Teloschistaceae - Knowledge

3364:. Further analysis placed what was thought to be Brownlielloideae within the already established Teloschistoideae, suggesting the proposed subfamily was not a separate branch of the family tree. DNA evidence also dispersed members of the informally introduced subfamily Ikaerioideae across the three acknowledged subfamilies, primarily within Teloschistoideae. Despite this, Sergey Kondratyuk and colleagues continue to use Brownlielloideae and Ikaerioideae in their publications, assigning nine genera to the former and two to the latter. The well-supported subfamilies (Xanthorioideae, Caloplacoideae, and Teloschistoideae) encompass a range of growth forms – crustose, foliose, and fruticose – demonstrating the diverse evolutionary paths within the family. These groups are genetically distinct, each subfamily showing unique patterns in their 3931: 580: 435: 31: 6286: 5181: 3906: 3882: 6308: 5654: 3971: 3954: 3988: 5192: 426: 6676: 5172: 5201: 4394: 7013: 3593: 4628: 5625: 4648: 4637: 5634: 6780: 62: 3857: 4657: 4563:

their 2013 taxonomy article recognised 39 genera, including 31 that were newly described or resurrected. By 2016, there were between 51 and 53 genera and about 700 species; 65 genera and 755 species in 2017; and 71 genera and about 840 species by 2022. In the same year, Kondratyuk and colleagues enumerated all members of the Teloschistaceae with publicly available DNA sequences, and confirmed 590 species across 115 genera. As of January 2024,

5645: 4127: 4138: 3766:. Although the presence of a two-chambered (polarilocular) structure in these ascospores is generally indicative of the Teloschistaceae, the spores lack other distinctive features that could be useful as defining taxonomic characteristics. Historically, polarilocular ascospores were regarded as a hallmark of the Teloschistaceae. The incorporation of genera such as 6410:

family's small foliose and crustose species, which show greater tolerance to elevated nitrogen levels. The absorption of additional nitrogen is thought to be associated with the presence of specific compounds like anthraquinones in these lichens. These compounds not only contribute to their characteristic yellow/orange colouration but may also help protect fungal

3524:, families like Teloschistaceae, which have undergone several changes in genus classification through various studies, require phylogenetic consolidation through extensive multi-locus analysis, incorporating all available data and employing rigorous analytical methods. This strategy, akin to approaches taken with families such as 3517:), but is now understood to have been composed of multiple, unrelated groups (polyphyletic). This insight has prompted numerous proposals to redefine the genus into smaller, monophyletic groups; but such taxonomic changes have sometimes met with resistance due to the vast number of species reclassifications they would entail. 4513:

The analysis of phenotypic traits and diversification rates shows that anthraquinones in the thallus and greater sun exposure have contributed to an acceleration of diversification. On the contrary, living in shaded environments or having a crustose-continuous (smooth, non-scaly) growth form hindered

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from the atmosphere, a crucial process for their sustenance and growth. These lichens also have an increased capacity to absorb excess nitrogen, a trait linked to their adaptation to intense light conditions. This dual adaptation – improved carbon fixation and nitrogen absorption – is evident in the

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published in 2014 corroborated the ordinal status of the Teloschistales, and showed it comprises two clades: Letrouitineae (containing Brigantiaeaceae and Letrouitiaceae) and its sister clade, Teloschistineae (containing Teloschistaceae and Megalosporaceae). The suborder Teloschistineae was formally

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The classification and number of species within the Teloschistaceae have evolved significantly over time. Historical estimates have varied, with 10 genera and 47 species recognised in 2001, increasing to 12 genera and 644 species by 2008. The new classification proposed by Arup and colleagues in

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Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Elix, John A.; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Kondratyuk, Sergij Y. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne

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Teloschistaceae is divided into three recognised subfamilies: Xanthorioideae, Caloplacoideae, and Teloschistoideae. In 2015, researchers proposed a fourth subfamily, Brownlielloideae, which was later shown by genetic studies to be a grouping based on mixed or misinterpreted data rather than a

4354:, and identified more than 100 secondary metabolites, mostly anthraquinones. They noted that in the large majority of cases, the distribution of lichen products was more or less constant within species. In some instances, the secondary chemistry is important at higher taxonomic levels (i.e., 7147:

of Teloschistaceae taxa is not well known. Examples include South America, where the family has not historically received much attention, and China, where of 2,164 lichen species evaluated for inclusion on its red list, only 49 were members of the Teloschistaceae; 13 of those were listed as

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Gaya, Ester; Högnabba, Filip; Holguin, Ángela; Molnar, Katalin; Fernández-Brime, Samantha; Stenroos, Soili; Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Boom, Pieter Van den; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lutzoni, François (2012). "Implementing a cumulative supermatrix approach for a comprehensive

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of some species and genera in family Teloschistaceae and in the order Teloschistales; based on analysis by Wilk et al. in 2021 (simplified from original). Species names have been updated to reflect current taxonomy. Single quote marks around a genus name means that the species is likely

3481:) are not always reliable markers of phylogenetic relationships, and classifying species based on these characters has occasionally led to inaccurate interpretations of their evolutionary history. Advanced DNA analysis techniques have allowed scientists to identify and differentiate 11604:

Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Kondratyuk, Sergey Y. (2009). "A phylogenetic analysis of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on ITS and mtSSU sequences". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.).

385:. The full diversity of this family remains underexplored in vast regions like South America and China. Regarding human interactions and applications, although lacking any major economic impact, several rock-dwelling Teloschistaceae species are known to damage 714:, the details of ascus structure became important considerations in the taxonomy of lichen-forming fungi. Studies on several Teloschistaceae species have noted the consistent presence of a cap-like zone at the tip of the ascus that shows a strong reaction to 4514:

diversification. The choice of substrate, be it rock or bark, did not have a pronounced impact on diversification rates. This adaptive radiation within the Teloschistaceae is estimated to have initiated around 100 million years ago, specifically during the

3444:. Following the appearance of preliminary molecular studies, the Teloschistaceae was classified by some within the order Lecanorales, although others maintained the Teloschistales as a valid order. A large-scale, multigene phylogenetic study of the class 738:-type. This ascus is distinguished by a special outer layer that reacts to certain stains and lacks the typical structures seen at the tip, opening in an unusual pattern during spore release. The presence of this ascus type was later used as a diagnostic 810:. The family continues to undergo significant changes. For example, in 2020, of all fungal families, Teloschistaceae had the fourth-highest number of new fungal names (a total of 128), including 8 genera, 48 new species and infraspecific taxa, and 72 4041:

of the interaction between the fungus and alga in several Teloschistaceae species showed that, in most cases, the cells were merely in close proximity to one another, with only a few instances of fungal cells invading the algal cells. The widespread

3502:, the early molecular studies were limited by having too few examples of each species to draw definitive conclusions. With the increasing availability of genetic sequences, researchers began to gain a better understanding of the family's phylogeny. 13149:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Jeong, M.-H.; Yu, N.-N.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). "A revised taxonomy for the subfamily Caloplacoideae (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny".

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Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Jang, S.-H.; Liu, D.; Halda, J.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Fačkovcová, Z.; Yamamoto, Y.; Hur, J.-S. (2019). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 9".

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Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach".

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Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Jeong, M.H.; Yu, N.N.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Hur, J.S. (2014). "A revised taxonomy of the subfamily Xanthorioideae (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny".

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are helping to provide clearer insights into how the different groups within this family are related. The family contains more than 800 species in around 120 genera. Three species from the Teloschistaceae have been globally assessed for

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Vondrák, Jan; Šoun, Jaroslav; Vondrákov, Olga; Fryday, Alan M.; Khodosovtsev, Alexander; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2012). "Absence of anthraquinone pigments is paraphyletic and a phylogenetically unreliable character in the Teloschistaceae".

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species serve as the main photobionts for lichen-forming fungi found in extreme environments such as the Antarctic, Arctic, alpine regions, and deserts, where lichens face continual exposure to intense dryness and temperature shifts.

4502:, with a more widespread occurrence developing later. The distribution of anthraquinones in Teloschistaceae lichens varies, from being dispersed across the organism's surface to localised regions. Analysis suggests that the family's 12425:

Herrera-Campos, Ma. de los Ángeles; Lücking, Robert; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Miranda-González, Ricardo; Sánchez, Norberto; Barcenas-Peña, Alejandrina; Carrizosa, Abraham; Zambrano, Angel; Ryan, Bruce D.; Nash, Thomas H. (2014).

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to segregate groups of species into families, and so in a subsequent (1926) publication, Zahlbruckner introduced the family Caloplacaceae to contain crustose lichens with polarilocular ascospores; this family included the genera

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Although Teloschistaceae species are not economically significant, their tendency to grow on rock surfaces has been documented to cause damage to marble structures. In some cases, the lichens, the major contributor of which was

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study of the Teloschistaceae, and concluded that the studied species could be arranged according to their anthraquinone content in thirteen chemical groups. In 1997, Ulrik Søchting analysed secondary metabolites from species of

8975:; Schmitt, Imke; Palice, Zdenek; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Ekman, Stefan; Wedin, Mats (2004). "Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences". 3930: 12582:

Tudor, Phoebe B.; Matero, Frank G.; Koestler, Robert J. (1990). "A Case Study of the Compatibility of Biocidal Cleaning and Consolidation in the Restoration of a Marble Statue". In Llewellyn, G.C.; O’Rear, C.E. (eds.).

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allows it to persist where other species may not, its presence can be used in conjunction with more pollution-sensitive species to gauge overall air quality. In polluted environments, the health and abundance of

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Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Lőkös, L.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Fayyaz, I; Kouser, R.; Afshan, N.S.; Niazi, A.R.; Zulfiqar, R.; Khalid, A.N.; Kärnefelt, I.; Farkas, E.; Hur, J.-S.; Thell, A. (2022).

242: – meaning they are non-lichenised fungi that live on other lichens. Many members of the Teloschistaceae are readily identifiable by their vibrant orange to yellow hue, a result of their frequent 9018:

Peršoh, Derek; Beck, Andreas; Rambold, Gerhard (2004). "The distribution of ascus types and photobiontal selection in Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) against the background of a revised SSU nrDNA phylogeny".

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Vondrák, Jan; Frolov, Ivan; Davydov, Evgeny A.; Yakovchenko, Lidia; Malíček, Jiří; Svoboda, Stanislav; Kubásek, Jiří (2019). "The lichen family Teloschistaceae in the Altai-Sayan region (Central Asia)".

4498:. This diversification is believed to be connected to the spread of anthraquinone pigments in their thallus. Initially, these pigments were thought to have appeared during the Teloschistaceae's first 4113:

subclades forming symbiotic relationships. This specificity is not absolute and may vary with habitat: lichens in extreme climates have been observed to associate with a broader range of photobionts.

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and shows similarities, the specific arrangement of the involved enzymes seems to be a distinguishing feature in the Teloschistales' approach to anthraquinone biosynthesis. The identification of an

7136:, first documented in 1932, was not collected again until 81 years later. Because of its sparsity and small total area of occupancy, it has been assessed as "Threatened/Nationally Critical" in the 13183:; Mishra, G.K.; Ravera, S.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.-H.; Park, J.S.; Hur, J.S. (2017). "New monophyletic branches of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) proved by three gene phylogeny". 4191:, particularly anthraquinones, has been essential in the evolutionary adaptation of the family to diverse environments, enabling their transition from shaded, plant-based habitats to sun-exposed, 6771:

group into a complex of at least nine distinct species. Out of these, five new species were formally described in 2023, each adapted to a single host species or genus within the Teloschistaceae.

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Gaya, Ester; Navarro-Rosinés, Pere; Llimona, Xavier; Hladun, Néstor; Lutzoni, François (2008). "Phylogenetic reassessment of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes)".

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In their large-scale phylogenetic analysis of the Teloschistaceae, the lichenologists Ulf Arup, Ulrik Søchting, and Patrik Frödén analysed about 4000 specimens of members of the family using

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Søchting, Ulrik; Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Seppelt, Rod; Castello, Miris; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; De Los Ríos Murillo, Asunción; Sancho, Leopoldo Garcia; Frödén, Patrik; Arup, Ulf (2014). "

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and a substantial number of bipolar species, i.e., species occurring in both northern and southern hemispheres but largely absent from intermediate, tropical latitudes. Examples include

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in the pigment gene cluster suggests a mechanism for how lichens accumulate substantial amounts of potentially toxic anthraquinone crystals in their thallus and reproductive structures.

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and Eriksson in 1986, with a single family (Teloschistaceae); other families were added later. In the 1990s, several authors recognised the Teloschistales as a suborder within the

823: 3485:, which, though visually indistinguishable, are genetically distinct. This approach has unveiled distinct species within previously thought homogeneous groups, like the genus 5211: 12337:

Vondrák, Jan; Ismailov, Aziz; Urbanavichus, Gennadii (2017). "Lichens of the family Teloschistaceae in Dagestan, an eastern part of the Caucasian biodiversity hot-spot".

9055: 3644:, are usually brightly coloured, and typically in the form of an apothecium – a wide, open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped fruit body. In most species, these 2797: 13245:; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". 7318: 4317: 3132: 12467: 6225:

Some of the genera proposed during the restructuring of the family have since been shown to be nomenclaturally illegitimate or unavailable for use. For example:

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Historically, classification of taxa within the family relied on physical characteristics such as growth form, the nature of the outer layer of the lichen (the

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Nguyen, Khanh-Hung; Chollet-Krugler, Marylène; Gouault, Nicolas; Tomasi, Sophie (2013). "UV-protectant metabolites from lichens and their symbiotic partners".

6735: 2522: 12966:"Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands: a phylogenetic revision based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data" 8801: 6751: 6681: 6548: 7217:'s recognition of Teloschistaceae species is based on their taxonomic evaluation, possibly not encapsulating the entirety of the family's species diversity. 8848:"A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families" 3300: 552:

into more natural genera were largely ignored by subsequent researchers, several of his proposed genera were resurrected for use 16 decades later, such as

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fungi have a preference for specific species or genera of Teloschistaceae. An example is the relationship between Teloschistaceae lichens and the fungus

5670: 6382:. Several crustose Teloschistaceae species, typically saxicolous in nature, have been recorded growing on human bone remains recovered at a looted Late 10893:

Fayyaz, Iram; Kouser, Rubina; Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar; Niazi, Abdul Rehman; Zulfiqar, Rizwana; Khalid, Abdul Nasir; Kondratyuk, Sergey Yakovych (2022).

4510:. Ecologically, these organisms transitioned from inhabiting shaded bark environments to colonising sunlit, rocky areas during their diversification. 4295:

as the main substances. Parietin acts as a UV-light filter to provide optimal light intensities for the photobionts that are resident in the internal

13078:; Kim, J.; Kondratyuk, A.; Hur, J.-S. (2013). "Four new genera of teloschistoid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny". 687:

of Teloschistaceae. In another older classification, crustose genera were grouped together in the family Blasteniaceae or the Placodiaceae. In 1971,

10379:[New additions to the European lichenography. Presented in the Regensburg Flora by Dr. W. Nylander, arranged in systematic order. Part II]. 366:– are recognised. Since 2013, several dozen new genera have been added to the family, but there has been some debate about these additions. Ongoing 7298: 5504: 5405: 4467:

features apothecia of two colour variants: orange-red (with anthraquinones) and grey (with Sedifolia-grey). The absence of anthraquinones is not a

3422:. Named by Gaya and colleagues in 2012 and formally validated in 2020, Xanthorioideae species are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. 3405:. Initially proposed in 2013 and validly published with a full diagnosis in 2020, this subfamily is predominantly found in the Southern Hemisphere. 8421:[The preliminary effort of the new revision of certain genera of lichens based on the fructifications or spores within their structures]. 3758:, usually have one to three septa (internal partitions) with a prominent central septum connected by a canal to the spores' internal cavities, or 13469: 12459:

de Lange, Peter; Dan, Blanchon; Knight, Allison; Elix, John; Lücking, Robert; Frogley, Kelly; Harris, Anna; Cooper, Jerry; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018).

7381: 7339: 6267: 5934: 5912: 5537: 5449: 13270:(2021). "Phylogenetic revision of South American Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota, Teloschistales) reveals three new genera and species". 11055:[Lichens of the Cape that were collected during the journey of 1853–1856 by Dr. H. Wavra, depicted and described by Dr. A. Massalongo]. 9749:

Gaya, Ester; Fernández-Brime, Samantha; Vargas, Reinaldo; Lachlan, Robert F.; Gueidan, Cécile; Ramírez-Mejía, Martín; Lutzoni, François (2015).

9300: 7956: 7926: 11329:, two new genera in Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota, subfamily Xanthorioideae) hosting two new species from continental Antarctica, and 7776:

Döring, Heidi; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (1998). "Ascoma ontogeny: is this character set of any use in the systematics of lichenized ascomycetes?".

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Several studies published since 2014 have enumerated the Teloschistaceae taxa occurring in certain defined geographical areas. These include:

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in 2020, Caloplacoideae consists mostly of crustose lichens with a wide geographical spread and produces a range of unique chemical compounds.

13626: 13521: 10255:

Kondratyuk, Sergii Y.; Lőkös, Lászlo; Jung A., Kim; Kondratiuk, Anna S.; Jeong, Min Hye; Jang, Seol Hwa; Oh, Soon-Ok; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2015).

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Galun, Margalith; Ben-Shaul, Y.; Paran, Navah (1971). "Fungus-alga association in lichens of the Teloschistaceae: an ultrastructural study".

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In general, Teloschistaceae members are known for their vibrant colours, spanning a spectrum of yellow, orange, and red hues, attributed to

13365: 13352: 7541: 7469: 7423: 7360: 6044: 5923: 5901: 5770: 5515: 4219:. Although the genetic machinery (like the PKSs) involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis in Teloschistales and some non-lichenised fungi is 9171:. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 136–137. 3782:, which have either non-septate or simply septate spores, has necessitated a reassessment of what fundamentally characterises this group. 10377:"Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam. Exposuit in Flora Ratisbonensi Dr. W. Nylander, in ordine vero systematico deposuit. Pars II" 7402: 7249: 5570: 4963: 4908: 4363: 10951:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 68. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 19–44. 9344:

Llewellyn, Theo; Nowell, Reuben W.; Aptroot, Andre; Temina, Marina; Prescott, Thomas A.K.; Barraclough, Timothy G.; Gaya, Ester (2023).

8583:"The first enumeration of members of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycetes) status of which confirmed by three gene phylogeny" 7762: 7564: 5869: 4974: 4382:. The secondary chemistry of the Caloplacoideae is the most diverse amongst the three Teloschistaceae subfamilies, as it contains both 4307:, the more light the lichen is exposed to, the higher the concentration of parietin. In the Teloschistaceae, parietin may also serve a 1933: 9751:"The adaptive radiation of lichen-forming Teloschistaceae is associated with sunscreening pigments and a bark-to-rock substrate shift" 8319: 3905: 4023:

organisms that collaborate with fungal partners to enable the unique lichen symbiosis. Members of the Teloschistaceae associate with

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appears to have occurred in tandem with the rapid diversification of the Teloschistaceae since the Late Cretaceous period, implying

13443: 7137: 4506:

witnessed a loss and subsequent return of these pigments over time, considering their presence in the thallus and apothecia as the

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Molecular evidence has also helped to map the family's relationships within the class Lecanoromycetes. A 2018 study identified the

12257:

Vondrák, Jan; Frolov, Ivan; Říha, Pavel; Hrouzek, Pavel; Palice, Zdeněk; Nadyeina, Olga; Halici, Gökhan; Khodosovtsev, Alexander;

8501:

Vondrák, Jan; Shahidin, Hurnisa; Moniri, Mahroo Haji; Halıcı, Gökhan; Košnar, Jiří (2018). "Taxonomic and functional diversity in

3953: 13482: 4449:; these insoluble lichen pigments may confer UV-protective ability similar to anthraquinones. Taxa of the closely related genera 4238:

conducted a series of early chemical studies on members of the Teloschistaceae, leading to the extraction of the reddish pigment

9346:"Metagenomics shines light on the evolution of "sunscreen" pigment metabolism in the Teloschistales (lichen-forming Ascomycota)" 4415:

Although most Teloschistaceae lichens produce anthraquinone pigments in shades ranging from yellow to orange to red, the genera

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era. In one of the last classifications of the family before the widespread use and implementation of molecular techniques, the

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Grube, Martin; Winka, Katarina (2002). "Progress in understanding the evolution and classification of lichenized ascomycetes".

4351: 10089:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Kim, J.A.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.H.; Oh, S.-O.; Wang, X.Y.; Hur, J.-S. (2016).

8927:

Frolov, Ivan; Vondrák, Jan; Fernández-Mendoza, Fernando; Wilk, Karina; Khodosovtsev, Alexander; Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan (2016).

8846:

Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, Frank; Högnabba, Filip; Oliver, Jeffrey C.; Molnár, Katalin; Fraker, Emily; et al. (2014).

6519:. Their geographical distribution seems to be influenced not just by the classification of their host lichen, but also by the 13057: 12661: 12600: 12038: 11614: 11532: 10956: 9533: 9249: 9176: 8827: 8758: 8733: 8449: 8395: 8124: 8024: 7987: 7737: 7648: 7553:

is polyphyletic, but prefer a conservative approach (maintaining Arup et al.'s 2013 classification) pending further research.

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Søchting, Ulrik (1997). "Two major anthraquinone chemosyndromes in Teloschistaceae". In Türk, Roman; Zorer, Roberto (eds.).

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melting. Further, the changing climate may allow the advancement of southern vegetation communities and the introduction of

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character, but appears independently in unrelated lineages of Teloschistaceae; as such, it is a phylogenetically unreliable

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The family, first formally proposed in 1898, was extensively revised in 2013, including the creation or resurrection of 31

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Delves, Jay; Lewis, Jason E.J.; Ali, Niaz; Asad, Saeed A.; Chatterjee, Sudipto; Crittenden, Peter D.; et al. (2023).

3987: 12460: 7123:, air pollution, and the impact of livestock like goats and cows, which alter the habitat through grazing and trampling. 12056:"Lichens growing on human bone remains: A case study from continental Patagonia (Deseado Massif, Santa Cruz, Argentina)" 11973:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kim, J.A.; Yu, N.-H.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.H.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Zarei-Darki, B.; Hur, J.-S. (2015).

11609:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 49–84 . 3856: 3835: 754:

revised the family, accepting ten genera, and this served as the main taxonomic classification for the family until the

12122:"The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa" 11527:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 108. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 45–64. 13621: 4435: 4405: 3970: 3540:, is essential for accurately revising the taxonomic classification of this diverse and widespread group of lichens. 6755:. Integrative studies combining molecular data and ecological approaches revealed at least six distinct lineages of 4207:

involved in anthraquinone metabolism and shared uniquely across the Teloschistales. Phylogenetic analyses of fungal

3612: 321: 13583: 12616:

Nayak, Sandeep Kumar; Behera, Prashant Kumar; Bajpai, Rajesh; Upreti, Dalip Kumar; Satapathy, Kunja Bihari (2017).

8419:"Conatus praemissus redactionis novae generum nonnullorum Lichenum in organis fructificationes vel sporis fundatae" 7062: 4534:. Such factors might have promoted the development of light-protective anthraquinones, enabling Teloschistaceae to 4224: 3670: 723: 13526: 13172: 12373: 9605:

Søchting, Ulrik; Søgaard, Majbrit Zeuthen; Elix, John A.; Arup, Ulf; Elvebakk, Arve; Sancho, Leopoldo G. (2014). "

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Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013b). "Addendum to 'A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae'".

6759:, each specialised to a particular host, indicating a complex of closely related species. This diversification of 4443: 4273: 13631: 6321:, creating the conditions for a localised nitrogen-rich environment conducive to the growth of the orange lichen 4308: 4247: 3751:

structure of the ascus is rudimentary, relative to the more complex apical structures in other related families.

683:. The distinctness of the family Caloplacaceae was largely rejected by other authors, and it is now a historical 530: 254:

light, enabled this group to expand from shaded forest habitats to harsher environmental conditions of sunny and

11053:"Lichenes capenses quos collegit in itinere 1853–1856 Dr H. Wavra, a Dott. A. Massalongo delineati ac descripti" 10839:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Lőkös, L.; Liu, D.; Hur, J.-S.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A. (2018).

8073:(1973). "Les asques des lichens et le type archaeascé" [The ascus of lichens and the archaeascid type]. 8070: 4519: 4297: 4271:

to look for chemical patterns of consistent combinations and proportions of lichen products. He identified two

4025: 3888: 3646: 9850:

Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022).

9203:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Persson, P.E.; Hansson, M.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Liu, D.; Hur, J.S.; Thell, A. (2018).

3994: 3913: 3827: 3717: 3654: 3624: 3604: 3579: 3475: 630: 599: 536:

spores now attributed to the family Teloschistaceae. These are spores that are divided into two compartments (

341: 291: 13508: 11048: 6949:

is used in China for its purported properties of "clearing heat" in the lung and liver, and removing toxins.

6521: 4473: 3686: 3678: 740: 521: 309: 3819: 3799: 3559:

pigments. This group of lichens has a broad range of physical forms – from thin, encrusting (

347:

are released through a longitudinal slit in the ascus tip, a unique trait common to this family of lichens.

61: 10947:, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". In Türk, Roman; Zorer, Roberto (eds.). 10320:[New studies on lichens pertaining to the tribes Patellariaceae, Baeomycetaceae, and Lecideaceae]. 6956: 6919: 6405:. Adapted to environments with high sunlight exposure, Teloschistaceae lichens show an enhanced ability to 3864: 3833:(double-spindle shaped). The tissue composition of the thallus and apothecia is characterised by a loosely 3811: 3793:), with either unbranched or slightly branched structures culminating in bulbous ends. Within this family, 538: 477: 451: 10164: 6450: – including lichens historically classified in this genus) may be the only genus present; 4250:

in lichen thalli that are exposed to excess nitrogen. In a 1970 publication, Johan Santesson surveyed 230

4169: 3760: 3745: 3459: 654: 3149: 9058:[Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota): Importance of monophyletic groups] 7949:"Record Details: Placodiaceae A. Fisch. [as 'Placodinae'], Mitt. berin. naturf. Ges.: 17 (1871)" 7705:

Flora or Botanical Newspaper: Which Contains Reviews, Treatises, Essays, News and News Concerning Botany

6988:, relative to other less tolerant species, can provide data on the level and impact of urban pollution. 3709: 3662: 524:

attempted to classify what he called "blasteniospore lichens". This term referenced species, diverse in

13121:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Hur, J.-S. (2015b).

12466:(Report). New Zealand Threat Classification Series 27. Wellington: Department of Conservation. passim. 10030:(Hertel) Kilias gen. nov., another genus of the Teloschistaceae family with single-celled spores]. 6406: 4685: 3723:, with eight being the most prevalent count. These asci are characterised by a well-developed J+ layer 613: 13562: 12819:

Ramos, D.; Vargas, R.; Herrera-Campos, M.; Moat, J.; Whaley, O.; Parrinello, C.; Bungartz, F. (2021).

10899:

gen. et sp. nov. from Pakistan (Teloschistaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) based on multigene phylogeny"

7811:

Zahlbruckner, A. (1926). "Lichenes (Flechten). B. Spezieller Teil". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K. (eds.).

6860:

has a significant history of use. In Spain, this lichen has been traditionally included in wine-based

13588: 13536: 13343: 10257:"Three new monotypic genera of the caloplacoid lichens (Teloschistaceae, lichen-forming ascomycetes)" 7948: 7918: 7035: 6790: 6335: 5682: 4737: 4576: 4507: 4212: 579: 496: 223: 13435: 13214:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Hur, J.-S. (2020).

10434:, a new genus and a new epigaeic species containing naphthopyrans from the family Teloschistaceae". 4403:

grown in full light develop completely black margins resulting from the accumulation of the pigment

13616: 12943:

Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae".

12382:"Current taxonomy of the lichen family Teloschistaceae from India with descriptions of new species" 11979:, a new genus of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycetes) proved by three gene phylogeny" 8582: 7057: 6804: 6459: 4611: 4607: 4463: 3938: 3896: 434: 10592: 10095:, a new genus of the lecanoroid caloplacoid lichens (Teloschistaceae, lichen-forming ascomycetes)" 13611: 10026:(Hertel) Kilias gen. nov., eine weitere Gattung der Teloschistaceae mit einzelligen Sporen" [ 8749:

Tehler, A.; Wedin, Mats (2008). "Systematics of lichenized fungi". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.).

8695: 6894: 6442:

are genera that are characteristic of sun-exposed habitats. In some extreme desert environments,

6318: 3944: 3482: 3466: 3433: 2745: 2728: 755: 593: 367: 13020: 7919:"Record Details: Blasteniaceae C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 25(2): 604 (1938)" 5653: 30: 13305: 12652:

Crawford, Stuart (2019). "Lichens used in traditional medicine". In Ranković, Branislav (ed.).

9687:

Frolov, Ivan; Vondrák, Jan; Košnar, Jiří; Arup, Ulf (2021). "Phylogenetic relationships within

9164: 8972: 8040: 7907:. Acta Botanica Fennica (in German). Vol. 33. Helsinki: A.-G. F. Tilgmann. pp. 1–82 . 7126:

Other Teloschistaceae members, some with limited geographic distributions, make appearances on

7111:, 2021) is at risk due to multiple threats in Peru and Chile, including potential development, 7103: 6945: 6531: 6469:(lichen-dwelling) species. These non-lichenised fungi originate from subfamily Caloplacoideae: 5180: 4535: 4231: 4204: 4051: 3571:) formations. Although it is an atypical growth form for the Teloschistaceae, members of genus 3385: 827: 704: 617: 128: 39: 3735:, specifically when it turns blue or dark blue in the presence of iodine-based solutions like 13474: 12716:

and its symbionts after 18 months of space exposure and simulated Mars conditions on the ISS"

12262: 11052: 10790: 10131: 9653:-like lichen from Macaronesia and mainland Portugal, with a lichen checklist for Porto Santo" 8795: 7149: 7112: 7108: 6699: 6542: 6536: 6298: 4586:, Teloschistaceae stood as the sixth-largest lichen-forming fungal family by 2017, following 4543: 3961: 3872: 946:. It refers to the split ends of the thallus branches that are characteristic of that genus. 688: 12859:

Zahlbr. (Teloschistaceae) a poorly known West Auckland, North Island, New Zealand endemic".

9892: 9056:"Філогенія і таксономія родини Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota): важливість моноФілетичних груп" 7753:

Zahlbruckner, A. (1898). "Flechten (Lichenes). B. Spezieller Teil". In Engler, Adolf (ed.).

13549: 13391: 12868: 12509: 12198: 10910: 9762: 9561: 9486: 9444: 9028: 8984: 8928: 8859: 8818:

Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; David, J.C.; Stalpers, Joost A. (2001). "Teloschistaceae".

8514: 8307: 8272: 7785: 7180:

are synonyms of Teloschistaceae, because neither of these families were published validly.

7004:. The results demonstrated the lichen's substantial capability to endure these conditions. 6851: 6834: 6573: 6515:(3 spp.). Lichenicolous species within the Teloschistaceae generally have a broad range of 6466: 6419: 5223: 4667: 4200: 4188: 4063: 4057: 3794: 3506: 390: 239: 12820: 12784: 12748: 12226:"Past, present, and future research in bipolar lichen-forming fungi and their photobionts" 10522: 9528:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 68. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 135–144. 9305:

spp.) in representatives of Teloschistaceae (Lecanoromycetes, lichen-forming ascomycetes)"

8728:. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series A269. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 379–387. 8724:; Rambold, G.; Timdal, E. (1994). "Discussion 4: Lecanorales". In Hawksworth, D.L. (ed.). 7281:; Wilk and colleagues maintain Arup et al.'s 2013 classification pending further research. 7253:; Wilk and colleagues maintain Arup et al.'s 2013 classification pending further research. 6645: 6285: 8: 13024: 9209:, a new caloplacoid lichen genus (Teloschistaceae, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from India" 7074: 7026: 6881: 6856: 6705: 6687: 6418:

is one example of a widespread lichen that appears to be experiencing an increase in its

6293: 5664: 5229: 5191: 4503: 4499: 4399: 4333: 4323: 4208: 4196: 3978: 3921: 3736: 3586: 3361: 2905: 711: 525: 471: 466: 456: 445: 372: 266: 13422: 13123:"Brownlielloideae, a new subfamily in the Teloschistaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)" 13071: 12872: 12679:"Biomonitoring of air pollution by lichen diversity in the urban area of Setif, Algeria" 12513: 12369: 12350: 12202: 10914: 10318:"Nuovi studi sui licheni spettanti alle tribù delle Patellariee, Baeomycee e Lecideinee" 9766: 9609:(Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), a new Southern Hemisphere genus with 7-chlorocatenarin". 9565: 9490: 9448: 9032: 8988: 8863: 8518: 8276: 7789: 751: 13176: 13040: 12365: 12151: 11886: 11861:

Duvign., a new genus of lichen from South Africa, related to the lichens of the genera

11671:"Revision of three natural groups of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota)" 10281: 10256: 9926: 9785: 9750: 9370: 9345: 9278: 8880: 8847: 8414: 8090: 7868: 7040: 6872:

in water as a purported remedy for kidney and tooth ailments. It has also served as an

6741: 6621: 6375: 6361: 6351: 6307: 6077: 5217: 4673: 4495: 4487: 4461:

have anthraquinones in their apothecia and Sedifolia-grey in their thalli. The species

4433:

encompasses species where anthraquinones are absent and replaced by substances such as

4220: 4150: 4067:. Within the order Teloschistales, unlike the Teloschistaceae, species in the families 4002: 3841:

structure, meaning the constituent fungal hyphae are oriented in different directions.

3724: 3598: 3201: 2376: 855: 719: 684: 661: 316: 247: 235: 172: 151: 56: 13370: 12210: 10662: 10043: 9456: 9236:

Hafellner, Josef (1988). "Principles of classification and main taxonomic groups". In

8787: 6828: in) beneath loose surface crystals, leading to crumbling of the marble surface. 4614:, the publication year, and the number of species. Genera are organised by subfamily: 4163:

The predominant chemical compounds found in the Teloschistaceae are pigments known as

481:). These were two of several dozen lichen species described by the Swedish taxonomist 13544: 13378: 13357: 13287: 13067: 13053: 13008: 12956: 12657: 12617: 12596: 12527: 12377: 12121: 12034: 11905: 11670: 11610: 11528: 11197: 10952: 10894: 10523:"Contributions to molecular phylogeny of lichens 4. New names in the Teloschistaceae" 10286: 10090: 9903: 9851: 9790: 9573: 9529: 9523: 9504: 9410: 9375: 9296: 9245: 9204: 9182: 9172: 9082: 9000: 8885: 8823: 8754: 8729: 8664: 8445: 8391: 8288: 8120: 8020: 7983: 7733: 7654: 7644: 7453: 7132: 7127: 7101:, potentially exacerbating the impact on this lichen by altering its native habitat. 7017: 7001: 6931: 6839: 6693: 6581: 6347: 6323: 5781: 5676: 4583: 4568: 4531: 4339: 3836: 3740: 727: 488: 395: 382: 377: 231: 227: 216: 13267: 13242: 13122: 12097:

Fraser, Shannon J.; Bowman, E.A.; Gianopulos, Nikolas G.; Newcombe, George (2016). "

11457: 11412:– two new genera of the Xanthorioideae (Teloschistaceae, lichen-forming Ascomycota)" 11403: 11173: 10840: 10376: 9868: 8194: 7848: 7700: 3521: 13279: 13254: 13230: 13200: 13192: 13159: 13137: 13109: 13087: 13048:

Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008).

13036: 13000: 12977: 12952: 12919: 12876: 12727: 12690: 12629: 12588: 12562: 12517: 12461:

Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous lichens and lichenicolous fungi, 2018

12439: 12393: 12346: 12312: 12282: 12274: 12237: 12206: 12167: 12133: 12077: 12067: 12026: 11990: 11878: 11821: 11717: 11426: 11342: 11298: 11006: 10918: 10863: 10658: 10537: 10485: 10443: 10317: 10276: 10268: 10109: 10039: 9994: 9894: 9873: 9863: 9780: 9770: 9728: 9700: 9664: 9618: 9569: 9494: 9475:"Lichens as spatially transferable bioindicators for monitoring nitrogen pollution" 9452: 9402: 9365: 9357: 9319: 9274: 9216: 9130: 9036: 8992: 8952: 8944: 8875: 8867: 8783: 8660: 8601: 8597: 8522: 8418: 8366: 8280: 8168: 8082: 8052: 8008: 7860: 7793: 7725: 7214: 7198: 7116: 7098: 7044: 6943:, the lichen is mixed with butter and used as a remedy for diarrhoea in livestock. 6785: 6711: 6657: 4897: 4679: 4571:), accepts 117 genera and 805 species in the Teloschistaceae. The largest genus is 4564: 4184: 4077: 3809:(i.e., small, flask-shaped fruiting bodies), producing translucent asexual spores ( 625: 609: 278: 209: 197: 166:

Caloplacoideae – 37 genera Teloschistoideae – 32 genera Xanthorioideae – 45 genera

13283: 11287:

Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking, nom. illeg. (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)"

9640: 4436: 4406: 3509:

methods had mistakenly grouped different species together. For example, the genus

425: 13383: 13180: 13004: 12880: 12592: 9898: 9499: 9474: 9237: 8717: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7078: 7070: 7048: 6972: 6379: 5559: 5394: 5200: 5171: 5073: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4457: 4292: 4176: 4072: 4046: 3613: 3560: 3544: 3445: 3268: 1376: 811: 588: 322: 282: 259: 212: 103: 13513: 13258: 13215: 13163: 13113: 12522: 12493: 12424: 12137: 12072: 12055: 9134: 8996: 8871: 8284: 4627: 3671: 13430: 13328: 13091: 13075: 12710:

Brandt, Annette; de Vera, Jean-Pierre; Onofri, Silvano; Ott, Sieglinde (2014).

12654:

Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential

12316: 11943: 11546: 11544: 11216: 11193: 10922: 10272: 10113: 9930: 9054:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Jeong, M.-H.; Kärnefelt, I.; Hur, J.-S.; Thell, Arne (2012).

8482: 8141: 7952: 7922: 7894: 7849:"The Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition-Botany. II. Lichens and Lichen parasites" 7585: 7316:

was proposed by Kondratyuk et al. in 2013 for the species group centred around

7190: 7153: 7066: 6951: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6516: 6314: 6154: 5624: 5416: 4647: 4636: 4595: 4444: 4355: 4274: 4216: 4068: 4038: 4031:

green algal photobionts (i.e. resembling or belonging to the green algal genus

4020: 3499: 3429: 1451: 851: 747: 621: 400: 286: 274: 113: 13234: 13196: 13141: 12982: 12965: 12732: 12711: 12695: 12678: 12618:"Lichens growth on Sun Temple of Konark in Odisha, India- A curse or blessing" 12567: 12546: 12398: 12381: 12278: 12171: 11995: 11974: 11826: 11801: 11470: 11430: 11346: 11303: 11278: 11010: 10867: 10572: 10541: 10490: 10465: 10447: 10356: 9732: 9669: 9644: 9622: 9323: 9087:(Teloschistaceae) on Kangaroo Island, with the description of two new species" 9040: 8526: 8172: 8056: 7982:. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. Vol. 38. Weinheim: J. Cramer. p. 115. 7823: 5633: 531: 13605: 13027:; Jarvis, Charles E. (1994). "Linnaean lichen names and their typification". 12829: 12793: 12757: 12677:

Belguidoum, Amina; Haichour, Rima; Lograda, Takia; Ramdani, Messaoud (2022).

12634: 12545:

Freire-Rallo, Sandra; Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana M.; Wedin, Mats (2023).

12492:

Freire-Rallo, Sandra; Wedin, Mats; Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana M. (2023).

11904:

Kondratyuk, Sergij Y.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Elix, John A.; Thell, Arne (2008).

11635: 11240: 11161: 11149: 11084: 10761: 10759: 9636: 9552:

Rundel, Philip (1978). "The ecological role of secondary lichen substances".

9186: 8721: 8195:"Ultrastructure et mode de déhiscence des asques chez les lichens des genres 7511: 7481: 7273: 7202: 7030: 6980: 6923: 6877: 6733:

Teloschistaceae species host a variety of lichenicolous fungi. Some, such as

6663: 6411: 6176: 6165: 5945: 5139: 4919: 4886: 4875: 4809: 4743: 4468: 4451: 4423: 4255: 4164: 4049:

has been identified to associate with various trebouxioid species, including

3556: 3525: 1869: 859: 482: 243: 13575: 11834: 11740: 11623: 11541: 11017: 9775: 8240:

Kärnefelt, Ingvar (1989). "Morphology and phylogeny in the Teloschistales".

7658: 7012: 5961:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A.Thell (2012)

5950:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A.Thell (2012)

5906:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A.Thell (2012)

5863:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A.Thell (2012)

4298: 4026: 3889: 3647: 3592: 13291: 13012: 12924: 12907: 12531: 11781: 11769: 11568: 11029: 10977: 10874: 10696: 10560: 10548: 10344: 10290: 10067: 10065: 9794: 9508: 9414: 9379: 9004: 8889: 8371: 8355:"Overview of nomenclature novelties of fungi in the world and China (2020)" 8354: 8292: 8108: 7797: 7517: 7475: 7429: 7324: 7144: 6976: 6865: 6717: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6511: 6426:, and its potential ability to displace native lichen species as a result. 6394: 6252: 6187: 6143: 6132: 6099: 6066: 6055: 6022: 5978: 5967: 5825: 5792: 5759: 5548: 5493: 5460: 5427: 5372: 5339: 5051: 4985: 4952: 4656: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4551: 4429: 4383: 4378: 4235: 3995: 3914: 3828: 3785:

A distinctive feature of Teloschistaceae is the presence of the gelatinous

3718: 3655: 3625: 3605: 3580: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3514: 3476: 3401: 3175: 2574: 2393: 2269: 2130: 2113: 1999: 1788: 1501: 1176: 1109: 1092: 1020: 840: 644: 631: 600: 572: 566: 342: 292: 145: 44: 12054:

García, Renato; Magnin, Lucia; Miotti, Laura; Barrientos, Gustavo (2020).

11494: 11437: 10965: 10817: 10771: 10756: 10732: 10708: 10411: 10399: 10297: 9361: 6522: 4474: 4109:

clades. This finding suggests a genus-level specificity, with only select

3692:

forms, in which the apothecial disc lacks a thalline margin. Reproductive

3687: 3679: 741: 310: 13456: 13337: 12258: 12217: 12022: 11402:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I.; Lőkös, L.; Hur, J.S.; Thell, A. (2018).

10744: 10720: 10637:

gen. nov" [Examples of analogous thallus differentiation in lichens:

10622: 10231:, a new genus of the Teloschistaceae (Lichens of the Himalayas 16)]. 10204: 10192: 10144: 9830: 9828: 8948: 8205:[Ultrastructure and dehiscence mode of asci in lichens of the genera 7366: 7239: 7233: 7120: 7090: 6997: 6993: 6936: 6764: 6505: 6477: 6121: 6000: 5748: 5737: 5715: 5482: 5328: 5251: 5029: 4831: 4820: 4765: 4754: 4344: 4243: 4180: 4093:

Studies of photobionts in the Teloschistaceae, including foliose genera (

4082: 3820: 3806: 3800: 3437: 3282: 2681: 2615: 2181: 2080: 2037: 1826: 1602: 1434: 1298: 560: 404: 331:, the structure that produces spores, characteristically turns blue when 298: 251: 13216:"Three new genera of the Teloschistaceae proved by three gene phylogeny" 13205: 12242: 12225: 12082: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11074: 11072: 11070: 10062: 10050: 9169:

Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien

8957: 8753:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 349. 8698:; Eriksson, O.E. (1986). "The names of accepted orders of ascomycetes". 8620: 8263:

phylogenetic study of the Teloschistales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota)".

6745:, infect a wide range of hosts within the family. More generally, these 3865: 3812: 3715:, cylindrical formations that commonly contain between four and sixteen 539: 12287: 11924: 11890: 11320: 10182: 10180: 9878: 9801: 9406: 8334: 8094: 8012: 7872: 7535: 7523: 7463: 7408: 7387: 7345: 7267: 7194: 7094: 6940: 6746: 6586: 6557: 6556:. Localised exceptions occur primarily in sunlit locations with either 6499: 6489: 6483: 6447: 6343: 6237: 6209: 6170:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix & A.Thell (2009)

6011: 5983:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix & A.Thell (2009)

5891: 5880: 5858: 5836: 5830:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix & A.Thell (2012)

5814: 5803: 5693: 5603: 5592: 5581: 5306: 5295: 5284: 5273: 5262: 5240: 5150: 5128: 5117: 5095: 5084: 5040: 5007: 4930: 4864: 4787: 4696: 4417: 4372: 4367: 4288: 4284: 4170: 3786: 3761: 3746: 3631: 3585:, meaning they have a somewhat circular, leafy thallus attached to the 3460: 3076: 3028: 3011: 2946: 2598: 2212: 1950: 1843: 1745: 1710: 1669: 1585: 1561: 1484: 1315: 1274: 1068: 835: 655: 319:

where sexual reproduction occurs), which generally have a well-defined

219: 137: 93: 48: 12444: 12427: 11810:

gen. nov. (Teloschistaceae) – speciation in three southern continents"

10322:

Rivista Periodica dei Lavori della Imperiale Regia Accademia di Padova

9825: 9704: 9691:

sensu lato and the role of pigments in its taxonomic interpretation".

9221: 9101: 8896: 7665: 6675: 5209:

Examples from subfamily Teloschistoideae (clockwise from upper left):

4393: 4366:, a secondary metabolite previously unknown in lichens. The substance 4195:

regions and contributing significantly to the success of the familial

13461: 13417: 13404: 11096: 11067: 10625:(1983). "Musterbeispiele analoger Lagerdifferenzierung bei Flechten: 10474:; Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands" 8608: 7570: 6915: 6903: 6873: 6861: 6838:

are two crustose species responsible for the slow degradation of the

6610: 6552:. There is a relatively low diversity of crustose Teloschistaceae in 6471: 6423: 6370: 6356: 6339: 6198: 6110: 6088: 6033: 5847: 5383: 5317: 5062: 4941: 4798: 4729: 4718: 4707: 4491: 4387: 4033: 3710: 3693: 3663: 3636: 3568: 3487: 3470: 3418: 3380: 3349: 3345: 2929: 2881: 2832: 2293: 2054: 1909: 1350: 1207: 911: 869: 667: 638: 554: 303: 73: 13500: 13448: 13299: 12887: 11882: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11580: 11382: 11380: 11257: 11255: 10686: 10684: 10669: 10498: 10430:

Frolov, Ivan V.; Prokopiev, Ilya A.; Konoreva, Liudmila A. (2023). "

10332: 10177: 8581:

Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Popova, L.P.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Lőkös, L. (2022).

8557: 8545: 8470: 8458: 8086: 7864: 6354:). As an exception to this general ecological preference, the genus 5662:

Examples from subfamily Xanthorioideae (clockwise from upper left):

5644: 4665:

Examples from subfamily Caloplacoideae (clockwise from upper left):

3505:

One significant finding from molecular data is that the traditional

13570: 13495: 13409: 13322: 11664: 11662: 10934: 10932: 10233:

Khumbu Himal, Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehemens Nepal Himalaya

9585: 9583: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8632: 7591: 7086: 7052: 6889: 6869: 6633: 6398: 6383: 6365: 5726: 5704: 5526: 5471: 4842: 4239: 4146: 3790: 3728: 3641: 3365: 2771: 2352: 2310: 2229: 1693: 1044: 332: 12544: 12491: 11272: 11270: 9849: 9392: 8933:(Teloschistaceae) distinguished in two-phase phenotype evaluation" 8926: 8192: 7677: 7349:, a genus with which its single species fits well morphologically. 7029:

of three Teloschistaceae species has been assessed for the global

4211:(PKSs) reveal a consistent grouping of genes, hinting at a shared 4157:(bottom) are anthraquinone pigments common in the Teloschistaceae. 548:

with a small hole. Although Massalongo's efforts to arrange these

12406: 12003: 11752: 11697: 11685: 11647: 11556: 11482: 11377: 11365: 11353: 11252: 11228: 11137: 11125: 11113: 10805: 10681: 10603: 8726:

Ascomycete Systematics: problems and perspectives in the nineties

8533: 7529: 7082: 6911: 6907: 6794: 6779: 6580:. Some Teloschistaceae genera have a strong geographic centre of 6402: 5989: 5896:

S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2009)

5361: 5350: 5106: 5018: 4853: 4776: 4328: 3755: 3701: 3573: 3564: 3495: 270: 12990: 12855:

Sparkes, J.H.; de Lange, P.J.; Blanchon, D.J. (2014). "Notes on

12740: 12676: 11659: 10929: 10254: 9971: 9813: 9748: 9580: 8908: 8671: 7834: 6992:

has been studied in experiments where specimens were exposed to

12301: 12158:(Teloschistaceae), a new lichenicolous species from Tasmania". 11603: 11521: 11267: 8845: 8580: 8433: 7980:

Some Lichens of Tropical Africa. V. Lecanoraceae to Physciaceae

7312: 6818: in) into the stone along larger cracks and 0.05 mm ( 6627: 6577: 5438: 4547: 4280: 4154: 3732: 3697: 715: 545: 386: 351: 336: 201: 83: 13213: 12096: 11476: 11202:, a new genus in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)" 10578: 10362: 9202: 8688: 8193:

Bellemère, A.; Hafellner, J.; Letrouit-Galinou, M.-A. (1986).

7485:; Wilk and colleagues prefer to retain a more broadly defined 6975:, even in high pollution areas, offers potential insights for 4490:

in the Teloschistaceae has been studied to understand the key

3602:

are prominent. Like most Teloschistaceae, these apothecia are

854:

of family. The genus name, assigned by the Norwegian botanist

13557: 13396: 13120: 12818: 12812: 11641: 11246: 11167: 11155: 11090: 11057:

Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti

10838: 10519: 10227:

gen. nov. Teloschistacearum (Flechten des Himalaya 16)" [

8822:(9th ed.). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. pp. 515–516. 8488: 6387: 4312: 3622:

Teloschistaceae lichens have a symbiotic relationship with a

3513:

was once thought to be descended from a single lineage (i.e.

905: 863: 731: 710:

In the 20th century, particularly with the widespread use of

584: 549: 328: 265:

Teloschistaceae lichens typically have one of a few physical

205: 13098: 12776: 12498:

was linked to the adaptive radiation of the Teloschistaceae"

12223: 12053: 11903: 11840: 11746: 11629: 11550: 11191: 11023: 10173:]. Verona: Dalla tipografia di A. Frizierio. p. 17. 10088: 9845: 9843: 9525:

Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Nineties – IAL 3

9343: 9162: 8716: 8003: 8001: 7999: 3596:

In contrast to its barely visible thallus, the apothecia of

13266:

Wilk, Karina; Pabijan, Maciej; Saługa, Marta; Gaya, Ester;

13170: 12418: 12336: 11857:

Duvign., genre nouveau de lichen de l'Afrique du Sud" [

11787: 11775: 11574: 11500: 11443: 11401: 11035: 10983: 10880: 10834: 10832: 10823: 10765: 10702: 10566: 10554: 10515: 10513: 10350: 10303: 10198: 10150: 9053: 8971: 8841: 8839: 8500: 7732:. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste. pp. 7, 24. 7451:

Kondratyuk and colleagues in 2014 suggested that the genus

6726: 6569: 4539: 4538:

exposed environments. The diversification of anthraquinone

4279:(characteristic sets of chemical compounds) with parietin, 4192: 4126: 628:

taxa having polarilocular (i.e. two-locule) or four-locule

465:

The first members of the present-day Teloschistaceae to be

255: 13148: 13066: 12656:(2 ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 76. 12587:. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 525–533. 12538: 12178: 12150: 11397: 11395: 10971: 10777: 10738: 10714: 10417: 10405: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10210: 10071: 10056: 9944: 9717: 9294: 9198: 9196: 9119: 8929:"Three new, seemingly cryptic species in the lichen genus 7583:

Kondratyuk and colleagues resurrected and recircumscribed

403:

to investigate resilience against the harsh conditions of

307:. Teloschistaceae members are also characterised by their 12485: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11196:; Kim, Jung; Kondratiuk, Anna S.; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2015). 10995: 10459: 10457: 10084: 10082: 10080: 9840: 9629: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8261: 7996: 7643:. Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 345–346, 440. 7589:

in 2008; other sources place this genus in synonymy with

7143:

In some large geographical areas, the full extent of the

4137: 949: 13047: 12494:"To explore strange new worlds – The diversification in 12256: 12185:

Søchting, Ulrik; Olech, Maria (1995). "The lichen genus

12120:

Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018).

11316: 11314: 11185: 10829: 10510: 10133:

Alcuni generi di licheni nuovamente limitati e descritti

9996:

Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti

9807: 9600: 9598: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 8836: 8340: 7769: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 4315:

desert, the parietin-containing Teloschistaceae species

13241: 12854: 12670: 12615: 12363: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12326: 11966: 11930: 11897: 11800:

Søchting, Ulrik; Sancho, Leo Garcia; Arup, Ulf (2023).

11392: 11192:

Kondratyuk, Sergey Y.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne;

10989: 10892: 10429: 10243: 9961:

Mitteilungen aus der Botanischen Staatssammlung München

9834: 9686: 9604: 9193: 9107: 8902: 8817: 8742: 8390:. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 39. 6297:, is a ground-dwelling species and a component of some 12908:"Threatened categories assessment of lichens in China" 12709: 12224:

Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2017).

12144: 12113: 11592: 11506: 10454: 10077: 9163:

Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert;

9047: 8767: 8569: 7840: 6465:

There are several Teloschistaceae genera that contain

6393:

Many species of the family are moderately to strongly

4376:, and 5-chloroemodin occurs in all but one species of 4105:), demonstrate a consistent association with specific 13265: 12458: 12452: 12021: 11793: 11311: 11222: 11179: 11107: 11078: 10750: 10726: 10186: 10003:] (in Latin). Uppsala: Leffler. pp. 166, 218 10001:

Lichens of Arctic Europe and Greenland hitherto known

9682: 9680: 9595: 9468: 9466: 9330: 8710: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8464: 8186: 8063: 7613: 7322:; Wilk and colleagues instead use the more inclusive 6275: 6263:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

6137:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

6049:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

5939:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

5928:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

5885:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

5841:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

5542:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2016)

5531:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

5520:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

5509:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

5454:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015)

5300:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2013)

5256:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2013)

5155:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4968:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4957:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4847:

S.Y.Kondr., Elix, Kärnefelt, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4792:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4770:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4759:

S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2014)

4167:. These substances, which are deposited in the upper 3449:

proposed by Ester Gaya and François Lutzoni in 2016.

620:

in 1898. In his initial version, he grouped together

13019: 12964:

Bungartz, Frank; Søchting, Ulrik; Arup, Ulf (2020).

12963: 12893: 12848: 12412: 12323: 12295: 12250: 11972: 11586: 10949:

Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Nineties

10675: 10504: 10464:

Bungartz, Frank; Søchting, Ulrik; Arup, Ulf (2021).

10463: 10338: 10140:] (in Latin). Verona: Antonelli. pp. 10–11. 10138:

Some genera of lichens newly delimited and described

9886: 9290: 9288: 9244:. Vol. III. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 42. 9113: 8638: 8626: 8444:. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS press. pp. 362–363. 8119:] (in German). Stuttgart: George Thieme Verlag. 7683: 7671: 4215:

for anthraquinone biosynthesis within the subphylum

3494:

Although Teloschistaceae is now well represented in

3384:. Proposed by Ester Gaya and colleagues in 2012 and 12703: 12581: 12357: 12119: 12090: 12047: 11668: 11333:, a new name for a continental Antarctic species". 10938: 10886: 10423: 9744: 9742: 9711: 9264: 8965: 8813: 8811: 8650: 8494: 8439: 8257: 8255: 8101: 8043:(1970). "Ascus and ascocarp structure in lichens". 7457:was polyphyletic, and divided it into four genera: 5917:

S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2022)

5344:

S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)

5267:

Søchting, Søgaard, Arup, Elvebakk & Elix (2014)

4610:, denoting the first describers using standardised 273:(the main body of the lichen) is either leaf-like ( 12942: 12905: 12899: 12609: 12575: 12015: 12009: 11871:Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l'État à Bruxelles 11799: 11763: 11703: 11691: 11653: 11562: 11488: 11386: 11371: 11359: 11276: 11261: 11234: 11143: 11131: 11119: 10811: 10690: 10609: 10125: 10123: 9977: 9819: 9677: 9589: 9472: 9463: 9386: 9011: 8920: 8914: 8694: 8682: 8614: 8505:(lichenised Ascomycota) in dry continental Asia". 8476: 7730:The Lichens of Italy. A Second Annotated Catalogue 7328:as per Arup et al. (2013) pending further studies. 6564:formations; these habitats are predominant in the 443:The common and widespread Teloschistaceae species 12647: 12645: 10584: 9959:– A new genus of Teloschistaceae (lichens)]. 9955:- Genus novum Teloschistacearum (Lichenes)" [ 9426: 9424: 9285: 9258: 9017: 8800:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 8644: 7911: 7694: 7692: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 6685:species complex on Teloschistaceae hosts: (A) on 4331:snails, but they frequently consume lichens like 3668:is surrounded by a pale rim of tissue known as a 750:study that corroborated Honegger's work. In 1989 375:and others, such as the rare New Zealand species 13603: 12782: 12263:"New crustose Teloschistaceae in Central Europe" 11846: 11525:Systematics, Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens 11041: 10156: 9739: 8808: 8346: 8252: 8069: 7941: 7804: 7746: 7130:. For example, the crustose New Zealand endemic 6767:. Further molecular studies have delineated the 5698:Søchting, Garrido-Ben., Arup & Frödén (2014) 5421:S.Y.Kondr., Elix, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2015) 4427:lack these anthraquinones. Similarly, the genus 12906:Xinli, Wei; Hong, Deng; Jiangchun, Wei (2020). 11936: 10939:Kondratyuk, Sergey; Kärnefelt, Ingvar (1997). " 10595:[Monograph of blasteniospore lichens]. 10120: 9755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8820:Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 8379: 8033: 7703:[Summary of Blasteniosporous Lichens]. 6888:was commonly boiled in milk as a treatment for 6850:Some Teloschistaceae species have been used in 5410:S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell & Hur (2019) 762:accepted 12 genera in Teloschistaceae in 2006: 455:(right) were two of the earliest lichens to be 13052:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB Europe. 12642: 10309: 9950: 9852:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021" 9547: 9545: 9421: 9295:Nyati, Shyam; Scherrer, Sandra; Werth, Silke; 9074: 8440:Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). 8409: 8407: 8233: 8113:Lichenes. Eine Einführung in die Flechtenkunde 7689: 7492: 7261: 7259: 7227: 7225: 7223: 6774: 3491:, by uncovering their unique genetic markers. 652:. At that time, the growth form of the lichen 485:, the former in his influential 1753 treatise 230:regions. Most members are lichens that either 226:, although its members occur predominantly in 12683:Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 12430:[Biodiversity of lichens in Mexico]. 12184: 11722:Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Normandie 11607:Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume 9988: 9986: 9635: 9515: 8299: 8133: 8007: 7775: 4546:, which has given rise to novel biosynthetic 4358:higher than species). For example, the genus 4075:primarily partner with the green algal genus 691:proposed the family Xanthoriaceae to contain 246:content. The presence of these anthraquinone 11449: 10171:Research on the autonomy of crustose lichens 10166:Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi 9431:Santesson, Johan (1970). "Anthraquinones in 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 8107: 7886: 7819:]. Leipzig: Engelmann. pp. 61–270 . 7810: 7752: 7720: 7718: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 6996:conditions, including extreme temperatures, 6397:, meaning that they prefer habitats rich in 6060:S.Y.Kondr., I.Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018) 5575:S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix & Hur (2015) 746:for the family Teloschistaceae following an 12154:; Suija, Ave; Motiejūnaitė, Jurga (2021). " 10783: 10615: 10015: 9542: 8748: 8404: 8142:"The ascus apex in lichenized fungi I. The 7813:Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 8, Aufl. 2 7256: 7220: 6793:, a 260-year-old military fortification in 6422:due to its ability to tolerate nitrogenous 4979:I.V.Frolov, Prokopiev & Konoreva (2023) 3640:. The lichen's reproductive structures, or 3547:as the Teloschistaceae's closest relative. 505: 494: 486: 11910:(Teloschistaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)" 11852: 11047: 10590: 10216: 10162: 10129: 9983: 8773: 8385: 8352: 8039: 7971: 7846: 7698: 7638: 6487:(1 sp.); from subfamily Teloschistoideae: 6338:, although members occur predominantly in 5797:S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2020) 5388:S.Y.Kondr., Elix, A.Thell & Hur (2013) 3727:cap; the term "J+" refers to the positive 3452: 285:). These lichens typically partner with a 29: 13204: 12981: 12923: 12731: 12694: 12633: 12566: 12521: 12443: 12397: 12286: 12241: 12081: 12071: 12060:Journal of King Saud University – Science 11994: 11942: 11825: 11709: 11302: 11277:Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Mosyakin, S.L. (2022). 10489: 10368: 10280: 9919: 9877: 9867: 9784: 9774: 9668: 9498: 9430: 9369: 9235: 9220: 9141: 9083:"A synopsis and key for the lichen genus 9080: 8956: 8879: 8370: 8239: 8019:. New York: Academic Press. p. 625. 7715: 7509:Kondratyuk and colleagues suggested that 7436: 7265:Kondratyuk and colleagues suggested that 7231:Kondratyuk and colleagues suggested that 6342:regions, and in semi-arid regions of the 3789:(filament-like support structures in the 327:. In the Teloschistaceae, the tip of the 13029:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 12651: 11669:Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2003). 11466:] (in Latin). Gottingen. p. 93. 10849:, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae" 10315: 9521: 9123:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 8353:Wang, Ke; Cai, Lei; Yao, Yijian (2021). 8305: 8139: 7763:Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung 7138:New Zealand Threat Classification System 7011: 6778: 6674: 6530:Teloschistaceae has a high diversity in 5753:Søchting, Garrido-Ben. & Arup (2014) 4392: 4254:species for anthraquinones as part of a 3846:Morphological variety of Teloschistaceae 3591: 3465:), and spore type. Studies using modern 578: 10593:"Monografia dei licheni blasteniospori" 9927:"Searching the Index Fungorum database" 9229: 9091:Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8117:Lichens: An Introduction to Lichenology 7892: 7853:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 7639:Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007). 7379:Wilk and colleagues proposed to reduce 7358:Wilk and colleagues proposed to reduce 7290:Kondratyuk and colleagues suggest that 6845: 6670: 6497:1; and from subfamily Xanthorioideae: 4542:in their evolution is primarily due to 528:and appearance, united by the distinct 13604: 12746: 12033:. Yale University Press. p. 319. 11455: 10021: 9551: 8413: 7065:, 2020) faces multiple threats due to 7021:is a poorly known New Zealand endemic. 5366:Fayyaz, Afshan & S.Y.Kondr. (2022) 4352:high-performance liquid chromatography 4242:from selected species. Parietin is an 4230:Between 1897 and 1906, the mycologist 3754:Teloschistaceae ascospores, typically 950:Subfamilial and ordinal classification 415: 389:surfaces, and others are used in some 13304: 13303: 12720:International Journal of Astrobiology 12622:Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment 12502:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12473:from the original on 8 September 2023 12428:"Biodiversidad de líquenes en México" 11954:, two new lichen genera from Chile". 11931:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017 10789: 10621: 10222: 9992: 9835:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017 9213:Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment 9108:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017 8977:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8903:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017 8852:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8265:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7977: 7959:from the original on 8 September 2023 7929:from the original on 8 September 2023 7724: 7701:"Synopsis Lichenum Blasteniospororum" 7189:The term "infraspecific" refers to a 6576:, as well as in the arid, warm rocky 5355:S.Y.Kondr., D.Upreti & Hur (2017) 5045:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Farkas (2020) 4869:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & S.O.Oh (2015) 4530:are theorised to have influenced the 4482: 3676:. Fewer Teloschistaceae species have 13627:Taxa named by Alexander Zahlbruckner 13563:F09D47E7-AA52-5AEF-1725-DE950F106C4B 13537:fec1c179-2b47-43a1-bca1-dd212aebb318 11906:"A new circumscription of the genus 9693:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 8322:from the original on 29 January 2016 8215:Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie 7515:was polyphyletic, and split it into 7271:was polyphyletic, and split it into 7237:was polyphyletic, and split it into 6346:. Most members either grow on rock ( 6248:Søchting, Arup & Bungartz (2020) 5111:S.Y.Kondr., A.Thell & Hur (2017) 5100:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup (2020) 5001:Arup, Søchting & Bungartz (2020) 4990:Søchting, Arup & Bungartz (2021) 4902:Bungartz, Arup & Søchting (2020) 4362:is characterised by the presence of 4037:). An early study investigating the 734:in Teloschistaceae, later named the 12935: 12830:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 12794:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 12783:Sokoloff, P.; McMullin, T. (2020). 12758:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 11715: 10470:gen. nov. – a replacement name for 10374: 9554:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 9301:"Green-algal photobiont diversity ( 7562:Bungartz and colleagues synonymise 6854:practices across several cultures. 5819:S.Y.Kondr., Upreti & Hur (2017) 5161: 5034:S.Y.Kondr., Upreti & Hur (2017) 4946:S.Y.Kondr., S.O.Oh & Hur (2015) 3610:in form: rounded with thick, pale, 3366:nuclear large ribosomal subunit RNA 660:was often used in classical lichen 13: 13041:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01784.x 12894:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 12413:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 12101:in the Inland Pacific Northwest". 11587:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 10793:(1966). "New lichens from Chile". 10676:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 10505:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 10339:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 9951:Poelt, J.; Hafellner, J. (1980). " 9279:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02584.x 8639:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 8627:Bungartz, Søchting & Arup 2020 8442:Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi 8423:Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene 7684:Jørgensen, James & Jarvis 1994 7672:Jørgensen, James & Jarvis 1994 6922:, this lichen has been used as an 6902:has been used to treat diarrhoea, 6276:Habitat, distribution, and ecology 6233:Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking (2021) 6093:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 6082:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 6071:Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) 6016:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 6005:Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013) 5972:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5852:Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) 5808:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5742:Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013) 5731:Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013) 5720:Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) 5709:Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013) 5597:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5586:Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013) 5564:Frödén, Søchting & Arup (2013) 5498:Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013) 5487:Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013) 5476:Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013) 5399:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2017) 5322:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5278:Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking (2021) 5245:Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking (2021) 5133:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5122:Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013) 5067:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) 5012:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2020) 4913:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2017) 4781:S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2016) 4723:Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) 3704:, can be found in select species. 3412:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2020) 3395:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2020) 3374:Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2020) 515:Synopsis of Lichen Blasteniospores 493:, and the latter in his 1771 work 14: 13643: 12432:Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 10597:Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze 9897:Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. 7847:Dodge, C.W.; Baker, G.E. (1938). 7549:; Wilk and colleagues agree that 7421:Wilk and colleagues suggest that 7400:Wilk and colleagues suggest that 7337:Wilk and colleagues suggest that 7193:below that of species, including 6181:S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (1997) 6038:S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2003) 5994:S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2003) 5614: 5377:S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (1997) 4617: 597:, containing eight polarilocular 507:Synopsis Lichenum Blasteniosporum 469:were the common sunburst lichen ( 12957:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x 12010:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11764:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11704:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11692:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11654:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11563:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11489:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11387:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11372:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11360:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11262:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11235:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11144:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11132:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 11120:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 10812:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 10691:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 10610:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 9978:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 9820:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 9590:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 8915:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 8683:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 8665:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00295.x 8615:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 8477:Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 7577: 7556: 7415: 7394: 7373: 7352: 7331: 7305: 7284: 7174:C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker (1938) 6935:is used for treating wounds; in 6306: 6284: 6220: 5652: 5643: 5632: 5623: 5199: 5190: 5179: 5170: 4655: 4646: 4635: 4626: 4606:. Each genus is paired with its 4136: 4125: 4019:In lichens, photobionts are the 3986: 3969: 3952: 3929: 3904: 3880: 3855: 724:transmission electron microscopy 433: 424: 269:. Depending on the species, the 60: 12351:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0387 11720:[Four exotic lichens]. 9993:Fries, Theodore Magnus (1860). 7755:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 2 7208: 7183: 7166: 7007: 6808:, penetrated up to 10 mm ( 6651:Mexico, 142 species in 6 genera 6639:India, 115 species in 36 genera 5775:S.Y.Kondr. & L.Lőkös (2017) 5078:I.V.Frolov & Vondrák (2020) 4179:properties, as they can absorb 3520:According to the lichenologist 250:, which confer protection from 51:of the family Teloschistaceae. 11675:Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal 11182:, pp. 279, 284, 287, 294. 9167:(2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). 8602:10.17110/studbot.2022.53.2.137 8308:"Outline of Ascomycota – 2006" 6654:New Zealand, about 100 species 6602:(Antarctic and subantarctic), 6401:, particularly in the form of 6148:A.Massal. & De Not. (1853) 5144:S.Y.Kondr. & Ravera (2017) 4803:A.Massal. & De Not. (1853) 4014: 3942:(red) growing on the crustose 3660:form, in which the apothecial 3550: 410: 16:Family of lichen-forming fungi 1: 13284:10.1080/00275514.2020.1830672 12861:New Zealand Journal of Botany 12211:10.1016/s0024-2829(95)80006-9 10663:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)31400-7 10599:. 2 (in Italian) (3): 5–131 . 9457:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85380-7 8790:(inactive 13 September 2024). 8788:10.1017/S0269-915X(02)00206-9 8386:Hawksworth, David L. (1974). 8111:; Jahns, Hans Martin (1974). 8071:Letrouit-Galinou, Marie-Agnès 7759:Syllabus of Plant Families 2. 7602: 6962: 6957:traditional Tibetan medicinal 6939:, it is applied directly. In 6892:, a practice also applied to 6378:, particularly those rich in 5764:S.Y.Kondr. & Lőkös (2018) 5023:S.Y.Kondr. & Lőkös (2017) 4081:. Due to their resilience to 3731:reaction of the ascus tip to 3440:; as a suborder it was named 612:Teloschistaceae was formally 522:Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo 13005:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.005 12970:Plant and Fungal Systematics 12881:10.1080/0028825x.2014.891240 12593:10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_42 11814:Plant and Fungal Systematics 11718:"Quator lichenum exoticorum" 10478:Plant and Fungal Systematics 9657:Plant and Fungal Systematics 9574:10.1016/0305-1978(78)90002-9 9500:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121575 9350:Genome Biology and Evolution 9081:Kantvilas, Gintaras (2016). 7641:Fungal Families of the World 7607: 6979:. Although its tolerance to 6920:Traditional Chinese medicine 6608:(south-western Africa), and 4701:Poelt & Hafellner (1980) 4116: 3630:, generally a member of the 912: 870: 834:is based on the name of the 817: 478:Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 452:Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 7: 13259:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361 13164:10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.10 13114:10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.12 13070:; Jeong, M.-H.; Yu, N.-H.; 12523:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107680 12376:; Hur, J.-S.; Sinha, G.P.; 12138:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340 12073:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.02.029 11983:Ukrainian Botanical Journal 11459:Tentamen historiae lichenum 11291:Ukrainian Botanical Journal 11283:S.Y.Kondr., a new name for 10044:10.1127/herzogia/7/1985/181 9242:CRC Handbook of Lichenology 8997:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001 8872:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003 8285:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.012 7761:] (in German). Berlin: 6955:has been incorporated into 6775:Human interactions and uses 6721:sp.; white circles enclose 6360:contains species that only 6214:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2015) 6115:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 6104:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 5465:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018) 5432:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 5289:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 4880:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 4814:S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017) 4248:produced in greater amounts 3150:Kuettlingeria albolutescens 2798:'Caloplaca' quadrilocularis 730:confirmed a unique type of 722:substances. Using advanced 475:) and the gold-eye lichen ( 399:, is used in research as a 238:, but about 40 species are 10: 13648: 13092:10.1556/abot.55.2013.3-4.8 12317:10.11646/phytotaxa.396.1.1 12230:American Journal of Botany 12025:; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; 10923:10.1007/s11557-022-01823-y 10316:Trevisan, Vittore (1857). 10273:10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.3.195 10114:10.1556/abot.58.2016.3-4.6 7978:Dodge, Carroll W. (1971). 7047:development and increased 6624:, 103 species in 31 genera 6390:burial site in Argentina. 6291:The scrambled egg lichen, 6126:Søchting & Arup (2023) 5212:Neobrownliella cinnabarina 4686:Kuettlingeria erythrocarpa 906: 864: 13312: 13235:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.7 13197:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.6 13142:10.1556/034.57.2015.3-4.6 12983:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0030 12751:Caloplaca rinodinae-albae 12733:10.1017/s1473550414000214 12712:"Viability of the lichen 12585:Biodeterioration Research 12568:10.1017/s0024282923000154 12547:"Five new species in the 12399:10.1556/034.62.2020.3-4.5 12368:; Nayaka, S.; Thell, A.; 12279:10.1017/s0024282913000455 12172:10.1017/s0024282921000207 11996:10.15407/ukrbotj72.06.574 11956:Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 11827:10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0015 11464:A Study of Lichen History 11431:10.1556/034.60.2018.3-4.8 11347:10.1017/S0024282914000395 11304:10.15407/ukrbotj79.01.003 11225:, pp. 279, 287, 294. 11011:10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.6 10868:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.7 10591:Massalongo, A.B. (1852). 10542:10.1556/034.64.2022.3-4.7 10491:10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0022 10448:10.1017/S0024282923000567 10163:Massalongo, A.B. (1852). 9869:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 9733:10.1017/s0024282911000843 9670:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0006 9623:10.1017/s002428291300087x 9324:10.1017/s0024282913000819 9135:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060 9041:10.1007/s11557-006-0081-0 8590:Studia Botanica Hungarica 8527:10.1007/s11557-018-1402-9 8173:10.1017/s0024282978000079 8057:10.1017/s0024282970000440 7699:Massalongo, A.B. (1852). 7489:pending further research. 7427:is a putative synonym of 7406:is a putative synonym of 7343:is a putative synonym of 7036:Caloplaca rinodinae-albae 6910:remedy in the absence of 6830:Caloplaca pseudopoliotera 6791:Fortaleza de Santa Teresa 6729:. Scale bars = 1 mm. 5683:Xanthocarpia crenulatella 4557: 4494:changes leading to their 4101:) and a fruticose genus ( 3797:leads to the creation of 3297: 3279: 3272: 3198: 3172: 3146: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3073: 3058: 3051: 3025: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2943: 2926: 2919: 2902: 2895: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2829: 2794: 2768: 2746:'Caloplaca' lecapustulata 2742: 2729:'Caloplaca' lecanorocarpa 2725: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2678: 2647: 2612: 2595: 2588: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2390: 2373: 2366: 2349: 2342: 2307: 2290: 2283: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2226: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2178: 2171: 2127: 2110: 2103: 2077: 2051: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2013: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1947: 1930: 1923: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1866: 1840: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1785: 1778: 1742: 1707: 1690: 1683: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1599: 1582: 1575: 1558: 1551: 1498: 1481: 1474: 1448: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1373: 1347: 1312: 1295: 1288: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1228: 1221: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1106: 1089: 1082: 1065: 1058: 1041: 1034: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 988: 981: 971: 963: 760:Outline of the Ascomycota 544:) separated by a central 497:Mantissa Plantarum Altera 224:cosmopolitan distribution 178: 171: 164: 159: 143: 136: 57:Scientific classification 55: 37: 28: 23: 13622:Lecanoromycetes families 12945:Nordic Journal of Botany 12635:10.21756/cab.v2i02.11119 12031:Lichens of North America 11869:(Teloschistaceae)]. 11853:Duvigneaud, P. (1941). " 8937:Annales Botanici Fennici 8653:Nordic Journal of Botany 8213:(Teloschistaceae)]. 7817:Lichens. B. Special Part 7319:Teloschistes hypoglaucus 7159: 7058:Xanthaptychia aurantiaca 7043:, 2017) is at risk from 6805:Xanthocarpia feracissima 6642:Italy, about 160 species 6319:great black-backed gulls 4748:(Hertel) H.Kilias (1985) 4464:Kuettlingeria neotaurica 4370:characterises the genus 4347:), which lack parietin. 3939:Erichansenia epithallina 3897:Polycauliona coralloides 323:encircling rim of tissue 277:), bushy or shrub-like ( 13223:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13185:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13152:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13130:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13102:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13080:Acta Botanica Hungarica 13050:Dictionary of the Fungi 12696:10.13057/biodiv/d230240 12386:Acta Botanica Hungarica 11642:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 11419:Acta Botanica Hungarica 11247:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 11168:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 11156:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 11091:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 10999:Acta Botanica Hungarica 10856:Acta Botanica Hungarica 10530:Acta Botanica Hungarica 10130:Massalongo, A. (1853). 10102:Acta Botanica Hungarica 9776:10.1073/pnas.1507072112 9479:Environmental Pollution 9395:Natural Product Reports 8489:Kondratyuk et al. 2015b 8306:Eriksson, O.E. (2006). 7896:Das System der Flechten 6929:In regional practices, 6895:Polycauliona candelaria 6265:has been replaced with 6250:has been replaced with 6235:has been replaced with 4526:, and the emergence of 4524:continental separations 4318:Elenkiniana ehrenbergii 4303:. Studies show that in 3945:Rhizoplaca novomexicana 3467:molecular phylogenetics 3453:Molecular phylogenetics 3133:Kuettlingeria atroflava 858:in 1852, comprises two 636:, including the genera 594:Pyrenodesmia variabilis 13632:Taxa described in 1898 12925:10.17520/biods.2019154 12823:Teloschistes peruensis 11841:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 11788:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11776:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11747:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 11630:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 11575:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11551:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 11501:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11477:Kondratyuk et al. 2020 11444:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11036:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 11024:Kondratyuk et al. 2015 10984:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10972:Kondratyuk et al. 2013 10881:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10824:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10778:Kondratyuk et al. 2013 10766:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10739:Kondratyuk et al. 2013 10715:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 10703:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10579:Kondratyuk et al. 2020 10567:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10555:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10418:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 10406:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 10363:Kondratyuk et al. 2020 10351:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10304:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10211:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 10199:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10151:Kondratyuk et al. 2017 10072:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 10057:Kondratyuk et al. 2014 9064:Modern Phytomorphology 8372:10.17520/biods.2021202 7893:Räsänen, Veli (1943). 7798:10.1006/lich.1998.0144 7172:Neither Blasteniaceae 7152:, and the other 36 as 7104:Teloschistes peruensis 7022: 6946:Teloschistes flavicans 6798: 6730: 6614:(Mediterranean area). 6336:worldwide distribution 6299:biological soil crusts 4412: 4232:Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf 4205:metabolic gene cluster 4052:Asterochloris italiana 3791:reproductive apparatus 3619: 3432:was first proposed by 2523:'Caloplaca' brebissoni 828:botanical nomenclature 618:Alexander Zahlbruckner 605: 506: 495: 487: 354:. Three subfamilies – 258:ecosystems during the 40:Teloschistes flavicans 12787:Seirophora aurantiaca 12156:Caloplaca tephromelae 11456:Luyken, J.A. (1809). 8388:Mycologist's Handbook 8140:Honegger, R. (1978). 7901:The System of Lichens 7150:least-concern species 7113:habitat fragmentation 7109:Critically Endangered 7015: 6876:and a component in a 6782: 6700:Variospora flavescens 6678: 6543:Austroplaca soropelta 6537:Gallowayella borealis 4518:period. Factors like 4396: 4189:secondary metabolites 4187:. The development of 3962:Xanthomendoza oregana 3936:lichenicolous lichen 3873:Leproplaca chrysodeta 3595: 2503:Caloplacoideae 689:Carroll William Dodge 616:by the lichenologist 582: 520:), the lichenologist 391:traditional medicines 12993:Mycological Research 12912:Biodiversity Science 12103:North American Fungi 10903:Mycological Progress 10897:Iqbalia kashmirensis 10022:Kilias, H. (1985). " 9165:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten 9021:Mycological Progress 8949:10.5735/085.053.0413 8629:, pp. 528, 563. 8507:Mycological Progress 8359:Biodiversity Science 6852:traditional medicine 6846:Traditional medicine 6789:covers walls of the 6736:Cercidospora caudata 6671:Species interactions 6574:Carpathian Mountains 6520: 6460:coastal environments 5224:Wetmoreana brouardii 4668:Blastenia ferruginea 4612:author abbreviations 4577:173 accepted species 4472: 4442: 4434: 4404: 4296: 4272: 4225:ABC transporter gene 4209:polyketide synthases 4201:comparative genomics 4199:. A 2023 study used 4175:of the lichen, have 4168: 4058:Trebouxia arboricola 4024: 3993: 3912: 3887: 3863: 3837:paraplectenchymatous 3834: 3826: 3818: 3810: 3798: 3795:asexual reproduction 3759: 3744: 3716: 3708: 3707:The ascomata encase 3685: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3623: 3611: 3603: 3578: 3498:, with thousands of 3474: 3458: 739: 718:, characteristic of 653: 629: 598: 537: 529: 340: 320: 308: 290: 12873:2014NZJB...52..304S 12747:Ravera, S. (2017). 12549:Tremella caloplacae 12514:2023MolPE.18007680F 12496:Tremella caloplacae 12243:10.3732/ajb.1700182 12203:1995ThLic..27Q.463S 12189:in polar regions". 12152:Kantvilas, Gintaras 12099:Xanthoria parietina 11802:"The lichen genera 11331:Austroplaca frigida 10915:2022MycPr..21...68F 10753:, pp. 293–294. 10729:, pp. 292–293. 10223:Poelt, J. (1977). " 9906:Version: 2023-07-18 9767:2015PNAS..11211600G 9761:(37): 11600–11605. 9647:Ikaeria serusiauxii 9566:1978BioSE...6..157R 9491:2023EPoll.32821575D 9449:1970PChem...9.2149S 9362:10.1093/gbe/evad002 9033:2004MycPr...3..103P 8989:2004MolPE..31..822L 8973:Lumbsch, H.Thorsten 8864:2014MolPE..79..132M 8700:Systema Ascomycetum 8617:, pp. 285–287. 8519:2018MycPr..17..897V 8277:2012MolPE..63..374G 7790:1998ThLic..30..489D 7674:, pp. 334–335. 7027:conservation status 6969:Xanthoria parietina 6886:Xanthoria parietina 6857:Xanthoria parietina 6752:Tremella caloplacae 6706:Rusavskia sorediata 6688:Xanthoria parietina 6682:Tremella caloplacae 6584:; examples include 6549:Scythioria phlogina 6416:Xanthoria parietina 6294:Gyalolechia fulgens 6203:(Fr.) Th.Fr. (1860) 5665:Athallia scopularis 5230:Wetmoreana appressa 4608:taxonomic authority 4400:Ikaeria serusiauxii 4386:anthraquinones and 4334:Diploicia canescens 4324:Seirophora lacunosa 4305:Xanthoria parietina 4044:Xanthoria parietina 3979:Xanthoria parietina 3922:Variospora aurantia 3848: 3589:at a single point. 2906:Kuettlingeria furax 712:electron microscopy 472:Xanthoria parietina 446:Xanthoria parietina 416:Historical taxonomy 373:conservation status 222:. The family has a 13171:Kondratyuk, S.Y.; 10432:Neoplaca mirabilis 10381:Revue de Botanique 9407:10.1039/c3np70064j 9297:Honegger, Rosmarie 8242:Cryptogamic Botany 8203:(Teloschistaceae)" 7128:regional red lists 7023: 6835:C. cupulifera 6799: 6769:T. caloplacae 6761:T. caloplacae 6757:T. caloplacae 6742:Stigmidium cerinae 6731: 6679:The lichenicolous 6622:Altai-Sayan region 6159:P.A.Duvign. (1941) 5218:Niorma hosseusiana 4935:(Nyl.) Nyl. (1888) 4674:Caloplaca maculata 4532:adaptive landscape 4488:Adaptive radiation 4483:Adaptive radiation 4413: 4064:T. decolorans 4003:Squamulea squamosa 3844: 3817:) that are either 3620: 3599:Athallia holocarpa 3301:Letrouitia vulpina 3202:Olegblumia demissa 856:Johannes M. Norman 844:, with the ending 606: 467:formally described 457:formally described 281:), or crust-like ( 13599: 13598: 13545:Open Tree of Life 13306:Taxon identifiers 13059:978-0-85199-826-8 13021:Jørgensen, Per M. 12857:Caloplaca allanii 12714:Xanthoria elegans 12663:978-3-030-16813-1 12602:978-1-4757-9455-7 12555:The Lichenologist 12445:10.7550/rmb.37003 12267:The Lichenologist 12236:(11): 1660–1674. 12191:The Lichenologist 12160:The Lichenologist 12040:978-0-300-08249-4 12027:Sharnoff, Stephen 11616:978-3-443-58079-7 11534:978-3-443-58087-2 11335:The Lichenologist 11005:(3–4): 325–367 . 10958:978-3-443-58047-6 10436:The Lichenologist 9904:Catalogue of Life 9899:"Teloschistaceae" 9721:The Lichenologist 9705:10.1111/jse.12717 9611:The Lichenologist 9535:978-3-443-58047-6 9443:(10): 2149–2166. 9401:(12): 1490–1508. 9312:The Lichenologist 9251:978-0-8493-3583-9 9222:10.21756/cab.esp5 9178:978-3-443-01089-8 8829:978-0-85199-377-5 8760:978-0-521-69216-8 8735:978-0-306-44882-9 8451:978-0-89054-618-5 8397:978-0-85198-300-4 8161:The Lichenologist 8126:978-3-13-496601-5 8045:The Lichenologist 8041:Richardson, D.H.S 8026:978-0-12-044950-7 8009:Ahmadjian, Vernon 7989:978-3-7682-5438-0 7778:The Lichenologist 7739:978-88-8303-755-9 7726:Nimis, Pier Luigi 7650:978-0-85199-827-5 7385:to synonymy with 7364:to synonymy with 7176:nor Placodiaceae 7133:Caloplaca allanii 7018:Caloplaca allanii 7002:ultra-high vacuum 6990:Rusavskia elegans 6986:X. parietina 6932:Rusavskia elegans 6906:, bleeding, as a 6900:X. parietina 6840:Konark Sun Temple 6694:Rusavskia elegans 6646:Galápagos Islands 6560:or nutrient-rich 6334:The family has a 6324:Rusavskia elegans 6317:is frequented by 5874:S.Y.Kondr. (2017) 5677:Dufourea ligulata 5671:Calogaya saxicola 5333:S.Y.Kondr. (2017) 4924:S.Y.Kondr. (2020) 4836:S.Y.Kondr. (2017) 4584:species diversity 4569:Catalogue of Life 4437:Cinereorufa-green 4407:Cinereorufa-green 4364:7-chlorocatenarin 4340:Buellia subalbula 4246:molecule that is 4012: 4011: 3567:) or even bushy ( 3473:characteristics ( 3393:Teloschistoideae 3386:validly published 3357: 3356: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3187: 3186: 3161: 3160: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3040: 3039: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2808: 2783: 2782: 2757: 2756: 2693: 2692: 2667: 2666: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2241: 2240: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2092: 2091: 2066: 2065: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1881: 1880: 1855: 1854: 1766: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1721: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1613: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1463: 1462: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1362: 1361: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1326: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1120: 994:Teloschistoideae 824:standard practice 728:Rosmarie Honegger 705:validly published 703:, but it was not 504:In his 1852 work 489:Species Plantarum 396:Rusavskia elegans 378:Caloplaca allanii 208:belonging to the 190: 189: 132: 13639: 13592: 13591: 13579: 13578: 13566: 13565: 13553: 13552: 13540: 13539: 13530: 13529: 13517: 13516: 13514:NHMSYS0001499425 13504: 13503: 13491: 13490: 13478: 13477: 13465: 13464: 13452: 13451: 13439: 13438: 13426: 13425: 13413: 13412: 13400: 13399: 13387: 13386: 13374: 13373: 13361: 13360: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13262: 13238: 13229:(1–2): 109–136. 13220: 13210: 13208: 13167: 13145: 13136:(3–4): 321–343. 13127: 13117: 13108:(1–2): 141–178. 13095: 13086:(3–4): 251–274. 13063: 13044: 13016: 12987: 12985: 12960: 12936:Cited literature 12930: 12929: 12927: 12903: 12897: 12891: 12885: 12884: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12674: 12668: 12667: 12649: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12525: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12472: 12465: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12422: 12416: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12392:(3–4): 309–391. 12378:Kondratyuk, S.Y. 12361: 12355: 12354: 12334: 12321: 12320: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12075: 12066:(3): 2219–2221. 12051: 12045: 12044: 12019: 12013: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11877:(2–3): 259–265. 11850: 11844: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11724:. 6 (in Latin). 11716:Hue, A. (1908). 11713: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11666: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11601: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11539: 11538: 11519: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11425:(3–4): 369–386. 11416: 11399: 11390: 11384: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11318: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11274: 11265: 11259: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11223:Wilk et al. 2021 11220: 11214: 11213: 11189: 11183: 11180:Wilk et al. 2021 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11108:Wilk et al. 2021 11105: 11094: 11088: 11082: 11079:Wilk et al. 2021 11076: 11065: 11064: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11014: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10936: 10927: 10926: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10853: 10836: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10754: 10751:Wilk et al. 2021 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10727:Wilk et al. 2021 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10657:(5/6): 439–445. 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10536:(3–4): 313–336. 10527: 10517: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10461: 10452: 10451: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10375:Hue, A. (1887). 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10284: 10252: 10241: 10240: 10220: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10187:Wilk et al. 2021 10184: 10175: 10174: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10127: 10118: 10117: 10108:(3–4): 303–318. 10099: 10086: 10075: 10069: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10038:(1–2): 181–190. 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9990: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9895:Species Fungorum 9893:Source dataset. 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9871: 9847: 9838: 9832: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9808:Kirk et al. 2008 9805: 9799: 9798: 9788: 9778: 9746: 9737: 9736: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9684: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9578: 9577: 9549: 9540: 9539: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9428: 9419: 9418: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9373: 9341: 9328: 9327: 9309: 9292: 9283: 9282: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9238:Galun, Margalith 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9215:. S2018: 22–31. 9200: 9191: 9190: 9160: 9139: 9138: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9066:(in Ukrainian). 9061: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8943:(3–4): 243–262. 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8843: 8834: 8833: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8799: 8791: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8696:Hawksworth, D.L. 8692: 8686: 8680: 8669: 8668: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8587: 8578: 8567: 8564:Wilk et al. 2021 8561: 8555: 8552:Wilk et al. 2021 8549: 8543: 8540:Wilk et al. 2021 8537: 8531: 8530: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8465:Wilk et al. 2021 8462: 8456: 8455: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8365:(8): 1064–1072. 8350: 8344: 8341:Kirk et al. 2008 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8259: 8250: 8249: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8158: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8005: 7994: 7993: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7844: 7838: 7835:Gaya et al. 2008 7832: 7821: 7820: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7784:(4–5): 489–500. 7773: 7767: 7766: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7696: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7636: 7596: 7581: 7575: 7560: 7554: 7507: 7490: 7449: 7434: 7419: 7413: 7398: 7392: 7377: 7371: 7356: 7350: 7335: 7329: 7309: 7303: 7296:is a synonym of 7288: 7282: 7263: 7254: 7229: 7218: 7215:Species Fungorum 7212: 7206: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7099:invasive species 7073:. These include 6973:urban ecosystems 6967:The presence of 6882:early modern era 6827: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6786:Igneoplaca ignea 6712:Calogaya pusilla 6658:Russian Far East 6582:species richness 6524: 6310: 6288: 6264: 6249: 6234: 6215: 6204: 6193: 6182: 6171: 6160: 6149: 6138: 6127: 6116: 6105: 6094: 6083: 6072: 6061: 6050: 6039: 6028: 6017: 6006: 5995: 5984: 5973: 5962: 5951: 5940: 5929: 5918: 5907: 5897: 5886: 5875: 5864: 5853: 5842: 5831: 5820: 5809: 5798: 5787: 5776: 5765: 5754: 5743: 5732: 5721: 5710: 5699: 5656: 5647: 5636: 5627: 5609: 5608:S.Y.Kondr (2021) 5598: 5587: 5576: 5565: 5554: 5543: 5532: 5521: 5510: 5499: 5488: 5477: 5466: 5455: 5444: 5443:A.Massal. (1861) 5433: 5422: 5411: 5400: 5389: 5378: 5367: 5356: 5345: 5334: 5323: 5312: 5311:C.W.Dodge (1967) 5301: 5290: 5279: 5268: 5257: 5246: 5203: 5194: 5183: 5174: 5162:Teloschistoideae 5156: 5145: 5134: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5079: 5068: 5057: 5056:A.Massal. (1852) 5046: 5035: 5024: 5013: 5002: 4991: 4980: 4969: 4958: 4947: 4936: 4925: 4914: 4903: 4892: 4881: 4870: 4859: 4848: 4837: 4826: 4825:A.Massal. (1852) 4815: 4804: 4793: 4782: 4771: 4760: 4749: 4735: 4724: 4713: 4712:A.Massal. (1852) 4702: 4680:Igneoplaca ignea 4659: 4650: 4639: 4630: 4565:Species Fungorum 4544:gene reshuffling 4528:flowering plants 4476: 4446: 4438: 4408: 4343:(both in family 4300: 4276: 4234:and the chemist 4172: 4140: 4129: 4078:Dictyochloropsis 4028: 3997: 3990: 3973: 3956: 3933: 3916: 3908: 3891: 3884: 3867: 3859: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3825:(rod-shaped) or 3822: 3814: 3802: 3763: 3748: 3737:Melzer's reagent 3720: 3712: 3689: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3657: 3652:ascomata have a 3649: 3627: 3615: 3614:thalline margins 3607: 3582: 3563:) to leaf-like ( 3478: 3469:have shown that 3462: 3434:David Hawksworth 3413: 3396: 3375: 3275: 3274: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3054: 3053: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2922: 2921: 2898: 2897: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2657: 2651: 2591: 2590: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2369: 2368: 2345: 2344: 2286: 2285: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2174: 2173: 2106: 2105: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1926: 1925: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1781: 1780: 1686: 1685: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1578: 1577: 1554: 1553: 1477: 1476: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1291: 1290: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1238: 1232: 1224: 1223: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1085: 1084: 1061: 1060: 1037: 1036: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 991: 990: 984: 983: 974: 973: 966: 965: 959: 958: 954: 953: 945: 942: 939: 935: 932: 929: 925: 922: 919: 915: 909: 908: 903: 900: 897: 893: 890: 887: 883: 880: 877: 873: 867: 866: 849: 812:new combinations 752:Ingvar Kärnefelt 743: 657: 633: 602: 541: 533: 519: 516: 513: 509: 500: 492: 437: 428: 360:Teloschistoideae 344: 324: 312: 294: 184: 127: 65: 64: 33: 24:Teloschistaceae 21: 20: 13647: 13646: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13617:Lichen families 13602: 13601: 13600: 13595: 13587: 13582: 13574: 13569: 13561: 13556: 13548: 13543: 13535: 13533: 13525: 13520: 13512: 13507: 13499: 13494: 13486: 13481: 13473: 13468: 13460: 13455: 13447: 13442: 13434: 13429: 13421: 13416: 13408: 13403: 13395: 13390: 13382: 13377: 13369: 13364: 13356: 13351: 13344:Teloschistaceae 13342: 13341: 13336: 13327: 13326: 13321: 13314:Teloschistaceae 13308: 13298: 13268:Lücking, Robert 13243:Lücking, Robert 13218: 13191:(1–2): 71–136. 13158:(1–2): 93–123. 13125: 13060: 13025:James, Peter W. 12938: 12933: 12904: 12900: 12892: 12888: 12853: 12849: 12839: 12837: 12817: 12813: 12803: 12801: 12781: 12777: 12767: 12765: 12745: 12741: 12708: 12704: 12675: 12671: 12664: 12650: 12643: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12580: 12576: 12543: 12539: 12490: 12486: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12463: 12457: 12453: 12423: 12419: 12411: 12407: 12362: 12358: 12335: 12324: 12300: 12296: 12255: 12251: 12222: 12218: 12183: 12179: 12149: 12145: 12132:(3): 340–425 . 12118: 12114: 12095: 12091: 12052: 12048: 12041: 12023:Brodo, Irwin M. 12020: 12016: 12008: 12004: 11971: 11967: 11962:(2–3): 547–567. 11944:Santesson, Rolf 11941: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11902: 11898: 11883:10.2307/3666548 11851: 11847: 11839: 11835: 11798: 11794: 11786: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11762: 11753: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11729: 11714: 11710: 11702: 11698: 11690: 11686: 11667: 11660: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11602: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11520: 11507: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11475: 11471: 11454: 11450: 11442: 11438: 11414: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11354: 11319: 11312: 11275: 11268: 11260: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11233: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11206:Graphis Scripta 11190: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11166: 11162: 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11130: 11126: 11118: 11114: 11106: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11068: 11046: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11022: 11018: 10994: 10990: 10982: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10937: 10930: 10891: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10862:(1–2): 89–113. 10851: 10837: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10701: 10697: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10649:gen nov.]. 10643:Speerschneidera 10631:Speerschneidera 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10589: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10499: 10462: 10455: 10428: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10390: 10388: 10373: 10369: 10361: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10253: 10244: 10221: 10217: 10209: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10185: 10178: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10128: 10121: 10097: 10087: 10078: 10070: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9991: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9949: 9945: 9935: 9933: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9891: 9887: 9848: 9841: 9833: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9747: 9740: 9716: 9712: 9685: 9678: 9634: 9630: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9581: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9520: 9516: 9471: 9464: 9429: 9422: 9391: 9387: 9342: 9331: 9307: 9293: 9286: 9267:New Phytologist 9263: 9259: 9252: 9234: 9230: 9201: 9194: 9179: 9161: 9142: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9079: 9075: 9059: 9052: 9048: 9016: 9012: 8970: 8966: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8816: 8809: 8793: 8792: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8715: 8711: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8672: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8585: 8579: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8438: 8434: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8384: 8380: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8304: 8300: 8260: 8253: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8156: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8106: 8102: 8087:10.2307/3241230 8068: 8064: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8006: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7891: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7865:10.2307/2394232 7859:(2): 515–727 . 7845: 7841: 7833: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7774: 7770: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7723: 7716: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7651: 7637: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7599: 7582: 7578: 7561: 7557: 7508: 7493: 7450: 7437: 7420: 7416: 7399: 7395: 7378: 7374: 7357: 7353: 7336: 7332: 7310: 7306: 7289: 7285: 7264: 7257: 7230: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7188: 7184: 7178:A.Fisch. (1871) 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7119:races like the 7071:Canadian Arctic 7010: 7000:radiation, and 6965: 6848: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6777: 6673: 6590:(Australasia), 6568:regions of the 6526: 6458:dominate harsh 6332: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6311: 6303: 6302: 6289: 6278: 6262: 6247: 6232: 6223: 6213: 6202: 6191: 6180: 6169: 6158: 6147: 6136: 6125: 6114: 6103: 6092: 6081: 6070: 6059: 6048: 6037: 6026: 6015: 6004: 5993: 5982: 5971: 5960: 5949: 5938: 5927: 5916: 5905: 5895: 5884: 5873: 5862: 5851: 5840: 5829: 5818: 5807: 5796: 5785: 5774: 5763: 5752: 5741: 5730: 5719: 5708: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5617: 5607: 5596: 5585: 5574: 5563: 5560:Teloschistopsis 5552: 5541: 5530: 5519: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5475: 5464: 5453: 5442: 5431: 5420: 5409: 5398: 5395:Lazarenkoiopsis 5387: 5376: 5365: 5354: 5343: 5332: 5321: 5310: 5299: 5288: 5277: 5266: 5255: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5175: 5164: 5154: 5143: 5132: 5121: 5110: 5099: 5088: 5077: 5074:Sanguineodiscus 5066: 5055: 5044: 5033: 5022: 5011: 5000: 4989: 4978: 4967: 4956: 4945: 4934: 4923: 4912: 4901: 4890: 4879: 4868: 4857: 4846: 4835: 4824: 4813: 4802: 4791: 4780: 4769: 4758: 4747: 4733: 4722: 4711: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4632: 4631: 4620: 4560: 4520:climatic shifts 4516:Late Cretaceous 4508:ancestral state 4496:diversification 4485: 4478: 4458:Sanguineodiscus 4448: 4440: 4410: 4327:are avoided by 4302: 4293:parietinic acid 4278: 4213:ancestral trait 4177:photoprotective 4174: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4119: 4073:Megalosporaceae 4047:species complex 4030: 4017: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3982: 3974: 3965: 3957: 3948: 3934: 3925: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3804: 3765: 3750: 3743:. The internal 3722: 3714: 3691: 3683: 3675: 3672:thalline margin 3667: 3659: 3651: 3629: 3617: 3609: 3584: 3553: 3545:Megalosporaceae 3483:cryptic species 3480: 3464: 3455: 3446:Lecanoromycetes 3442:Teloschistineae 3411: 3410:Xanthorioideae 3394: 3373: 3372:Caloplacoideae 3353:misclassified. 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3269:Brigantiaeaceae 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3188: 3162: 3098: 3089: 3041: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2854: 2845: 2819: 2810: 2784: 2758: 2694: 2668: 2658:spp. 1 & 2 2655: 2649: 2637: 2628: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2332: 2323: 2242: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2093: 2067: 1972: 1963: 1882: 1856: 1776:Xanthorioideae 1767: 1758: 1732: 1723: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1464: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1377:Teloschistopsis 1363: 1337: 1328: 1236: 1230: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 978:Teloschistaceae 969:Teloschistales 952: 943: 940: 937: 933: 930: 927: 923: 920: 917: 901: 898: 895: 891: 888: 885: 881: 878: 875: 850:indicating the 845: 832:Teloschistaceae 820: 748:ultrastructural 745: 659: 635: 604: 543: 535: 517: 514: 511: 463: 462: 461: 460: 440: 439: 438: 430: 429: 418: 413: 346: 326: 317:fruiting bodies 314: 296: 260:Late Cretaceous 213:Lecanoromycetes 194:Teloschistaceae 182: 155: 149: 126: 124:Teloschistaceae 104:Lecanoromycetes 59: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13645: 13635: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13612:Teloschistales 13597: 13596: 13594: 13593: 13580: 13567: 13554: 13541: 13531: 13518: 13505: 13492: 13479: 13466: 13453: 13440: 13427: 13414: 13401: 13388: 13375: 13362: 13349: 13334: 13318: 13316: 13310: 13309: 13297: 13296: 13278:(2): 278–299. 13263: 13253:(4): 361–416. 13247:The Bryologist 13239: 13211: 13168: 13146: 13118: 13096: 13068:Kondratyuk, S. 13064: 13058: 13045: 13035:(4): 261–405. 13017: 12999:(5): 528–546. 12988: 12976:(2): 515–576. 12961: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12898: 12896:, p. 516. 12886: 12867:(3): 304–309. 12847: 12811: 12775: 12739: 12726:(3): 411–425. 12702: 12689:(2): 970–981. 12669: 12662: 12641: 12608: 12601: 12574: 12561:(5): 223–239. 12537: 12484: 12451: 12434:(in Spanish). 12417: 12405: 12364:Mishra, G.K.; 12356: 12345:(4): 483–498. 12322: 12294: 12273:(6): 701–722. 12249: 12216: 12197:(6): 463–471. 12177: 12166:(4): 317–325. 12143: 12126:The Bryologist 12112: 12089: 12046: 12039: 12014: 12002: 11989:(6): 574–584. 11965: 11935: 11933:, p. 392. 11923: 11908:Xanthodactylon 11896: 11859:Xanthodactylon 11855:Xanthodactylon 11845: 11843:, p. 157. 11833: 11820:(2): 304–319. 11792: 11790:, p. 117. 11780: 11778:, p. 115. 11768: 11751: 11749:, p. 156. 11739: 11708: 11696: 11684: 11658: 11646: 11644:, p. 329. 11634: 11632:, p. 155. 11622: 11615: 11591: 11589:, p. 527. 11579: 11577:, p. 101. 11567: 11555: 11553:, p. 154. 11540: 11533: 11505: 11493: 11481: 11479:, p. 112. 11469: 11448: 11436: 11391: 11376: 11364: 11352: 11341:(6): 763–782. 11310: 11266: 11251: 11249:, p. 337. 11239: 11227: 11215: 11184: 11172: 11170:, p. 335. 11160: 11158:, p. 334. 11148: 11136: 11124: 11112: 11110:, p. 287. 11095: 11093:, p. 331. 11083: 11081:, p. 284. 11066: 11049:Massalongo, A. 11040: 11038:, p. 111. 11028: 11026:, p. 330. 11016: 10988: 10986:, p. 109. 10976: 10974:, p. 269. 10964: 10957: 10928: 10885: 10883:, p. 105. 10873: 10828: 10816: 10804: 10782: 10780:, p. 267. 10770: 10755: 10743: 10741:, p. 265. 10731: 10719: 10717:, p. 105. 10707: 10705:, p. 118. 10695: 10680: 10678:, p. 548. 10668: 10614: 10602: 10583: 10581:, p. 118. 10571: 10569:, p. 113. 10559: 10557:, p. 112. 10547: 10509: 10507:, p. 540. 10497: 10484:(2): 240–241. 10453: 10442:(6): 443–450. 10422: 10420:, p. 104. 10410: 10408:, p. 103. 10398: 10367: 10365:, p. 116. 10355: 10353:, p. 108. 10343: 10341:, p. 534. 10331: 10324:(in Italian). 10308: 10306:, p. 107. 10296: 10267:(3): 195–202. 10242: 10215: 10213:, p. 102. 10203: 10191: 10189:, p. 285. 10176: 10155: 10143: 10119: 10076: 10061: 10049: 10014: 9982: 9970: 9943: 9931:Index Fungorum 9918: 9885: 9862:(1): 53–453 . 9839: 9837:, p. 371. 9824: 9812: 9810:, p. 680. 9800: 9738: 9727:(3): 401–418. 9710: 9699:(3): 454–474. 9676: 9641:Aptroot, André 9637:Sipman, Harrie 9628: 9617:(2): 175–187. 9594: 9579: 9560:(3): 157–170. 9541: 9534: 9514: 9462: 9437:Phytochemistry 9420: 9385: 9356:(2): evad002. 9329: 9318:(2): 189–212. 9284: 9273:(5): 837–839. 9257: 9250: 9228: 9192: 9177: 9140: 9129:(3): 233–249. 9112: 9110:, p. 369. 9100: 9073: 9046: 9027:(2): 103–121. 9010: 8983:(3): 822–832. 8964: 8919: 8907: 8905:, p. 403. 8895: 8835: 8828: 8807: 8766: 8759: 8751:Lichen Biology 8741: 8734: 8709: 8687: 8670: 8643: 8641:, p. 528. 8631: 8619: 8607: 8596:(2): 137–234. 8568: 8566:, p. 283. 8556: 8554:, p. 278. 8544: 8532: 8513:(8): 897–916. 8493: 8481: 8469: 8467:, p. 282. 8457: 8450: 8432: 8403: 8396: 8378: 8345: 8343:, p. 340. 8333: 8298: 8271:(2): 374–387. 8251: 8232: 8185: 8132: 8125: 8100: 8075:The Bryologist 8062: 8051:(4): 350–361. 8032: 8025: 8013:Hale, Mason E. 7995: 7988: 7970: 7953:Index Fungorum 7940: 7923:Index Fungorum 7910: 7885: 7839: 7837:, p. 530. 7822: 7803: 7768: 7745: 7738: 7714: 7688: 7686:, p. 291. 7676: 7664: 7649: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7586:Xanthodactylon 7576: 7555: 7491: 7435: 7414: 7393: 7372: 7351: 7330: 7304: 7299:Loekoeslaszloa 7283: 7255: 7219: 7207: 7191:taxonomic rank 7182: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7154:data deficient 7079:eroding coasts 7067:climate change 7009: 7006: 6964: 6961: 6952:Oxneria fallax 6847: 6844: 6776: 6773: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6562:siliceous rock 6554:Central Europe 6527:they grow on. 6412:cell membranes 6362:grow on mosses 6350:) or on bark ( 6315:Gaspereau Lake 6312: 6305: 6304: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6257: 6242: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6206: 6195: 6192:R.Sant. (1949) 6184: 6173: 6162: 6155:Xanthodactylon 6151: 6140: 6129: 6118: 6107: 6096: 6085: 6074: 6063: 6052: 6041: 6030: 6019: 6008: 5997: 5986: 5975: 5964: 5953: 5942: 5931: 5920: 5909: 5898: 5888: 5877: 5866: 5855: 5844: 5833: 5822: 5811: 5800: 5789: 5778: 5767: 5756: 5745: 5734: 5723: 5712: 5701: 5661: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615:Xanthorioideae 5613: 5612: 5611: 5600: 5589: 5578: 5567: 5556: 5545: 5534: 5523: 5512: 5505:Streimanniella 5501: 5490: 5479: 5468: 5457: 5446: 5435: 5424: 5417:Neobrownliella 5413: 5406:Loekoeslaszloa 5402: 5391: 5380: 5369: 5358: 5347: 5336: 5325: 5314: 5303: 5292: 5281: 5270: 5259: 5248: 5208: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5147: 5136: 5125: 5114: 5103: 5092: 5081: 5070: 5059: 5048: 5037: 5026: 5015: 5004: 4993: 4982: 4971: 4960: 4949: 4938: 4927: 4916: 4905: 4894: 4891:Trevis. (1857) 4883: 4872: 4861: 4850: 4839: 4828: 4817: 4806: 4795: 4784: 4773: 4762: 4751: 4740: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618:Caloplacoideae 4616: 4596:Verrucariaceae 4559: 4556: 4484: 4481: 4445:Sedifolia-grey 4309:defensive role 4275:chemosyndromes 4217:Pezizomycotina 4203:to identify a 4171:cortical layer 4165:anthraquinones 4149:(top) and the 4145: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4069:Letrouitiaceae 4039:ultrastructure 4021:photosynthetic 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3854: 3741:Lugol's iodine 3552: 3549: 3522:Robert Lücking 3454: 3451: 3430:Teloschistales 3426: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452:Neobrownliella 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 995: 989: 987: 982: 980: 972: 970: 964: 962: 957: 951: 948: 819: 816: 796:Xanthodactylon 693:Xanthodactylon 681:Protoblastenia 442: 441: 432: 431: 423: 422: 421: 420: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 401:model organism 393:. One member, 383:regional lists 364:Xanthorioideae 356:Caloplacoideae 287:photosynthetic 188: 187: 186: 185: 183:Zahlbr. (1907) 181:Caloplacaceae 176: 175: 169: 168: 162: 161: 157: 156: 150: 141: 140: 134: 133: 121: 117: 116: 114:Teloschistales 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 53: 52: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13644: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13590: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13528: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13330: 13324: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13124: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13074:; Thell, A.; 13073: 13072:Kärnefelt, I. 13069: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12941: 12940: 12926: 12921: 12918:(1): 54–65 . 12917: 12913: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12851: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12815: 12800: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12788: 12779: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12752: 12743: 12734: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12715: 12706: 12697: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12673: 12665: 12659: 12655: 12648: 12646: 12636: 12631: 12628:(02): 48–52. 12627: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12578: 12569: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12550: 12541: 12533: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12497: 12488: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12446: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12421: 12414: 12409: 12400: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12370:Kärnefelt, I. 12367: 12360: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12339:Nova Hedwigia 12333: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12298: 12289: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12244: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12093: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12050: 12042: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12012:, p. 35. 12011: 12006: 11997: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11978: 11969: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11948:Dolichocarpus 11945: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11909: 11900: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11873:(in French). 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11849: 11842: 11837: 11828: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11777: 11772: 11766:, p. 55. 11765: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11748: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11706:, p. 49. 11705: 11700: 11694:, p. 48. 11693: 11688: 11681:(4): 427–437. 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11663: 11656:, p. 47. 11655: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11631: 11626: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11588: 11583: 11576: 11571: 11565:, p. 31. 11564: 11559: 11552: 11547: 11545: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11503:, p. 87. 11502: 11497: 11491:, p. 44. 11490: 11485: 11478: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11460: 11452: 11446:, p. 79. 11445: 11440: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11398: 11396: 11389:, p. 40. 11388: 11383: 11381: 11374:, p. 38. 11373: 11368: 11362:, p. 37. 11361: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11317: 11315: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11282: 11273: 11271: 11264:, p. 66. 11263: 11258: 11256: 11248: 11243: 11237:, p. 65. 11236: 11231: 11224: 11219: 11212:(1–2): 22–26. 11211: 11207: 11203: 11201: 11195: 11194:Elix, John A. 11188: 11181: 11176: 11169: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11146:, p. 64. 11145: 11140: 11134:, p. 63. 11133: 11128: 11122:, p. 62. 11121: 11116: 11109: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11044: 11037: 11032: 11025: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10985: 10980: 10973: 10968: 10960: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10945:Xanthomendosa 10942: 10935: 10933: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10898: 10889: 10882: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10835: 10833: 10826:, p. 96. 10825: 10820: 10814:, p. 61. 10813: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10795:Nova Hedwigia 10792: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10768:, p. 86. 10767: 10762: 10760: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10735: 10728: 10723: 10716: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10693:, p. 75. 10692: 10687: 10685: 10677: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10653:(in German). 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10612:, p. 74. 10611: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10575: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10516: 10514: 10506: 10501: 10492: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10460: 10458: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10407: 10402: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10347: 10340: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10238: 10235:(in German). 10234: 10230: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10207: 10201:, p. 91. 10200: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10181: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10159: 10153:, p. 90. 10152: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10134: 10126: 10124: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10094: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10074:, p. 97. 10073: 10068: 10066: 10059:, p. 96. 10058: 10053: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10028:Cephalophysis 10025: 10024:Cephalophysis 10018: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9989: 9987: 9980:, p. 68. 9979: 9974: 9966: 9963:(in German). 9962: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9907: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9844: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9822:, p. 16. 9821: 9816: 9809: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9743: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9714: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9681: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9599: 9592:, p. 29. 9591: 9586: 9584: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9546: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9467: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9425: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9289: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9253: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9077: 9069: 9065: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8932: 8923: 8917:, p. 17. 8916: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8840: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8812: 8803: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8718:Hafellner, J. 8713: 8706:(2): 175–184. 8705: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8685:, p. 34. 8684: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8256: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8217:(in French). 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8189: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8136: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8109:Henssen, Aino 8104: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8077:(in French). 8076: 8072: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7765:. p. 45. 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7551:Xanthomendoza 7548: 7547:Xanthomendoza 7544: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512:Xanthomendoza 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7482:Xanthokarrooa 7478: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7382:Tayloriellina 7376: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7340:Raesaeneniana 7334: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7274:Klauderuiella 7270: 7269: 7262: 7260: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077:from rapidly 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7031:IUCN Red List 7028: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6981:air pollution 6978: 6977:biomonitoring 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6924:antibacterial 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6880:. During the 6879: 6878:cold medicine 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6783:The crustose 6781: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6630:, 119 species 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6596:(east Asia), 6595: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6532:polar regions 6528: 6525: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6509:(1 sp.), and 6508: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6467:lichenicolous 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6376:grow on soils 6373: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6313:This rock in 6309: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6287: 6270: 6269: 6268:Tayloriellina 6261: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6221:Invalid names 6212: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6177:Xanthomendoza 6174: 6168: 6167: 6166:Xanthokarrooa 6163: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5946:Martinjahnsia 5943: 5937: 5936: 5935:Lazarenkoella 5932: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5913:Kudratoviella 5910: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5655: 5646: 5635: 5626: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5555:– ca. 24 spp. 5553:Norman (1852) 5551: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5538:Tayloriellina 5535: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5450:Raesaeneniana 5447: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5202: 5193: 5182: 5173: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5140:Xanthaptychia 5137: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4920:Lendemeriella 4917: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4887:Kuettlingeria 4884: 4878: 4877: 4876:Klauderuiella 4873: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4810:Gintarasiella 4807: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4744:Cephalophysis 4741: 4739: 4734:Th.Fr. (1860) 4732: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4658: 4649: 4638: 4629: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4553: 4552:gene clusters 4550:pathways and 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4477: 4470: 4469:synapomorphic 4466: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4452:Kuettlingeria 4447: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4424:Cephalophysis 4420: 4419: 4409: 4402: 4401: 4397:Apothecia of 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4256:phytochemical 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4128: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099:Xanthomendoza 4096: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:Cephalophysis 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3682: 3674: 3666: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3577:are somewhat 3576: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:anthraquinone 3548: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:Collemataceae 3523: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507:morphological 3503: 3501: 3500:DNA sequences 3497: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1967: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870:Xanthomendoza 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1001: 1000: 993: 992: 986: 985: 979: 976: 975: 968: 967: 961: 960: 956: 955: 947: 914: 872: 861: 860:Ancient Greek 857: 853: 848: 843: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Xanthomendoza 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:Cephalophysis 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Bombyliospora 674: 670: 669: 663: 658: 651: 647: 646: 641: 640: 634: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:circumscribed 611: 603: 596: 595: 590: 586: 581: 577: 575: 574: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 556: 551: 547: 542: 534: 532:polarilocular 527: 523: 508: 502: 499: 498: 491: 490: 484: 483:Carl Linnaeus 480: 479: 474: 473: 468: 458: 454: 453: 448: 447: 436: 427: 408: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379: 374: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 345: 338: 334: 330: 325: 318: 313: 306: 305: 300: 295: 289:companion (a 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244:anthraquinone 241: 240:lichenicolous 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 180: 179: 177: 174: 170: 167: 163: 158: 153: 148: 147: 142: 139: 135: 130: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 63: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 13313: 13275: 13271: 13250: 13246: 13226: 13222: 13206:10447/414429 13188: 13184: 13177:Upreti, D.K. 13155: 13151: 13133: 13129: 13105: 13101: 13083: 13079: 13049: 13032: 13028: 12996: 12992: 12973: 12969: 12951:(1): 16–83. 12948: 12944: 12915: 12911: 12901: 12889: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12838:. Retrieved 12834: 12828: 12822: 12814: 12802:. Retrieved 12798: 12792: 12786: 12778: 12766:. Retrieved 12762: 12756: 12750: 12742: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12705: 12686: 12682: 12672: 12653: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12584: 12577: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12540: 12505: 12501: 12495: 12487: 12475:. Retrieved 12454: 12435: 12431: 12420: 12408: 12389: 12385: 12366:Upreti, D.K. 12359: 12342: 12338: 12308: 12304: 12297: 12270: 12266: 12259:Roux, Claude 12252: 12233: 12229: 12219: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12146: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12083:11336/136600 12063: 12059: 12049: 12030: 12017: 12005: 11986: 11982: 11976: 11968: 11959: 11955: 11952:Xanthopeltis 11951: 11947: 11938: 11926: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11899: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11863:Teloschistes 11862: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11836: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11803: 11795: 11783: 11771: 11742: 11730:. Retrieved 11725: 11721: 11711: 11699: 11687: 11678: 11674: 11649: 11637: 11625: 11606: 11582: 11570: 11558: 11524: 11496: 11484: 11472: 11463: 11458: 11451: 11439: 11422: 11418: 11410:Seawardiella 11409: 11406:Coppinsiella 11405: 11367: 11355: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11280: 11242: 11230: 11218: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11187: 11175: 11163: 11151: 11139: 11127: 11115: 11086: 11060: 11056: 11043: 11031: 11019: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10979: 10967: 10948: 10944: 10941:Josefpoeltia 10940: 10909:(8): 1–15 . 10906: 10902: 10896: 10888: 10876: 10859: 10855: 10847:Rehmanniella 10846: 10843:Hosseusiella 10842: 10819: 10807: 10798: 10794: 10785: 10773: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10710: 10698: 10671: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10617: 10605: 10596: 10586: 10574: 10562: 10550: 10533: 10529: 10500: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10468:Obscuroplaca 10467: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10413: 10401: 10389:. Retrieved 10384: 10383:(in Latin). 10380: 10370: 10358: 10346: 10334: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10299: 10264: 10260: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10206: 10194: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10146: 10137: 10132: 10105: 10101: 10092: 10052: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10005:. Retrieved 10000: 9995: 9973: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9934:. Retrieved 9921: 9909:. Retrieved 9902: 9888: 9859: 9855: 9815: 9803: 9758: 9754: 9724: 9720: 9713: 9696: 9692: 9689:Pyrenodesmia 9688: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9646: 9631: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9557: 9553: 9524: 9517: 9482: 9478: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9353: 9349: 9315: 9311: 9302: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9241: 9231: 9212: 9206: 9168: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9103: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9076: 9067: 9063: 9049: 9024: 9020: 9013: 8980: 8976: 8967: 8958:10995/117780 8940: 8936: 8930: 8922: 8910: 8898: 8855: 8851: 8819: 8796:cite journal 8782:(2): 67–76. 8779: 8775: 8769: 8750: 8744: 8725: 8712: 8703: 8699: 8690: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8593: 8589: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8441: 8435: 8426: 8425:(in Latin). 8422: 8415:Norman, J.M. 8387: 8381: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8336: 8324:. Retrieved 8315: 8311: 8301: 8268: 8264: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8223:. Retrieved 8221:(3): 189–211 8218: 8214: 8210: 8207:Teloschistes 8206: 8200: 8197:Teloschistes 8196: 8188: 8176:. Retrieved 8167:(1): 47–67. 8164: 8160: 8152:Teloschistes 8151: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8116: 8112: 8103: 8081:(1): 30–47. 8078: 8074: 8065: 8048: 8044: 8035: 8016: 7979: 7973: 7961:. Retrieved 7943: 7931:. Retrieved 7913: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7876:. Retrieved 7856: 7852: 7842: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7729: 7708: 7707:(in Latin). 7704: 7679: 7667: 7640: 7590: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7563: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7518:Gallowayella 7516: 7510: 7486: 7480: 7476:Ovealmbornia 7474: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7430:Teuvoahtiana 7428: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7401: 7396: 7386: 7380: 7375: 7365: 7359: 7354: 7344: 7338: 7333: 7325:Teloschistes 7323: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7297: 7291: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7210: 7185: 7168: 7142: 7131: 7125: 7102: 7091:storm surges 7081:, increased 7075:habitat loss 7056: 7034: 7024: 7016: 7008:Conservation 6989: 6985: 6968: 6966: 6959:treatments. 6950: 6944: 6930: 6928: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6868:issues, and 6855: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6803: 6800: 6784: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6722: 6718:Xanthocarpia 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6666:, 81 species 6660:, 84 species 6648:, 24 species 6636:, 85 species 6616: 6609: 6605:Stellarangia 6603: 6599:Shackletonia 6597: 6593:Orientophila 6591: 6585: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6512:Shackletonia 6510: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6436:Teloschistes 6435: 6431: 6427: 6415: 6395:nitrophilous 6392: 6369: 6355: 6333: 6322: 6292: 6266: 6259: 6253:Obscuroplaca 6251: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6208: 6197: 6188:Xanthopeltis 6186: 6175: 6164: 6153: 6144:Xanthocarpia 6142: 6133:Verrucoplaca 6131: 6120: 6109: 6100:Teuvoahtiana 6098: 6087: 6076: 6067:Shackletonia 6065: 6056:Seawardiella 6054: 6043: 6032: 6023:Polycauliona 6021: 6010: 5999: 5988: 5979:Ovealmbornia 5977: 5968:Orientophila 5966: 5957:Massjukiella 5955: 5944: 5933: 5922: 5911: 5900: 5890: 5879: 5868: 5857: 5846: 5835: 5826:Gallowayella 5824: 5813: 5802: 5793:Erichansenia 5791: 5780: 5769: 5760:Coppinsiella 5758: 5747: 5736: 5725: 5714: 5703: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5602: 5591: 5580: 5569: 5558: 5549:Teloschistes 5547: 5536: 5525: 5514: 5503: 5494:Stellarangia 5492: 5481: 5470: 5461:Rehmanniella 5459: 5448: 5437: 5428:Nevilleiella 5426: 5415: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5373:Josefpoeltia 5371: 5360: 5349: 5340:Hosseusiella 5338: 5327: 5316: 5305: 5294: 5283: 5272: 5261: 5250: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5149: 5138: 5127: 5116: 5105: 5094: 5089:Poelt (1983) 5083: 5072: 5061: 5052:Pyrenodesmia 5050: 5039: 5028: 5017: 5006: 4995: 4986:Obscuroplaca 4984: 4973: 4962: 4953:Marchantiana 4951: 4940: 4929: 4918: 4907: 4896: 4885: 4874: 4863: 4858:Poelt (1977) 4852: 4841: 4830: 4819: 4808: 4797: 4786: 4775: 4764: 4753: 4742: 4728: 4717: 4706: 4695: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4604:Lecanoraceae 4600:Ramalinaceae 4592:Graphidaceae 4588:Parmeliaceae 4582:In terms of 4581: 4572: 4561: 4512: 4486: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4430:Pyrenodesmia 4428: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4398: 4379:Shackletonia 4377: 4371: 4359: 4349: 4338: 4332: 4322: 4316: 4304: 4268: 4265:Teloschistes 4264: 4260: 4251: 4236:Oswald Hesse 4229: 4162: 4151:structurally 4110: 4106: 4103:Teloschistes 4102: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4076: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4032: 4018: 4001: 3977: 3960: 3943: 3937: 3920: 3895: 3871: 3845: 3784: 3780:Xanthopeltis 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3753: 3706: 3635: 3621: 3597: 3572: 3554: 3542: 3538:Parmeliaceae 3534:Pannariaceae 3530:Graphidaceae 3519: 3515:monophyletic 3510: 3504: 3493: 3486: 3456: 3441: 3427: 3417: 3416:Type genus: 3402:Teloschistes 3400: 3399:Type genus: 3379: 3378:Type genus: 3358: 3348:showing the 3299: 3298: 3281: 3280: 3200: 3199: 3176:Pyrenodesmia 3174: 3173: 3148: 3147: 3131: 3130: 3075: 3074: 3060: 3059: 3027: 3026: 3010: 3009: 2945: 2944: 2928: 2927: 2904: 2903: 2880: 2879: 2831: 2830: 2796: 2795: 2770: 2769: 2744: 2743: 2727: 2726: 2680: 2679: 2652: 2648: 2614: 2613: 2597: 2596: 2575:Teuvoahtiana 2573: 2572: 2521: 2520: 2394:Polycauliona 2392: 2391: 2375: 2374: 2351: 2350: 2309: 2308: 2292: 2291: 2270:Orientophila 2268: 2267: 2228: 2227: 2211: 2210: 2180: 2179: 2131:Teuvoahtiana 2129: 2128: 2114:Xanthopeltis 2112: 2111: 2079: 2078: 2053: 2052: 2036: 2035: 2000:Xanthocarpia 1998: 1997: 1949: 1948: 1932: 1931: 1908: 1907: 1868: 1867: 1842: 1841: 1825: 1824: 1789:Shackletonia 1787: 1786: 1744: 1743: 1709: 1708: 1692: 1691: 1668: 1667: 1601: 1600: 1584: 1583: 1560: 1559: 1502:Nevilleiella 1500: 1499: 1483: 1482: 1450: 1449: 1433: 1432: 1375: 1374: 1349: 1348: 1314: 1313: 1297: 1296: 1273: 1272: 1233: 1229: 1206: 1205: 1177:Stellarangia 1175: 1174: 1110:Josefpoeltia 1108: 1107: 1093:Teloschistes 1091: 1090: 1067: 1066: 1043: 1042: 1021:Hosseusiella 1019: 1018: 977: 921:divided into 846: 841:Teloschistes 839: 831: 821: 807: 804:Xanthopeltis 803: 799: 795: 792:Teloschistes 791: 787: 784:Josefpoeltia 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 736:Teloschistes 735: 709: 700: 697:Xanthopeltis 696: 692: 680: 676: 672: 666: 650:Lethariopsis 649: 645:Teloschistes 643: 637: 607: 592: 573:Xanthocarpia 571: 567:Pyrenodesmia 565: 559: 553: 526:growth forms 503: 476: 470: 464: 450: 444: 394: 381:, appear on 376: 363: 359: 355: 349: 302: 267:growth forms 264: 232:live on rock 196:are a large 193: 191: 165: 160:Subfamilies 146:Teloschistes 144: 123: 45:type species 38: 18: 13457:iNaturalist 13338:Wikispecies 12311:(1): 1–66. 12288:10995/27377 11808:Transdrakea 11323:Charcotiana 10801:: 307–352 . 10791:Dodge, C.W. 10261:Mycobiology 10007:8 September 9967:: 503–528 . 9936:21 December 9879:10481/76378 9663:: 120–130. 8858:: 132–168. 8429:: 213–252 . 8326:13 December 8017:The Lichens 7367:Sirenophila 7293:Oceanoplaca 7245:Gyalolechia 7240:Elenkiniana 7234:Gyalolechia 7121:Dakar Rally 7055:'s coasts. 6998:ultraviolet 6994:outer space 6937:Afghanistan 6884:in Europe, 6765:coevolution 6506:Pachypeltis 6495:Sirenophila 6478:Gyalolechia 6475:(26 spp.), 6448:broad sense 6386:aboriginal 6352:corticolous 6260:Tayloriella 6122:Transdrakea 6001:Pachypeltis 5786:Ach. (1809) 5749:Charcotiana 5738:Cerothallia 5716:Austroplaca 5483:Sirenophila 5329:Harusavskia 5252:Brownliella 5030:Oxneriopsis 4997:Oceanoplaca 4832:Hanstrassia 4821:Gyalolechia 4766:Elenkiniana 4755:Eilifdahlia 4384:chlorinated 4345:Caliciaceae 4299:algal layer 4244:antioxidant 4181:ultraviolet 4083:desiccation 4027:trebouxioid 4015:Photobionts 3890:fruticulose 3807:conidiomata 3756:translucent 3648:apotheciate 3632:green algal 3551:Description 3438:Lecanorales 3368:sequences. 3283:Brigantiaea 2682:Gyalolechia 2616:Eilifdahlia 2182:Charcotiana 2081:Austroplaca 2038:Cerothallia 1827:Pachypeltis 1603:Harusavskia 1435:Brownliella 1299:Sirenophila 916:), meaning 874:), meaning 830:, the name 561:Gyalolechia 449:(left) and 411:Systematics 405:outer space 368:DNA studies 299:green algal 297:) from the 252:ultraviolet 13606:Categories 13181:Nayaka, S. 12508:: 107680. 12438:: 82–99 . 12109:(2): 1–12. 11977:Zeroviella 11920:: 265–282. 11867:Apatoplaca 11327:Amundsenia 11297:(1): 3–5. 11281:Wilketalia 10647:Seirophora 10635:Seirophora 10472:Phaeoplaca 10239:: 443–446. 9957:Apatoplaca 9953:Apatoplaca 9911:20 January 9856:Mycosphere 9607:Catenarina 9485:: 121575. 8776:Mycologist 8722:Hertel, H. 8659:(2): 256. 8248:: 147–203. 8211:Apatoplaca 8201:Apatoplaca 7878:30 October 7603:References 7542:Jesmurraya 7536:Honeggeria 7524:Golubkovia 7470:Langeottia 7464:Jackelixia 7424:Dijigiella 7409:Filsoniana 7388:Villophora 7361:Tarasginia 7346:Villophora 7279:Variospora 7268:Variospora 7195:subspecies 7095:permafrost 7089:wash from 7063:Endangered 7041:vulnerable 6963:In science 6941:Kyrgyzstan 6914:, and for 6862:decoctions 6842:in India. 6587:Elixjohnia 6558:calcareous 6503:(4 spp.), 6500:Flavoplaca 6490:Catenarina 6484:Variospora 6424:pollutants 6407:fix carbon 6348:saxicolous 6344:subtropics 6245:Phaeoplaca 6238:Wilketalia 6210:Zeroviella 6045:Scythioria 6027:Hue (1908) 6012:Parvoplaca 5924:Langeottia 5902:Jesmurraya 5892:Jackelixia 5881:Igneoplaca 5859:Honeggeria 5837:Golubkovia 5815:Fominiella 5804:Flavoplaca 5771:Dijigiella 5694:Amundsenia 5604:Wilketalia 5593:Wetmoreana 5582:Villophora 5516:Tarasginia 5307:Follmannia 5296:Filsoniana 5285:Elixjohnia 5274:Cinnabaria 5263:Catenarina 5241:Aridoplaca 5151:Yoshimuria 5129:Variospora 5118:Usnochroma 5096:Sucioplaca 5085:Seirophora 5041:Pisutiella 5008:Olegblumia 4931:Leproplaca 4865:Jasonhuria 4788:Franwilsia 4697:Apatoplaca 4500:divergence 4492:phenotypic 4418:Apatoplaca 4388:depsidones 4373:Usnochroma 4368:usnic acid 4289:fallacinal 4285:fallacinol 4185:blue light 3996:squamulose 3915:placodioid 3911:crustose, 3862:crustose, 3829:bifusiform 3787:paraphyses 3768:Apatoplaca 3719:ascospores 3696:, such as 3694:propagules 3656:lecanorine 3626:photobiont 3606:lecanorine 3581:umbilicate 3477:characters 3471:phenotypic 3428:The order 3077:Leproplaca 3029:Variospora 3012:Seirophora 2947:Usnochroma 2599:Franwilsia 2213:Flavoplaca 1951:Amundsenia 1844:Parvoplaca 1746:Catenarina 1711:Cinnabaria 1670:Wetmoreana 1586:Follmannia 1562:Aridoplaca 1485:Filsoniana 1316:Elixjohnia 1275:Wilketalia 1069:Villophora 836:type genus 788:Seirophora 632:ascospores 601:ascospores 343:ascospores 293:photobiont 220:Ascomycota 200:of mostly 138:Type genus 94:Ascomycota 90:Division: 49:type genus 13576:100386622 13418:FloraBase 13366:AusLichen 13272:Mycologia 13173:Lőkös, L. 12840:23 August 12804:23 August 12768:23 August 12477:23 August 12374:Lőkös, L. 12305:Phytotaxa 12187:Caloplaca 11946:(1949). " 11804:Gondwania 11732:23 August 10639:Almbornia 10627:Almbornia 10623:Poelt, J. 10391:23 August 10328:: 63–79 . 9651:Caloplaca 9433:Caloplaca 9303:Trebouxia 9187:429208213 9085:Caloplaca 8931:Caloplaca 8491:, passim. 8479:, passim. 8225:23 August 8178:23 August 8148:Peltigera 7963:23 August 7933:23 August 7608:Citations 7571:Squamulea 7403:Thelliana 7250:Mikhtomia 7145:diversity 6916:hepatitis 6904:dysentery 6874:analgesic 6866:menstrual 6747:parasitic 6725:-induced 6715:, (F) on 6709:, (E) on 6703:, (D) on 6697:, (C) on 6691:, (B) on 6611:Xanthoria 6523:substrate 6493:(1 sp.), 6481:(1 sp.), 6472:Caloplaca 6456:Xanthoria 6452:Caloplaca 6444:Caloplaca 6440:Xanthoria 6432:Fulgensia 6428:Caloplaca 6371:Fulgensia 6357:Bryoplaca 6340:temperate 6205:– 10 spp. 6199:Xanthoria 6183:– 20 spp. 6150:– 12 spp. 6111:Tomnashia 6095:– 15 spp. 6089:Squamulea 6078:Solitaria 6040:– 19 spp. 6034:Rusavskia 6029:– 18 spp. 5974:– 15 spp. 5848:Gondwania 5832:– 15 spp. 5810:– 28 spp. 5788:– 25 spp. 5733:– 19 spp. 5722:– 10 spp. 5711:– 17 spp. 5571:Thelliana 5384:Kaernefia 5318:Haloplaca 5135:– 16 spp. 5069:– 10 spp. 5063:Rufoplaca 4964:Mikhtomia 4942:Loekoesia 4909:Laundonia 4893:– 15 spp. 4827:– 40 spp. 4799:Fulgensia 4730:Caloplaca 4719:Bryoplaca 4714:– 11 spp. 4708:Blastenia 4573:Caloplaca 4475:character 4360:Catenaria 4311:. In the 4269:Xanthoria 4261:Caloplaca 4252:Caloplaca 4221:conserved 4183:(UV) and 4117:Chemistry 4111:Trebouxia 4107:Trebouxia 4095:Xanthoria 4087:Trebouxia 4034:Trebouxia 3976:foliose: 3959:foliose: 3776:Fulgensia 3688:lecideine 3680:biatorine 3637:Trebouxia 3587:substrate 3569:fruticose 3511:Caloplaca 3488:Caloplaca 3419:Xanthoria 3381:Caloplaca 3360:distinct 3350:phylogeny 3346:Cladogram 3061:Caloplaca 2930:Rufoplaca 2882:Bryoplaca 2833:Blastenia 2653:Caloplaca 2377:Solitaria 2294:Xanthoria 2055:Gondwania 1910:Squamulea 1351:Haloplaca 1234:Caloplaca 1208:Kaernefia 941:separated 913:-schistós 818:Etymology 808:Xanthoria 772:Fulgensia 764:Caloplaca 756:molecular 742:character 701:Xanthoria 673:Blastenia 668:Caloplaca 639:Xanthoria 626:fruticose 555:Blastenia 311:apothecia 304:Trebouxia 279:fruticose 228:temperate 204:-forming 80:Kingdom: 74:Eukaryota 13571:Tropicos 13496:MycoBank 13431:Fungorum 13371:30016289 13358:60013393 13353:AusFungi 13329:Q2033908 13323:Wikidata 13292:33428561 13076:Elix, J. 13013:18406120 12551:complex" 12532:36572164 12468:Archived 12380:(2020). 12261:(2013). 12029:(2001). 11914:Sauteria 11523:(eds.). 11200:Tassiloa 11051:(1861). 10387:: 5–192 10291:26539034 10032:Herzogia 9795:26324894 9649:, a new 9643:(2020). 9509:37028790 9415:24170172 9380:36634008 9299:(2014). 9097:: 53–69. 9070:: 53–57. 9005:15120381 8890:24747130 8503:Calogaya 8417:(1852). 8320:Archived 8318:: 1–82. 8293:22306043 8144:Lecanora 8015:(1973). 7957:Archived 7927:Archived 7728:(2016). 7659:60741230 7592:Dufourea 7565:Huriella 7487:Dufourea 7459:Dufourea 7454:Dufourea 7053:Sardinia 6890:jaundice 6723:Tremella 6634:Dagestan 6572:and the 6446:(in the 6399:nitrogen 6384:Holocene 6374:species 6366:detritus 6216:– 8 spp. 6172:– 2 spp. 6161:– 2 spp. 6128:– 2 spp. 6117:– 4 spp. 6106:– 3 spp. 6073:– 5 spp. 6062:– 2 spp. 6051:– 3 spp. 6018:– 6 spp. 6007:– 7 spp. 5996:– 4 spp. 5985:– 3 spp. 5963:– 8 spp. 5941:– 2 spp. 5930:– 2 spp. 5919:– 5 spp. 5876:– 5 spp. 5870:Huriella 5854:– 4 spp. 5821:– 2 spp. 5799:– 3 spp. 5782:Dufourea 5777:– 2 spp. 5766:– 3 spp. 5744:– 4 spp. 5727:Calogaya 5705:Athallia 5700:– 2 spp. 5599:– 2 spp. 5588:– 9 spp. 5566:– 3 spp. 5544:– 2 spp. 5533:– 2 spp. 5527:Tassiloa 5522:– 2 spp. 5511:– 4 spp. 5500:– 3 spp. 5489:– 4 spp. 5472:Scutaria 5467:– 5 spp. 5445:– 5 spp. 5434:– 2 spp. 5423:– 5 spp. 5412:– 2 spp. 5390:– 3 spp. 5379:– 3 spp. 5357:– 2 spp. 5346:– 3 spp. 5324:– 3 spp. 5313:– 2 spp. 5302:– 9 spp. 5291:– 4 spp. 5269:– 3 spp. 5258:– 2 spp. 5157:– 4 spp. 5146:– 3 spp. 5124:– 2 spp. 5113:– 2 spp. 5091:– 8 spp. 5080:– 4 spp. 5058:– 6 spp. 5047:– 6 spp. 5036:– 4 spp. 5025:– 4 spp. 5003:– 6 spp. 4992:– 3 spp. 4975:Neoplaca 4970:– 4 spp. 4959:– 7 spp. 4948:– 3 spp. 4937:– 7 spp. 4926:– 9 spp. 4915:– 2 spp. 4904:– 4 spp. 4882:– 3 spp. 4860:– 2 spp. 4849:– 4 spp. 4843:Huneckia 4838:– 2 spp. 4794:– 3 spp. 4783:– 7 spp. 4772:– 3 spp. 4761:– 2 spp. 4738:351 spp. 4725:– 3 spp. 4567:(in the 4536:colonise 4240:parietin 4153:similar 4147:Parietin 3821:bacillar 3801:pycnidia 3729:staining 3642:ascomata 3561:crustose 2772:Huneckia 2353:Athallia 2311:Dufourea 2230:Calogaya 1934:Huriella 1694:Scutaria 1045:Tassiloa 662:taxonomy 589:crustose 283:crustose 248:pigments 217:division 173:Synonyms 120:Family: 70:Domain: 12869:Bibcode 12510:Bibcode 12199:Bibcode 11891:3666548 10911:Bibcode 10282:4630424 10229:Ioplaca 10225:Ioplaca 10093:Fauriea 9786:4577145 9763:Bibcode 9562:Bibcode 9487:Bibcode 9445:Bibcode 9371:9907504 9240:(ed.). 9207:Upretia 9029:Bibcode 8985:Bibcode 8881:4185256 8860:Bibcode 8515:Bibcode 8312:Myconet 8273:Bibcode 8154:-types" 8095:3241230 7873:2394232 7786:Bibcode 7530:Oxneria 7199:variety 7083:sea ice 7069:in the 7049:erosion 7045:tourism 6912:quinine 6908:malaria 6870:infused 6823:⁄ 6813:⁄ 6795:Uruguay 6578:steppes 6403:nitrate 6368:. Some 6194:– 1 sp. 6139:– 1 sp. 6084:– 1 sp. 5990:Oxneria 5952:– 1 sp. 5908:– 1 sp. 5887:– 1 sp. 5865:– 1 sp. 5843:– 1 sp. 5755:– 1 sp. 5610:– 1 sp. 5577:– 1 sp. 5478:– 1 sp. 5456:– 1 sp. 5401:– 1 sp. 5368:– 1 sp. 5362:Iqbalia 5351:Ikaeria 5335:– 1 sp. 5280:– 1 sp. 5247:– 1 sp. 5107:Upretia 5102:– 1 sp. 5019:Opeltia 5014:– 1 sp. 4981:– 1 sp. 4898:Lacrima 4871:– 1 sp. 4854:Ioplaca 4816:– 1 sp. 4805:– 1 sp. 4777:Fauriea 4750:– 1 sp. 4703:– 1 sp. 4504:lineage 4329:grazing 4197:lineage 3866:leprose 3813:conidia 3725:amyloid 3702:soredia 3574:Ioplaca 3565:foliose 3496:GenBank 3362:lineage 907:σχιστός 862:words: 780:Ioplaca 720:amyloid 685:synonym 622:foliose 591:lichen 587:of the 540:locules 333:stained 275:foliose 271:thallus 236:on bark 215:in the 129:Zahlbr. 110:Order: 100:Class: 47:of the 43:is the 13589:147707 13534:NZOR: 13475:107151 13410:1TELSF 13290: 13056: 13011: 12660: 12599: 12530: 12037: 11889: 11613: 11531: 11285:Andina 10955: 10289: 10279: 9793: 9783: 9532: 9507: 9413: 9378: 9368: 9248: 9185: 9175: 9003: 8888: 8878: 8826: 8757: 8732: 8448: 8394: 8291: 8150:- and 8123: 8093: 8023: 7986: 7903:] 7871: 7736: 7711:: 573. 7657: 7647: 7545:, and 7479:, and 7313:Niorma 7247:, and 7201:, and 7093:, and 7087:saline 7085:melt, 6628:Crimea 6566:alpine 6546:, and 6438:, and 6230:Andina 5680:; and 5439:Niorma 5227:; and 4683:; and 4602:, and 4558:Genera 4548:enzyme 4291:, and 4281:emodin 4267:, and 4155:emodin 4061:, and 3805:-type 3778:, and 3762:lumina 3747:apical 3733:iodine 3698:isidia 3634:genus 3536:, and 3461:cortex 904:; and 847:-aceae 822:As is 806:, and 716:iodine 699:, and 679:, and 656:thalli 648:, and 610:family 570:, and 546:septum 387:marble 362:, and 352:genera 339:. The 337:iodine 301:genus 202:lichen 198:family 154:(1853) 152:Norman 131:(1898) 13584:WoRMS 13558:Plazi 13550:67083 13527:88646 13501:81793 13488:14034 13470:IRMNG 13462:54756 13436:81793 13423:23230 13219:(PDF) 13126:(PDF) 12471:(PDF) 12464:(PDF) 11887:JSTOR 11462:[ 11415:(PDF) 11063:: 84. 10852:(PDF) 10651:Flora 10526:(PDF) 10169:[ 10136:[ 10098:(PDF) 9999:[ 9308:(PDF) 9060:(PDF) 8586:(PDF) 8157:(PDF) 8115:[ 8091:JSTOR 7905:(PDF) 7899:[ 7869:JSTOR 7815:[ 7757:[ 7568:with 7160:Notes 6918:. In 6727:galls 6517:hosts 6420:range 6388:cairn 4575:, at 4540:genes 4356:ranks 4313:Negev 2656:' 2650:' 1239:sp.5 1237:' 1231:' 936:, or 931:split 894:, or 889:final 871:télos 865:τέλος 732:ascus 585:ascus 335:with 329:ascus 315:(the 210:class 206:fungi 84:Fungi 13522:NCBI 13483:ITIS 13449:8368 13444:GBIF 13405:EPPO 13397:6031 13288:PMID 13054:ISBN 13009:PMID 12842:2023 12835:2021 12806:2023 12799:2020 12770:2023 12763:2017 12658:ISBN 12597:ISBN 12528:PMID 12479:2023 12035:ISBN 11950:and 11865:and 11806:and 11734:2023 11728:: 75 11611:ISBN 11529:ISBN 11408:and 11325:and 10953:ISBN 10943:and 10845:and 10393:2023 10287:PMID 10009:2023 9938:2023 9913:2024 9791:PMID 9530:ISBN 9505:PMID 9411:PMID 9376:PMID 9246:ISBN 9183:OCLC 9173:ISBN 9001:PMID 8886:PMID 8824:ISBN 8802:link 8755:ISBN 8730:ISBN 8446:ISBN 8392:ISBN 8328:2023 8289:PMID 8227:2023 8209:and 8180:2023 8121:ISBN 8021:ISBN 7984:ISBN 7965:2023 7935:2023 7880:2023 7734:ISBN 7655:OCLC 7645:ISBN 7277:and 7203:form 7025:The 6864:for 6832:and 6739:and 6664:Ural 6570:Alps 6454:and 6380:lime 6364:and 4455:and 4421:and 4337:and 4321:and 4193:arid 4071:and 3711:asci 3700:and 3664:disc 3286:sp. 899:term 852:rank 776:Huea 624:and 608:The 550:taxa 256:arid 192:The 13509:NBN 13392:EoL 13384:GZ3 13379:CoL 13280:doi 13276:113 13255:doi 13251:119 13231:doi 13201:hdl 13193:doi 13160:doi 13138:doi 13110:doi 13088:doi 13037:doi 13033:115 13001:doi 12997:112 12978:doi 12953:doi 12920:doi 12877:doi 12728:doi 12691:doi 12630:doi 12589:doi 12563:doi 12518:doi 12506:180 12440:doi 12394:doi 12347:doi 12343:104 12313:doi 12309:396 12283:hdl 12275:doi 12238:doi 12234:104 12207:doi 12168:doi 12134:doi 12130:121 12078:hdl 12068:doi 11991:doi 11879:doi 11822:doi 11427:doi 11343:doi 11299:doi 11007:doi 10919:doi 10864:doi 10659:doi 10655:174 10538:doi 10486:doi 10444:doi 10277:PMC 10269:doi 10110:doi 10040:doi 9874:hdl 9864:doi 9781:PMC 9771:doi 9759:112 9729:doi 9701:doi 9665:doi 9619:doi 9570:doi 9495:doi 9483:328 9453:doi 9435:". 9403:doi 9366:PMC 9358:doi 9320:doi 9275:doi 9217:doi 9131:doi 9127:188 9037:doi 8993:doi 8953:hdl 8945:doi 8876:PMC 8868:doi 8784:doi 8661:doi 8598:doi 8523:doi 8367:doi 8281:doi 8199:et 8169:doi 8146:-, 8083:doi 8053:doi 7861:doi 7794:doi 7117:4x4 7051:on 6971:in 6825:500 4441:or 3739:or 3684:or 879:end 826:in 583:An 234:or 13608:: 13586:: 13573:: 13560:: 13547:: 13524:: 13511:: 13498:: 13485:: 13472:: 13459:: 13446:: 13433:: 13420:: 13407:: 13394:: 13381:: 13368:: 13355:: 13340:: 13325:: 13286:. 13274:. 13249:. 13227:62 13225:. 13221:. 13199:. 13189:59 13187:. 13179:; 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