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metres; 4,490 to 5,410 ft) red spruce is dominant. Yellow birch, mountain ash, and mountain maple grow in the understory. Younger spruce and fir and shrubs like raspberry, blackberry, hobblebush, southern mountain cranberries, red elderberry, minniebush, southern bush honeysuckle are understory vegetation. Below the spruce-fir forest, at around 1,200 metres (3,900 ft), are forests of
American beech, yellow birch, maple birch, and oak. Skunk cabbage and ground juniper are northern species that were pushed into the areas from the north.
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36:
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451:. The leaves provide energy and nutrients for the trees, which provide homes and food for the forest. Through satellite data, the radiation use efficiency (RUE) calculates the annual amount of photosynthesis that occurs in temperate rainforests. A diverse amount of photosynthesis occurs based on the location and
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region, at an altitude between 640 m (2,100 ft) and 800 m (2,600 ft). It is isolated and hard to reach which helped its preservation. It is believed that trees have not been cut in
VinatovaÄŤa since about 1650. Being under strict protection means not only that the trees that die of
1903:
that provide a home to 1,142 plant species, including major species such as red pine, black pine, common camellia, serrata oak, and cork oak, as well as rare species such as nadopungnan (sedirea japonica), daeheongnan (cymbidium nipponicum) and the Korean winter hazel. Major animals species, such as
909:
Red spruce and Fraser fir are dominant canopy trees in high mountain areas. In higher elevation (over 1,980 metres; 6,500 feet), Fraser fir is dominant, in middle elevation (1,675 to 1,890 metres; 5,495 to 6,201 ft) red spruce and Fraser fir grow together, and in lower elevation (1,370 to 1,650
1058:
In the
Valdivian region the Andean Cordillera intercepts moist westerly winds along the Pacific coast during winter and summer months; these winds cool as they ascend the mountains, creating heavy rainfall on the mountains' west-facing slopes. The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates
1567:
old age are not being cleared or removed, but even picking herbs or mushrooms is forbidden. It is considered as an example of what central and eastern Serbia's natural look is. Beech trees are up to 45 m (148 ft) tall and some specimens are estimated to be over 300 years old.
443:
levels of forest floor plants. When the canopy is in full bloom, covering about 95% of the floor, plant survival decreases. Some plant species have become shade tolerant in order to survive. The treetops take in the heavy amount of rain and keep the lower levels of the forest damp.
3220:
Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. (1999) "Adjara, East
Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation", pp. 297–315 in: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD (eds.) Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan. Chiba: Chiba University
377:
in
British Columbia, as their dominant tree species, the Coast Douglas-fir, requires stand-destroying disturbance to initiate a new cohort of seedlings. The North American definition would in turn exclude a part of temperate rainforests under definitions used elsewhere.
1188:
depending on the ground flora. The majority of surviving fragments of
Atlantic Oakwoods in Britain occur on steep-sided slopes above rivers and lakes which have avoided clearance and intensive grazing pressure. There are notable examples on the islands and shores of
1904:
otters, small-eared cats, and badgers also call
Hallyeohaesang National Park home, and overall there are 25 mammal species, 115 bird species, 16 reptile species, 1,566 insect species, and 24 freshwater fish species found among the forested, mountains islands.
325:
However, required annual precipitation depends on factors such as distribution of rain over the year, temperatures over the year and fog presence, and definitions in other regions of the world differ considerably. For example, Australian definitions are
836:
have more continental climate with a large proportion of the precipitation falling as snow. Being closer to the Rocky
Mountains, there is more of a diverse mammalian fauna. Some of the best interior rainforests are found in
3114:
Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. (2004). "Caucasus", pp. 148–153 in
Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB (eds.)
2603:
Reilly, Matthew & Spies, Thomas. (2015). Regional variation in stand structure and development in forests of Oregon, Washington, and inland
Northern California. Ecosphere. 6. art192. 10.1890/ES14-00469.1.
1914:
designated Biosphere Preservation District. Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan, including the Korean goral, musk deer, and there are also more than 1,400 rare plant species, such as the edelweiss.
1363:
with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are
1108:
that grow here. This forest receives a lot of moisture as fog from the Indian Ocean, and resembles not only other temperate rainforests worldwide, but also the montane evergreen
1059:
humid and foggy conditions near the coast. The tree line is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35°S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the
432:, can stand as tall as 100 meters or more. A variety of species survive in the canopy. The tops of these trees collect most of the rain, moisture, and photosynthesis that the
1389:
of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. Genetic data suggest that the Colchis temperate rainforest, during the
3430:
140:
2898:
913:
The mild and wet environment supports the high diversity of fungi. Over 2,000 species live in this area and scientists estimate many unidentified fungi may be there.
548:
544:
3297:
Tarkhnishvili, David N.; Thorpe, Roger S.; Arntzen, Jan Willem (2000). "Pre-Pleistocene refugia and differentiation between populations of the Caucasian salamander (
3090:
1740:
1762:
region covering the higher elevations. Most of the lower elevations are covered by subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, dominated by Chinese Cryptocarya (
1250:, is the best example of the ancient damp-climate oceanic forest that covered an estimated 80 percent of Ireland prior to the arrival of humans in 7,000 BCE.
1104:
between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth on the south-facing slopes of South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains facing the Indian Ocean. There are several coniferous
2846:
2806:
3005:
2923:
1899:, which encompasses 150.14 km (57.97 sq mi) of mountainous forests spread out over 69 uninhabited islands and 30 inhabited islands in
1063:. In the summer the temperature can climb to 16.5 °C (61.7 °F), while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 °C (45 °F).
2781:
2735:
2710:
2685:
1895:– feature a wide variety of conifers and broadleaf trees. Much of these forests are protected in mountain and marine national forests, such as in
2631:
2558:
3660:
3032:
2190:
1555:, is the only rainforest in Serbia. It has been left undisturbed for centuries due to strict conservation laws starting in the 17th century.
3339:
1177:
605:
1168:
The woodlands are variously referred to in Britain as Upland Oakwoods, Atlantic Oakwoods, Western Oakwoods or Temperate Rainforest,
532:
100:
3405:
1910:
covers 398.539 km (153.877 sq mi) of mountainous forests near the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, and is a
72:
3186:
Milne RI. (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection Pontica, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution".
2819:
2258:
17:
1995:
species is an endemic deciduous species that can be found in this area. The limit occurs at 500–1000 metres depending on
3665:
3599:
3393:
2874:
2113:
53:
3438:
79:
3059:
2950:
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2295:
1269:
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forests that occur at higher elevations in southern and eastern Africa. A fine example of this forest is in South Africa's
283:
1502:
428:, arboreal animals, etc.). The canopy level is the third level of the temperate rainforest. The trees forming the canopy,
3497:
2107:
1759:
864:
621:
495:, Oregon, US. This area, on the west side of the mountain, receives close to 100 inches (2,500 mm) of rain per year.
3233:"Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia"
2299:
1496:
775:
2346:
Warm-temperate rainforest replaces subtropical rainforest on poorer soils or with increasing altitude and latitude in
1136:. Other temperate rainforest regions include areas of south eastern Europe such as mountains on the east coast of the
86:
119:
1437:
word for 'natural woodland', (old-growth forest) and the park is an example of a temperate rainforest in which oak (
1850:
1290:
ecoregion, together with the drier Euxine forests further west. The Colchian rainforests are mixed, with deciduous
1287:
973:
854:
739:
593:
188:
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2355:
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1202:
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703:) are the most important tree species. A common feature of Pacific temperate rainforests of North America is the
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200:
68:
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2498:
1097:
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536:
504:
482:
57:
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1924:
1020:
617:
568:
366:
177:
2240:
2211:
2165:
2144:
2095:
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1896:
1844:
1838:
1526:
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The Colchian rainforests are found around both the southeast and west corners of the Black Sea starting in
1124:
Temperate rainforest occurs in fragments across the north and west of Europe in countries such as southern
279:
2494:
2363:
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from the central and south-western Colchis remained isolated from one another during the entire Ice Age.
977:
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767:
315:
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2739:
2714:
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1955:
751:
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forests were considered rainforests, the total area of rainforest in Australia would be much larger.
1823:
1786:
1728:
1185:
1181:
1113:
707:, a fallen tree which as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. Trees such as the
252:
2984:
2493:) can be found on higher slopes and in the cooler southernmost rainforests. Ecoregions include the
1829:
3266:"Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium"
2327:
forests are not classified as rainforests although some eucalypt forest types receive high annual
361:
Australian definitions would exclude some temperate rainforests of western North America that are
93:
3545:
3343:
2534:"Comparative ecology of temperate rainforests of the Americas along analogous climatic gradients"
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2406:
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2266:
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1907:
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takes in. They form a canopy over the forest, covering about 95% of the floor during the summer.
46:
3556:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570.
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2412:
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ecoregions. The Valdivian rainforests are home to a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, like
746:
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2015:
1764:
1693:
1372:
1353:
875:
868:
805:
787:
779:
763:
648:
582:
492:
394:
370:
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These forests are found in eastern Taiwan and Taiwan's Central Mountain Ranges, part of the
3557:
3155:"Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species"
3117:
Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions
2455:
2449:
2351:
2282:
2098:. This particular area of Honshū has been described as one of the rainiest spots in Japan.
2078:
1938:
1816:
1746:
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1514:
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988:
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8:
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The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rainforests in
625:
589:
3635:
3561:
2614:
1845:
Baekdu Mountain Range (Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain Ranges) and South Sea forests (Korea)
936:
3573:
3249:
3232:
2418:
2021:
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825:
820:
that extend into parts of Idaho and Northwestern Montana in the US), which include the
813:
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containing the largest expanses of old growth temperate rainforest found in the world.
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are more closely related to coniferous and deciduous trees in the temperate forests of
556:
540:
487:
398:
374:
136:
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3203:
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and broadleaf evergreen trees. The podocarps are abundant at lower elevations, while
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2375:
2313:
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1975:
1900:
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833:
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362:
260:
184:
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Woods) and steep sided riverine and estuarine valleys in Devon and Cornwall and the
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2000:
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1711:
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contains a jungle in the form of a rainforest which stretches from the east in the
1456:
1376:
1356:
1333:
1299:
1032:
793:
783:
696:
601:
409:
390:
216:
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1640:. This forest was known for most of the history for being home to the now extinct
1563:
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keeping the forest moist. The Northern California coastal forests are home to the
386:
3640:
2504:
2437:
2347:
2340:
2083:
1991:
1854:
1810:
1804:
1665:
1393:, was fragmented into smaller parts; in particular, evolutionary lineages of the
1291:
1028:
961:
879:
817:
797:
712:
688:
440:
339:
270:
The moist conditions of temperate rainforests generally support an understory of
3199:
2386:
in Victoria. In the northern NSW they are usually dominated by Antarctic Beech (
1821:). These higher elevation forests include also giant conifers Formosan Cypress (
1263:
2486:
2359:
2320:
2027:
1776:
1522:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1318:
1310:
993:
887:
883:
832:, have the largest stretch of interior temperate coniferous rainforests. These
588:
Sub-ecoregions of the Pacific temperate rainforest ecoregion as defined by the
528:
448:
417:
166:
3501:
2082:), rather than deciduous forests typical of the mainland. Other areas include
1379:; they are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus
3649:
3086:
2919:
2482:
2101:
2033:
1971:
1641:
1518:
1439:
1253:
1217:
1105:
1024:
1016:
953:
882:
increases precipitation of weather systems coming from the west and from the
660:
516:
512:
500:
220:
204:
196:
181:
3632:– preserving rainforests in coastal British Columbia's Great Bear Rainforest
2277:
1933:
1542:
3322:
3314:
3207:
2928:
2478:
2474:
2473:
The temperate rainforests of New Zealand occur on the western shore of the
2371:
1872:
1798:
1529:. There are a number of species of ferns. Invertebrate species include the
1453:. The protected area extends along the valley of the river Eume within the
1325:
1225:
1161:
1137:
1101:
1093:
680:
458:
452:
176:
Temperate rainforests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the
3548:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
1228:
disused slate & granite quarries in these counties. This includes the
2091:
2049:
1963:
1892:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1198:
1194:
1156:
1109:
1085:
1040:
960:, on the west-facing slopes of the southern Chilean coast range, and the
786:(including British Columbia's Coastal Mountain Ranges), with the coastal
720:
637:
597:
248:
208:
2199:
2153:
1780:). Higher elevations give way to temperate forests with large stands of
1205:
in Argyll. There are also small areas on steep-sided riverine gorges in
886:. Temperate rainforest extends through the Appalachian areas of western
734:
321:
Mean annual temperature is between 4 and 12 °C (39 and 54 °F).
299:
3577:
2431:
2324:
2270:
1781:
1648:
1601:
1530:
1464:
1341:
1233:
1221:
1190:
724:
633:
629:
524:
503:, the largest area of temperate zone rainforests on the planet, is the
433:
327:
307:
192:
151:
2924:"Life finds a way: in search of England's lost, forgotten rainforests"
3614:
The Rainforests of Home, an atlas of People and Place – from Inforain
3263:
3064:
3037:
3010:
2316:
2305:
2252:
2120:
2087:
2045:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1943:
1876:
1660:
1381:
1206:
1145:
1048:
965:
899:
859:
728:
704:
421:
294:
244:
212:
3569:
3468:
Ecosystems of the world 10: Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests
3152:
2312:. There are warm-temperate and cool-temperate rainforests. They are
2072:, Yakushima's forests in higher elevations are dominated by a giant
1071:
35:
2423:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2309:
2287:
2248:
2090:
in southern Kyūshū. On Southern Honshū, there is a forest with the
2061:
2057:
2004:
1996:
1859:
1659:, the latter being evenly divided with Iran to the south. They are
1480:
1275:
1237:
1141:
1044:
1005:
1001:
895:
891:
656:
429:
354:
331:
236:
132:
2586:, Vol. 1. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd, Chipping Norton, NSW,
2422:). The montane rainforests of Tasmania are dominated by Tasmanian
2512:
2426:
2073:
2069:
2053:
1959:
1880:
1864:
1834:
1575:
1488:
921:
413:
405:
350:
224:
162:
155:
2184:
1929:
1352:/ near Eastern region. The area has multiple representatives of
1151:
2809:, 163 pages with English summary, Catholic University of Chile.
2132:
1967:
1911:
1753:
1609:
1360:
1279:
1125:
1036:
1019:. Together they are the second largest in the world, after the
968:
down to the southern tip of South America, and are part of the
560:
520:
425:
256:
232:
228:
1076:
2128:
2124:
1951:
1597:
1424:
1264:
Colchian (Colchis) rainforests (Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia)
1229:
1133:
957:
644:
310:
of North America, Alaback's definition is widely recognized:
240:
3629:
3264:
Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D (2011).
2842:
2840:
2672:
Northern Wetbelt – University of Northern British Columbia
2065:
2040:
Some of the best preserved examples of forest are found in
1625:
1585:
1501:. Some 500 people reside within the park. The monastery of
1348:). The refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian
640:
343:
275:
271:
264:
170:
3296:
2673:
2102:
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal)
1521:) in 1997. It is one of six natural parks in Galicia. The
278:
and some shrubs and berries. Temperate rainforests can be
3619:
Teacher Pages: Temperate Rainforest (Wheeling University)
3033:"How healthy is your rainforest? - A guide for educators"
2354:. Cool-temperate rainforests are widespread in Tasmania (
2009:
1918:
652:
647:. Most of the precipitation occurs in winter, similar to
3623:
3230:
2837:
1871:
The forests that cover the mountains and valleys of the
762:
Some of the largest expanses of old growth are found in
3153:
Tarkhnishvili D, Gavashelishvili A, Mumladze L (2012).
2951:"Take action: help map the lost rainforests of Britain"
1966:
Islands, and the Southern/Pacific Ocean-facing side of
816:
of Southeastern British Columbia (west of the Canadian
357:
able to regenerate under shade and in natural openings.
3641:
Temperate Rainforests of North America's Pacific Coast
3500:. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from
3485:
Ecosystems of the world 7: Temperate deciduous forests
2866:
Short Runs in Beautiful Places: 100 Spectacular Routes
2308:
rainforests occur near the mainland east coast and in
1240:
and has rainfall in excess of 2 metres per year.
667:), the world's tallest tree. In the other ecoregions,
298:
Humid temperate rainforest in Termas Geométricas near
1867:, which is the southern end of Baekdu Mountain Range.
1833:) Some fine examples of forests are found in Yushan (
1663:
forests containing tree species such as black alder (
1260:
attempts to find, map, photograph, and restore them.
353:
which do not require fire for regeneration, but with
251:
region from the southeasternmost coastal zone of the
3636:
The Warm and Cool Temperate Rainforests of Australia
3590:
Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, J. (2006).
2468:
2358:
ecoregion) and they can be found scattered from the
2339:
they may develop to rainforest. If these widespread
2007:). In lower altitudes these include evergreen oaks (
1974:, in Japanese). Here the natural forests are mainly
1724:
The existing protected areas in Azerbaijan include:
1612:
mountain range is the highest mountain range in the
848:
2235:
1737:– 427.97 square kilometres (165.24 sq mi)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1624:and temperate rainforests in the northern part of
1201:and one of the best preserved sites on the remote
874:Temperate rainforests are located in the southern
655:moisture is extracted by the trees and produces a
3464:Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests of Japan
1536:
1072:Knysna-Amatole coastal rainforests (South Africa)
1012:), one of the largest tree species of the world.
499:A portion of the temperate rain forest region of
3647:
2404:) and in Victoria and Tasmania by Myrtle Beech (
2025:), and in higher altitudes Japanese Blue Beech (
476:
369:in southern Oregon and northern California, the
2784:. Oregon State University. 2000. Archived from
2738:. Oregon State University. 2000. Archived from
2713:. Oregon State University. 2000. Archived from
2688:. Oregon State University. 2000. Archived from
2138:
1731:– 88.4 square kilometres (34.1 sq mi)
3498:"Yakushima – Natural site datasheet from WCMC"
3119:. Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre.
2119:found in the middle elevations of the eastern
1576:Caspian Hyrcanian forest (Iran and Azerbaijan)
1504:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1428:
1412:
922:Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests
3290:
2686:"Average Annual Precipitation North Carolina"
2615:"The Ecology of the Coastal Douglas-fir Zone"
2612:
2531:
2191:Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East
2185:Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East
1999:. The main tree species are members of beech
1883:, in the southwest, forming the spine of the
1152:Atlantic Oakwood forest (Britain and Ireland)
1051:. Fully half the species of woody plants are
1027:. The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the
956:are located on the Pacific coast of southern
535:, this same general region is classed as the
531:. In the different system established by the
3626:– preserving rainforests in Southeast Alaska
2613:Egan, Brian; Fergusson, Susan (March 1999).
1754:High elevation mountain rainforests (Taiwan)
1743:– 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi)
1533:and it is an important site for amphibians.
567:but a small southern portion is part of the
462:Global distribution of temperate rainforests
3231:Denk T, Frotzler N, Davitashvili N (2001).
3130:Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East
2977:"12 Temperate Rainforests Around the World"
2653:Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington
2435:spp.). They are dominated by Ferns such as
1749:– 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi)
1628:. The Iranians call this forest and region
2624:
1936:, the largest specimen of Japanese Cedar (
1178:British National Vegetation Classification
420:and including other biological organisms (
3528:, Australian Biological Resources Study,
3490:
3483:. In: Röhrig, E. & Ulrich, B. (eds.)
3386:Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys
3380:
3378:
3281:
3270:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3257:
3248:
3237:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3185:
3170:
3159:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2918:
2651:Franklin, J.F. & Dyrness C.T. (1988)
2584:Australian Rainforests in New South Wales
2551:
1400:
1232:valley in Cornwall and the valley of the
606:British Columbia mainland coastal forests
551:Level II ecoregions by the United States
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3594:Gwen Harden Publishing, Nambucca Heads.
3481:Temperate deciduous forests in East Asia
3458:
3456:
2736:"Average Annual Precipitation Tennessee"
2503:
2481:. The forests are made up of coniferous
2276:
2257:
2239:
2060:is 4,000 to 10,000 mm depending on
1928:
1858:
1155:
1075:
935:
902:, northern South Carolina, and northern
858:
745:
733:
573:
533:Commission for Environmental Cooperation
486:
457:
385:
293:
131:
3520:
3518:
2711:"Average Annual Precipitation Kentucky"
2645:
2620:. British Columbia Ministry of Forests.
2559:"A Review of Past and Current Research"
1332:, the tallest tree in Europe at 78 m),
14:
3648:
3584:
3375:
3358:"Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests"
3350:
3340:"Vinatovača - jedina prašuma u Srbiji"
3334:
3332:
3148:
3146:
3060:"Branching Out: Am I in a Rainforest?"
2862:
2782:"Average Annual Precipitation Georgia"
2632:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
2525:
2286:tree ferns in temperate rainforest in
1919:Taiheiyo (Pacific) rainforests (Japan)
1558:VinatovaÄŤa is situated in the central
1100:that are located along South Africa's
507:ecoregion, which occur on west-facing
3661:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
3624:Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
3473:
3453:
3303:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3188:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3179:
3085:
972:. Temperate rainforests occur in the
284:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
3544:
3515:
3224:
2576:
2392:), in the southern NSW by Pinkwood (
2296:Eastern Australian temperate forests
2194:
2148:
1209:and Mid Wales, such as found at the
1130:Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3524:Reid, J. B. and Hill, R. S. (2005)
3329:
3143:
2108:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
2064:). Because of relatively infertile
1760:Taiwan subtropical evergreen forest
1616:which captures the moisture of the
1160:Temperate rainforest at Kells Bay,
865:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
622:Northern California coastal forests
24:
3487:, pp. 539–556. Elsevier, Amsterdam
3470:, pp. 169–189. Elsevier, Amsterdam
3250:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01318.x
2883:
2863:Benson, Jen and Sim (2020-04-01).
2856:
2820:"Secrets of the Celtic Rainforest"
2805:Di Castri, F and Hajek, E. (1976)
2300:Rainforest in Victoria (Australia)
1596:, covering the other provinces of
1517:(a level of protection lower than
1039:with the temperate rainforests of
776:Mount St. Helens National Monument
439:The canopy's coverage affects the
349:Forest is composed mainly of tree
318:over 140 cm (55 in) (KJ)
25:
3687:
3607:
2655:. Oregon State University Press,
2469:New Zealand temperate rainforests
849:Appalachian temperate rainforests
346:excludes at least 69% of the sky.
3283:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01575.x
3172:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x
3128:van Zeist W, Bottema S. (1991).
2891:"Wild places in South Snowdonia"
2370:on the NSW/Queensland border to
2236:Australian temperate rainforests
2198:
2152:
1851:Southern Korea evergreen forests
1288:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
1270:Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests
974:Valdivian temperate rain forests
916:
855:Appalachian temperate rainforest
740:Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park
618:Klamath-Siskiyou coastal forests
594:Northern Pacific coastal forests
563:, the bulk of the region is the
471:
189:Appalachian temperate rainforest
34:
3538:
3423:
3398:
3214:
3122:
3108:
3079:
3052:
3025:
2998:
2969:
2943:
2912:
2901:from the original on 2022-04-19
2812:
2799:
2774:
2753:
2728:
2703:
2356:Tasmanian temperate rainforests
1582:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
928:Valdivian temperate rainforests
624:ecoregions. They vary in their
610:Central Pacific coastal forests
565:Rocky Mountain Floristic Region
553:Environmental Protection Agency
549:Northwestern Forested Mountains
466:
381:
365:dominant, such as parts of the
201:Valdivian temperate rainforests
45:needs additional citations for
3406:"Hallyeohaesang National Park"
3388:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
2678:
2666:
2606:
2597:
2499:Westland temperate rainforests
2319:forests with the exception of
1651:, this ecoregion includes the
1537:VinatovaÄŤa rainforest (Serbia)
1419:is a natural park situated in
1216:In England, they occur in the
1176:. They are also listed in the
843:Glacier National Park (Canada)
839:Mount Revelstoke National Park
505:Pacific temperate rain forests
483:Pacific temperate rain forests
373:of western Washington and the
13:
1:
3091:"Lost rainforests of Britain"
2853:. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
2519:
1925:Japanese temperate rainforest
1891:of the peninsula – including
1525:has recognised the park as a
1497:As Pontes de GarcĂa RodrĂguez
1092:The temperate rainforests of
1021:Pacific temperate rainforests
952:The temperate rainforests of
758:) in British Columbia, Canada
742:, located on Vancouver Island
569:California Floristic Province
477:Pacific temperate rainforests
412:refers to the upper layer or
289:
178:Pacific temperate rainforests
27:Forests in the temperate zone
3666:Temperate coniferous forests
3592:Rainforest Trees and Shrubs.
2145:Southern Siberian rainforest
2139:Southern Siberian rainforest
2096:Yoshino-Kumano National Park
2042:Kirishima-Yaku National Park
2013:spp.), Japanese Chinquapin (
1897:Hallyeohaesang National Park
1527:Site of Community Importance
1140:, surrounding North Western
863:Temperate rainforest in the
628:, but are all predominantly
491:Temperate rainforest in the
447:The canopy survives through
280:temperate coniferous forests
7:
3466:. In: Ovington, J.V. (ed.)
3435:Korea National Park Service
3410:Korea National Park Service
3200:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.009
2955:Lost Rainforests of Britain
2851:South-west England Rainfall
2495:Fiordland temperate forests
2364:Border Ranges National Park
1814:), and Taiwan Douglas-fir (
1510:also lies within the park.
1258:Lost Rainforests of Britain
978:Magellanic subpolar forests
932:Magellanic subpolar forests
845:in the Columbia Mountains.
768:Mount Rainier National Park
511:along the Pacific coast of
10:
3692:
2807:"BioclimatologĂa de Chile"
2561:. Ecotrust. Archived from
2293:
2230:
2188:
2142:
2114:temperate broadleaf forest
2105:
2019:) and Japanese Stone Oak (
1989:in higher elevations. The
1956:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1922:
1889:southern coast and islands
1848:
1540:
1404:
1267:
964:in both Chile and Western
925:
852:
752:Wells Gray Provincial Park
480:
3431:"Seoraksan National Park"
2335:), and in the absence of
2331:(to over 2000 mm in
2323:rainforests of Tasmania.
2076:species, Japanese Cedar (
1824:Chamaecyparis formosensis
1787:Chamaecyparis taiwanensis
1729:Gizil-Agach State Reserve
1715:) and Persian silk tree (
1505:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1413:
1186:British NVC community W17
1182:British NVC community W11
1119:
1114:Tsitsikamma National Park
1080:Knysna Forest Biome near
1066:
2985:Georgia State University
2847:UK Government Met Office
2247:temperate rainforest in
1830:Taiwania cryptomerioides
1691:), chestnut-leaved oak (
1551:, alternatively spelled
1513:The area was declared a
1324:together with evergreen
880:orographic precipitation
750:Temperate rainforest in
738:Temperate rainforest in
545:Marine West Coast Forest
537:Pacific Maritime Ecozone
330:-structural rather than
3344:Radio Television Serbia
3132:. Weisbaden: Reichert,
2674:http://wetbelt.unbc.ca/
2509:Fiordland National Park
2410:), Southern Sassafras (
2407:Nothofagus cunninghamii
2368:Lamington National Park
2267:Lamington National Park
2031:) and Siebold's beech (
1908:Seoraksan National Park
1774:and Japanese Blue Oak (
1688:Pterocarya fraxinifolia
1620:to its north and forms
1570:
1248:Killarney National Park
1031:, and share many plant
772:Tongass National Forest
416:zone, formed by mature
3526:Vegetation of Tasmania
3362:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3315:10.1006/mpev.1999.0718
3299:Mertensiella caucasica
3006:"Rainforest Scorecard"
2532:Alaback, P.B. (1991).
2516:
2462:Cyathea leichhardtiana
2413:Atherosperma moschatum
2401:Ceratopetalum apetalum
2291:
2274:
2255:
1958:region covers much of
1947:
1868:
1685:), Caucasian wingnut (
1584:ecoregion in northern
1429:
1401:Fragas do Eume (Spain)
1365:Caucasian parsley frog
1172:, and colloquially as
1165:
1098:Knysna-Amatole forests
1089:
949:
871:
759:
743:
649:Mediterranean climates
585:
527:, and are part of the
496:
463:
401:
303:
144:
69:"Temperate rainforest"
18:Temperate rain forests
3656:Temperate rainforests
3364:. World Wildlife Fund
2634:. USDA Forest Service
2507:
2280:
2261:
2243:
2123:, including parts of
2016:Castanopsis cuspidata
1932:
1873:Baekdu Mountain Range
1862:
1765:Cryptocarya chinensis
1709:), Persian ironwood (
1694:Quercus castaneifolia
1549:VinatovaÄŤa rainforest
1159:
1079:
1010:Fitzroya cupressoides
939:
876:Appalachian Mountains
869:Appalachian Mountains
862:
806:Rocky Mountain Trench
788:Great Bear Rainforest
780:Redwood National Park
764:Olympic National Park
749:
737:
673:Pseudotsuga menziesii
583:Redwood National Park
577:
493:Mount Hood Wilderness
490:
461:
395:Olympic National Park
389:
297:
207:; the rainforests of
148:Temperate rainforests
135:
3479:Ching, K.K. (1991).
2541:Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat
2456:Cyathea cunninghamii
2450:Dicksonia antarctica
2416:) and Mountain Ash (
2283:Dicksonia antarctica
2079:Cryptomeria japonica
1939:Cryptomeria japonica
1863:Baemsagol valley of
1837:) National Park and
1817:Pseudotsuga sinensis
1802:spp.), Chinese yew (
1747:Girkan State Reserve
1741:Zuvand National Park
1735:Hirkan National Park
1506:San Xoán de Caaveiro
1395:Caucasian Salamander
1369:Caucasian salamander
1286:and are part of the
1174:'Celtic Rainforests'
1000:), but include many
989:Eucryphia cordifolia
983:Aextoxicon punctatum
942:Aextoxicon punctatum
665:Sequoia sempervirens
632:, sometimes with an
223:and larger areas in
54:improve this article
3562:1959JEcol..47..551W
3384:Farjon, A. (2005).
1970:("Taiheiyo" is the
1879:, in the north, to
1808:), Taiwan Hemlock (
1793:Cinnamomum camphora
1771:Castanopsis hystrix
1718:Albizia julibrissin
1703:), oriental beech (
1700:Quercus macranthera
1592:to the west in the
1387:species composition
1211:Dolmelynllyn Estate
1055:to this ecoregion.
626:species composition
3550:Journal of Ecology
3462:Satoo, T. (1983).
2869:. National Trust.
2517:
2419:Eucalyptus regnans
2292:
2275:
2256:
2210:. You can help by
2164:. You can help by
2022:Lithocarpus edulis
1948:
1869:
1697:), Caucasian oak (
1461:municipalities of
1373:Robert's snow vole
1330:Abies nordmanniana
1166:
1090:
950:
872:
834:inland rainforests
826:Monashee Mountains
814:Columbia Mountains
760:
744:
693:Tsuga heterophylla
586:
557:floristic province
555:. In terms of the
541:Environment Canada
497:
464:
402:
375:Georgia Depression
304:
219:(small pockets in
169:and receive heavy
165:that occur in the
145:
3600:978-0-9775553-0-7
3394:978-1-84246-068-9
3346:. 7 October 2011.
2922:(29 April 2021).
2876:978-1-911657-18-7
2582:Floyd, A. (1990)
2444:Cyathea australis
2398:) and Coachwood (
2389:Nothofagus moorei
2376:Strzelecki Ranges
2228:
2227:
2182:
2181:
2044:on the Island of
1901:Korea's South Sea
1790:), Camphor tree (
1590:Khorasan province
1451:climax vegetation
1446:Quercus pyrenaica
1322:(Castanea sativa)
1295:(Alnus glutinosa)
1246:, located in the
1244:Derrycunnihy Wood
1203:Taynish Peninsula
1170:Caledonian forest
1004:as well, notably
970:Neotropical realm
830:Purcell Mountains
822:Selkirk Mountains
802:Cariboo Mountains
782:, and throughout
756:Cariboo Mountains
717:Western Red Cedar
709:Coast Douglas-fir
669:Coast Douglas-fir
651:, but in summer,
509:coastal mountains
367:Klamath Mountains
363:Coast Douglas-fir
211:and southeastern
185:Pacific Northwest
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3683:
3602:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3542:
3536:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3150:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2860:
2854:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:. Learn NC. 2000
2761:"Jocasse Gorges"
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2529:
2395:Eucryphia moorei
2380:Dandenong Ranges
2223:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2177:
2174:
2156:
2149:
1885:Korean Peninsula
1827:) and Taiwania (
1784:Taiwan Cypress (
1712:Parrotia persica
1706:Fagus orientalis
1676:Carpinus betulus
1657:Talysh Mountains
1653:Lankaran Lowland
1608:. The Elburz or
1594:Ardabil Province
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1432:
1423:, north-western
1418:
1417:
1377:Caucasian grouse
1351:
1346:Pinus sylvestris
1338:Picea orientalis
1334:Caucasian spruce
1315:Fagus orientalis
1300:Carpinus betulus
1236:which flows off
1096:are part of the
1061:Valdivian region
794:British Columbia
784:British Columbia
697:Western redcedar
685:Picea sitchensis
614:Cascades forests
602:Vancouver Island
399:Washington State
217:northwest Europe
203:of southwestern
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3646:
3645:
3610:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3570:10.2307/2257290
3543:
3539:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3295:
3291:
3262:
3258:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3184:
3180:
3151:
3144:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2957:. 16 March 2021
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2845:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2471:
2438:Cyathea cooperi
2348:New South Wales
2341:wet sclerophyll
2302:
2263:Antarctic beech
2238:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2208:needs expansion
2193:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2162:needs expansion
2147:
2141:
2110:
2104:
2084:Mount Kirishima
1992:Hydrangea hirta
1927:
1921:
1857:
1855:Gotjawal Forest
1847:
1819:var. wilsoniana
1811:Tsuga chinensis
1805:Taxus chinensis
1756:
1666:Alnus glutinosa
1578:
1573:
1560:KuÄŤaj mountains
1545:
1539:
1409:
1403:
1349:
1278:all the way to
1272:
1266:
1154:
1144:along with the
1132:) and northern
1122:
1082:Nature's Valley
1074:
1069:
1029:Antarctic flora
962:Andes Mountains
947:Punta Curiñanco
934:
926:Main articles:
924:
919:
890:, southeastern
857:
851:
818:Rocky Mountains
798:Rocky Mountains
713:Western Hemlock
689:Western Hemlock
559:system used by
485:
479:
474:
469:
441:shade tolerance
384:
292:
263:, and northern
253:Bulgarian coast
187:as well as the
137:Western hemlock
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3608:External links
3606:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3537:
3514:
3489:
3472:
3452:
3422:
3397:
3374:
3349:
3342:(in Serbian).
3328:
3309:(3): 414–422.
3289:
3276:(2): 239–250.
3256:
3243:(2): 287–332.
3223:
3213:
3194:(2): 389–401.
3178:
3142:
3121:
3107:
3087:Shrubsole, Guy
3078:
3051:
3024:
2997:
2968:
2942:
2920:Shrubsole, Guy
2911:
2895:National Trust
2882:
2875:
2855:
2836:
2811:
2798:
2773:
2752:
2727:
2702:
2677:
2665:
2644:
2623:
2605:
2596:
2575:
2550:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2487:southern beech
2470:
2467:
2360:World Heritage
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2203:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2159:
2157:
2140:
2137:
2103:
2100:
2052:in a very wet
2028:Fagus japonica
1920:
1917:
1846:
1843:
1777:Quercus glauca
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1523:European Union
1415:Fragas do Eume
1407:Fragas do Eume
1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
1385:. In general,
1319:sweet chestnut
1311:Oriental beech
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1153:
1150:
1121:
1118:
1088:, South Africa
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
994:southern beech
923:
920:
918:
915:
888:North Carolina
884:Gulf of Mexico
853:Main article:
850:
847:
529:Nearctic realm
481:Main article:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
455:of the forest.
449:photosynthesis
383:
380:
371:Puget Lowlands
359:
358:
347:
323:
322:
319:
306:For temperate
291:
288:
195:region of the
182:North American
167:temperate zone
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3504:on 2008-07-18
3503:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3441:on 9 May 2017
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3221:Publications.
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2788:on 2006-02-22
2787:
2783:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2742:on 2006-02-22
2741:
2737:
2731:
2717:on 2006-02-22
2716:
2712:
2706:
2692:on 2006-02-22
2691:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2565:on 2012-12-16
2564:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2515:, New Zealand
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2463:
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2451:
2446:
2445:
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2434:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2222:
2219:December 2014
2213:
2209:
2206:This section
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2160:This section
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:Fagus crenata
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:Pacific Ocean
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:Southwestern
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:Jade Mountain
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:C. orientalis
1678:
1677:
1673:), hornbeam (
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:In southeast
1645:
1643:
1642:Caspian Tiger
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:national park
1516:
1511:
1509:
1503:Monastery of
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:Quercus robur
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:C. orientalis
1302:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:Guy Shrubsole
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Lake District
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:North America
1022:
1018:
1017:South America
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:South America
948:
944:
943:
938:
933:
929:
917:South America
914:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
861:
856:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Prince George
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
753:
748:
741:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Thuja plicata
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Coast Redwood
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
579:Coast Redwood
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Kodiak Island
514:
513:North America
510:
506:
502:
501:North America
494:
489:
484:
472:North America
460:
456:
454:
453:microclimates
450:
445:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:
335:
333:
329:
320:
317:
316:precipitation
313:
312:
311:
309:
301:
296:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Great Britain
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:South America
202:
198:
197:United States
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3591:
3586:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3525:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:the original
3492:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3443:. Retrieved
3439:the original
3434:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:
3400:
3385:
3366:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3216:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3162:
3158:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3036:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:the Guardian
2927:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2801:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:the original
2776:
2765:. Retrieved
2755:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2730:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2680:
2668:
2652:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2626:
2608:
2599:
2583:
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2553:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2490:
2479:North Island
2475:South Island
2472:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2372:Otway Ranges
2345:
2303:
2281:
2245:Myrtle Beech
2216:
2212:adding to it
2207:
2170:
2166:adding to it
2161:
2111:
2077:
2056:(the annual
2039:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1990:
1949:
1937:
1906:
1870:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1646:
1633:
1632:which means
1629:
1579:
1564:Upper Resava
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1515:natural park
1512:
1444:
1438:
1410:
1380:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1326:Nordmann fir
1321:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1297:, hornbeam (
1294:
1273:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1226:Microclimate
1215:
1213:in Gwynedd.
1167:
1162:County Kerry
1138:Adriatic Sea
1123:
1102:Garden Route
1094:South Africa
1091:
1057:
1014:
1009:
997:
987:
981:
951:
940:
912:
908:
894:, southwest
873:
792:
761:
700:
692:
684:
681:Sitka Spruce
676:
672:
664:
592:include the
587:
523:to northern
498:
467:Distribution
446:
438:
403:
382:Canopy level
360:
324:
305:
269:
239:); southern
175:
147:
146:
141:Gwaii Haanas
139:rainforest,
116:
110:January 2022
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3165:: 231–248.
2477:and on the
2384:Tarra Bulga
2290:, Australia
2273:, Australia
2094:located in
2092:Nachi Falls
1893:Jeju Island
1622:subtropical
1618:Caspian Sea
1614:Middle East
1457:Ferrolterra
1292:black alder
1199:Loch Lomond
1195:Loch Sunart
1110:Afromontane
1086:Tsitsikamma
1041:New Zealand
721:Pacific Yew
638:broadleaved
604:ecoregion,
600:ecoregion,
598:Haida Gwaii
543:and as the
418:tree crowns
308:rainforests
249:Caspian Sea
231:, northern
227:, southern
209:New Zealand
193:Appalachian
152:rainforests
3650:Categories
3534:064644512X
3508:2008-10-27
3368:2008-10-25
3138:3882265302
3100:10 January
3071:10 January
3044:10 January
3017:10 January
2990:10 January
2981:Treehugger
2961:10 January
2935:10 January
2905:2022-07-26
2829:10 January
2792:2006-02-23
2767:2006-02-23
2746:2006-02-23
2721:2006-02-23
2696:2006-02-23
2661:0870713566
2638:2008-10-23
2592:0949324302
2569:2008-10-23
2547:: 399–412.
2520:References
2491:Nothofagus
2432:Athrotaxis
2294:See also:
2271:Queensland
2189:See also:
2143:See also:
2106:See also:
1983:elevations
1934:JĹŤmon Sugi
1923:See also:
1887:– and the
1877:Mt. Baekdu
1849:See also:
1796:), maple (
1782:old growth
1649:Azerbaijan
1602:Mazandaran
1543:VinatovaÄŤa
1531:Kerry slug
1465:Pontedeume
1359:groups of
1342:Scots pine
1234:river Dart
1222:Borrowdale
1191:Loch Maree
998:Nothofagus
945:forest in
898:, eastern
828:, and the
812:) and the
725:Vine Maple
634:understory
630:coniferous
581:forest in
525:California
434:rainforest
328:ecological
290:Definition
255:, through
156:coniferous
80:newspapers
3630:Raincoast
3546:Webb, Len
3065:Plantlife
3038:Plantlife
3011:Plantlife
2824:Plantlife
2483:podocarps
2317:evergreen
2314:broadleaf
2306:Australia
2265:trees in
2253:Australia
2173:June 2017
2121:Himalayas
2117:ecoregion
2088:Kagoshima
2046:Yakushima
1987:deciduous
1981:in lower
1979:evergreen
1976:broadleaf
1944:Yakushima
1661:deciduous
1553:vintovaÄŤa
1449:) is the
1382:Darevskia
1207:Snowdonia
1164:, Ireland
1146:Black Sea
1106:podocarps
1084:, in the
1049:Australia
966:Argentina
900:Tennessee
808:(east of
729:East Asia
705:Nurse log
677:menziesii
422:epiphytes
355:seedlings
245:Black Sea
213:Australia
160:broadleaf
3676:Habitats
3323:10712846
3208:15336673
2899:Archived
2429:(mainly
2427:conifers
2352:Victoria
2333:Tasmania
2329:rainfall
2325:Eucalypt
2310:Tasmania
2288:Tasmania
2249:Tasmania
2112:It is a
2062:altitude
2058:rainfall
2005:Fagaceae
1997:latitude
1881:Mt. Jiri
1655:and the
1606:Golestan
1481:A Capela
1435:Galician
1354:disjunct
1276:Bulgaria
1238:Dartmoor
1142:Bulgaria
1045:Tasmania
1033:families
1002:conifers
896:Virginia
892:Kentucky
754:(in the
657:fog drip
430:conifers
332:climatic
300:Coñaripe
237:Brittany
143:, Canada
3671:Forests
3578:2257290
3558:Bibcode
3445:15 June
3415:15 June
3095:My Maps
2513:Te Anau
2424:endemic
2362:listed
2321:montane
2231:Oceania
2074:conifer
2070:granite
2054:climate
2048:off of
2010:Quercus
1960:Shikoku
1946:, Japan
1875:– from
1865:Jirisan
1839:Alishan
1671:barbata
1669:subsp.
1638:Persian
1562:in the
1489:Monfero
1473:Cabanas
1421:Galicia
1391:Ice Age
1317:), and
1284:Georgia
1053:endemic
904:Georgia
867:in the
515:, from
414:habitat
406:forests
351:species
338:Closed
314:Annual
302:, Chile
261:Georgia
225:Ireland
191:in the
163:forests
94:scholar
3598:
3576:
3532:
3392:
3321:
3206:
3136:
2873:
2659:
2590:
2133:Bhutan
2131:, and
2050:Kyūshū
2001:family
1968:Honshu
1964:Kyūshū
1942:), on
1912:UNESCO
1630:Shomal
1610:Alborz
1604:, and
1361:plants
1357:relict
1350:
1340:) and
1280:Turkey
1126:Norway
1120:Europe
1067:Africa
1047:, and
1037:genera
1006:Alerce
992:, and
878:where
723:, and
695:) and
645:shrubs
620:, and
561:botany
521:Alaska
426:lianas
410:canopy
391:Canopy
340:canopy
272:mosses
257:Turkey
243:; the
233:Iberia
229:Norway
199:; the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3574:JSTOR
2618:(PDF)
2537:(PDF)
2511:near
2129:India
2125:Nepal
2086:near
2066:soils
1952:Japan
1634:north
1598:Gilan
1433:is a
1430:Fraga
1425:Spain
1230:Fowey
1134:Spain
1128:(see
958:Chile
675:var.
641:trees
344:trees
276:ferns
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