1748:
41:
28:
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195:
The most common structure of Wall teichoic acids are a ManNAc(β1→4)GlcNAc disaccharide with one to three glycerol phosphates attached to the C4 hydroxyl of the ManNAc residue followed by a long chain of glycerol- or ribitol phosphate repeats. Variations come in the long chain tail, which generally
199:
Lipoteichoic acids follow a similar pattern of putting most variation in the repeats, although the set of enzymes used are different, at least in the case of Type I LTA. The repeats are anchored onto the membrane via a (di)glucosyl-diacylglycerol
401:
Later (2013) studies have identified a few more enzymes that attach unique sugars to the WTA repeat units. A set of enzymes and transporters named DltABCE that adds alanines to both wall and lipo-teichoic acids were found.
259:
Lipoteichoic acids may also act as receptor molecules for some Gram-positive bacteriophage; however, this has not yet been conclusively supported. It is an acidic polymer and contributes negative charge to the cell wall.
423:
as the main model strain, some linked UniProt entries are in fact the "Tag" ortholog as they are better annotated. The "similarity search" may be used to access the genes in the Tar-producing
851:"Molecular interaction between lipoteichoic acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii phages depends on D-alanyl and alpha-glucose substitution of poly(glycerophosphate) backbones"
326:) connects more glycerol-3-phosphate units to the glycerol tail. In Tag-producing bacteria, this is the final step (a long glycerol tail). Otherwise it only adds one unit.
224:
The main function of teichoic acids is to provide flexibility to the cell-wall by attracting cations such as calcium and potassium. Teichoic acids can be substituted with
386:) flip the cytoplasmic complex to the external surface of the inner membrane. The redundant TagTUV enzymes link this product to the cell wall. The enzymes TarI (
398:) are responsible for producing the substrates that lead to the polymer tail. Many of these proteins are located in a conserved gene cluster.
359:
336:
310:
196:
include sugar subunits being attached to the sides or the body of the repeats. Four types of WTA repeats have been named, as of 2013.
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
439:
This was proposed in 2004. A further review in 2013 has given more specific parts of the pathways to inhibit given newer knowledge.
802:"Conformation of the phosphate D-alanine zwitterion in bacterial teichoic acid from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"
409:
168, which lacks the TarK/TarL enzymes. TarB/F/L/K all bear some similarities to each other, and belong to the same family (
1687:
963:
1454:
1194:
481:
273:
Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of WTAs have been named: TarO, TarA, TarB, TarF, TarK, and TarL. Their roles are:
371:
208:
represents a special case where both types intersect: after the tail is synthesized with an undecaprenyl phosphate (C
1003:
998:
993:
988:
849:
Räisänen L, Draing C, Pfitzenmaier M, Schubert K, Jaakonsaari T, von Aulock S, Hartung T, Alatossava T (June 2007).
367:
1444:
1371:
405:
Note that the set of genes are named "Tag" (teichoic acid glycerol) instead of "Tar" (teichoic acid ribitol) in
1568:
1299:
17:
287:) starts off the process by connecting GlcNAc to a biphospho-undecaprenyl (bactoprenyl) in the inner membrane.
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924:
917:
913:
909:
1409:
489:
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1563:
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1449:
1245:
956:
743:"Lipoteichoic acid in Streptomyces hygroscopicus: structural model and immunomodulatory activities"
514:
55:
1782:
1639:
1558:
1537:
1187:
741:
Cot M, Ray A, Gilleron M, Vercellone A, Larrouy-Maumus G, Armau E, et al. (October 2011).
1134:
1787:
1679:
1321:
183:(LTAs), whereas teichoic acids that are covalently bound to peptidoglycan are referred to as
244:
2 and 4. Teichoic acids also assist in regulation of cell growth by limiting the ability of
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912:(poly(glucopyranosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis),
880:
831:
782:
723:
666:
625:
569:
448:
341:
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166:-acetylmuramic acid units of the peptidoglycan layer, or they can be anchored in the
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33:
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enzymes either attaches it to the wall to form a WTA or to the GlcDAG anchor.
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300:) connects a ManNAc to the UDP-GlcNac formed by TarO via a β-(1,4) linkage.
297:
159:
82:
727:
177:
Teichoic acids that are anchored to the lipid membrane are referred to as
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properties. These zwitterionic teichoic acids are suspected ligands for
1726:
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1362:
1074:
1054:
432:
245:
237:
213:
817:
800:
Garimella R, Halye JL, Harrison W, Klebba PE, Rice CV (October 2009).
313:) connects a single glycerol-3-phosphate to the C4 hydroxyl of ManNAc.
1721:
1552:
1510:
1422:
1316:
1064:
1046:
972:
452:
93:
70:
62:, "wall", to be specific a fortification wall, as opposed to τοῖχος,
645:"Lipoteichoic acid synthesis and function in gram-positive bacteria"
339:) connects the initial ribitol-5-phosphate unit. It is necessary in
40:
1230:
1207:
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117:
67:
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27:
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1013:
538:
Swoboda JG, Campbell J, Meredith TC, Walker S (January 2010).
1634:
941:
537:
171:
101:
799:
540:"Wall teichoic acid function, biosynthesis, and inhibition"
174:
anchor. Teichoic acid's chemical signal is CH17P4O29NOH.
740:
916:(poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis),
594:
Brown S, Santa Maria JP, Walker S (8 September 2013).
593:
920:(poly(ribitol phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthesis)
901:Bioinformatic mappings (see also the EC entries):
1774:
596:"Wall teichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria"
430:
362:) constructs the long ribitol-5-phosphate tail.
642:
589:
587:
585:
583:
31:Structure of a teichoic acid repeat unit from
1188:
957:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
349:has both functions in the same TarL/K enzyme.
139:, and appear to extend to the surface of the
694:"Immunological properties of teichoic acids"
842:
636:
580:
1202:
1195:
1181:
964:
950:
691:
643:Percy MG, Gründling A (8 September 2014).
520:
44:Structure of the lipoteichoic acid polymer
874:
825:
776:
766:
717:
660:
619:
563:
513:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
143:layer. They can be covalently linked to
39:
26:
14:
1775:
268:
1176:
945:
248:to break the β(1-4) bond between the
1757:
92:Teichoic acids are found within the
662:10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-112949
612:10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155620
212:-P) intermediate "head", different
24:
25:
1799:
895:
372:teichoic-acid-transporting ATPase
368:ATP-binding cassette transporters
1756:
1747:
1746:
927:(lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis)
692:Knox KW, Wicken AJ (June 1973).
100:bacteria such as species in the
1445:Bacterial cellular morphologies
263:
214:TagU/LCP (LytR-CpsA-Psr) family
971:
793:
734:
685:
504:
475:
204:DAG) anchor. Type IV LTA from
13:
1:
649:Annual Review of Microbiology
600:Annual Review of Microbiology
468:
451:– a major constituent of the
366:Following the synthesis, the
768:10.1371/journal.pone.0026316
710:10.1128/br.37.2.215-257.1973
345:W23 for Tar production, but
252:-acetyl glucosamine and the
228:-alanine ester residues, or
190:
7:
442:
219:
10:
1804:
1688:Bacteria (classifications)
1410:Primary nutritional groups
1742:
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1653:
1605:
1494:
1485:
1437:
1330:
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1254:
1214:
1088:
1045:
1012:
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1564:Bacterial outer membrane
515:Medical Subject Headings
206:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1135:Anthraquinone glycoside
855:Journal of Bacteriology
698:Bacteriological Reviews
495:A Greek–English Lexicon
1559:Gram-negative bacteria
1538:Gram-positive bacteria
556:10.1002/cbic.200900557
419:). Due to the role of
236:, giving the molecule
66:, a regular wall) are
45:
37:
1414:Substrate preference
486:Liddell, Henry George
256:-acetylmuramic acid.
162:crosslinkage between
43:
30:
1395:Microbial metabolism
1120:Cyanogenic glycoside
168:cytoplasmic membrane
87:phosphodiester bonds
1645:Non-motile bacteria
1241:Pathogenic bacteria
1145:Flavonoid glycoside
1098:Alcoholic glycoside
867:10.1128/JB.00078-07
759:2011PLoSO...626316C
269:WTA and Type IV LTA
242:toll-like receptors
185:wall teichoic acids
148:-acetylmuramic acid
1574:Lipopolysaccharide
1140:Coumarin glycoside
1130:Phenolic glycoside
463:Sir James Baddiley
180:lipoteichoic acids
75:glycerol phosphate
46:
38:
1770:
1769:
1669:
1668:
1615:Bacterial capsule
1581:Periplasmic space
1548:Lipoteichoic acid
1433:
1432:
1405:Microbial ecology
1400:Nitrogen fixation
1170:
1169:
1157:Steviol glycoside
1103:Cardiac glycoside
1004:C-glycosidic bond
999:S-glycosidic bond
994:N-glycosidic bond
989:O-glycosidic bond
818:10.1021/bi900503k
449:Lipoteichoic acid
342:Bacillus subtilis
231:
227:
153:
79:ribitol phosphate
16:(Redirected from
1795:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1698:Former groupings
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1343:Human microbiome
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1693:Bacterial phyla
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1592:Arabinogalactan
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1236:Lysogenic cycle
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1008:
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970:
925:pathway:547.556
918:pathway:547.790
914:pathway:547.827
910:pathway:547.789
898:
893:
892:
861:(11): 4135–40.
847:
843:
798:
794:
739:
735:
690:
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637:
592:
581:
536:
521:
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500:Perseus Project
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130:Corynebacterium
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1450:cell structure
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1423:Saccharophilic
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1397:
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1312:Microaerophile
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896:External links
894:
891:
890:
841:
812:(39): 9242–9.
792:
753:(10): e26316.
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684:
635:
579:
519:
511:Teichoic+acids
503:
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467:
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460:
444:
441:
436:
429:
364:
363:
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288:
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221:
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192:
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150:or a terminal
106:Staphylococcus
49:Teichoic acids
34:Micrococcaceae
18:Teichoic acids
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1800:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Organic acids
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1702:Schizomycetes
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1543:Teichoic acid
1541:
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1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:Peptidoglycan
1512:
1509:
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1506:Cell membrane
1504:
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1162:Thioglycoside
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1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Glycosylamine
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Bufadienolide
1106:
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1099:
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1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
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1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1037:1,6-Glycoside
1035:
1033:
1032:1,4-Glycoside
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
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953:
948:
947:
944:
936:
932:
931:gene ontology
929:
926:
923:UniProt: LTA
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:UniProt: WTA
903:
902:
900:
899:
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707:
704:(2): 215–57.
703:
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672:
668:
663:
658:
655:(1): 81–100.
654:
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606:(1): 313–36.
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490:Scott, Robert
487:
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478:
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464:
461:
458:
457:gram-positive
454:
450:
447:
446:
440:
434:
428:
427:W23 (BACPZ).
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325:
320:
315:
312:
307:
302:
299:
294:
289:
286:
281:
276:
275:
274:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
217:
215:
207:
197:
188:
186:
182:
181:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
147:
142:
141:peptidoglycan
138:
137:
132:
131:
126:
125:
120:
119:
114:
113:
112:Streptococcus
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:Gram-positive
95:
90:
88:
84:
83:carbohydrates
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
42:
36:
35:
29:
19:
1788:Cell biology
1732:Mendosicutes
1717:Gracilicutes
1697:
1597:Mycolic acid
1587:Mycobacteria
1585:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1472:Coccobacilli
1372:in pregnancy
1338:Extremophile
1322:Aerotolerant
1256:Biochemistry
1218:microbiology
1204:Microbiology
858:
854:
844:
809:
806:Biochemistry
805:
795:
750:
746:
736:
701:
697:
687:
652:
648:
638:
603:
599:
550:(1): 35–45.
547:
543:
506:
493:
477:
438:
425:B. substilis
424:
420:
414:
406:
404:
400:
392:) and TarJ (
365:
346:
340:
298:EC 2.4.1.187
272:
264:Biosynthesis
258:
253:
249:
238:zwitterionic
223:
205:
198:
194:
184:
178:
176:
163:
160:tetrapeptide
145:
134:
128:
122:
116:
110:
104:
91:
63:
59:
52:
48:
47:
32:
1620:Slime layer
1300:Facultative
1288:Facultative
1113:Cardenolide
1070:Glucuronide
1060:Galactoside
1027:β-Glycoside
1022:α-Glycoside
544:ChemBioChem
435:drug target
421:B. subtilis
407:B. subtilis
360:EC 2.7.8.47
337:EC 2.7.8.46
324:EC 2.7.8.12
311:EC 2.7.8.44
285:EC 2.7.8.33
234:glucosamine
124:Clostridium
85:linked via
1777:Categories
1727:Mollicutes
1722:Firmicutes
1712:Prokaryota
1630:Glycocalyx
1455:plasticity
1418:Lipophilic
1271:preference
1246:Resistance
1075:Rhamnoside
1055:Fructoside
973:Glycosides
935:GO:0019350
469:References
433:antibiotic
246:autolysins
71:copolymers
1680:evolution
1654:Composite
1553:Endospore
1511:Cell wall
1487:Structure
1378:Placental
1317:Nanaerobe
1295:Anaerobic
1226:Infection
1065:Glucoside
453:cell wall
416:IPR007554
374:) TarGH (
347:S. aureus
191:Structure
94:cell wall
68:bacterial
1752:Category
1675:Taxonomy
1608:envelope
1498:envelope
1388:Salivary
1305:Obligate
1283:Obligate
1231:Exotoxin
1208:Bacteria
1090:Aglycone
1080:Riboside
1014:Geometry
885:17416656
836:19746945
787:22028855
747:PLOS ONE
671:24819367
630:24024634
574:19899094
459:bacteria
443:See also
411:InterPro
220:Function
136:Listeria
118:Bacillus
96:of most
58:τεῖχος,
1762:Commons
1661:Biofilm
1640:Fimbria
1625:S-layer
1606:Outside
1467:Bacilli
1383:Uterine
1368:Vaginal
1278:Aerobic
1261:ecology
1216:Medical
1152:Saponin
1047:Glycone
906:KW-0777
876:1913418
827:4196936
778:3196553
755:Bibcode
728:4578758
679:8732547
621:3883102
565:2798926
498:at the
413::
187:(WTA).
170:with a
158:in the
156:alanine
64:toīkhos
60:teīkhos
1707:Monera
1477:Spiral
1269:Oxygen
883:
873:
834:
824:
785:
775:
726:
719:413812
716:
677:
669:
628:
618:
572:
562:
517:(MeSH)
482:τεῖχος
431:As an
395:Q8RKJ0
389:Q8RKI9
383:P42954
377:P42953
355:Q8RKJ2
352:TarL (
332:Q8RKJ1
329:TarK (
319:P13485
316:TarF (
306:P27621
303:TarB (
293:P27620
290:TarA (
280:O34753
277:TarO (
133:, and
102:genera
1635:Pilus
1589:only:
1569:Porin
1561:only:
1540:only:
1462:Cocci
1438:Shape
1358:Mouth
1331:Other
675:S2CID
172:lipid
56:Greek
1678:and
1496:Cell
1363:Skin
1353:Lung
1259:and
981:Bond
881:PMID
832:PMID
783:PMID
724:PMID
667:PMID
626:PMID
570:PMID
200:(Glc
81:and
1530:DAP
1525:NAG
1520:NAM
1348:Gut
871:PMC
863:doi
859:189
822:PMC
814:doi
773:PMC
763:doi
714:PMC
706:doi
657:doi
616:PMC
608:doi
560:PMC
552:doi
455:of
202:(2)
77:or
73:of
53:cf.
1779::
1700::
1513::
1206::
933::
908:,
879:.
869:.
857:.
853:.
830:.
820:.
810:48
808:.
804:.
781:.
771:.
761:.
749:.
745:.
722:.
712:.
702:37
700:.
696:.
673:.
665:.
653:68
651:.
647:.
624:.
614:.
604:67
602:.
598:.
582:^
568:.
558:.
548:11
546:.
542:.
522:^
492:;
488:;
484:.
380:,
358:,
335:,
322:,
309:,
296:,
283:,
210:55
127:,
121:,
115:,
109:,
89:.
1374:)
1370:(
1196:e
1189:t
1182:v
965:e
958:t
951:v
887:.
865::
838:.
816::
789:.
765::
757::
751:6
730:.
708::
681:.
659::
632:.
610::
576:.
554::
370:(
254:N
250:N
232:-
230:D
226:D
164:N
154:-
152:D
146:N
51:(
20:)
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