731:
745:
717:
531:
This beating enlivens a village in Tonga as threshing does in Europe. In half an hour the piece will have changed in shape from a strip almost to a square. The edges are snipped with shells, and a large number of the pieces are drawn separately over a semi-cylindrical wooden stamp, on which the pattern, worked in coco-fibre, is stretched and smeared with a fluid at once adhesive and colouring. On each a second and third layer is placed; and the piece, three layers thick, is coloured more strongly in the parts which are thrown into relief by the inequalities of the bed. Others are annexed to it both at the side and the end, until pieces a yard wide, and 20 to 25 yards long, are produced.
90:
189:
32:
578:
365:
451:
406:
323:
do not have any tapa in stock at home to donate at life events like marriages, funerals and so forth. If the tapa was donated to them by a chief or even the royal family, it is more valuable. It has been used in ceremonial masks in Papua New Guinea and the Cook
Islands (Mangian masks). It was used to wrap sacred objects, e.g., "God staffs" in the Cook Islands.
310:, "smoked barkcloth") or dyeing. The patterns of Tongan, Samoan, and Fijian tapa usually form a grid of squares, each of which contains geometric patterns with repeated motifs such as fish and plants, for example four stylised leaves forming a diagonal cross. Traditional dyes are usually black and rust-brown, although other colours are known.
530:
A circular cut is made with a shell in the bark above the root of the tree; the tree is broken off, and in a few days, when the stem is half-dry, the bark and bast are separated from it. The bast is then cleaned and macerated in water, after which it is beaten with the ribbed club on a wooden block.
313:
In former times the cloth was primarily used for clothing, but now cotton and other textiles have replaced it. The major problem with tapa clothing is that the tissue loses its strength when wet and falls apart. However, it was better than grass-skirts, which usually are either heavier and harder or
322:
Nowadays tapa is often worn on formal occasions such as weddings. Another use is as a blanket at night or for room dividers. It is highly prized for its decorative value and is often found hung on walls as decoration. In Tonga a family is considered poor, no matter how much money they have, if they
385:
is the name given to the paper mulberry tree. It is not usually grown in whole plantations, but portions of a yam or other vegetable garden are often set aside for it. They are cut and brought home where the first task is to strip the bark from the trees. The strips are about hand wide and person
609:
more paint will stick to that position while very little will stick elsewhere. In this way the basic pattern is put on the sheet. Once a part is done, they lift up the sheet and proceed to the next strip and so forth. Only when the whole sheet has been preprocessed, it will be spread out on the
806:
511:
Often the women of a whole village work together on a huge sheet of tapa. A donation is made to the church or their chief at an important occasion. Such sheets are about 3 m (9.8 ft) wide and 15 or 30 m (49 or 98 ft), or sometimes even 60 m (200 ft) long. The
730:
557:, the Tongan word for the final product. The painting is done over the whole length, but only the central 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in the width direction. On both sides there is an unpainted border of about 20 cm (7.9 in) wide, which is called the
338:) trees that were brought to the islands to be cultivated, however no archaeological evidence of this exists. The New Zealand climate was not suited to cultivate large amounts of tapa cloth, so early Māori adopted the use of harakeke (
1193:
Arkinstall, Patricia
Lorraine, “A study of bark cloth from Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga and Fiji: An exploration of the regional development of distinctive styles of bark cloth and its relationship to other cultural factors”, Ithaca, N.Y.,
318:
where the mulberry does not grow, people had no choice. It is also labour-intensive to manufacture. Tapa cloth was made by both the men and women in ancient times. An example is the
Hawaiian men, who also made their own weapons.
573:
designs, like the 'pine road' (the road from the palace to the royal cemetery), or the 'shield of Tonga', or the 'lion' (the king), or the 'dove' (the king as ruler), and more abstract figures like the 'Manulua' (two birds).
2381:
2532:
2497:
3164:
1225:
Meyer, Anthony J. P., "Les Tapa funéraires des
Nakanai de Nouvelle-Bretagne (The funerary tapa-cloths of the Nakanai from New Britain)", Series: Océanie-Oceania No. 11.", Galerie Meyer, Paris 1992
744:
2816:
439:
The continuous "thonk" beats of the tapa mallet is a normal sound in Tongan villages. If several women work together they can make a concert out of it. In that case there might be one who
2537:
2396:
569:
in Samoa). These stencils are made from coconut front midribs (or any other sticks of a few millimeter thick) and made in the pattern which will be used. There are a handful of standard
2547:
2492:
2507:
2487:
2242:
3159:
2426:
2811:
2527:
2482:
348:
or in ear piercings by high status men, however barkcloth textiles disappeared from use in the early 19th
Century, coinciding with the tree's disappearance from New Zealand.
2502:
303:
finally has the meaning of border or strip. It seems likely that before the glueing process became common to make large sheets (see below) only narrow strips were produced.
432:). The mallets are flat on one side and have coarse and fine grooves on the other sides. First the coarse sides are used and, towards the end of the work, the flat side (
3169:
1213:
Leonard, Anne, and
Terrell, John, "Patterns of Paradise: The styles and significance of bark cloth around the world", Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago USA, 1980.
716:
854:
Census of
Alexander Shaw's Catalogue of the Different Specimens of Cloth in the three voyages of Captain Cook to the Southern Hemisphere, 1787 (2015) (Working Paper)
2391:
375:
The following describes the fabrication of Tapa cloth in Tonga, where it is still part of daily life. There may be small or large differences for other locations.
1234:
Wright, Margot, "Barkcloth: Aspects of
Preparation, Use, Deterioration, Conservation and Display (Conservators of Ethnographic Artefacts)", Archetype Books, 2001.
2542:
2436:
2411:
2401:
1228:
Kooijman, Simon, "Ornamented bark-cloth in
Indonesia", Series: Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, No. 16. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1963.
2512:
702:, as evidenced by the extensive vocabulary used (still many more terms exist). Nowadays for the tourist trade other sizes and designs can be made as well.
212:
was the first
European to collect it and introduce it to the rest of the world. The cloth is also known by a number of local names, although the term
1259:
352:
on reviving the techniques of this production were pioneered in the 2010s by Māori artist Nikau Hindin, a former student of Hawaiian Studies at the
2131:
3048:
42:
1333:
977:
2622:
424:. In the beating the bark is made thinner and spread out to a width of about 25 cm (9.8 in). This phase of the work is called
1231:
Meurant, Georges, and Thompson, Robert Farris, "Mbuti Design: Paintings by Pygmy Women of the Ituri Forest", Thames & Hudson, 1996.
1280:
1265:
1253:
2282:
1045:
3199:
2247:
277:, endemic to Oceania, and probably the one originally used to make tapa. Somewhere in history, during the voyages of migration the
3020:
2353:
2103:
2060:
2001:
299:). The bark of this tree is much better to use, and put the use of the dye-fig into oblivion. Only its name remained in Fiji.
3270:
3238:
2770:
2654:
1029:
933:
2896:
2745:
826:
636:
paint are always brown, but the latter is much darker. Black is not used in Tonga, although it is characteristic for Fiji.
807:
A catalogue of the different specimens of cloth collected in the three voyages of Captain Cook, to the Southern Hemisphere
1222:
Aldridge, Richard and Hamson, Michael, "Art of the Massim & Collingwood Bay", Michael Hamson, Palos Verdes, CA, 2009.
1159:
353:
192:
This tapa cloth was made in Papua New Guinea. Tapa can be made from the inner bark of paper mulberry or breadfruit trees.
655:) from one to as many as needed for the whole length. When a smaller piece of ngatu is needed, the sheet is cut along a
1626:
344:, or New Zealand flax) instead. By the 1770s, the primary use of tapa cloth was to create a soft, white cloth used for
1237:
Richards, Rhys, "Not Quite Extinct: Melanesian Barkcloth ('Tapa') from Western Solomon Islands", Paremata Press, 2005.
3295:
2287:
2146:
76:
3204:
3063:
2021:
1621:
1594:
1326:
616:
seeds). The women will accentuate the faintly visible marks with some more generous paint, this time made from the
390:. The bark consists of two layers; the outer bark is scraped or split off from the inner bark. This work is called
2921:
2730:
1541:
1076:
220:, and here it is of great social importance to the islanders, often being given as gifts. In Samoa, it is called
461:
When the strips are thin enough, several are taken and beaten together into a large sheet. Some starch from the
216:
is international and understood throughout the islands that use the cloth. In Tonga, the same cloth is known as
2459:
2416:
2297:
1683:
1342:
589:
The tapa sheet is put over the drum and the women rub with force a dabber with some brown paint (made from the
3214:
2572:
2315:
2257:
2237:
2209:
2166:
1518:
1197:
Brigham, William Tufts, “Ka hana kapa, making of bark-cloth in Hawaii”, Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press, 1911.
3285:
3275:
3174:
3154:
3126:
3083:
2567:
2176:
1729:
1127:
3290:
3250:
3093:
3013:
2522:
2346:
2277:
2232:
2096:
1693:
1668:
1319:
1673:
3242:
3194:
3149:
2795:
2272:
2252:
1829:
1536:
1219:
Winter, Joan G., "Talking Tapa: Pasifika Bark Cloth in Queensland", Keeaira Press, Southport QLD, 2009.
133:
1554:
3300:
3280:
3246:
3189:
2735:
2664:
2582:
2406:
2028:
1957:
1370:
922:
Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Regnault, Claire; Rice, Rebecca; Awa, Isaac Te; Yates, Rachel A. (2023-11-01).
1809:
737:
Kapa (tapa cloth), pre-1890, Hawaii (The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Massachusetts)
647:
too are made to the size that they will fit in the divisions thus made. Such a division is known as
2684:
2156:
2053:
1972:
1882:
1549:
349:
58:
1240:
Goldman, Irving, "The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon", University of Illinois Press, 1979.
3073:
2976:
2577:
2376:
2016:
1769:
1207:
295:
1375:
1216:
Neich, Roger and Pendergrast, Mick, "Pacific Tapa", University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1997.
89:
3234:
3006:
2832:
2632:
2587:
2339:
2126:
2089:
1718:
1641:
1513:
876:
3305:
3043:
2971:
2765:
2441:
2362:
2141:
1942:
1789:
1713:
1708:
1587:
1427:
561:(in Tonga). To paint it, the sheets are put over a huge wooden drum covered with stencils or
516:(meaning five-sheet, because the sheet is five squares), and the 30 m pieces are called
20:
1849:
1410:
485:. It then consists of two layers of strips in perpendicular direction, the upper one called
3058:
2961:
2837:
2775:
2755:
2740:
2637:
2517:
2292:
2191:
2112:
1305:
952:
Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania
8:
3209:
3108:
3029:
2617:
2431:
2421:
2327:
2267:
2186:
1723:
1616:
1286:
3184:
3103:
2790:
2780:
2714:
2669:
2612:
2464:
2386:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
1703:
1658:
1508:
994:
904:
596:
2750:
473:
may be rubbed on places which are unwilling to stick. This part of the work is called
3230:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3068:
2916:
2602:
2262:
2214:
2136:
2070:
2048:
2036:
1952:
1922:
1636:
1576:
1275:
1053:
1025:
986:
929:
908:
896:
623:
345:
1566:
1104:
972:
50:
3179:
3131:
3053:
2966:
2866:
2785:
2709:
2694:
1887:
1688:
1631:
1608:
1571:
1155:
1002:
888:
857:
536:
523:
167:
153:
93:
Wedding Tapa, 19th century, from the collection of Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1794:
1646:
1503:
949:
Chitham, Karl; Māhina-Tuai, Kolokesa U.; Skinner, Damian Hugh, eds. (2019-01-01).
500:, is used to trim the edges, and the pieces fallen off in this process are called
2936:
2847:
2704:
2689:
2011:
1977:
1947:
1814:
1581:
1405:
1365:
1300:
796:
791:
272:
183:
137:
54:
2891:
1311:
327:
2951:
2871:
2699:
2674:
2659:
2627:
1982:
1819:
1774:
1678:
1498:
1295:
340:
290:
2642:
1743:
892:
3264:
2881:
2649:
2597:
2592:
1390:
990:
900:
188:
141:
109:
410:
2906:
1937:
1932:
1844:
1493:
1422:
1380:
1357:
1243:
Arbeit, Wendy, "Tapa in Tonga", University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1995.
463:
209:
205:
129:
1006:
306:
Tapa can be decorated by rubbing, stamping, stencilling, smoking (Fijian:
2986:
2926:
2901:
2607:
2041:
1892:
1417:
1291:
1269:
255:
145:
1872:
1447:
998:
2842:
1698:
751:
Masi (tapa cloth), 1800s, Fiji (Neiman Marcus Art Collection, Honolulu)
1437:
861:
2956:
2817:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2679:
1917:
1663:
1483:
1287:
Tapa in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1210:, “The fabrics of Hawaii (bark cloth)”, Leigh-on-Sea, F. Lewis, 1975.
801:
780:
639:
It is customary that during the paint process lines are drawn on the
171:
105:
2981:
2941:
2760:
1779:
1750:
1653:
1602:
1467:
1395:
612:
1462:
2946:
2911:
2861:
2852:
1967:
1902:
1804:
1737:
1432:
768:
763:
469:
455:
149:
2876:
1962:
1912:
1457:
1351:
List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
785:
369:
315:
235:
201:
157:
2812:
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
831:
Charting the Land on the Ocean: Pacific Exploration, 1520–1876
577:
2931:
2886:
1856:
1839:
1824:
1442:
1128:"Cultural Change in Tongan Bark-Cloth Manufacture, MA Thesis"
723:
Siapo mamanu (tapa cloth), 1890s, Samoa (Te Papa, Wellington)
379:
364:
117:
113:
402:, is left-over. It is dried in the sun before being soaked.
1927:
1907:
1897:
1877:
1834:
1799:
1784:
1488:
1400:
1385:
643:
along the width every 45 cm (18 in) or more. The
286:
239:
230:
170:
it has nearly disappeared, except for some villages in the
162:
125:
121:
450:
405:
16:
Barkcloth made in the island cultures of the Pacific Ocean
1560:
1202:
Critical essays: Cultural perspectives from the Southseas
948:
921:
504:. When the white fetaʻaki is smoked brown, it is called
950:
923:
856:. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Library.
526:(1896) described the fabrication of tapa as follows:
394:. The outer bark is discarded; the inner bark, named
973:"New Zealand Maori Barkcloth and Barkcloth Beaters"
1341:
41:deal primarily with Tonga and do not represent a
3262:
1283:, New Zealand Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs
1301:Tapa Samples from Oro Province—Papua New Guinea
1150:
1148:
265:All these words give some clue to the origin.
3014:
2347:
2097:
1327:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
1308:, Eskenazi Museum of Art, Indiana University
1077:"Crafting Aotearoa: The Ancestry of Te Aute"
1075:Hindin, Nikau Gabrielle (23 November 2019).
978:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum
970:
757:
1188:Hiapo: past and present in Niuean Barkcloth
1145:
454:Ready to rub the koka onto the fetaʻaki in
416:After this, the bark is beaten on a wooden
3021:
3007:
2354:
2340:
2104:
2090:
1334:
1320:
553:is almost always painted. It then becomes
481:and the resulting sheet of tapa is called
2361:
1190:Dunedin, University of Otago Press, 2005.
314:easily blown apart, but on the low coral
250:. In the Pitcairn islands it was called '
246:and in other Fijian islands it is called
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
2111:
1125:
1019:
576:
449:
404:
363:
187:
88:
3028:
1099:
1097:
966:
964:
962:
3263:
1154:
1074:
925:Flora: Celebrating our Botanical World
874:
3002:
2335:
2085:
1489:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
1315:
368:Stripping the bark from the trees in
269:could mean the (bark of the) dye-fig
3229:For other topics including Oceanian
1622:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
1306:TAPA Unwrapping Polynesian Barkcloth
1133:. University of Auckland. p. 32
1094:
959:
851:
651:and they are numbered (on the blank
610:ground and with a brush (made from
601:over the sheet. This work is called
25:
605:. Where they rub over a rib of the
330:settlers created clothing from the
13:
2568:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
1180:
420:anvil using wooden mallets called
386:long. The wood left-over is named
14:
3317:
1262:, The History of Mankind - Ratzel
1247:
875:Eiland, Murray Lee (2007-07-25).
409:A break from beating the tapa in
326:In New Zealand, presumably early
2022:World Invitational Hula Festival
743:
729:
715:
581:A Tongan woman accentuating the
512:15 meter pieces are called
30:
1542:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
1256:, Quilters' Muse Virtual Museum
1119:
1046:"Aute: Making Māori Tapa Cloth"
877:"Felting Between East and West"
3049:Federated States of Micronesia
2932:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
2623:Federated States of Micronesia
2382:Federated States of Micronesia
2132:Federated States of Micronesia
1627:Federated States of Micronesia
1172:– via Inquirewithin.biz.
1068:
1038:
1013:
942:
928:. Te Papa Press. p. 101.
915:
868:
845:
819:
788:, Fijian barkcloth headscarves
496:A knife or sharp shell, named
359:
354:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
285:was introduced from Southeast
238:, a Polynesian island part of
1:
1343:Culture of indigenous Oceania
691:or double of that again, the
683:. Less common are the double
262:. It is also known as tapia.
228:. In Hawaiʻi, it is known as
3271:History of Oceanian clothing
2771:Oceanian legendary creatures
1126:Tamahori, Maxine J. (1963).
812:
184:Barkcloth § Austronesia
7:
3251:Category:Culture of Oceania
774:
544:
108:made in the islands of the
53:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3322:
2853:Chatham Islander (Moriori
1751:Weriyeng navigation school
705:
698:These are the traditional
181:
177:
18:
3227:
3140:
3117:
3036:
2995:
2825:
2804:
2723:
2560:
2473:
2450:
2369:
2326:
2310:
2223:
2200:
2119:
2078:
2069:
1991:
1865:
1762:
1595:traditions and ceremonies
1527:
1476:
1356:
1349:
1254:Bark Cloth − Then and Now
1020:Tamarapa, Awhina (2011).
893:10.1080/08949460701424163
758:Notable tapa craftspeople
3296:Samoan words and phrases
3200:Northern Mariana Islands
2655:Northern Mariana Islands
2533:Northern Mariana Islands
2283:Northern Mariana Islands
2054:Festival of Pacific Arts
1260:Bark Cloth - Tapa - Mats
350:Experimental archaeology
3165:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2498:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2248:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2017:Merrie Monarch Festival
1208:Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois
1186:Pule, J and Thomas, N.
1164:. London, UK: MacMillan
443:, beats the end of the
332:Broussonetia papyrifera
296:Broussonetia papyrifera
124:, but as far afield as
2977:Torres Strait Islander
2363:Literature of Oceania
1719:Micronesian Navigation
1161:The History of Mankind
1107:. eua-island-tonga.com
711:Examples of Tapa Cloth
586:
542:
458:
413:
372:
193:
94:
3143:and other territories
2947:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
2833:Indigenous Australian
2731:Australian Aboriginal
2476:and other territories
2226:and other territories
2113:Languages of Oceania
1714:Polynesian Navigation
1694:Torres Strait Islands
971:Neich, Roger (1996).
852:Kerr, Donald (2015).
833:. University of Otago
827:"Cook's First Voyage"
580:
528:
477:, the glue is called
453:
408:
367:
191:
92:
3030:Religion in Oceania
2962:Taiwanese aborigines
2316:Languages of Oceania
224:, and in Niue it is
160:(where it is called
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3286:Polynesian clothing
3276:Indigenous textiles
3235:indigenous currency
1514:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
1050:New Zealand Society
881:Visual Anthropology
659:division. A 4 to 6
447:to set the rhythm.
3291:Polynesian culture
1830:Polynesian sailing
1276:Fijian masi-making
1056:. 17 November 2015
597:Bischofia javanica
587:
489:and the lower one
459:
414:
373:
194:
95:
3258:
3257:
3223:
3222:
3215:Wallis and Futuna
3160:Clipperton Island
3118:Associated states
2715:Wallis and Futuna
2556:
2555:
2548:Wallis and Futuna
2493:Clipperton Island
2451:Associated states
2322:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2298:Wallis and Futuna
2243:Clipperton Island
2201:Associated states
2049:Pacific Community
2037:Pasifika Festival
1770:Aboriginal dugout
1709:Wallis and Futuna
1156:Ratzel, Friedrich
1054:Radio New Zealand
1031:978-1-877385-56-8
1024:. Te Papa Press.
935:978-1-9911509-1-2
624:Rhizophora mangle
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
3313:
3301:Culture of Tonga
3281:Nonwoven fabrics
3205:Pitcairn Islands
3175:French Polynesia
3155:Christmas Island
3084:Papua New Guinea
3064:Marshall Islands
3037:Sovereign states
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2917:Norfolk Islander
2862:Fijian (iTaukei)
2665:Papua New Guinea
2538:Pitcairn Islands
2508:French Polynesia
2488:Christmas Island
2417:Papua New Guinea
2397:Marshall Islands
2370:Sovereign states
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2288:Pitcairn Islands
2258:French Polynesia
2238:Christmas Island
2167:Papua New Guinea
2147:Marshall Islands
2120:Sovereign states
2106:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2061:Papua New Guinea
1724:Marshall Islands
1674:Pitcairn Islands
1669:Papua New Guinea
1609:Lomilomi massage
1555:Caroline Islands
1428:Papua New Guinea
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1011:
1010:
968:
957:
956:
946:
940:
939:
919:
913:
912:
872:
866:
865:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
747:
733:
719:
667:. An 8-piece is
663:piece is called
537:Friedrich Ratzel
168:French Polynesia
154:Papua New Guinea
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
34:
33:
26:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3219:
3142:
3136:
3119:
3113:
3094:Solomon Islands
3032:
3027:
2991:
2821:
2800:
2719:
2685:Solomon Islands
2552:
2475:
2469:
2452:
2446:
2427:Solomon Islands
2365:
2360:
2318:
2302:
2225:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2177:Solomon Islands
2115:
2110:
2065:
2012:Aloha Festivals
1987:
1861:
1820:Paopao (Tuvalu)
1810:Māori migration
1758:
1730:Stick charts of
1684:Solomon Islands
1567:Chatham Islands
1529:
1523:
1472:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1250:
1183:
1181:General sources
1178:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1014:
969:
960:
947:
943:
936:
920:
916:
873:
869:
850:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
815:
777:
760:
753:
752:
748:
739:
738:
734:
725:
724:
720:
708:
620:, the mangrove
547:
362:
273:Ficus tinctoria
242:, it is called
186:
180:
138:Solomon Islands
112:, primarily in
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Norfolk Island
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:American Samoa
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3120:of New Zealand
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Norfolk Island
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:American Samoa
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2453:of New Zealand
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Norfolk Island
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:American Samoa
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2203:of New Zealand
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:Garma Festival
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Alingano Maisu
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Norfolk Island
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1296:artistic media
1289:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1248:External links
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1144:
1118:
1093:
1067:
1037:
1030:
1012:
958:
941:
934:
914:
887:(4): 263–283.
867:
844:
817:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
776:
773:
772:
771:
766:
759:
756:
755:
754:
750:
749:
742:
740:
736:
735:
728:
726:
722:
721:
714:
712:
707:
704:
681:toka hongofulu
546:
543:
541:
540:
361:
358:
341:Phormium tenax
291:paper mulberry
179:
176:
85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3318:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:New Caledonia
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Easter Island
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:New Caledonia
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Easter Island
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:New Caledonia
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Easter Island
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:New Caledonia
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Easter Island
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Dugout (boat)
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:New Caledonia
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Easter Island
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:Geo-specific,
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:Broad culture
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:Tapa in Tonga
1279:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1105:"TAPA MAKING"
1100:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
967:
965:
963:
955:. p. 10.
954:
953:
945:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
848:
832:
828:
822:
818:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
746:
741:
732:
727:
718:
713:
710:
709:
703:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:, while a 10
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
625:
619:
615:
614:
608:
604:
600:
598:
592:
584:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
538:
534:
533:
532:
527:
525:
521:
519:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
376:
371:
366:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
317:
311:
309:
304:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:Pacific Ocean
107:
103:
99:
91:
81:
78:
70:
67:February 2022
60:
56:
52:
46:
44:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3306:Fiber plants
3141:Dependencies
3127:Cook Islands
2838:Austronesian
2583:Cook Islands
2474:Dependencies
2460:Cook Islands
2224:Dependencies
2210:Cook Islands
2033:New Zealand
1888:fire dancing
1749:
1742:
1728:
1607:
1593:
1586:
1572:Cook Islands
1558:
1519:Wood carving
1494:Kava culture
1452:
1381:Cook Islands
1201:
1200:ʻI.F. Helu;
1187:
1166:. Retrieved
1160:
1135:. Retrieved
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1022:Māori Cloaks
1021:
1015:
982:
976:
951:
944:
924:
917:
884:
880:
870:
853:
847:
835:. Retrieved
830:
821:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:is known as
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
633:
629:
621:
617:
611:
606:
602:
594:
590:
588:
582:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
548:
529:
522:
517:
513:
510:
505:
501:
497:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
462:
460:
444:
440:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
377:
374:
339:
335:
331:
325:
321:
312:
307:
305:
300:
294:
282:
278:
270:
266:
264:
259:
251:
247:
243:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:Captain Cook
206:Cook Islands
197:
195:
161:
130:Cook Islands
101:
97:
96:
73:
64:
40:
3074:New Zealand
2907:Micronesian
2897:Marshallese
2766:Micronesian
2638:New Zealand
2578:Austronesia
2407:New Zealand
2311:by category
2157:New Zealand
2042:Te Matatini
1893:firewalking
1642:New Zealand
1588:Lau Islands
1550:Austronesia
1418:nguzu nguzu
1406:New Zealand
1376:Austronesia
1270:Kew Gardens
1168:30 November
1137:25 December
1111:25 December
985:: 111–158.
360:Fabrication
256:New Zealand
146:New Zealand
100:(or simply
3265:Categories
2927:Polynesian
2902:Melanesian
2843:Sama-Bajau
2776:Polynesian
2756:Melanesian
2741:Mangarevan
2618:Micronesia
2328:Literature
1998:Australia
1744:navigation
1292:Tapa Cloth
1266:Bark Cloth
862:10523/4573
487:lauʻolunga
411:Nukuʻalofa
308:masi kuvui
182:See also:
98:Tapa cloth
3044:Australia
2967:Tokelauan
2796:Vanuatuan
2724:Mythology
2680:Slit drum
2670:Polynesia
2613:Melanesia
2573:Australia
2377:Australia
2127:Australia
2071:Languages
1992:Festivals
1918:kapa haka
1815:Outrigger
1537:Australia
1509:Polynesia
1484:areca nut
1371:Australia
1081:E-Tangata
1007:Q58677501
991:0067-0464
909:144540499
901:0894-9468
813:Citations
802:Lava-lava
781:Barkcloth
675:piece of
518:lautefuhi
254:, and in
196:The word
172:Marquesas
106:barkcloth
55:talk page
3243:folklore
3059:Kiribati
2996:Religion
2982:Visayans
2957:Tahitian
2937:Rapa Nui
2867:Hawaiian
2848:Chamorro
2805:Research
2791:Tuvaluan
2781:Rapa Nui
2761:Menehune
2603:Kiribati
2392:Kiribati
2142:Kiribati
2008:Hawaiʻi
1983:'upa'upa
1923:Kiribati
1873:ʻAparima
1795:Hōkūleʻa
1617:Kiribati
1468:tivaevae
1448:taʻovala
1396:magimagi
1158:(1896).
1003:Wikidata
999:42906461
792:Lacebark
775:See also
693:fātuvalu
687:, named
673:langanga
665:folaʻosi
661:langanga
657:langanga
649:langanga
613:Pandanus
551:fetaʻaki
545:Painting
539:, (1896)
502:papanaki
483:fetaʻaki
475:ʻopoʻopo
441:tukipotu
388:mokofute
208:, where
204:and the
200:is from
49:You may
3247:cuisine
3210:Tokelau
3109:Vanuatu
2952:Tagalog
2942:Rotuman
2912:Negrito
2882:Ivatans
2872:Ilocano
2857:Rekohu)
2710:Vanuatu
2695:Tokelau
2543:Tokelau
2442:Vanuatu
2293:Tokelau
2192:Vanuatu
2079:by area
1968:tautoga
1903:hivinau
1805:Karakoa
1704:Vanuatu
1530:general
1438:tā moko
1433:reimiro
1423:Oceania
1272:webpage
1086:Aug 31,
1060:Aug 31,
769:Teraura
764:Mauatua
706:Gallery
628:. Both
514:launima
491:laulalo
470:manioke
434:tā-tuʻa
400:loututu
346:fillets
178:General
150:Vanuatu
104:) is a
3249:, see
3231:cinema
3185:Hawaii
3104:Tuvalu
2972:Tongan
2922:Papuan
2877:Igorot
2826:People
2786:Samoan
2736:Fijian
2705:Tuvalu
2690:Tahiti
2518:Hawaii
2437:Tuvalu
2268:Hawaii
2187:Tuvalu
1978:Tuvalu
1963:tāmūrē
1958:Tahiti
1948:Rotuma
1938:pa'o'a
1933:'ote'a
1913:kailao
1780:Bangka
1763:Canoes
1699:Tuvalu
1499:Lapita
1458:tattoo
1204:; 1999
1028:
1005:
997:
989:
932:
907:
899:
837:3 June
786:I-sala
689:fātufā
685:fātuua
669:fātuua
645:kupesi
607:kupesi
603:tataʻi
585:design
583:kupesi
571:kupesi
563:kupesi
524:Ratzel
464:kumala
392:haʻalo
370:Nomuka
316:atolls
293:tree (
289:, the
236:Rotuma
202:Tahiti
166:). In
158:Hawaii
134:Futuna
3239:dress
3099:Tonga
3089:Samoa
3079:Palau
3069:Nauru
2892:Māori
2887:Lumad
2751:Māori
2746:Maohi
2700:Tonga
2675:Sāmoa
2660:Palau
2643:Māori
2628:Nauru
2561:Music
2432:Tonga
2422:Samoa
2412:Palau
2402:Nauru
2182:Tonga
2172:Samoa
2162:Palau
2152:Nauru
1973:Tonga
1866:Dance
1857:Walap
1840:Vinta
1825:Paraw
1689:Tonga
1679:Sāmoa
1664:Palau
1647:Māori
1632:Nauru
1504:Māori
1463:tēfui
1453:tapa
1443:tabua
1411:Māori
1194:1966.
1131:(PDF)
995:JSTOR
905:S2CID
797:Lamba
700:ngatu
677:ngatu
641:ngatu
634:tongo
618:tongo
593:tree
567:upeti
555:ngatu
467:, or
445:tutua
430:tutua
418:tutua
383:hiapo
380:Tonga
328:Māori
283:siapo
279:hiapo
234:. In
226:hiapo
222:siapo
218:ngatu
118:Samoa
114:Tonga
57:, or
3245:and
3180:Guam
3132:Niue
3054:Fiji
2987:Yami
2650:Niue
2608:Lali
2598:Guam
2593:Fiji
2513:Guam
2465:Niue
2387:Fiji
2263:Guam
2215:Niue
2137:Fiji
2029:Fiji
1953:siva
1928:meke
1908:hula
1898:haka
1883:fara
1878:cibi
1850:list
1845:Waka
1835:Proa
1800:Kaep
1785:Drua
1654:Niue
1603:Guam
1582:Fiji
1401:moai
1170:2009
1139:2020
1113:2020
1088:2024
1062:2024
1026:ISBN
987:ISSN
930:ISBN
897:ISSN
839:2015
653:tapa
632:and
630:koka
591:koka
559:tapa
549:The
506:sala
498:mutu
456:ʻEua
428:(or
426:tutu
396:tutu
336:aute
301:Tapa
287:Asia
267:Masi
260:aute
248:masi
244:ʻuha
240:Fiji
231:kapa
214:tapa
198:tapa
163:kapa
156:and
142:Java
126:Niue
122:Fiji
120:and
102:tapa
21:Tapa
1943:poi
1738:Yap
1561:Pwo
1391:Lei
1366:Ahu
1358:Art
1294:as
889:doi
858:hdl
479:tou
436:).
422:ike
398:or
378:In
281:or
258:as
252:ahu
3267::
3241:,
3237:,
3233:,
2855:or
1557:,
1268:,
1147:^
1096:^
1079:.
1052:.
1048:.
1001:.
993:.
983:33
981:.
975:.
961:^
903:.
895:.
885:20
883:.
879:.
829:.
695:.
599:))
535:—
520:.
508:.
493:.
356:.
174:.
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
116:,
3253:.
3022:e
3015:t
3008:v
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
2105:e
2098:t
2091:v
1559:-
1544:)
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
1141:.
1115:.
1090:.
1064:.
1034:.
1009:.
938:.
911:.
891::
864:.
860::
841:.
626:)
622:(
595:(
565:(
334:(
275:)
271:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
47:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_LACMA_M.2010.160.jpg)
