324:
9280:
9267:
9197:
9165:
9160:
9024:
9019:
9001:
8962:
8895:
8878:
8819:
8809:
8804:
8745:
8701:
8671:
8631:
8614:
8597:
8560:
8311:
7970:
7910:
7894:
7777:
7741:
7648:
7552:
7352:
7169:
7144:
6961:
6956:
6529:
6241:
6056:
6014:
5940:
5904:
5849:
5391:
5325:
5290:
5247:
5030:
4714:
4664:
4588:
4544:
4494:
4438:
4420:
4381:
4172:
4154:
4007:
3905:
3824:
3778:
3740:
3682:
3583:
3573:
3207:
3167:
3109:
3027:
2975:
2824:
2767:
1661:
1485:
1267:
1079:
1000:
876:
787:
767:
551:
522:
508:
463:
4216:
Aztec names to denote Teotihuacan deities has been in decline (see Berlo, p. 147).
3744:
3530:
Braswell (2003, p. 11); for the analysis at Tikal, see Laporte (2003, pp. 200â205)
3171:
1989:
1889:
Preliminary planning of the exploration and fundraising took more than six years.
1737:
1105:
791:
are used; in Spanish and usually English, the stress falls on the final syllable.
9760:
9728:
9601:
9569:
9552:
9508:
9503:
9481:
9476:
9434:
9427:
9402:
9262:
9257:
9098:
8979:
8873:
8868:
8836:
8661:
8651:
8545:
8538:
8533:
8518:
8474:
8356:
8342:
8093:
7772:
7731:
7716:
7679:
7643:
7537:
7432:
7347:
7322:
7283:
7268:
7089:
6926:
6761:
6435:
6407:
6395:
5572:
5395:
5016:
4051:
3856:
3419:
Malmström (1978, p. 105) gives an estimate of 50,000 to 200,000 inhabitants. Coe
2493:
2030:
1786:
1781:
1741:
1641:
1617:
1610:
1453:
1298:
618:
555:
360:
303:
30:
This article is about the archeological site. For the town and municipality, see
9182:
5948:
3909:
3396:
The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization
3158:
Sanders, William T.; Webster, David (1988). "The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition".
1609:
would be lit during religious rituals to invoke the gods including rituals with
1527:
An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
9703:
9698:
9661:
9636:
9619:
9530:
9515:
9486:
9444:
9292:
9252:
9247:
9202:
9128:
9088:
9078:
9068:
8883:
8762:
8656:
8523:
8405:
8024:
7990:
7834:
7809:
7766:
7756:
7746:
7736:
7694:
7477:
7288:
7278:
6971:
6931:
6921:
6126:
6018:
5828:
5790:
5766:
5734:
5459:
4649:
4532:
2477:
2229:
1975:
681:
8126:
8110:
7930:
6650:
5294:
4958:
A Secret Tunnel Found in Mexico May Finally Solve the Mysteries of TeotihuacĂĄn
4699:
4548:
3849:
3782:
3031:
1589:
The consensus among scholars is that the primary deity of Teotihuacan was the
1227:
9807:
9784:
9671:
9466:
9439:
9412:
9390:
9368:
9135:
9118:
9103:
8947:
8900:
8888:
8814:
8706:
8580:
8575:
8550:
8432:
7980:
7824:
7793:
7761:
7705:
7673:
7512:
7472:
7462:
7457:
7447:
7442:
7377:
7372:
7327:
6891:
6848:
6646:
6623:
6481:
6290:
5861:
4556:
4506:
4434:
4168:
3836:
3815:
Cowgill, George L. (1997-10-21). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
3790:
3752:
3694:
3219:
3211:
3179:
3121:
3039:
2987:
2836:
2748:
Millon, p. 17, who says it was the sixth-largest city in the world in 600 AD.
2034:
1916:
1694:
1393:
migrants repopulated the area. By the 1300s, it had fallen under the sway of
1346:
1286:
1194:
1175:
1146:
1004:
758:
652:
640:
589:
570:
384:
364:
334:
321:
169:
156:
9212:
9192:
8071:
8067:
7059:
7054:
6310:
6283:
6163:
6111:
6076:
5982:
5820:
5758:
5685:
5656:
5598:
5190:"1,800-Year-Old Flower Bouquets Found in Tunnel Beneath TeotihuacĂĄn Pyramid"
5141:"1,800-Year-Old Flower Bouquets Found in Tunnel Beneath TeotihuacĂĄn Pyramid"
4625:"'Astounding new finds' suggest ancient empire may be hiding in plain sight"
4474:
4425:
4372:
Cowgill, George (October 1997). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
4159:
3578:
2804:
655:, due to the discovery of cultural aspects connected to the Maya as well as
9676:
9417:
9407:
9373:
9302:
9297:
9224:
9014:
8996:
8957:
8952:
8932:
8927:
8799:
8792:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8666:
8604:
8585:
8570:
8506:
8063:
8039:
7995:
7945:
7940:
7829:
7814:
7798:
7663:
7614:
7609:
7584:
7562:
7527:
7407:
7109:
7044:
7001:
6767:
6273:
6133:
6030:
5924:
5890:
5726:
5629:
5403:
5125:
4994:
4498:
4452:
4226:
4186:
3597:
3478:
3347:
Teotihuacan: An Exceptional Multiethnic City in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico
2828:
2803:
Price, T.Douglas; Manzanilla, Linda; Middleton, William D. (October 2000).
2759:
2225:
2132:), is flanked by impressive ceremonial architecture, including the immense
1912:
1772:. Between April 26 and July 29, 1932, Swedish anthropologist/archaeologist
1769:
1754:
1430:
1418:
1354:
1331:
1289:, found in private collections), and hieroglyphic inscriptions made by the
1143:. Notably absent from the city are fortifications and military structures.
1015:
967:
644:
42:
7547:
5694:
The Pursuit of Ruins: Archeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico
3512:
See Laporte (2003, p. 205); Varela Torrecilla and Braswell (2003, p. 261).
2771:
934:
The history of Teotihuacan is distinguished by four consecutive periods:
610:
systematically burned around 550 CE. Its collapse might be related to the
9395:
9380:
9229:
8942:
8851:
8841:
8767:
8415:
8410:
8059:
8049:
7668:
7599:
7452:
7422:
7021:
6901:
6629:
5537:"Mexico raids building project, seizes land next to TeotihuacĂĄn pyramids"
5106:
4768:"Tunnel under Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent under exploration in 2010"
3352:
1955:
1728:
Pyramid of the Sun and the TeotihuacĂĄn Diorama at the TeotihuacĂĄn Museum.
1350:
1295:
1263:
1211:
795:
757:
as "birthplace of the gods", or "place where gods were born", reflecting
685:
559:
547:
6617:
5765:
5711:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 1â204.
4472:
3702:
3670:
3227:
3047:
2582:, a large Teotihuacano-styled pyramid in what is now part of Mexico City
2203:
A tunnel under steps in the Great Compound along the Avenue of the Dead.
2183:
1892:
Before the start of excavations, beginning in the early months of 2004,
1317:
1113:
907:
812:
period, Teotihuacan was understood as a Place of Reeds similar to other
191:
9422:
9239:
9113:
9073:
9006:
8097:
7935:
7915:
7357:
7149:
6911:
6716:
6684:
6269:
6052:
5316:Ć prajc, Ivan (2000). "Astronomical alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
5238:Ć prajc, Ivan (2000). "Astronomical alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
5165:"Nearly intact 1,800-year-old bouquets of flowers found in Teotihuacan"
5011:
4883:
4676:
4579:
Cowgill, George L. (1997). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
4011:
3129:
3100:
Cowgill, George L. (1997). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico".
2875:
2023:
1920:
1758:
1366:
1361:
As Teotihuacan fell in local prominence, other nearby centers, such as
1109:
761:
creation myths that were said to occur in Teotihuacan. Nahuatl scholar
663:
7542:
6253:
6142:
The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs
5992:"Architecture, Astronomy, and Calendrics in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"
5916:
5337:
5259:
4726:
4367:
4365:
4225:
Instead of "the Feathered Serpent", Miller and Taube call this deity "
3187:
2995:
2691:
1546:. An important deity in Teotihuacan; most closely associated with the
753:
centuries after the fall of the city around 550 CE. The term has been
9312:
9083:
8967:
8937:
8718:
8592:
8383:
8118:
8114:
8089:
7839:
7174:
7064:
4287:
Manzanilla, Linda (1993). Berrin, Kathleen; Pasztory, Esther (eds.).
3686:
2851:
2002:
1967:
1461:
1279:
1140:
1011:
425:
7623:
7293:
6320:
The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica
5121:
Liquid mercury found under Mexican pyramid could lead to king's tomb
4668:
3393:
Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. (2016-01-08).
2163:
2054:
1698:
Example of a Teotihuacan Obsidian Blade, Metropolitan Museum of Art
1653:
continued until the city started to decline between 600 and 700 CE.
53:
8713:
8496:
8454:
8393:
8105:
7955:
7497:
7492:
7382:
7362:
6754:
6667:
6245:
5908:
5709:
Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyu: a Study in Prehistoric Culture Contact
5444:. United States of America: University of Texas Press. p. 330.
5429:. United States of America: University of Texas Press. p. 333.
5363:. United States of America: University of Texas Press. p. 223.
5329:
5251:
5061:
5039:
4718:
4362:
2979:
2233:
2128:, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a translation from its Nahuatl name
2010:
1963:
1874:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1370:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1223:
1075:
868:
673:
The city and the archeological site are located in what is now the
627:
606:
573:
7517:
6383:
6293:
The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
5965:
The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
5639:
The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
5523:"National Guard, police dispatched to protect archaeological site"
1169:
1097:
986:
871:, linking the bundles of reeds and rushes that formed part of the
651:
ethnic groups. Other scholars have suggested that Teotihuacan was
8626:
8555:
8511:
8366:
8101:
7638:
7522:
7263:
7159:
7134:
7119:
7039:
7034:
6991:
6966:
6936:
6579:
6416:
6347:(Thesis). PhD thesis. Stanford Archaeology Center/Metamedia Lab,
5454:
David Barstow and Alejandra Xanix von Vertrab. December 17, 2012
4213:
2193:
1434:
1426:
1338:
1026:
772:
648:
8427:
7567:
3254:
Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (2015).
2257:
The Ciudadela, on the opposite side from the Pyramid of the Moon
8459:
8334:
8044:
8034:
7417:
7412:
7337:
7273:
7154:
7104:
7094:
7069:
6702:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
6612:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
5570:
4209:
4000:
Cowgill, George L.; Hammond, Norman; Willey, Gordon R. (1979).
2006:
1971:
1951:
1606:
1594:
1509:
1055:
1034:
996:
819:
689:
635:
585:
307:
6427:
5670:. Lost Civilizations series. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books.
999:. This belief was based on colonial period texts, such as the
855:
described by 16th-century chronicles. It now seems clear that
481:
9093:
7684:
7628:
7619:
7507:
7084:
6778:
6660:
6656:
5947:. Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project. Archived from
2137:
1908:
1724:
1712:
1501:
1390:
1271:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1067:
1019:
750:
602:
496:
8266:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6833:
6569:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
5503:"Mexico: Builders bulldozing outskirts of Teotihuacan ruins"
2757:
1198:, in which an inwards-sloping external side of a structure (
794:
The original name of the city is unknown, but it appears in
4921:
2879:
2766:, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 155â197,
1959:
1947:
1927:
1897:
1777:
1091:
872:
487:
475:
469:
8303:
6132:
5215:"Calzada de los Muertos. Zona arqueolĂłgica de Teotihuacan"
4229:", the name of the much later Aztec feathered serpent god.
4208:
Instead of "Storm God", Miller and Taube call this deity "
1841:
of the Pyramid of the Sun has never been fully excavated.
1636:
Human sacrifices found at the foundations of La Ciudadela.
5733:
5507:
890:
states that the city appears to have actually been named
5489:
Tourists reject sound and light show at Mexican pyramids
4530:
4339:. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 83.
4329:
3869:
2802:
1433:
formed, and Teotihuacan was vassalized once more by the
684:, approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) northeast of
5967:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 199â216.
4336:
Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection
4246:
4244:
2550:
Green Bird Procession, Temple of the Feathered Serpents
990:
Teotihuacan and other important Classic Era settlements
862:
856:
833:
825:
817:
799:
780:
740:
584:. Although close to Mexico City, Teotihuacan was not a
6487:
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
6295:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 249â72.
6047:
5373:
5073:
5071:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4334:
3253:
9879:
Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC
8261:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
6317:
5989:
5696:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016,
5636:
5456:
The Bribery Aisle: How Wal-Mart Got Its Way in Mexico
4291:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 95.
4006:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 51â62.
3972:. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.
3938:. Washington, D.C.: Trustees for Harvard University.
3900:
Cowgill, George L. (2001), "Central Mexico Classic",
3256:
Worlds Together Worlds Apart Volume 1 Concise Edition
2264:
damage, while the project will have limited benefit.
1900:
Institute of Geophysics, determined with the help of
558:, 40 kilometers (25 mi) northeast of modern-day
499:
493:
484:
472:
6753:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
6524:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
5641:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 1â44.
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
4241:
3999:
3258:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 292.
2899:
Archaeology of Native North America by Dean R. Snow.
1018:. Scholars have speculated that the eruption of the
478:
466:
5962:
5068:
4935:
490:
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6465:
6229:
6186:Un Palacio en la ciudad de los dioses, TeotihuacĂĄn
5789:
5607:
5576:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4700:"Obsidian Production and the State in Teotihuacan"
3392:
3200:
1173:Platform along the Avenue of the Dead showing the
816:Central Mexican settlements that took the name of
804:, or "Place of Reeds". This suggests that, in the
5939:
5706:
5087:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
3769:Nichols, Deborah L. (March 2016). "Teotihuacan".
1719:
9805:
6336:
6170:
5605:
5102:Robot finds mysterious spheres in ancient temple
4920:National Institute of Anthropology and History (
4855:Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Mexico
4787:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4289:Teotihuacan : art from the city of the gods
4268:Cowgill (1997), p. 149. Pasztory (1992), p. 281.
2666:"Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan | Whizzed Net"
1582:A mural showing what has been identified as the
1481:, the urban population had reached its maximum.
947:lasted between 1 CE to 350 CE. During this era,
6088:. In Berrin, Kathleen; Esther Pasztory (eds.).
5827:
5006:
5004:
4907:
4405:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4139:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
617:Teotihuacan began as a religious center in the
8241:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
8226:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
6377:, academic resources and links, maintained by
6268:
5803:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
5663:
4969:
3850:Terrence Kaufman, "Nawa linguistic prehistory"
3157:
2764:Settlement, Subsistence, and Social Complexity
2358:
2238:National Institute of Anthropology and History
1877:occurred near the foot of the temple pyramid.
1871:National Institute of Anthropology and History
1761:were taken to the newly finished excavations.
1049:
888:National Institute of Anthropology and History
8319:
6819:
6451:
6190:Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia
5889:
5868:
5035:Experts: Ancient Mexicans crossbred wolf-dogs
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2608:, an American anthropologist and archeologist
1768:were carried out in the 1920s, supervised by
1059:led by some sort of "collective governance."
879:and the large gathering of people in a city.
9776:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
6083:
5001:
4043:
3351:Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) at
3329:"Naachtun's Stela 24 and the Entrada of 378"
2586:List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
2156:are placed at both ends of the Avenue while
2154:Temple of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl
9864:Archaeological sites in the State of Mexico
6322:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
5309:
5274:
4077:
3993:
3018:Nichols, Deborah L. (2016). "Teotihuacan".
2083:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2044:
1108:. Soon thereafter, Yax K'uk' Mo' installed
622:cultural complex associated with the site.
8326:
8312:
6826:
6812:
6458:
6444:
6428:Articles and topics related to Teotihuacan
6123:Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan
6090:Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods
5833:"State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico"
5579:Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods
4770:. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07
4747:
4398:
4286:
4132:
4056:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
3959:
3925:
3551:
2937:"Mexico's Teotihuacan ruins may have been
2708:
2219:
1321:TeotihuacĂĄn-style mask, Classical period.
1230:and the central Guatemalan highlands. The
867:and other language equivalents serve as a
605:. Additionally, Teotihuacan exported fine
8231:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6553:Sanctuary of JesĂșs Nazareno de Atotonilco
6498:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
6275:The Writing System of Ancient Teotihuacan
5610:The Iconography of the Teotihuacan Tlaloc
5474:Protesters Demand Stop on Pyramid Project
4924:), Mexico. Press release, 3 August 2010.
4442:
4424:
4176:
4158:
3587:
3577:
2642:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2281:360° View of the Avenue of the Dead, the
2103:Learn how and when to remove this message
1915:, equipped with an infrared camera and a
1680:
1266:note an individual named by scholars as "
981:
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
6835:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
6092:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp.
4049:
3547:
3545:
2868:
2198:
2182:
2162:
2022:After each new segment was cleared, the
1988:
1941:Avenue of the Dead, TeotihuacĂĄn, Mexico.
1936:
1869:and Julie Gazzola, archeologists of the
1852:
1723:
1693:
1631:
1577:
1444:
1316:
1308:
1202:) is surmounted by a rectangular panel (
1182:
1168:
1145:
1092:Year 426: Conquest of CopĂĄn and QuiriguĂĄ
985:
925:Left side view of the Pyramid of the Sun
919:
906:
9600:
6666:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
6214:ArqueologĂa de TeotihuacĂĄn, la cerĂĄmica
4578:
4371:
4083:
3899:
3814:
3768:
3668:
3365:
3141:
3139:
3099:
3017:
2965:
2492:Detail of a collective burial of those
2037:, which opened in late September 2017.
1529:, Miller and Taube list eight deities:
1254:artifacts. No ancient Teotihuacano non-
588:(i.e. Aztec) city, and it predates the
196:View of the Avenue of the Dead and the
14:
9806:
6695:Central University City Campus of the
5769:; Dean Snow; Elizabeth Benson (1986).
5367:
5315:
5280:
5237:
5043:(Science X network), December 16, 2010
4956:Matthew Shaer, Janet Jarman (photos).
4697:
4650:"The Obsidian Industry of Teotihuacan"
4647:
4537:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
3965:
3931:
3326:
2601:List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico
2515:Detail of the murals of the palace of
2336:Panoramic view from the summit of the
2308:Panoramic view from the summit of the
1982:, the spheres are a fascinating find:
1751:International Congress of Americanists
766:
8307:
6807:
6439:
6426:
5740:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
5439:
5424:
5358:
4930:Universes in Universe â Worlds of Art
4851:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4090:. Oxford, England: B.A.R Publishing.
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3810:
3808:
3764:
3762:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3542:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3153:
3151:
3095:
3093:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
1848:
1706:
1689:
1345:, possibly caused by the eruption of
786:
521:
6224:Teotihuacan, métropole de l'Amérique
5999:Journal for the History of Astronomy
5492:, TwoCircles.net, February 18, 2009.
4884:http://www.jstor.org/stable/24316098
4748:Cartwright, Mark (August 24, 2022).
4053:Teotihuacan: An Experiment in Living
3653:
3136:
2436:Puma mural in the Avenue of the Dead
2081:adding citations to reliable sources
2048:
1656:One of Teotihuacan's neighborhoods,
902:
550:city located in a sub-valley of the
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
7259:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
6727:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
6596:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
6589:Islands and Protected Areas of the
6491:Islands and Protected Areas of the
6386:Teotihuacan information and history
5667:Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor
5138:
5057:Tunnel found under temple in Mexico
4513:
4459:
4399:Manzanilla, Linda R. (2015-03-16).
4323:
4133:Manzanilla, Linda R. (2015-03-16).
3656:Archaeology of Native North America
3074:: Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon"
1409:. But his reign was cut short when
1397:, and in 1409 was assigned its own
1116:, about 50 km north of CopĂĄn.
713:
275:
247:
219:
36:Mexican Navy 42 metre patrol vessel
24:
8251:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
7230:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
5563:
5283:Journal of Archaeological Research
4111:
3884:
3805:
3771:Journal of Archaeological Research
3759:
3717:
3242:
3148:
3090:
3020:Journal of Archaeological Research
3002:
2852:"Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan"
2849:
2783:
2751:
2692:"Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan"
2689:
2460:Serpentine mask, 3rdâ6th centuries
1932:Tlalocan Project: Underground Road
1861:In late 2003 a tunnel beneath the
1550:(Temple of the Feathered Serpent).
1025:Other scholars have put forth the
601:, and its vibrant, well-preserved
25:
9890:
9859:Former populated places in Mexico
7242:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
7213:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
6683:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
6368:
5743:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
5614:. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
5065:(Science X network), May 30, 2011
4479:Journal of Archaeological Science
4003:Maya archaeology and ethnohistory
3935:The mural painting of TeotihuacĂĄn
2809:Journal of Archaeological Science
2727:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2397:View from the Pyramid of the Moon
1780:from 1960 to 1965, supervised by
1452:, Teotihuacan style, 400â700 CE,
882:As of January 23, 2018, the name
612:extreme weather events of 535â536
9874:Archaeological museums in Mexico
8283:
7235:Archaeological sites in Colombia
7208:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
5549:
5529:
5515:
5495:
5480:
5465:
5448:
5433:
5418:
5352:
5231:
5207:
5182:
5157:
5132:
5113:
3669:Garraty, Christopher P. (2006).
3204:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
2917:Mathews and Schele (1997, p. 39)
2760:"Past Lives in Different Places"
2555:
2543:
2531:
2508:
2485:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2402:
2390:
2385:View from the Pyramid of the Sun
2378:
2324:
2296:
2269:
2245:
2053:
1993:Vessel of the Coyotlatelco type.
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1313:Felid head, TeotihuacĂĄn, Mexico.
1100:ruling dynasty was created with
712:
705:
462:
407:Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan
274:
267:
246:
239:
218:
211:
190:
52:
7218:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
6663:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
6061:. London: Thames & Hudson.
5854:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129
5583:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
5477:, Banderas News, February 2009.
5046:
5023:
4898:
4889:
4876:
4845:
4832:
4819:
4806:
4795:
4760:
4741:
4691:
4641:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4593:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129
4572:
4563:
4392:
4386:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129
4353:
4314:
4305:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4232:
4219:
4202:
4199:Miller & Taube, pp. 162â63.
4193:
3904:, Springer US, pp. 12â21,
3862:
3843:
3829:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129
3662:
3647:
3638:
3614:
3604:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3493:
3466:
3435:
3426:
3413:
3386:
3359:
3339:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3288:
3272:
3194:
3114:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129
3062:
2959:
2929:
2926:Miller and Taube (1993, p. 170)
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2850:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
2690:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1865:was accidentally discovered by
1863:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
1799:Statens museer för vÀrldskultur
1570:Esther Pasztory adds one more:
1384:
63:needs additional citations for
9869:Museums in the State of Mexico
9839:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
6722:Luis BarragĂĄn House and Studio
6503:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
6467:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
6396:Teotihuacan Multimedia Gallery
6318:Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993).
5990:Malmström, Vincent H. (1978).
5872:The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico
3327:Stuart, David (May 12, 2014).
2843:
2742:
2733:
2683:
2658:
2628:
2538:A wall painting in Teotihuacan
2448:Marble mask, 3rdâ7th centuries
2119:
1962:and are covered with a yellow
1720:Excavations and investigations
1087:built to efface the facade ...
13:
1:
9844:Mexico City metropolitan area
9819:Lost ancient cities and towns
8162:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
7223:Archaeological sites in Chile
6707:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
6585:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
6519:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
6216:, Fondo de Cultura EconĂłmica.
5841:Annual Review of Anthropology
4998:, 24 September 2017 18.52 BST
4581:Annual Review of Anthropology
4374:Annual Review of Anthropology
3817:Annual Review of Anthropology
3745:10.1525/aa.1994.96.1.02a00570
3658:. Prentice Hall. p. 156.
3499:See for example Cheek (1977,
3172:10.1525/aa.1988.90.3.02a00010
3102:Annual Review of Anthropology
2622:
2612:Spring equinox in TeotihuacĂĄn
2596:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
2520:
2497:
2424:Figurines at the local museum
1894:Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera
1627:
1475:
1468:
283:Teotihuacan (State of Mexico)
34:. For the patrol vessel, see
8256:Mesoamerican writing systems
8213:
7252:Archaeological sites in Peru
6773:Sian KaÊŒan Biosphere Reserve
5945:"Nawa linguistic prehistory"
5664:Brown, Dale M., ed. (1992).
5396:10.1126/science.202.4365.267
3369:Honduras and the Bay Islands
2968:Journal of Field Archaeology
2696:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2158:Palace-museum QuetzalpapĂĄlot
1734:Carlos de SigĂŒenza y GĂłngora
1599:Great Goddess of Teotihuacan
1591:Great Goddess of Teotihuacan
1584:Great Goddess of Teotihuacan
1062:In January 378, the warlord
698:
540:modern Nahuatl pronunciation
417:Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
7:
8333:
8152:Spanish Conquest of YucatĂĄn
6760:Historic Fortified Town of
6690:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
6649:and Archaeological Site of
6628:Historic Monuments Zone of
6534:Historic Monuments Zone of
6200:El Universo de QuetzalcĂłatl
5775:. New York: Facts on File.
4860:University of Alabama Press
4698:Spence, Michael W. (1981).
4648:Spence, Michael W. (1967).
4587:. Annual Reviews: 129â161.
4259:Pasztory (1997), pp. 83â84.
3910:10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9_2
3443:"Mexico's Pyramid of Death"
2876:"EstadĂstica de Visitantes"
2567:
2519:, dated in Xolalpan phase (
2359:Mexican government response
2041:discovered at Teotihuacan.
1764:Further excavations at the
1746:Mexican War of Independence
1520:
1304:
1050:Year 378: Conquest of Tikal
1046:, was completed by 100 CE.
1014:, on the southern shore of
286:Show map of State of Mexico
10:
9895:
8178:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
8081:Uaxaclajuun UbÊŒaah KÊŒawiil
6392:by EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6375:Teotihuacan Research Guide
6204:Fondo de Cultura EconĂłmica
6019:10.1177/002182867800900202
5875:. England: Penguin Books.
4754:World History Encyclopedia
4084:Langley, James C. (1986).
3932:Miller, Arthur G. (1973).
3902:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
3372:. Hunter Publishing, Inc.
2371:
1440:
1343:climate changes of 535â536
1226:, and particularly in the
897:
554:, which is located in the
397:UNESCO World Heritage Site
40:
29:
9834:History museums in Mexico
9769:
9721:
9238:
8642:
8341:
8279:
8221:
8212:
8132:
8055:
8030:
8001:
7976:
7951:
7926:
7901:
7870:
7845:
7820:
7789:
7752:
7727:
7690:
7659:
7634:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7576:
7403:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
7188:
7020:
6877:
6841:
6787:
6746:
6732:TehuacĂĄn-CuicatlĂĄn Valley
6676:
6638:
6604:
6574:Revillagigedo Archipelago
6561:
6511:
6473:
6433:
6337:Webmoor, Timothy (2007).
6171:Sugiyama, Saburo (2003).
5606:Pasztory, Esther (1974).
5556:British Museum Collection
5295:10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z
4750:"Obsidian in Mesoamerica"
4549:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.002
4050:Pasztory, Esther (1997).
3966:Berrin, Kathleen (1988).
3783:10.1007/s10814-015-9085-0
3032:10.1007/s10814-015-9085-0
2411:Palace of QuetzalpapĂĄlotl
2124:The city's broad central
1732:In the late 17th century
1548:Feathered Serpent Pyramid
1119:
768:[te.oËtiËËwakaËn]
451:
443:
431:
421:
411:
403:
394:
390:
380:
375:
370:
355:
350:
313:
295:
205:
189:
27:Ancient Mesoamerican city
8290:Civilizations portal
7247:Cultural periods of Peru
6345:Symmetrical Archaeology
6233:Latin American Antiquity
5772:Atlas of Ancient America
5318:Latin American Antiquity
5240:Latin American Antiquity
4331:Birmingham Museum of Art
4238:Sugiyama (1992), p. 220.
3675:Latin American Antiquity
3626:www.historiacultural.com
3558:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
3283:Teotihuacan's Lost Kings
3212:10.1086/RESvn1ms20167692
3206:. 49â50 (49/50): 12â39.
2591:List of megalithic sites
2562:From Pyramid of the Moon
2142:Great Pyramid of Cholula
2045:Monuments of Teotihuacan
1980:Arizona State University
1902:ground-penetrating radar
1597:depicting gods like the
1467:In the Tzacualli phase (
1401:, Huetzin, a son of the
798:from the Maya region as
41:Not to be confused with
32:TeotihuacĂĄn Municipality
8184:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
7030:Mesoamerican chronology
6480:Archaeological Zone of
5440:Aveni, Anthony (2001).
5425:Aveni, Anthony (2001).
5359:Aveni, Anthony (2001).
5053:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
4852:Linné, Sigvald (2003).
4426:10.1073/pnas.1419881112
4359:Pasztory (1993), p. 54.
4250:Pasztory (1997), p. 84.
4160:10.1073/pnas.1419881112
3733:American Anthropologist
3579:10.1073/pnas.1419881112
3552:Manzanilla, LR (2015).
3366:Fiallos, Maria (2006).
3160:American Anthropologist
2472:Alabaster statue of an
2220:Threat from development
2152:and The Ciudadela with
1716:attractions in Mexico.
863:
857:
834:
826:
818:
800:
781:
741:
230:Show map of Mesoamerica
6887:Archaeological periods
6482:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
5869:Davies, Nigel (1982).
5737:; Rex Koontz (1994) .
5219:pueblosoriginarios.com
4499:10.1006/jasc.1997.0259
3654:Snow, Dean R. (2010).
3622:"Cultura Teotihuacana"
3521:Braswell (2003, p. 11)
3451:. 2006. Archived from
3285:, PBS, 30 October 2018
2829:10.1006/jasc.1999.0504
2606:Robert E. Lee Chadwick
2352:Secretariat of Culture
2232:, gave permission for
2204:
2188:
2187:Toilet in Teotihuacan.
2168:
2136:(third largest in the
1994:
1942:
1858:
1729:
1711:Knowledge of the huge
1699:
1681:Writing and literature
1637:
1586:
1498:Mesoamerican languages
1456:
1326:
1314:
1188:
1180:
1158:
1089:
991:
982:Origins and foundation
927:
917:
788:[te.otiwaËkan]
519:Spanish pronunciation:
9746:Medieval great powers
8190:List of Conquistadors
8077:Kʌinich Janaabʌ Pakal
7488:Quebrada de Humahuaca
6907:Caddoan Mississippian
6777:Pre-Hispanic Town of
6766:Pre-Hispanic City of
6736:Pre-Hispanic City of
6655:Prehistoric Caves of
6616:Pre-Hispanic City of
6549:San Miguel de Allende
6084:Millon, René (1993).
5795:Janet Catherine Berlo
4904:Ć prajc (2000), p. 410
4895:Heyden (1975, p. 131)
3432:Braswell (2003, p. 7)
3345:Linda R. Manzanilla.
3308:Millon (1993), p. 24.
2908:Millon (1993), p. 34.
2772:10.2307/j.ctvdjrqh6.9
2363:On May 31, 2021, 250
2202:
2186:
2166:
2146:Great Pyramid of Giza
1992:
1940:
1856:
1797:1932 investigations,
1727:
1697:
1635:
1581:
1448:
1389:During the 1200s CE,
1379:Classic Maya collapse
1320:
1312:
1186:
1172:
1149:
1102:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
1084:
989:
923:
910:
567:Mesoamerican pyramids
523:[teotiwa'kan]
335:19.69250°N 98.84389°W
170:19.69250°N 98.84389°W
9756:European colonialism
9741:Ancient great powers
8157:Francisco de Montejo
8085:Jasaw Chan KÊŒawiil I
7198:Andean civilizations
7125:Shaft tomb tradition
6226:, Paris, F. Maspero.
5145:Smithsonian Magazine
4963:Smithsonian Magazine
4840:The Pursuit of Ruins
4827:The Pursuit of Ruins
4814:The Pursuit of Ruins
3873:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
3644:Kaufman (2001, p. 4)
2617:Giza pyramid complex
2580:Cerro de la Estrella
2077:improve this section
1425:and the neighboring
1347:the Ilopango volcano
728:class=notpageimage|
675:San Juan TeotihuacĂĄn
381:Architectural styles
255:Teotihuacan (Mexico)
227:Location of the site
72:improve this article
9751:Modern great powers
8123:Manco Inca Yupanqui
7428:Manteño-Huancavilca
6897:Ancestral Puebloans
6791:Shared by more one
6711:Historic Centre of
6645:Historic Centre of
6622:Historic Centre of
6578:Historic Centre of
6528:Historic Centre of
6410:, by Roland Kuczora
6390:Teotihuacan article
6349:Stanford University
6129:, pp. 281â320.
6011:1978JHA.....9..105M
5805:. pp. 231â46.
5388:1978Sci...202..267A
5084:, November 12, 2010
4491:1998JArSc..25..643W
4417:2015PNAS..112.9210M
4151:2015PNAS..112.9210M
3570:2015PNAS..112.9210M
3448:National Geographic
3279:Secrets of the Dead
2821:2000JArSc..27..903P
2640:Oxford Dictionaries
2344:on the center left.
2338:Pyramid of the Moon
2314:Pyramid of the Moon
2287:Pyramid of the Moon
2150:Pyramid of the Moon
2009:(fool's gold), and
1867:Sergio GĂłmez ChĂĄvez
1757:and vice president
1179:architectural style
1152:Pyramid of the Moon
875:environment of the
733:Greater Mexico City
693:World Heritage Site
582:Pyramid of the Moon
340:19.69250; -98.84389
331: /
198:Pyramid of the Moon
186:
175:19.69250; -98.84389
166: /
9829:Mesoamerican sites
8246:Columbian exchange
8236:Portal:Mesoamerica
7388:La Tolita (Tumaco)
7203:Indigenous peoples
6942:Hopewell tradition
6869:Indigenous peoples
6591:Gulf of California
6547:Protected town of
6544:and Adjacent Mines
6493:Gulf of California
6406:2016-08-08 at the
6220:Séjourné, Laurette
6210:Séjourné, Laurette
6196:Séjourné, Laurette
6181:Séjourné, Laurette
6175:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5896:American Antiquity
5801:. Washington, DC:
5791:Cowgill, George L.
5692:Bueno, Christina.
5571:Berrin, Kathleen;
5100:Rossella Lorenzi.
4802:es:Leopoldo Batres
4707:American Antiquity
4657:American Antiquity
4320:Sugiyama: 109, 111
4311:Coe (1994), p. 98.
4012:10.7560/750401-007
3855:2020-01-19 at the
3455:on January 5, 2008
2947:. January 23, 2018
2575:293477 Teotihuacan
2342:Pyramid of the Sun
2310:Pyramid of the Sun
2283:Pyramid of the Sun
2205:
2189:
2169:
2134:Pyramid of the Sun
1995:
1943:
1883:Pyramid of the Sun
1859:
1849:Recent discoveries
1730:
1707:Archeological site
1700:
1690:Obsidian workshops
1638:
1587:
1457:
1327:
1323:Walters Art Museum
1315:
1189:
1181:
1164:cultural diffusion
1159:
1156:Pyramid of the Sun
1044:Pyramid of the Sun
992:
928:
918:
914:Pyramid of the Sun
912:Front view of the
796:hieroglyphic texts
763:Thelma D. Sullivan
599:Avenue of the Dead
578:Pyramid of the Sun
404:Official name
258:Show map of Mexico
184:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9794:
9717:
9716:
9682:PolishâLithuanian
8857:Gurjara-Pratihara
8301:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8271:Pre-Columbian art
8207:
8206:
8201:Francisco Pizarro
8167:Pedro de Alvarado
7483:PucarĂĄ de Tilcara
6801:
6800:
6540:Historic Town of
6379:Temple University
6329:978-0-01-263999-3
6302:978-0-292-70587-6
6155:978-0-684-80106-3
6103:978-0-500-23653-6
6068:978-0-500-05068-2
5974:978-0-292-70587-6
5941:Kaufman, Terrence
5882:978-0-14-013587-9
5812:978-0-88402-205-3
5782:978-0-8160-1199-5
5750:978-0-500-27722-5
5718:978-0-271-00529-4
5677:978-0-8094-9854-3
5648:978-0-292-70587-6
5621:978-0-88402-059-2
5590:978-0-500-23653-6
5542:Los Angeles Times
5110:, April 30, 2013
5010:De Young Museum.
4816:, pp. 80, 192â95,
4411:(30): 9210â9215.
4346:978-1-904832-77-5
4277:Sugiyama, p. 111.
4145:(30): 9210â9215.
3919:978-1-4684-7132-8
3333:Maya Decipherment
3265:978-0-393-91847-2
3078:www.metmuseum.org
2672:. 28 October 2023
2494:sacrificed humans
2409:Courtyard of the
2350:In May 2021, the
2113:
2112:
2105:
1906:remote-controlled
1603:Feathered Serpent
1560:The Netted Jaguar
1544:Feathered Serpent
1264:Maya inscriptions
903:Historical course
806:Maya civilization
745:was given by the
657:Oto-Pamean people
455:
454:
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
9886:
9849:Archaeoastronomy
9598:
9597:
9263:Austro-Hungarian
8963:Chagatai Khanate
8328:
8321:
8314:
8305:
8304:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8210:
8209:
8196:Spanish Conquest
8173:Spanish Conquest
8148:Spanish Conquest
8137:Spanish Conquest
7579:
7578:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6805:
6804:
6692:Hydraulic System
6460:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6436:
6424:
6423:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6351:. Archived from
6333:
6314:
6287:
6265:
6221:
6211:
6197:
6182:
6176:
6167:
6120:
6119:Pasztory, Esther
6115:
6080:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6029:. Archived from
5996:
5986:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5936:
5886:
5865:
5837:
5824:
5786:
5762:
5730:
5689:
5660:
5633:
5613:
5602:
5582:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5499:
5493:
5484:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5382:(4365): 267â86.
5371:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5139:Gershon, Livia.
5136:
5130:
5117:
5111:
5098:
5085:
5075:
5066:
5050:
5044:
5031:Associated Press
5027:
5021:
5008:
4999:
4986:
4967:
4954:
4933:
4918:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4862:. p. xiii.
4849:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4704:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4528:
4511:
4510:
4470:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4428:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4162:
4130:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3897:
3882:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3687:10.2307/25063064
3666:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3549:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3363:
3357:
3356:, April 15, 2015
3343:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3155:
3146:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3015:
3000:
2999:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2800:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2632:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2499:
2489:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2328:
2300:
2273:
2249:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2057:
2049:
1921:3D visualization
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1662:infant mortality
1648:
1486:Terrence Kaufman
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1268:Spearthrower Owl
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1080:Spearthrower Owl
1001:Florentine Codex
877:Valley of Mexico
866:
860:
839:
831:
823:
803:
790:
784:
779:on the syllable
770:
744:
716:
715:
709:
552:Valley of Mexico
546:) is an ancient
545:
544:
543:
541:
533:
532:
531:
525:
520:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
346:
345:
343:
342:
341:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
287:
278:
277:
271:
259:
250:
249:
243:
231:
222:
221:
215:
194:
187:
183:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9824:Ancient peoples
9804:
9803:
9802:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9780:American Empire
9765:
9761:African empires
9713:
9596:
9288:Central African
9234:
9052:Romano-Germanic
8638:
8372:Middle Assyrian
8345:
8337:
8332:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8282:
8275:
8217:
8208:
8198:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8150:
8139:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8094:Quemuenchatocha
8092:
8083:
8079:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8023:
7892:
7801:
7775:
7764:
7711:Human Sacrifice
7708:
7700:Human Sacrifice
7697:
7671:
7644:Mayan Languages
7572:
7184:
7016:
6873:
6854:Genetic history
6837:
6832:
6802:
6797:
6783:
6742:
6672:
6634:
6600:
6557:
6507:
6469:
6464:
6429:
6408:Wayback Machine
6371:
6366:
6358:
6356:
6330:
6303:
6219:
6209:
6195:
6180:
6156:
6118:
6104:
6069:
6039:
6037:
6033:
5994:
5975:
5954:
5952:
5883:
5835:
5829:Cowgill, George
5813:
5783:
5767:Coe, Michael D.
5751:
5735:Coe, Michael D.
5719:
5678:
5649:
5622:
5591:
5573:Esther Pasztory
5566:
5564:Further reading
5561:
5554:
5550:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5486:Prensa Latina,
5485:
5481:
5471:Prensa Latina,
5470:
5466:
5462:Wal-Mart Abroad
5453:
5449:
5438:
5434:
5423:
5419:
5372:
5368:
5357:
5353:
5314:
5310:
5279:
5275:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5149:
5147:
5137:
5133:
5129:, 24 April 2015
5118:
5114:
5099:
5088:
5076:
5069:
5051:
5047:
5028:
5024:
5017:De Young Museum
5009:
5002:
4987:
4970:
4955:
4936:
4932:, 3 August 2010
4919:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4850:
4846:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4796:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4746:
4742:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4669:10.2307/2694078
4652:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4629:www.science.org
4623:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4529:
4514:
4471:
4460:
4397:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4131:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4022:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3898:
3885:
3867:
3863:
3857:Wayback Machine
3848:
3844:
3813:
3806:
3767:
3760:
3729:
3718:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:. 23 June 2023.
3294:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3252:
3243:
3199:
3195:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3016:
3003:
2974:(1/2): 81â108.
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2848:
2844:
2815:(10): 903â913.
2801:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2670:www.whizzed.net
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2646:on 16 July 2013
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2481:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:in the distance
2306:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2222:
2122:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2074:
2058:
2047:
2031:De Young Museum
1974:. According to
1919:that generates
1851:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1787:Quetzalpapalotl
1742:Leopoldo Batres
1722:
1709:
1692:
1683:
1646:
1642:Basin of Mexico
1630:
1618:human sacrifice
1611:human sacrifice
1523:
1478:
1471:
1454:Brooklyn Museum
1443:
1387:
1341:related to the
1307:
1299:Florence, Italy
1236:Tlaxcala-Puebla
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1094:
1052:
984:
926:
916:
905:
900:
737:
736:
735:
730:
724:
723:
722:
721:
717:
701:
682:State of MĂ©xico
619:Mexican Plateau
556:State of Mexico
539:
536:
535:
527:
526:
518:
465:
461:
399:
339:
337:
333:
330:
325:
322:
320:
318:
317:
304:State of Mexico
291:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
201:
174:
172:
168:
165:
160:
157:
155:
153:
152:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9892:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9854:Ancient cities
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9725:
9723:
9719:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9617:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9562:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9545:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9518:
9513:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9400:
9399:
9398:
9393:
9383:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9327:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9290:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9244:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9175:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8760:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8716:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8646:
8644:Post-classical
8640:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8624:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8499:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8443:Middle Kingdom
8440:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8399:Neo-Babylonian
8396:
8391:
8389:Old Babylonian
8381:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8364:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8339:
8338:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8205:
8204:
8193:
8170:
8145:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8108:
8087:
8074:
8057:
8056:Notable Rulers
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8025:Neo-Inca State
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7770:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7703:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
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7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
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7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6664:
6653:
6642:
6640:
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6626:
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6614:
6608:
6606:
6602:
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6593:
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6563:
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6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6411:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6370:
6369:External links
6367:
6365:
6364:
6334:
6328:
6315:
6301:
6288:
6270:Taube, Karl A.
6266:
6246:10.2307/972004
6240:(4): 403â415.
6227:
6217:
6207:
6193:
6177:
6168:
6154:
6130:
6127:Dumbarton Oaks
6116:
6102:
6081:
6067:
6045:
6005:(2): 105â116.
5987:
5973:
5960:
5937:
5909:10.2307/279609
5903:(2): 131â147.
5887:
5881:
5866:
5848:(1): 129â161.
5825:
5811:
5787:
5781:
5763:
5749:
5731:
5717:
5704:
5690:
5676:
5661:
5647:
5634:
5620:
5603:
5589:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5545:. 1 June 2021.
5528:
5525:. 1 June 2021.
5514:
5511:. 25 May 2021.
5494:
5479:
5464:
5460:New York Times
5447:
5432:
5417:
5366:
5351:
5330:10.2307/972004
5324:(4): 403â415.
5308:
5289:(2): 197â251.
5273:
5252:10.2307/972004
5230:
5206:
5181:
5156:
5131:
5112:
5086:
5067:
5045:
5022:
5000:
4968:
4934:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4875:
4868:
4858:. Tuscaloosa:
4844:
4831:
4829:, pp. 199â200.
4818:
4805:
4794:
4759:
4740:
4719:10.2307/280105
4713:(4): 769â788.
4690:
4663:(4): 507â514.
4640:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4571:
4562:
4543:(4): 385â403.
4512:
4485:(7): 643â655.
4458:
4391:
4361:
4352:
4345:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4298:978-0500277676
4297:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4240:
4231:
4218:
4201:
4192:
4110:
4096:
4076:
4062:
4042:
4020:
3992:
3978:
3958:
3944:
3924:
3918:
3883:
3876:(in Spanish).
3861:
3842:
3823:(1): 129â161.
3804:
3758:
3739:(1): 215â216.
3716:
3681:(4): 363â387.
3661:
3646:
3637:
3613:
3603:
3564:(30): 9210â5.
3541:
3539:Davies, p. 78.
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3492:
3465:
3434:
3425:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3378:
3358:
3338:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3287:
3271:
3264:
3241:
3193:
3166:(3): 521â546.
3147:
3135:
3089:
3061:
3001:
2980:10.2307/529707
2958:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2878:(in Spanish).
2867:
2856:whc.unesco.org
2842:
2782:
2750:
2741:
2739:Millon, p. 18.
2732:
2707:
2682:
2657:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2478:British Museum
2471:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2365:National Guard
2360:
2357:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2230:Arturo Montiel
2221:
2218:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2043:
1976:George Cowgill
1966:formed by the
1850:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1721:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1629:
1626:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:The Pulque God
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1450:Incensario Lid
1442:
1439:
1386:
1383:
1306:
1303:
1121:
1118:
1093:
1090:
1051:
1048:
983:
980:
924:
911:
904:
901:
899:
896:
726:
725:
719:
718:
711:
710:
704:
703:
702:
700:
697:
576:, namely the
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:
315:
311:
310:
297:
293:
292:
282:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
254:
245:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
226:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
195:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9891:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9786:
9785:Soviet empire
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:Miscellaneous
9768:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9566:
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9558:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9534:
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9529:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
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9468:
9465:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
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9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9369:German Empire
9367:
9366:
9365:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9341:
9338:
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9211:
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9171:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
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9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9109:Turco-Persian
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8641:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8324:
8322:
8317:
8315:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8292:
8291:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8202:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8142:Hernån Cortés
8138:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
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7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7190:South America
7187:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
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7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7012:Weeden Island
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:Poverty Point
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6952:Mississippian
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
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6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6879:North America
6876:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:Paleo-Indians
6847:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6756:
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6751:
6749:
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6725:
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6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:South Central
6675:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
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6609:
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6597:
6594:
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6539:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:North Central
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6456:
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6447:
6442:
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6438:
6432:
6425:
6419:Sept 21, 2021
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6355:on 2007-09-18
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6308:
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6225:
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6201:
6194:
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6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6138:Peter Mathews
6135:
6134:Schele, Linda
6131:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6036:on 2006-11-03
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5951:on 2016-03-03
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
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5892:
5891:Heyden, Doris
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4869:9780817350055
4865:
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4097:9780860544005
4093:
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4063:9780806128474
4059:
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4021:9780292762565
4017:
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4009:
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3996:
3981:
3979:9780295967035
3975:
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3970:
3962:
3947:
3945:9780884020493
3941:
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3865:
3859:, SUNY Albany
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3449:
3444:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3408:
3406:9781317346791
3402:
3399:. Routledge.
3398:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3379:9781588436023
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3297:
3296:"Teotihuacan"
3291:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3233:
3229:
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3006:
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2962:
2946:
2945:National Post
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2787:
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2769:
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2761:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2723:"Teotihuacan"
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:"TeotihuacĂĄn"
2631:
2627:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
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2576:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2501: AD 200
2495:
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2468:
2463:
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2104:
2096:
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2078:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2062:This section
2060:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:San Francisco
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:laser scanner
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1884:
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1872:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:Sigvald Linné
1793:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:Sigvald Linné
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Porfirio DĂaz
1735:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1704:
1696:
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1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:Great Goddess
1535:
1533:The Storm God
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479: 200 CE
1465:
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1311:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1287:Wagner Murals
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1244:talud-tablero
1241:
1240:talud-tablero
1237:
1233:
1232:talud-tablero
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:talud-tablero
1185:
1178:
1177:
1176:talud-tablero
1171:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:CopĂĄn Altar Q
1103:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Sihyaj K'ahk'
1060:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:Tula, Hidalgo
1002:
998:
988:
979:
976:
972:
969:
964:
960:
959:
955:
950:
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942:
939:
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922:
915:
909:
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885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
859:
854:
850:
846:
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669:
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650:
646:
642:
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633:
629:
623:
620:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
594:
591:
590:Mexica Empire
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
571:pre-Columbian
569:built in the
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
530:
524:
516:
515:
510:
504:
459:
450:
446:
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438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
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410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
386:
385:Talud-tablero
383:
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369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
344:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
270:
242:
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199:
193:
188:
182:
179:
150:
142:
139:
131:
128:February 2021
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: â
88:
87:"Teotihuacan"
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9536:Contemporary
9386:Indo-Persian
9374:Nazi Germany
9318:Contemporary
9220:Vijayanagara
9119:Great Seljuk
9030:Thessalonica
8958:Golden Horde
8598:Carthaginian
8377:Neo-Assyrian
8362:Neo-Sumerian
8281:
8214:
8064:Moctezuma II
8021:Inca history
7946:Andean Music
7890:Architecture
7885:Architecture
7880:Architecture
7875:Architecture
7871:Architecture
7865:Gender Roles
7610:Tenochtitlan
7533:TimotoâCuica
7528:Tierradentro
7313:CasmaâSechin
7129:
7045:Chalcatzingo
6768:Chichén Itzå
6737:
6357:. Retrieved
6353:the original
6344:
6339:
6319:
6292:
6274:
6237:
6231:
6223:
6213:
6199:
6185:
6172:
6144:. New York:
6141:
6122:
6089:
6057:
6049:Miller, Mary
6038:. Retrieved
6031:the original
6002:
5998:
5964:
5953:. Retrieved
5949:the original
5900:
5894:
5871:
5845:
5839:
5798:
5771:
5739:
5708:
5693:
5666:
5638:
5609:
5578:
5551:
5540:
5531:
5517:
5506:
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5488:
5482:
5473:
5467:
5450:
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5435:
5426:
5420:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:
5209:
5198:. Retrieved
5196:. 2021-08-27
5193:
5184:
5173:. Retrieved
5171:. 2021-08-14
5168:
5159:
5148:. Retrieved
5144:
5134:
5126:The Guardian
5124:
5119:Alan Yuhas.
5115:
5105:
5081:
5060:
5048:
5038:
5025:
5015:
4995:The Guardian
4993:
4988:Paul Laity.
4961:
4929:
4900:
4891:
4878:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4797:
4772:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4743:
4710:
4706:
4693:
4660:
4656:
4643:
4632:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4565:
4540:
4536:
4482:
4478:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4377:
4373:
4355:
4335:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4234:
4227:Quetzalcoatl
4221:
4204:
4195:
4142:
4138:
4101:. Retrieved
4086:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4052:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4002:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3968:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3934:
3927:
3901:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3845:
3820:
3816:
3774:
3770:
3736:
3732:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:
3616:
3606:
3561:
3557:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3484:. Retrieved
3479:ScienceDaily
3477:
3468:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:the original
3446:
3437:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3395:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3255:
3203:
3196:
3163:
3159:
3105:
3101:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3071:
3064:
3023:
3019:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2944:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2845:
2812:
2808:
2775:, retrieved
2763:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2685:
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2639:
2630:
2362:
2349:
2262:
2226:Mexico state
2223:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2099:
2090:
2075:Please help
2063:
2039:
2028:
2021:
1996:
1983:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1913:Tlaloc II-TC
1891:
1888:
1879:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1785:
1782:Jorge Acosta
1770:Manuel Gamio
1765:
1763:
1755:Eduard Seler
1731:
1710:
1701:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1622:
1615:
1588:
1569:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1494:MixeâZoquean
1483:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1431:Aztec Empire
1419:Azcapotzalco
1388:
1385:Aztec Period
1375:
1360:
1355:malnutrition
1336:
1332:ruling class
1328:
1284:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:is known as
1190:
1174:
1160:
1150:View of the
1123:
1096:In 426, the
1095:
1085:
1061:
1053:
1024:
1016:Lake Texcoco
1009:
993:
974:
973:
968:primate city
962:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
943:
937:
936:
933:
929:
891:
883:
881:
852:
849:Tula-Hidalgo
848:
844:
842:
828:Tula-Hidalgo
793:
738:
731:Location in
678:municipality
672:
661:
653:multi-ethnic
634:. The later
624:
616:
595:
564:
548:Mesoamerican
513:
512:
457:
456:
376:Architecture
151:
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
43:Tenochtitlan
18:Teotihuacano
9814:Teotihuacan
9124:Khwarezmian
9057:Carolingian
8862:Rashtrakuta
8566:Shaishunaga
8465:Hellenistic
8448:New Kingdom
8438:Old Kingdom
8127:TĂșpac Amaru
8111:Manco CĂĄpac
8060:Moctezuma I
7971:Agriculture
7966:Agriculture
7961:Agriculture
7952:Agriculture
7895:Road System
7784:Mathematics
7649:Muysc Cubun
7503:San AgustĂn
7453:Monte Verde
7130:Teotihuacan
7022:Mesoamerica
6917:Coles Creek
6902:Anishinaabe
6859:Archaeology
6738:TeotihuacĂĄn
6713:Mexico City
6651:Monte AlbĂĄn
6630:Tlacotalpan
6384:Teotihuacan
5442:Skywatchers
5427:Skywatchers
5361:Skywatchers
5107:NBCNews.com
4966:, June 2016
4380:: 129â161.
3777:(1): 1â74.
3353:UC Berkeley
3108:: 129â161.
3072:Teotihuacan
3026:(1): 1â74.
2340:, with the
2312:, with the
2120:Site layout
1658:Teopancazco
1553:The Old God
1351:El Salvador
1296:Renaissance
1256:ideographic
1228:Petén Basin
1212:Kaminaljuyu
1112:as king of
954:Teotihuacan
949:Teotihuacan
884:Teotihuacan
845:Teotihuacan
814:Postclassic
775:, with the
742:TeĆtÄ«huacÄn
720:Teotihuacan
686:Mexico City
632:Maya region
560:Mexico City
514:TeotihuacĂĄn
458:Teotihuacan
447:3,381.71 ha
435:1987 (11th
432:Inscription
338: /
314:Coordinates
300:TeotihuacĂĄn
185:Teotihuacan
173: /
9808:Categories
9694:Portuguese
9575:Revival Le
9565:Vietnamese
9208:Later Tran
9178:Vietnamese
9074:Singhasari
9062:Holy Roman
8686:Bulgarian
8622:Satavahana
8593:Phoenician
8529:Achaemenid
8490:Indo-Greek
8470:Macedonian
8384:Babylonian
8098:Tisquesusa
8072:Cuauhtémoc
8068:CuitlĂĄhuac
7398:Lauricocha
7368:Gran Chaco
7358:Cupisnique
7343:Chinchorro
7318:Chachapoya
7308:CaralâSupe
7150:Tlaxcaltec
7140:TeuchitlĂĄn
7055:ChupĂcuaro
6982:Plum Bayou
6977:Plaquemine
6947:Marksville
6912:Chichimeca
6747:South East
6717:Xochimilco
6685:Xochicalco
6639:South West
6542:Guanajuato
6474:North West
6359:2008-06-02
6188:, Mexico,
6053:Karl Taube
6040:2007-01-17
5955:2006-08-20
5702:0826357318
5246:(4): 406.
5224:2017-09-16
5200:2021-08-31
5175:2021-08-31
5150:2021-08-31
4842:, 206â207.
4774:2021-11-24
4634:2023-04-30
3631:2017-09-16
3486:2008-02-26
3459:2008-02-26
3281:, episode
3083:2020-03-11
2951:24 January
2861:2018-02-08
2777:2022-02-22
2701:2024-09-14
2676:2023-11-04
2623:References
2524: 450
2216:visitors.
2140:after the
2093:March 2020
2024:3D scanner
2016:greenstone
1759:Franz Boas
1647:20 km
1628:Population
1557:skeptical.
1421:, invaded
1367:Xochicalco
1110:Tok Casper
963:Period III
873:lacustrine
824:, such as
749:-speaking
664:Xochicalco
371:Site notes
361:Preclassic
326:98°50âČ38âłW
323:19°41âČ33âłN
161:98°50âČ38âłW
158:19°41âČ33âłN
98:newspapers
9687:Couronian
9325:Ethiopian
9313:Manchukuo
9268:Brazilian
9114:Ghaznavid
9084:Srivijaya
9035:Trebizond
9020:Byzantine
9002:North Sea
8997:Norwegian
8985:Almoravid
8968:Ilkhanate
8938:Majapahit
8911:Muromachi
8820:Solomonic
8805:Ethiopian
8719:Caliphate
8652:Aragonese
8480:Ptolemaic
8119:Atahualpa
8115:Pachacuti
8090:Nemequene
7956:Chinampas
7778:Astronomy
7767:Astronomy
7747:Mythology
7742:Mythology
7737:Mythology
7732:Mythology
7728:Mythology
7558:Wankarani
7548:TuncahuĂĄn
7438:Marajoara
7393:Las Vegas
7279:Atacameño
7175:Xochipala
7115:Purépecha
7075:Epi-Olmec
7065:Cuicuilco
7007:Troyville
6997:St. Johns
6536:Querétaro
6530:Zacatecas
6027:220910996
5933:130342291
5862:202300854
5303:149439162
5194:MadGhosts
5169:Arkeonews
4735:164044287
4557:0278-4165
4507:0305-4403
4435:0027-8424
4169:0027-8424
4103:31 August
4035:31 August
4030:240078108
3985:31 August
3951:31 August
3880:(73): 19.
3837:0084-6570
3799:254607946
3791:1059-0161
3753:0002-7294
3711:157029220
3695:1045-6635
3236:193625763
3220:0277-1322
3180:0002-7294
3122:0084-6570
3056:254607946
3040:1059-0161
2988:0093-4690
2939:Teohuacan
2837:0305-4403
2573:Asteroid
2130:Miccoatli
2064:does not
2003:magnetite
1968:oxidation
1956:metalized
1766:Ciudadela
1490:Totonacan
1484:In 2001,
1462:Cuicuilco
1411:Tezozomoc
1280:Guatemala
1154:from the
1141:Guatemala
1012:Cuicuilco
975:Period IV
945:Period II
892:Teohuacan
739:The name
699:Etymology
422:Reference
9667:Japanese
9630:Scottish
9610:American
9602:Colonial
9531:Imperial
9499:Moroccan
9435:Japanese
9413:Afsharid
9272:Burmese
9258:Austrian
9213:Later Le
9188:Early Le
9173:Venetian
9099:Tiwanaku
9012:Hellenic
8975:Moroccan
8906:Kamakura
8896:Japanese
8879:Saffarid
8832:Georgian
8746:Chalukya
8724:Rashidun
8714:Calakmul
8682:Bruneian
8561:Haryanka
8539:Sasanian
8534:Parthian
8485:Bactrian
8475:Seleucid
8455:Goguryeo
8433:Egyptian
8367:Assyrian
8357:Akkadian
8348:Colonies
8215:See also
8133:Conquest
8106:Zoratama
7773:Calendar
7762:Calendar
7757:Calendar
7753:Calendar
7722:Religion
7717:Religion
7706:Religion
7695:Religion
7691:Religion
7680:Numerals
7674:Numerals
7635:Language
7615:Multiple
7553:Valdivia
7538:Tiwanaku
7498:Saladoid
7493:Quimbaya
7383:Kuhikugu
7363:Diaguita
7353:Chorrera
7170:Veraguas
7165:Veracruz
7145:Tlatilco
6957:Mogollon
6864:Cultures
6842:Americas
6762:Campeche
6755:Calakmul
6668:Palenque
6618:El TajĂn
6551:and the
6404:Archived
6311:49936017
6284:44992821
6272:(2000).
6262:55054050
6164:37819972
6146:Scribner
6140:(1998).
6112:28423003
6077:27667317
6055:(1993).
5983:49936017
5943:(2001).
5831:(1997).
5821:25547129
5759:50131575
5686:24848419
5657:49936017
5599:28423003
5575:(1993).
5412:28670682
5404:17817633
5346:55054050
5268:55054050
5082:ArtDaily
5062:Phys.org
5040:Phys.org
4783:cite web
4685:54083199
4453:25775567
4333:(2010).
4187:25775567
3853:Archived
3703:25063064
3598:25775567
3228:20167692
3048:43956797
2885:25 March
2568:See also
2517:Atetelco
2355:danger.
2285:and the
2234:Wal-Mart
2144:and the
2011:hematite
1964:jarosite
1875:sinkhole
1521:Religion
1472: 1
1423:Huexotla
1415:tlatoani
1407:Huexotla
1403:tlatoani
1399:tlatoani
1395:Huexotla
1371:Cacaxtla
1339:droughts
1305:Collapse
1276:Uaxactun
1260:Honduras
1252:obsidian
1224:Oxkintok
1114:QuiriguĂĄ
1076:Naachtun
938:Period I
869:metaphor
851:was the
630:and the
628:Veracruz
607:obsidian
580:and the
574:Americas
413:Criteria
363:to late
296:Location
9734:largest
9729:Empires
9709:Swedish
9704:Spanish
9699:Russian
9662:Italian
9637:Chinese
9625:English
9620:British
9615:Belgian
9590:Vietnam
9580:Tay son
9526:Tsarist
9521:Russian
9516:Ottoman
9482:Dzungar
9477:Khoshut
9450:Mexican
9445:Maratha
9428:Pahlavi
9408:Safavid
9403:Iranian
9330:Haitian
9293:Chinese
9253:Ashanti
9225:Wagadou
9151:Eastern
9146:Western
9129:Timurid
9089:Tibetan
9079:Songhai
9069:Serbian
8990:Almohad
8980:Idrisid
8884:Samanid
8874:Tahirid
8869:Iranian
8847:Kannauj
8827:Genoese
8763:Chinese
8756:Eastern
8751:Western
8739:Fatimid
8734:Abbasid
8729:Umayyad
8702:Burmese
8662:Ayyubid
8657:Angevin
8627:Xianbei
8615:Eastern
8610:Western
8556:Magadha
8519:Iranian
8512:Xiongnu
8497:Hittite
8406:Chinese
8394:Kassite
8343:Ancient
8335:Empires
8102:Tundama
8031:Peoples
8016:History
8011:History
8006:History
8002:History
7996:Cuisine
7991:Cuisine
7986:Cuisine
7981:Cuisine
7977:Cuisine
7835:Warfare
7830:Warfare
7825:Warfare
7821:Warfare
7815:Society
7810:Economy
7799:Society
7794:Society
7790:Society
7660:Writing
7654:Quechua
7639:Nahuatl
7606:Capital
7543:ToyopĂĄn
7523:Tairona
7433:Mapuche
7348:Chiripa
7323:Chancay
7294:Cañaris
7269:Amotape
7264:El Abra
7180:Zapotec
7160:Totonac
7135:Tepanec
7120:Quelepa
7090:Mezcala
7080:Huastec
7050:Cholula
7040:Capacha
7035:Acolhua
6992:Sinagua
6967:Patayan
6937:Hohokam
6927:Fremont
6580:Morelia
6417:Gizmodo
6222:(1969)
6212:(1966)
6198:(1962)
6184:(1959)
6007:Bibcode
5925:1479302
5797:(ed.).
5727:3327234
5630:2231123
5384:Bibcode
5376:Science
4838:Bueno,
4825:Bueno,
4812:Bueno,
4677:2694078
4487:Bibcode
4444:4522775
4413:Bibcode
4214:Nahuatl
4178:4522775
4147:Bibcode
4069:10 July
3611:91â101/
3589:4522775
3566:Bibcode
3501:passim.
3130:2952518
2817:Bibcode
2372:Gallery
2194:patolli
2085:removed
2070:sources
1999:mercury
1911:called
1896:, from
1607:Censers
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