Tanana Athabaskans

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of potlatches in establishing friendly ties with outside groups has already been discussed: marriages and trade partnerships often grew out of association at a potlatch. The potlatch usually lasted for a week. The most elaborate of Athabaskan potlatches was the funeral potlatch (or memorial potlatch, mortuary potlatch). The funeral potlatch marks the separation of the deceased from the world and is the last public expression of grief. Memorial potlatches are held by family members of a deceased person one year after the death. It is a mourning opportunity as well as one to honor the deceased. Other potlatches were held to demonstrate the wealth, prosperity, or luck of a person: the more potlatches, the greater the wealth. Fresh moose meat is essential to the Athabaskan funeral potlatch. Today, the most well-known potlatch is Nuchalawoyya Potlatch of the Native Village of Tanana. Archaeological evidence of potlatching is found at the 1000-year-old Pickupsticks site near Shaw Creek in the Middle Tanana Valley.

2688:. The animistic belief system common to all Alaskan Athabaskan groups might be briefly characterized as follows: All creatures and some inanimate objects had spirits, which were active and powerful components of those creatures. The spirits enabled an animal to know more than was immediately apparent to him. Thus, if human beings did something that displeased the animal's spirit, the animal itself would remain aloof from the people, and the people might starve. There were very definite rules that people had to follow when dealing with animals based on this belief in animal spirits. 358: 44: 164: 2624:) as a food source. They boil the berries with sugar and flour to thicken; eat the raw berries, either plain or mixing them with sugar, grease, or the combination of the two; fry them in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs; or make them into pies, jam, and jelly. They also preserve the berries alone or in grease and store them in a birchbark basket in an underground cache or freeze them. They also use them in their traditional medicine, eating the berries or using the juice of the berries for colds, coughs, and sore throats. 2923:. One recipe for Indian ice cream consisted of dried and pulverized tenderloin that was blended with moose grease in a birch bark container until the mixture was light and fluffy. In addition, Alaskan Athabaskan communities also create songs for performances at potlatches, such as dance songs, potlatch songs, and mourning songs. Within stories and embedded in fragments of folklore, old shamanic songs are also partially remembered; they are called "ice‐cream songs" because they used to be sung during the preparation of 1292:, the traditional life ways of local Athabaskan groups were disrupted. Access to trade goods and the development of the fur trade not only affected traditional material culture but also began to dramatically affect subsistence activities and settlement patterns. Similarly, the arrival of missionaries in the Alaskan Interior profoundly influenced traditional social organization. The introduction of mission schools for Native children and the doctrine of new religious beliefs contributed to an erosion of 2501:). Fishing at Mansfield Lake and Fish Creek for whitefish, pike, and grayling began in the late spring and continued until mid-July. It was a major harvest activity and whitefish, a perennially reliable food source, was especially important. All band members except the very young children assisted in harvesting and processing the catch. The spring fish harvest provided a welcome dietary change after a long winter of eating mostly dried fish and meat. Fish not eaten fresh were processed and dried on 2213:) is the other most important food animal for Tanana Athabaskans. The most common resource harvesting activity among Lower Tanana Athabaskan bands, Moose hunting is always a popular activity in modern Athabaskan communities because of the meat's economic value and a food preference for large game. Moose hunting in the fall was either an individual pursuit or a group activity. Moose meat was eaten fresh or preserved. The Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band of Tanacross employed several methods to hunt 1113: 39: 2338: 2728:(who lived for extended periods in Alaskan Athabaskan villages), Athabaskan traditions teach that everything in nature is fundamentally spiritual and must be treated with respect. This includes not only avoiding waste but also following an elaborate code of morality toward plants, animals, and the earth itself. For example, if an Upper Tanana man kills a wolf, he should never touch it until he formally apologizes and explains that his family needs it. 1109:

training lands. The Athabaskan Tradition includes late prehistoric and proto-historic cultures generally believed to be the ancestors of Athabascan tribes who currently inhabit Interior Alaska. Excavated Athabaskan sites are rare, but the limited body of evidence allows for several generalizations. Athabascan settlement patterns depended greatly on the availability of subsistence resources, and Interior bands lived a nomadic lifestyle.

1314: 2168:). It was the most important food animal in the Upper Tanana before the coming of the non-natives and the resultant disintegration of the original nomadic patterns. Now, the economic life of the Upper Tanana centers around it. Not only does the animal constitute the source of food for the natives and their dogs, but it also supplies the material for their clothing, shelters, and boats, as well as netting for their 314: 2981:). When non-Native fur traders and explorers first traveled the Yukon River and other interior regions in the mid-19th century, they also observed that a few Athabascan groups, including the Koyukon, Deg Hit'an, and Holikachuk, used dog sleds. The Athabascans had probably learned the technique from their Iñupiat or Yup'ik Eskimo neighbors. The Gwich'in, Tanana, Ahtna, and others pulled their 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2061: 2052: 2011: 2002: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1841: 1832: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1638: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1531: 1522: 1513: 2720:

a half-man, half-animal being. Spirits were influential in the activities of the living and in guiding the dead to their final resting place. Athabaskan shamans guarded people against the effects of bad spirits. The shaman also diagnosed various illnesses and restored the health of those harmed by bad spirits. The shaman could also provide the valuable service of

2747:) are animistic and forbidden. In addition to adhering to a code of behavior, people observed a variety of taboos designed to prevent misfortune or bad luck. Many of these taboos were associated with hunting or some other aspect of the food-gathering process, thus underscoring the importance of these activities for the survival of the group. 3316:). On the broad cultural profile factors of regional environment, land use and occupancy, and social organization, Southern Athabaskans (Dena'ina and Ahtna) life more closely resembled the other southern Native societies. In the North, the life of the Interior Athabaskans more closely resembled other northern Native societies. 2870:

tradition. Old-time stories are known in many Northern Athabaskan languages under several different labels. They are set in mythical times when animals and humans could still communicate. Traditionally, stories were told in the evenings in winter in a group setting and were told to educate the young.

2719:

practices included omens, charms, amulets, songs, taboos, and beliefs about the supernatural. Beliefs and practices were associated with certain animals, and many centered on hunting. Animal spirits appear to have predominated Tanana spiritual life. They believed that an evil spirit was manifested in

2775:

may not be fed to the dogs; to do so would bring the hunter poor luck. Neither the bones nor the carcasses of fur-bearing animals may be fed to dogs and must be cached in a safe place. Should the dogs get them, the hunter will take no more fur. Women of childbearing age did not eat bears (Grizzly or

1422:

is often a rare commodity in foraging economies because of a lack of employment opportunities or perceived conflicts in the demands of wage employment and subsistence harvesting activities. The primary use of wild resources is domestic. Wild resource use in many Athabaskan villages is overwhelmingly

2857:

among Athabaskan peoples. This was one event at which people from different local and even regional bands met. The several regional bands attending a potlatch might have spoken slightly different dialects, which were nonetheless close enough to each other to be mutually intelligible. The importance

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and other traditional practices. After the Alaska Purchase in 1867, most of the Koyukon were converted by either Catholic or Protestant denominations. And by 1900, virtually all Alaskan Athabaskans were Christians, at least by name if not entirely by practice. An influenza epidemic in 1920 claimed

1108:

or "Copper Indians") was available and used in addition to the traditional material types to manufacture tools such as knives, projectile points, awls, ornaments, and axes. A late prehistoric Athabaskan occupation is recognized at several sites in and around U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Wainwright's

1075:

region) in northern Alaska. Notched point assemblages occur in many sites in Interior Alaska, including over one dozen on the U.S. Army's Fort Wainwright lands. Several sites, including the excavated Banjo Lake site in Donnelly Training Area, have also produced middle Holocene dates from hearth

1066:

The Northern Archaic tradition flourished 6,000–1,000 years ago. Site density increased again after about 6,000 years ago in Interior Alaska. This population increase coincides roughly with the Northern Archaic Tradition and the appearance of side-notched projectile points. Douglas D. Anderson

1271:

contact in Interior Alaska in the early 19th century, trade influences and influxes of new populations began to change life in the region. Land use patterns shifted from traditional indigenous uses to activities based on Euro-American economic and political systems. As Euro-American

376:

The homeland of the Tanana Athabaskan people can be generally divided into four distinct sections. 1) the Yukon Tanana upland draining to the Tanana River, 2) the Northway-Tanacross Lowlands, 3) the Eastern Alaskan range draining into the Tanana River, and 4) the Northern foothills.

2138:

Hunting was associated with seasonal movements along trails and frozen rivers, particularly as bands moved between rivers and uplands. The primary hunting animals for Tanana Athabaskans are big animals (caribou, moose, and wild sheep). The most valuable hunting animal is the

1043:

was first discovered in 2006) in Interior Alaska near the Tanana River east of Fairbanks are the oldest human remains ever found in the North American Arctic and Subarctic, and among the oldest discovered on the entire continent, according to researchers with the

3503:

Holton, Gary. 2010. Behind the Map: The reification of indigenous language boundaries in Alaska. Working Papers in Athabaskan Languages, ed. by S. Tuttle & J. Spence, 75–87. (Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers 8). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language

1096:, and a broad array of cultural items, much has been learned about Athabaskan culture and history in the region. Artifacts associated with the Athabaskan culture are exceptionally diverse and include bone and antler projectile points, fishhooks, beads, buttons, 1019:

The Denali complex, dated roughly to 10,500 to 8,000 years ago, was originally defined by F. H West. Some Denali Complex archaeological sites: Mt. Hayes, Swan Point, and Gerstle River. Both Nenana and Denali technology persist in central Alaska throughout the

427:). In the winter, the regional band might split up into smaller units, called local bands, each one made up of perhaps four nuclear families. The regional band might meet again at a predetermined place and time in mid-winter for a gathering ceremony called a 1222:(of Gwich'in homeland) in 1847. Trade goods from these posts may have passed to Lower and Upper Tanana Athabaskans through intra-Native trade networks. Direct contact between Tanana Athabaskans and white traders increased after the 1860s. With the U.S. 1378:

and this ecoregion forms are rounded mountains and hills located between the Yukon and Tanana Rivers and spanning the Alaska-Yukon Territory border. Native people of the uplands are Tanacross, Tanana, and Hän Athabaskans. Main communities are

935:) to North America. The earliest cultural remains in interior Alaska, as on the coast, are chipped stone blade complexes about 10,000 years old, with close relationships to Siberian materials. In February 2008, a proposal connecting Asiatic 4410:. This is a collection of narratives told by Tetlin Elder Cora David in her native language, Upper Tanana Athabascan. They have been transcribed and translated by Olga Lovick with the help of Cora David, Avis Sam, Roy Sam, and Rosa Brewer. 445:

At the end of the 19th century there were twelve regional bands living in the Tanana Athabaskan homeland: six downriver bands (four Lower Tanana and two Middle Tanana) and six upriver bands (two Tanacross and four Upper Tanana).

306:. The Athabaskans did not have any formal tribal organization. Tanana Athabaskans were strictly territorial and used hunting and gathering practices in their semi-nomadic way of life and dispersed habitation patterns. Each small 3426:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 325. . Only included Upriver Tanana (Tanacross and Upper Tanana) bands, excluded Downriver Tanana (Lower and Middle Tanana) bands. 1402:

who moved seasonally throughout the year within a reasonably well-defined territory to harvest fish, bird, mammal, berry and other renewable resources. The Tanana territories generally is a mosaic of open and closed

2812:

established churches and missions in the area of Tanana Athabaskan beginning in the early 1900s. In 1905, the Episcopal Church, which had missionaries in Alaska, built the St. Mark's Episcopal mission and Tortella

2821:, the Archdeacon of the Yukon, regularly visited the settlement, part of the 250,000 square-acre territory of the Interior he administered. Native Athabaskan children from other communities, such as 2552:, grow in the lowlands. Beginning in late spring and continuing throughout the summer and early fall months, both adults and children gathered a variety of plants and vegetative materials. Fruit and 919:

or Interior Alaska has been continuously inhabited for the last 14,000 ~ 12,000 years, and evidence of this continuum of human (ancestors of the Athabaskans) activity is preserved within and around

1450:) fishing. In Nenana, about one-third of households have a permit. Most (70%) sample households with a permit used. Those with a permit who did not fish commercially did fish for subsistence. 2334:. Men in birchbark canoes quietly approached waterfowl in bays and coves and shot them with bows and arrows. Women and children then caught the birds and collected eggs from their nests. 310:

of 20–40 people normally had a central winter camp with several seasonal hunting and fishing camps, and they moved cyclically, depending on the season and availability of resources.

2375:

Fishing (creek and river) was done near the village sites. The fish, which are domestic and most common, were stored in large subsurface caches. The main economical fish (Tanacross

4113: 1067:

originally defined the Northern Archaic Tradition to specifically address notched point-bearing stratigraphic horizons that did not contain microblades at the Onion Portage site (

4184:

Jones, E. 1986. Koyukon ethnography. Alaska Historical Commission studies in history, No. 17 1. Fairbanks: University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska Native Language Center. 78 p.

2651:

marriage. Individuals in the Tanana society are born into their mother's clan. Their society was and still is composed of eight or nine matrilineal clans that are arranged in

2184:, and snare complexes and was a seasonal activity critical to the survival of the Tanana people. Today, most caribou meat is typically used fresh or frozen for later use. The 3098: 4252:

Guédon, Marie-Françoise 1974. People of Tetlin, why are you singing? No. 9, Mercury Series, National Museum of Man, Ethnology Division, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

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for their snares, cords, and lashings. The caribou hunt occurred in the early summer and mid-summer. Caribou hunting during the fall migration involved the use of fence,

532: 3034: 1088:

flourished 1,300–800 years ago. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Athabaskan culture may have appeared in the Tanana Valley as early as 2,500 years ago. Through

983:

The Nenana complex was defined by W. R. Powers and John F. Hoffecker. The Nenana complex began approximately 11,000 years ago. It is widely regarded as part of the

722: 4534:(Source: Clark 1974:141; Hadleigh West 1963:231; Hosley 1981:537; McKennan 1959:91, 1965:41; Mischler 1995:647; Nelson 1973:170–173; Osgood 1936:27,1940:353-358) 1238:

of Hän people homeland), and Fort Yukon. The Tanana River area has a documented Euroamerican history of less than 130 years, like the Tanana Athabaskan history.

244:(literally 'people of Tanana River'). In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are three or four groups identified by the languages they speak. These are the 971:(12,000–6,000 years ago) is a term now generally used by archaeologists to refer to the earliest settled people known from all over Alaska. In Interior Alaska, 4562: 3412:

Milanowski, Paul G. & John, Alfred. 1979. Nee'aaneegn'/Upper Tanana (Tetlin) Junior Dictionary. Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center.

1431:

is absent. Commercial fishing and trapping patterns are controlled primarily by external factors. The state's limited entry system, operational by 1974 (after

1085: 2330:) were taken opportunistically throughout the year with bow and arrows or with snares and fence-snare arrangements. Ducks and geese were easily captured when 947:

family was published and well received by a number of linguists. The homeland of the Athabaskan languages is northwestern Canada and southern/eastern Alaska.

3082: 689:) area. Neighbors: Delta-Goodpaster band (west), Hän people (north), Ahtna people (south), Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band (west), Healy River-Joseph band (east). 4138:

Park, Mailing Address: Wrangell-St Elias National; Center, Preserve PO Box 439 Mile 106 8 Richardson Highway Copper; Us, AK 99573 Phone:822-5234 Contact.

1230:. Through the 1880s, American traders established several additional posts on the Yukon and Tanana rivers, including locations at Nuklukayet (modern-day 2715:) was the central figure of Athabaskan religious life. The shaman within this culture was the middle man/woman between spirits and the native peoples. 4111:

Delta North to Prudhoe Bay: background report for the archaeological survey along the proposed natural gas pipeline from Delta Junction to Prudhoe Bay

3866: 4390: 4157: 4496: 572:

has been a strong advocate for Middle Tanana, referring to the former language of the Salcha-Goodpaster bands along the middle Tanana River)

4110: 4555: 4264:

Vitt, R. B. 1971. Hunting practices of the Upper Tanana Athapaskans. Department of Anthropology, Thesis (M.A.), University of Alaska.

3478: 3966:

Guy E. Gibbon (general editor) with Kenneth M. Ames et al. 1998. History Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia

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by hand, using dogs solely for hunting and as pack animals. Dogs sometimes were used to drive the moose into the fence and snares.

2941:). Caribou were also pursued individually on snowshoes during winter by hunters using bows and arrows. Athabascan women regularly 2937:

Historically and traditionally, Alaskan Athabaskans use pedestrian transportation; they travel on foot (in winter using birchbark

4278:

McKennan, Robert A. 1959. The Upper Tanana Indians. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, no. 55, New Haven, Connecticut.

568:. Some authors consider the Salcha-Goodpaster dialect of Lower Tanana to be a distinct language known as Middle Tanana. Linguist 2505:

for later consumption. Both fresh and dried fish were cooked in water boiled by placing heated stones into a birch bark basket.

895:), Chisana area (nowadays Northway, Mentasta, Chistochina). Neighbors: Ahtna people (west), other Upper Tanana bands (north), 4575: 4548: 3806: 3783: 3670: 3458: 3010: 2834: 2817:, nowadays Nenana) School a short distance upriver. The boarding school taught about 28 children of various ages at a time. 2784:). Young boys could not eat fat around an animal's eye until adulthood. No animals except dogs could be brought up as pets. 2658:

named Raven (or Crow) and Sea Gull (or Wolf). Marriage was supposed to occur between a man and a woman from opposite clans.

3746: 1068: 769:

area. Neighbors: Healy River-Joseph band (west), Hän people (north), Ahtna people (south), Tetlin-Last Tetlin band (east).

1414:

The economy of Tanana Athabaskans is a mixed cash-subsistence system, like other modern foraging economies in Alaska. The

3157: 3153: 1336: 1167: 1029: 4014:

Bigelow, N.H., and W.R. Powers. 2001. "Climate, Vegetation, and Archaeology 14,000-9000 Cal Yr B.P. In Central Alaska."

3848: 535:

area. Neighbors: Dena'ina people (south), Nenana-Toklat band (west), Minto and Chena bands (north), Salcha band (east).

3953:

Hoffecker, John F., W. R. Powers, and T. Goebel 1993. The colonization of Beringia and the peopling of the New World.

4441: 2920: 4527: 4070:

Anderson, D. D. 1988. "Onion Portage: The Archaeology of a Stratified Site from the Kobuk River, Northwest Alaska."

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West, F.H. 1967. "The Donnelly Ridge Site and the Definition of an Early Core and Blade Complex in Central Alaska."

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made by Athabaskan women. Today, birch bark is used primarily for baskets made for sale and for bark baby carriers.

3396:

Kari, James 1991. Lower Tanana Athabaskan listening and writing exercises. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center

2974: 2809: 1293: 1125:

Ernest S. Burch (1980) defined a four-period scheme reflecting the major historical events and their impact on the

823:). Neighbors: Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band (west), Hän people (north), Ahtna people (south), Lower Nabesna band (east). 1324: 845:). Neighbors: Tetlin-Last Tetlin band (west), Hän people (north), Ahtna people (south), Scottie Creek band (east). 4743: 2342: 1137:(1816–1838) is the earliest contact with natives that can be reckoned from the explorative coastal expedition of 1061: 756: 680: 944: 3940:

Powers, W. R., and John F. Hoffecker 1989. "Late Pleistocene Settlement in the Nenana Valley, Central Alaska."

2685: 1076:

charcoal. The 6,300- to 6,700-year-old dates from Banjo Lake were also associated with a microblade component.

1045: 136: 3927:

Potter, B. A. 2008. "Radiocarbon chronology of Central Alaska: technological continuity and economic change."

1258:

Nukluroyit, Nuclavyette, Nukluklayet, Nukiukahyet, Nuklukait,, Nuklaciyat, Nuklukyat, Noukelakayet, Tuklukyet

1148:(1838–1897) saw far-reaching disruption and change in traditional native subsistence and settlement patterns. 3308:(or Interior Athabaskans), with the exception of the Southern Alaskan Athabaskans (or Southern Athabaskans: 4226:

Seasons out of balance climate change impacts, vulnerability, and sustainable adaptation in Interior Alaska

1428: 3870: 4738: 1456: 4387: 3689:. David Damas, ed. pp 93–114. National Museum of Canada bulletin 228. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 3626: 3465:, edited by L. Jelinek, K. Rice, and L. Saxon. Pp 443–476. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1264:) was a traditional trading settlement for Koyukon and Tanana Athabaskans long before European contact. 896: 864: 4319: 4302:

Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9

3050: 2916: 2900: 2724:, which predicted the location of game when hunting was scarce. According to cultural anthropologist 2537: 1355:

and Lime Hills. Native people of the lowlands are mainly Koyukon, Tanana, and Kuskokwim Athabaskans.

1048:. Discovered in 2013, the remains of the two infants date from 11,500 years ago, near the end of the 3784:

Customary and traditional use worksheet: Chisana Caribou Herd, GMU 12, Upper Tanana–White River Area

2973:) are an ancient and widespread means of transportation for Eskimo peoples (western central Alaskan 4453: 4028: 3371: 3343: 3301: 3130: 3014: 2406: 1183: 1024:. The relationship between the proposed Nenana and Denali complexes is, as of yet, unresolved. The 860: 218: 4237: 4139: 4128:

The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume XXXIII: History of Alaska 1730–1885. San Francisco, 1886

3561: 3445:"Alaska Native Language Center : Alaska Native Languages / Population and Speaker Statistics" 3423: 4540: 4343: 2998: 2725: 2549: 307: 3562:

Upper Tanana ethnographic overview and assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve

3424:

Upper Tanana ethnographic overview and assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve

4632: 4288: 4140:"Human History - Wrangell - St Elias National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" 3642: 3482: 3001:." It is a relatively recent term connected with political recognition by the U.S. government. 1368: 972: 963: 612: 384:, a 91-mile (146 km) tributary of the Tanana River, is considered to be a natural break in the 346: 155: 4484: 4225: 3796: 407:

kinship. The Athabaskans loosely recognized membership in a larger bilateral group called the

4194: 2621: 2486: 2357: 1215: 1156: 1155:(1898–1960) is marked by the abrupt influx of large numbers of non-native peoples during the 1040: 797: 643: 565: 455: 397: 393: 265: 245: 226: 115: 111: 3685:

McKennan, Robert A. 1969. Athabascan grouping and social organization in Central Alaska. In

3608: 3595: 3564:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 325. 2351: 1424: 1033: 951: 236: 188: 4509: 3611:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 149. 3156:

of Tanana Athabaskans were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed the

940: 8: 4584: 4485:

Walking like a porcupine, talking a raven: figurative language in Upper Tanana Athabascan

3598:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 91. 3305: 3066: 2781: 2677: 2279: 1415: 1049: 1000: 936: 908: 856: 428: 184: 150: 20: 4373: 4388:

Guide to Collection: St. Mark's Mission, Nenana, Alaska; "Biographical/Historical Note"

3350: 3309: 3233: 3087: 2454: 2422: 2388: 2240: 1812: 1360: 1219: 1187: 1008: 1004: 928: 664: 647: 522: 491:(west), Nenana-Toklat band (southwest), Wood River band (southeast), Chena band (east). 484: 389: 334: 326: 255: 119: 357: 43: 4468: 4437: 4151: 4029:

Remains of ice-age infants unearthed in Interior Alaska among oldest in North America

3802: 3730: 3700: 3357: 3249: 3103: 2997:

Historically, the Tanana Athabaskan people did not consider themselves as living in "

2880: 2590:) were eaten fresh, preserved for later consumption, or used for medicinal purposes. 2576: 2140: 1808: 1505: 1356: 1328: 975:

historically included two cultural divisions called the Nenana and Denali complexes.

852: 851:— formerly inhabiting the Scottie Creek area (nowadays in Alaska Northway; in Canada 696: 604: 552: 342: 295: 3444: 911:

in Alaska (East Beringia) are where some of the earliest evidence has been found of

163: 3265: 3217: 3119: 3114: 3071: 2915:) is dessert-like dry meat mixed with moose fat and is different from the Canadian 2797: 2716: 2655: 2637: 2305: 2263: 1741: 863:). Neighbors: Lower Nabesna band (west), Hän people (north), Ahtna people (south), 842: 706: 620: 385: 381: 205: 196: 123: 4407: 3667: 2239:) in late summer and early fall in local mountainous areas or as far south as the 1194:(1733–1867), began settling Interior Alaska starting in the 1810s, establishing a 597:(south), Chena band (north), Wood River band (west), Delta-Goodpaster band (east). 4531: 4394: 4117: 3674: 2392: 2362: 1399: 1223: 1191: 920: 916: 888: 880: 830: 616: 555:

area). Neighbors: Gwich'in people (north), Minto band (west), Salcha band (east).

439: 303: 275: 214: 3753: 2800:(for Dena'ina, Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk, Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskans), and 2243:. Dall sheep were a desired source of food and material for clothing and tools. 564:

The Middle Tanana regional bands: (language: extinct (1993) separate dialect of

4679: 4571: 3378: 3331: 3281: 3201: 3188: 3135: 3055: 2978: 2957:) are used in many Athabaskan villages mostly for hunting and as pack animals. 2942: 2793: 2792:

The Interior Athabaskans, for the most part, were contacted and missionized by

2641: 2402: 2367: 2309: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1332: 1298: 1261: 1231: 1199: 1179: 1126: 1072: 996: 988: 924: 820: 488: 404: 322: 279: 3514: 950:

After initial colonization, archaeologists generally divide Interior Alaska's

4732: 4655: 3324: 3183: 3039: 2822: 2516: 2283: 2275: 1388: 1384: 1289: 1268: 1235: 1101: 1025: 992: 984: 912: 884: 838: 508: 474: 470: 287: 52: 4597: 3716: 3404:

Arnold, I. S., G. Holton, and R. Thoman 2009.Tanacross Learnersʼ Dictionary.

590: 330: 4707: 4408:

Yamaagn Teeshyay naadodi xah nahogndak / Yamaagn Teeshay and the Ant People

4100:. M.A. Thesis, Fairbanks: Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska. 3313: 2867: 2818: 2805: 2777: 2752: 2721: 2648: 2510: 2185: 2070: 1593: 1408: 1396: 1352: 1281: 1195: 1105: 1093: 630: 594: 580: 512: 498: 365: 338: 291: 283: 192: 48: 4702: 4520: 3916: 3747:"Ferdinand von Wrangel's 1839 Comparative Word-List of Alaskan languages" 3627:

Athabascans of Interior Alaska: 4th Grade Social Studies Unit: Appendix A

3364: 2617: 2595: 2545: 2502: 2438: 1380: 1364: 1317: 1203: 1175: 1089: 766: 608: 542: 4607: 4602: 3894:, University of Alaska Fairbanks, February 2008, accessed March 30, 2010 349:

is more closely related to the Lower Tanana language, but not neighbor.

4617: 2884: 2772: 2591: 2541: 2214: 1674: 1246: 1138: 1097: 633:(south), Salcha band (north and west), Healy River-Joseph band (east). 569: 361: 299: 4650: 4171: 3459:

Names as Signs: 'Stream' and 'Mountain' in Alaska Athabaskan Languages

2337: 38: 4717: 4057:

Anderson, D.D. 1970. "Microblade Traditions in Northwestern Alaska."

4044:

Anderson, D.D. 1968. "Stone Age Campsite at the Gateway to America."

3891: 2938: 2756: 2652: 2521: 2476: 2247: 1978: 1340: 1285: 1227: 4674: 3794: 3387: 923:'s training lands. Interior Alaska's icefree status during the last 2986: 2958: 2888: 2854: 2801: 2169: 1273: 1039:

Two ice-age infants discovered at an ancient residential campsite (

1021: 290:

lowlands. Traditional Athabaskan land use includes fall hunting of

4570: 3904: 321:

Their neighbors are other Athabaskan-speaking peoples: in Alaska,

4712: 4666: 4660: 4622: 2764: 2681: 2633: 2331: 2267: 2173: 1858: 1313: 1226:

in 1867, control of trading stations and the fur trade passed to

932: 436: 4087:, by J. Helm, p. 120. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 2804:

missionaries (for Gwich'in, Hän, Tanana Athabaskans). Christian

1112: 191:

ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the

4642: 3609:

Living off the land: contemporary subsistence in Tetlin, Alaska

2525: 2271: 2181: 1862: 1404: 432: 313: 92: 4612: 4320:

Alaska Native in traditional times: a cultural profile project

4098:

Salcha: an Athabaskan Band of the Tanana River and its Culture

1256:(lit «the point of the big river peninsula» and historically: 991:. Many Nenana Complex archaeological sites are located in the 454:

The Lower Tanana regional bands: (language: proper dialect of

4697: 4592: 2768: 2760: 2748: 2732: 2553: 2529: 2346: 2255: 2177: 2024: 1432: 1277: 222: 98: 4397:, 2010, State of Alaska Library, accessed September 22, 2013 4374:

An Alaskan Athabascan technique for overcoming alcohol abuse

4083:

Clark, D.W. 1981. "Prehistory of the Western Subarctic." In

3596:

Modern Foragers: Wild resource use in Nenana village, Alaska

2116: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2060: 2051: 2010: 2001: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1840: 1831: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1407:

forests covering the low gradient outwash slope between the

871:

Upper Nabesna-Upper Chisana/Upper Chisana-Upper Nabesna band

646:

in 1839 as Copper River Kolchan) regional bands: (language:

230: 4085:

The Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic, Volume 6

3013:

for Tanana Athabaskans are recognized by the United States

2982: 2644: 2533: 2259: 2251: 1455:

Upper Nabesna–Chisana annual hunting-gathering cycle (<

1419: 1100:

trays, and bone gaming pieces. In the Upper Tanana region,

213:, literally 'trail water') drainage basin in east-central 4274: 4272: 4270: 4238:

Wildlife Action Plan Section IIIB: Alaska's 32 Ecoregions

3867:"Anchorage Museum: Athabascan Indian history and culture" 4215:, by J. Helm. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 1297:

one-fourth of the Lower Tanana Athabaskan population of

225:, Canada. Tanana River Athabaskan peoples are called in 4213:

Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic

3479:"The Map of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska" 2616:) were needed to make baskets, cooking vessels, tools, 879:'among the mountain people') – formerly inhabiting the 4267: 4337: 4260: 4258: 3905:

Alaska Native Language Relationships and Family Trees

3822: 3679: 3653: 3473: 3471: 3381:, members are Tetlin-Last Tetlin band of Upper Tanana 2879:

The arts of the Tanana Athabaskans are classified as

2676:

Historically and traditionally, Tanana and all other

4497:

Alaska Native Art: Tradition, Innovation, Continuity

4470:

Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska

3917:

Classified List of British Columbia Native Languages

3788: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3732:

Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska

3702:

Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska

3621: 3619: 3617: 1411:

and the flats and ridges north of the Tanana River.

1234:

of Koyukon people homeland), Belle Isle (modern-day

642:

The Tanacross (Tanana Crossing; first documented by

525:(south), Minto band (north), Wood River band (east). 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 3637: 3635: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3367:, members are Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band of Tanacross 3360:, members are Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band of Tanacross 3346:, members are Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band of Tanacross 2853:is a mid-winter ceremonial activity of traditional 2574:), edible roots (esp. Indian potato or wild carrot 987:tradition and a likely Beringian progenitor of the 785:('Ketchumstuck people', lit. 'inland area people'). 4255: 4248: 4246: 4131: 4072:Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 3590: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3468: 3353:, members are Healy River-Joseph band of Tanacross 3304:is a traditional tribal consortium of all Central 2962: 2946: 2924: 2904: 2844: 2742: 2710: 2620:, and canoes. The Upper Tanana use lingonberries ( 2599: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2490: 2464: 2458: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2382: 2325: 2313: 2299: 2287: 2234: 2222: 2208: 2193: 2163: 2148: 1036:of Ahtna region) was established 8,000 years ago. 874: 814: 808: 624: 584: 546: 516: 502: 478: 269: 249: 199: 4122: 3771: 3614: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3388:Sources of language materials in Tanana languages 2945:with the help of a baby belt. Dogs (Lower Tanana 1218:(of Ahtna homeland). British traders established 4730: 4510:Language and music in the songs of Minto, Alaska 4359:Paul, David 1957. When Jesus Came to tanacross. 4305: 3632: 3374:, members are Lower Nabesna band of Upper Tanana 3334:, members are Nenana-Toklat band of Lower Tanana 4289:Proposal to name a geographic feature in Alaska 4243: 4187: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3795:Bruce Elliott Johansen; Barry Pritzker (2008). 3560:Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone (2007). 3525: 3422:Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone (2007). 2968: 2952: 2910: 2838: 2736: 2704: 2611: 2605: 2563: 2496: 2480: 2470: 2448: 2432: 2416: 2396: 2376: 2319: 2293: 2228: 2199: 2154: 780: 772: 760: 750: 744: 738: 732: 726: 716: 710: 700: 684: 674: 668: 658: 286:and lived in semi-permanent settlements in the 259: 4325: 3988:West, F.H. 1975. "Dating the Denali Complex." 3567: 2691:Aboriginally and in early historic times, the 2524:being held at around 4,000 feet. Only stunted 2274:) were a valued source of fresh meat. Grouse ( 1351:and this ecoregion forms an arch north of the 841:(lower), Chisana River (lower) area (nowadays 415:), but the more important social unit was the 239: 4556: 3849:Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan 3782:James J. Simon and Caroline L. Brown (2010). 3687:Contributions to Anthropology: Band Societies 3463:Athabaskan Papers in Honor of Robert W. Young 2763:, and dogs must never be eaten. The heads of 2520:) are the dominant trees, with their maximum 1210:) at Taral (Russian Тарал, native Ahtna name 1055: 208: 51:and Lower Tanana Athabaskan fish camp in the 4489: 4350:(Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 1986) 4178: 3854: 796:The Upper Tanana regional bands: (language: 302:, and small terrestrial animals, as well as 4383: 4381: 4218: 4156:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3295: 1339:. Their lands are located in different two 1206:(of Koyukon homeland) and one (in the 1819 629:) area. Neighbors: Hän people (northeast), 4563: 4549: 4109:Jean S. Aigner and Brian L. Gannon (1980) 2586:), and assorted plants (esp. wild rhubarb 1323:The homeland of Tanana Athabaskans is the 1129:(Alaskan Eskimos and Athabaskan peoples): 657:– inhabiting the formerly Joseph Village ( 521:) area. Neighbors: Koyukon people (west), 4346:1986. "Raven's People" in J. Aigner, Ed. 3437: 2636:is based on what is formally known as an 1418:is the main non-monetary economy system. 957: 829:— formerly inhabiting the Northway, Jol, 388:area, separating upriver speakers of the 4378: 4137: 3327:, members are Minto band of Lower Tanana 2671: 2336: 1312: 1111: 954:into three broad archaeological themes: 403:The Tanana Athabaskans have a system of 356: 312: 162: 4502: 4413: 4298: 4296: 3798:Encyclopedia of American Indian history 3090:(Mendees Cheeg - 'shallows mouth lake') 2992: 1079: 341:(south); in Canada Hän (northeast) and 4731: 4436:, 1995, University of Oklahoma Press, 4426: 3594:Anne Shinkwin and Martha Case (1984). 2977:and northern and northwestern Alaskan 1252:lit. 'where the two rivers meet') or 337:(a little part of the southwest), and 274:). The Tanana Athabaskan culture is a 4544: 4466: 4240:by Alaska Department of Fish and Game 3847:U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Wainwright. 3728: 3698: 3074:(Kelt'aaddh Menn' - 'Waterlily Lake') 931:and northeastern Asia (West Beringia/ 4423:, 1982, Alaska Historical Commission 4293: 2887:baskets are the most common type of 2532:are found above this level. Several 1308: 1069:Onion Portage Archeological District 86:Regions with significant populations 3885: 3158:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 3154:Alaska Native Regional Corporations 1337:Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga 1168:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 1030:Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga 927:provided a corridor connecting the 400:speakers living farther downriver. 217:, United States and a little part ( 13: 4211:McKennan, R.A. 1981. "Tanana." In 3416: 3004: 2825:, also attended school in Nenana. 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2059: 2050: 2009: 2000: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1839: 1830: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1435:), limits the number of available 1374:The north of Tanana River, called 1347:The south of Tanana River, called 807:– formerly inhabiting the Tetlin ( 372:) and Lower Tanana fish camp, 1997 14: 4755: 4521:Alaska Native Collections : 4406:Olga Lovick and Cora David 2009. 4334:. Greatland Graphics, 2002, p. 92 4322:. Alaska Native Knowledge Network 4224:Shannon Michele McNeeley (2009), 4074:. Volume 22 (1 & 2), May 1988 3717:Mapping Alaska's Native languages 3625:Alaska Native Knowledge Network: 2932: 2921:First Nations in British Columbia 2866:The Upper Tanana area has a rich 1014: 978: 943:(Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit) into a 819:) and Tetlin Lake area (nowadays 204:, literally 'straight water,' in 4421:A History of Alaskan Athapaskans 4228:, Fairbanks, Alaska, August 2009 3629:. Written by Patricia H. Partnow 3349:Healy Lake Traditional Council, 3230:Mendas Cha-ag Native Corporation 2387:) species are mostly whitefish ( 1439:for commercial salmon (esp. the 1294:traditional ecological knowledge 559: 282:system. Tanana Athabaskans were 42: 37: 4514: 4477: 4460: 4446: 4400: 4366: 4353: 4281: 4231: 4205: 4164: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4038: 4021: 4008: 3995: 3982: 3969: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3739: 3722: 3715:Alaska Native Language Center: 3709: 3692: 2787: 2343:Innoko National Wildlife Refuge 1062:Archaic period in North America 939:of central Siberia to American 791: 681:United States Geological Survey 449: 235:(literally 'trail people'), in 4287:Alaska Historical Commission. 3601: 3507: 3497: 3451: 3370:Northway Traditional Council, 2610:) and spruce roots (Tanacross 2295:deyh, ch'ehtêeg, tsą́ą' ts'uug 1046:University of Alaska Fairbanks 343:Northern and Southern Tutchone 72:Lower & Middle Tanana: 400 1: 3430: 2861: 2828: 2647:system and the importance of 2604:, Tanacross and Upper Tanana 2341:Alaska wild berries from the 1452: 903: 4572:Indigenous peoples of Alaska 4499:, University of Alaska Press 3330:Nenana Traditional Council, 2479:(Upper Tanana and Tanacross 1429:commercial fishing in Alaska 1166:(1960–1977) is pre and post 1071:of Kobuk Malimiut tribes of 637: 431:and then split up again for 345:(east). The language of the 7: 4530:September 18, 2013, at the 4434:Rifles, Blankets, and Beads 4005:. New York: Columbia Press. 4003:The Archaeology of Beringia 3801:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 451–. 3323:Minto Traditional Council, 3214:Dot Lake Native Corporation 3099:Native Village of Tanacross 2796:(for Koyukon Athabaskans), 2666: 2301:daih, ch'ahtagn, tsąą'ts'uu 2217:(in Alaskan English simply 601:(Big) Delta-Goodpaster band 167:Postcard with Tanana family 10: 4760: 3673:November 19, 2012, at the 3342:Dot Lake Village Council, 3166:Native Village Corporation 2894: 2661: 2627: 2437:). Other fish species are 1120: 1059: 1056:Northern Archaic tradition 961: 737:), Old Mansfield Village ( 386:Tanana Athabaskan language 317:Tanana man in canoe (1914) 231: 139:(largely ex), Christianity 18: 16:Alaskan Athabaskan peoples 4690: 4641: 4583: 4393:January 29, 2016, at the 3278:Tetlin Indian Reservation 3180:Seth-do-ya-ah Corporation 3051:Nenana Native Association 2929:, or "Indian ice cream." 1371:are the main communities. 1349:Tanana-Kuskokwim Lowlands 777:('Mansfield area people') 398:Lower (and Middle) Tanana 148: 143: 135: 130: 110: 105: 90: 85: 65: 60: 36: 4372:Arthur E. Hippler 1974. 3363:Tok Native Association, 3302:Tanana Chiefs Conference 3296:Tanana Chiefs Conference 3172:Alaska Native Reg. Corp. 3147: 3131:Native Village of Tetlin 3015:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2145:Rangifer tarandus granti 1395:Tanana Athabaskans were 1184:North American fur trade 897:Southern Tutchone people 865:Northern Tutchone people 861:White River First Nation 715:), formerly Ketchumsuk ( 693:Mansfeld-Kechumstuk band 352: 254:) and/or Middle Tanana, 248:proper or Lower Tanana ( 219:White River First Nation 19:Not to be confused with 4525:“old-style dog harness” 4332:Native People of Alaska 4116:March 17, 2014, at the 3892:Dene–Yeniseic Symposium 3408:Upper Tanana language: 3392:Lower Tanana language: 3356:Tanacross IRA Council, 3339:Upper Tanana Subregion 3320:Yukon-Tanana Subregion 3198:Toghotthele Corporation 3035:Native Village of Minto 2969: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2925: 2911: 2905: 2899:The Alaskan Athabaskan 2845: 2839: 2743: 2737: 2711: 2705: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2582: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2411: 2397: 2383: 2377: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2164: 2155: 2149: 875: 815: 809: 805:Tetlin-Last Tetlin band 781: 773: 761: 751: 745: 739: 733: 727: 717: 711: 701: 685: 675: 669: 659: 655:Healy River-Joseph band 625: 585: 547: 517: 503: 479: 329:(north and northeast), 325:(north and northwest), 270: 260: 250: 240: 209: 200: 4744:First Nations in Yukon 4495:Susan W. Fair (2006), 3175:Ethnolinguistic group 3029:Ethnolinguistic group 3026:Location (native name) 2874: 2571:jjign, nt'lat, niitsil 2372: 2315:k'orrh'eba, ddhełk'ola 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2064: 2055: 2014: 2005: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1844: 1835: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1320: 1267:With the beginning of 1117: 973:Paleo-Arctic tradition 969:Paleo-Arctic tradition 964:Paleo-Arctic tradition 958:Paleo-Arctic tradition 891:(upper), Cross Creek ( 743:), Mansfield Village ( 695:— inhabiting nowadays 679:), Sam Lake (official 660:Tehłuug Ninhdeex Ndiig 551:) area (also formerly 373: 347:Upper Kuskokwim people 318: 168: 4467:Smith, Gerad (2020). 4172:"TCC » About Us" 3729:Smith, Gerad (2020). 3699:Smith, Gerad (2020). 3647:www.aaanativearts.com 3607:Libby Halpin (1987). 3262:Northway Natives Inc. 2851:gathering-up ceremony 2672:Animism and shamanism 2622:Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2565:jêg, ntl'ét, nit-sįį' 2358:Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2340: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2063: 2054: 2013: 2004: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1843: 1834: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1331:boreal forest of the 1316: 1135:Early Historic period 1115: 1041:Upward Sun River site 1032:of Tanana region and 644:Ferdinand von Wrangel 360: 316: 229:and Koyukon language 166: 144:Related ethnic groups 4096:Andrews, E.F. 1975. 4035:. November 10, 2014. 4033:Alaska Dispatch News 3759:on November 19, 2012 3643:"athabascan indians" 3485:on December 10, 2012 3400:Tanacross language: 3377:Tetlin IRA Council, 2993:Modern tribal unions 2943:carry their children 2559:jega, deneyh, nekotl 2514:) and black spruce ( 2352:Vaccinium uliginosum 2321:k'étmah, ddheł k'aal 1425:domestic consumption 1376:Yukon-Tanana Uplands 1164:Native Claims period 1146:Fragmentation period 1116:Tanana chief in 1916 1086:Athabaskan tradition 1080:Athabascan tradition 1034:Copper Plateau taiga 1028:in Interior Alaska ( 909:Archaeological sites 749:), Robertson River ( 683:name is Sand Lake – 425:family/hunting units 258:or Tanana Crossing ( 4318:Mike Gaffney 2011. 4174:. December 3, 2019. 4059:Arctic Anthropology 4046:Scientific American 4016:Arctic Anthropology 3990:Arctic Anthropology 3873:on October 31, 2012 3666:dice.missouri.edu: 3457:James Kari (1996). 3306:Alaskan Athabaskans 3067:Village of Dot Lake 2835:Athabaskan potlatch 2678:Alaskan Athabaskans 2588:Polygonum alaskanum 2280:sharp-tailed grouse 1460: 1416:subsistence economy 1104:(from trading with 937:Yeniseian languages 857:Beaver Creek, Yukon 774:Dihthâad Xtʼeen Iin 731:), Mansfield Hill ( 589:) area. Neighbors: 545:and Chena Village ( 483:) area. Neighbors: 396:languages from the 189:Athabaskan-speaking 177:Tanana Athabascans, 151:Alaskan Athabaskans 33: 21:Tanaina Athabaskans 4739:Tanana Athabaskans 4483:Olga Lovick 2012, 4344:Nelson, Richard K. 3977:American Antiquity 3942:American Antiquity 3668:Tanana Description 3083:Healy Lake Village 2508:The white spruce ( 2389:humpback whitefish 2373: 2241:Mentasta Mountains 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2065: 2056: 2015: 2006: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1845: 1836: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1454: 1321: 1224:purchase of Alaska 1188:maritime fur trade 1118: 1003:, Donnelly Ridge, 929:Bering Land Bridge 849:Scottie Creek band 833:, Gardiner Creek ( 827:Lower Nabesna band 721:), Mosquito Fork, 495:Nenana-Toklat band 480:Menhti Xwghottthit 374: 319: 185:Alaskan Athabaskan 181:Tanana Athapaskans 173:Tanana Athabaskans 169: 126:(Alaskan variant), 32:Tanana Athabaskans 31: 4726: 4725: 4419:William Simeone, 4001:West, F.H. 1981. 3808:978-1-85109-817-0 3293: 3292: 3145: 3144: 2881:Alaska Native art 2726:Richard K. Nelson 2640:and reflects the 2577:Hedysarum alpinum 2304:) and ptarmigan ( 2264:upland game birds 2190:Alces alces gigas 2135: 2134: 1506:Porcupine caribou 1309:Hunting-gathering 1190:), of the period 941:Na-Dené languages 899:of Canada (east). 867:of Canada (east). 853:Whitehorse, Yukon 782:Yaadóg Xtʼeen Iin 734:Mesiin Tsiitsʼiig 603:– inhabiting the 579:– inhabiting the 541:— inhabiting the 531:– inhabiting the 497:– inhabiting the 469:– inhabiting the 237:Gwich'in language 161: 160: 78:Upper Tanana: 300 4751: 4669: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4518: 4512: 4508:Siri G. Tuttle, 4506: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4444: 4432:William Simeone, 4430: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4361:Alaska Churchman 4357: 4351: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4303: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4265: 4262: 4253: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4199:explorenorth.com 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4027:Laurel Andrews, 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3869:. Archived from 3863: 3852: 3845: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3752:. Archived from 3751: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3639: 3630: 3623: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3565: 3558: 3523: 3522: 3515:"Arctic Studies" 3511: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3481:. Archived from 3475: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3163: 3162: 3115:Northway Village 3020: 3019: 2972: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2928: 2917:Indian ice cream 2914: 2908: 2901:Indian ice cream 2848: 2842: 2810:Episcopal Church 2798:Russian Orthodox 2746: 2740: 2717:Magico-religious 2714: 2708: 2638:Iroquois kinship 2615: 2609: 2603: 2585: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2500: 2494: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2400: 2386: 2380: 2363:aggregate fruits 2329: 2323: 2317: 2306:willow ptarmigan 2303: 2297: 2291: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2167: 2158: 2152: 1461: 1453: 1400:hunter-gatherers 878: 818: 813:), Last Tetlin ( 812: 784: 776: 764: 754: 748: 742: 736: 730: 720: 714: 712:Kelt'aaddh Menn' 704: 688: 686:Ch'inchedl Měnn' 678: 673:), Lake George ( 672: 662: 628: 621:Goodpaster River 588: 577:Salcha(ket) band 550: 520: 506: 482: 467:Minto Flats band 382:Goodpaster River 273: 263: 253: 243: 234: 212: 206:Koyukon language 203: 197:Tanana languages 187:people from the 124:American English 61:Total population 46: 41: 34: 30: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4686: 4675:Central Alaskan 4665: 4661:Alutiiq–Sugpiaq 4637: 4633:Upper Kuskokwim 4579: 4576:Tribal entities 4569: 4539: 4538: 4532:Wayback Machine 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4395:Wayback Machine 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4354: 4348:Interior Alaska 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4149: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4118:Wayback Machine 4108: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4018:38(2): 171–195. 4013: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3979:32(2): 360–382. 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3944:54(2): 263–287. 3939: 3935: 3931:50(2): 181–204. 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3675:Wayback Machine 3665: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3568: 3559: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3419: 3417:Further reading 3390: 3298: 3150: 3023:Tribal entities 3011:tribal entities 3007: 3005:Tribal entities 2995: 2935: 2897: 2877: 2864: 2843:, Upper Tanana 2831: 2790: 2741:, Upper Tanana 2674: 2669: 2664: 2630: 2568:, Upper Tanana 2463:, Upper Tanana 2393:round whitefish 2381:, Upper Tanana 2345:, a mixture of 2324:, Upper Tanana 2298:, Upper Tanana 2233:, Upper Tanana 2221:, Lower Tanana 2192:, Lower Tanana 2147:, Lower Tanana 2136: 1742:Snowshoe rabbit 1437:fishing permits 1311: 1288:moved into the 1243:Nucha'la'woy'ya 1192:Russian America 1153:Colonial period 1123: 1082: 1064: 1058: 1017: 981: 966: 960: 921:Fort Wainwright 917:Alaska Interior 906: 893:Nach'etay Cheeg 831:Nabesna Village 794: 640: 562: 529:Wood River band 523:Dena'ina people 485:Gwich'in people 452: 355: 278:culture with a 276:hunter-gatherer 215:Alaska Interior 156:Upper Kuskokwim 153: 96: 91:United States ( 81: 56: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4757: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4523:łeendenaalyoye 4513: 4501: 4488: 4476: 4459: 4445: 4425: 4412: 4399: 4377: 4365: 4352: 4336: 4324: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4217: 4204: 4195:"ExploreNorth" 4186: 4177: 4163: 4130: 4121: 4102: 4089: 4076: 4063: 4050: 4048:218(6): 24–33. 4037: 4020: 4007: 3994: 3981: 3968: 3959: 3946: 3933: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3853: 3821: 3807: 3787: 3770: 3738: 3721: 3719:by Gary Holton 3708: 3691: 3678: 3652: 3631: 3613: 3600: 3566: 3524: 3506: 3496: 3467: 3450: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286:Doyon, Limited 3284: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3270:Doyon, Limited 3268: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254:Doyon, Limited 3252: 3247: 3246:Tanacross Inc. 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238:Doyon, Limited 3236: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3222:Doyon, Limited 3220: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3206:Doyon, Limited 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189:Doyon, Limited 3186: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3009:Alaska Native 3006: 3003: 2994: 2991: 2979:Inupiat people 2961:(Lower Tanana 2934: 2933:Transportation 2931: 2903:(Lower Tanana 2896: 2893: 2876: 2873: 2863: 2860: 2830: 2827: 2794:Roman Catholic 2789: 2786: 2701:medicine woman 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2629: 2626: 2598:(Lower Tanana 2556:(Lower Tanana 2536:, such as the 2489:(Upper Tanana 2457:(Lower Tanana 2441:(Upper Tanana 2407:king (chinook) 2403:Pacific salmon 2368:Rubus arcticus 2310:rock ptarmigan 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1448:salmon cannery 1441:Pacific salmon 1393: 1392: 1372: 1369:Delta Junction 1333:Nearctic realm 1310: 1307: 1254:Noochuloghoyet 1180:promyshlenniki 1172: 1171: 1160: 1149: 1142: 1127:Alaska Natives 1122: 1119: 1081: 1078: 1073:Inupiat people 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1016: 1015:Denali complex 1013: 997:Broken Mammoth 989:Clovis Complex 980: 979:Nenana complex 977: 962:Main article: 959: 956: 945:Dené–Yeniseian 925:glacial period 905: 902: 901: 900: 868: 846: 824: 793: 790: 789: 788: 787: 786: 778: 762:Tth'iitiy Nda' 752:Nįhtsiił Ndiig 728:Dihthâad Měnn' 723:Lake Mansfield 690: 639: 636: 635: 634: 613:Delta Junction 598: 561: 558: 557: 556: 536: 526: 492: 489:Koyukon people 451: 448: 354: 351: 241:Tanan Gwich'in 159: 158: 146: 145: 141: 140: 133: 132: 128: 127: 108: 107: 103: 102: 88: 87: 83: 82: 80: 79: 76: 75:Tanacross: 200 73: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 57: 47: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4756: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4442:0-8061-2713-9 4439: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3903:Gary Holton. 3900: 3893: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3519:alaska.si.edu 3516: 3510: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3289:Upper Tanana 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3273:Upper Tanana 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209:Lower Tanana 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3193:Lower Tanana 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3141:Upper Tanana 3140: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125:Upper Tanana 3124: 3122:(K'ehtthiign) 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106:(Taats'altęy) 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061:Lower Tanana 3060: 3058:(Toghotthele) 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3045:Lower Tanana 3044: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:Yup'ik people 2971: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709:Upper Tanana 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580:Lower Tanana 2579: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517:Picea mariana 2513: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2428:łuugn delt'al 2425:Upper Tanana 2424: 2423:red (sockeye) 2419: 2413: 2409:Upper Tanana 2408: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2312:Lower Tanana 2311: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2286:Lower Tanana 2285: 2284:ruffed grouse 2281: 2277: 2276:spruce grouse 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207:Upper Tanana 2206: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162:Upper Tanana 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1290:Tanana Valley 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276:(merchants), 1275: 1270: 1269:Euro-American 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102:native copper 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:boreal forest 1023: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:Tanana Valley 990: 986: 976: 974: 970: 965: 955: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Paleo-Indians 910: 898: 894: 890: 889:Chisana River 886: 885:Nabesna River 882: 877: 876:Ddhał Tot iin 872: 869: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 847: 844: 840: 839:Nabesna River 836: 835:Cheejil Niign 832: 828: 825: 822: 817: 811: 806: 803: 802: 801: 799: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770: 768: 763: 758: 753: 747: 741: 740:Ch'enaa Ndêdh 735: 729: 724: 719: 713: 708: 703: 698: 694: 691: 687: 682: 677: 671: 670:Mendees Cheeg 666: 661: 656: 653: 652: 651: 649: 645: 632: 627: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 599: 596: 593:(northeast), 592: 587: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 571: 567: 560:Middle Tanana 554: 549: 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 527: 524: 519: 518:Tootl'o Huno' 514: 510: 509:Nenana Valley 505: 500: 496: 493: 490: 486: 481: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 460: 459: 457: 447: 443: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:dialect group 410: 409:regional band 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 371: 367: 363: 359: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 333:(northeast), 332: 328: 324: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288:Tanana Valley 285: 281: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 238: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 207: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 165: 157: 152: 147: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 100: 95:) (majority); 94: 89: 84: 77: 74: 71: 68: 67: 64: 59: 54: 53:Chena, Alaska 50: 45: 40: 35: 26: 22: 4627: 4522: 4516: 4504: 4491: 4479: 4469: 4462: 4454:"Athabaskan" 4448: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4402: 4368: 4360: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4283: 4233: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4166: 4143: 4133: 4124: 4105: 4097: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4071: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4045: 4040: 4032: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3928: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875:. Retrieved 3871:the original 3851:, April 2013 3814:November 29, 3812:. Retrieved 3797: 3790: 3761:. Retrieved 3754:the original 3741: 3731: 3724: 3711: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3646: 3603: 3518: 3509: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3483:the original 3462: 3453: 3439: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3299: 3151: 3008: 2996: 2967:, Tanacross 2951:, Tanacross 2936: 2909:, Tanacross 2898: 2878: 2868:storytelling 2865: 2850: 2832: 2819:Hudson Stuck 2814: 2806:missionaries 2791: 2788:Christianity 2730: 2722:scapulimancy 2700: 2697:medicine man 2696: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2649:cross-cousin 2631: 2618:cradleboards 2587: 2575: 2562:, Tanacross 2515: 2511:Picea glauca 2509: 2507: 2503:drying racks 2495:, Tanacross 2469:, Tanacross 2447:, Tanacross 2444:ch'ulju̱u̱dn 2434:łuug delt'el 2431:, Tanacross 2415:, Tanacross 2374: 2366: 2356: 2350: 2347:true berries 2318:, Tanacross 2292:, Tanacross 2245: 2227:, Tanacross 2218: 2204: 2198:, Tanacross 2189: 2188:(subspecies 2159: 2153:, Tanacross 2144: 2143:(subspecies 2137: 2071:Fur trapping 1594:Alaska moose 1446:species for 1444:Oncorhynchus 1443: 1413: 1409:Alaska Range 1397:semi-nomadic 1394: 1375: 1353:Alaska Range 1348: 1322: 1302: 1282:missionaries 1266: 1260:(modern-day 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1216:Copper River 1211: 1207: 1196:trading post 1173: 1163: 1152: 1145: 1134: 1124: 1106:Ahtna people 1094:oral history 1083: 1065: 1050:last ice age 1038: 1018: 1007:, Mead, and 985:Palaeoindian 982: 968: 967: 949: 907: 892: 870: 859:, called as 848: 834: 826: 804: 798:Upper Tanana 795: 792:Upper Tanana 692: 654: 641: 631:Ahtna people 600: 595:Ahtna people 581:Salcha River 576: 566:Lower Tanana 563: 538: 528: 513:Toklat River 499:Nenana River 494: 466: 462: 456:Lower Tanana 453: 450:Lower Tanana 444: 424: 421:family group 420: 416: 412: 408: 402: 394:Upper Tanana 379: 375: 369: 366:Tanana River 320: 284:semi-nomadic 266:Upper Tanana 227:Lower Tanana 193:Tanana River 180: 176: 172: 170: 116:Lower Tanana 112:Upper Tanana 101:) (minority) 55:, June 1997. 49:Tanana River 28:Ethnic group 25: 4585:Athabaskans 4363:52 (2): 6–9 4144:www.nps.gov 4061:(72): 2–16. 3957:259: 46–53. 3929:Radiocarbon 2926:nonathdlodi 2906:nonathdlodi 2837:(Tanacross 2735:(Tanacross 2703:(Tanacross 2695:, called a 2642:matrilineal 2632:The Tanana 2596:paper birch 2498:tats'aht'ôl 2384:łuugn, łuuk 1325:Dfc climate 1318:Delta River 1250:Nuchalawoya 1208:Copper Fort 1204:Yukon River 1176:fur traders 1090:ethnography 718:Saagéscheeg 702:Taats'altęy 676:Nxaal Měnn' 609:Delta River 543:Chena River 471:Minto Flats 405:matrilineal 280:matrilineal 232:Ten Hʉt'ænæ 221:) lived in 154:Especially 4733:Categories 4618:Holikachuk 4598:Deg Hitʼan 3992:12: 76–81. 3915:ydli.org: 3504:Fairbanks. 3431:References 3351:Healy Lake 3257:Tanacross 3241:Tanacross 3234:Healy Lake 3225:Tanacross 3109:Tanacross 3093:Tanacross 3088:Healy Lake 3077:Tanacross 2912:nanehdlaad 2885:Birch bark 2862:Literature 2829:Potlatches 2782:black bear 2778:brown bear 2773:Dall sheep 2757:wolverines 2592:Birch bark 2395:Tanacross 2268:ptarmigans 2246:Migratory 2215:Dall sheep 1675:Dall sheep 1361:North Pole 1341:ecoregions 1247:anglicized 1220:Fort Yukon 1212:Taghaelden 1139:James Cook 1098:birch bark 1009:Swan Point 1005:Healy Lake 952:prehistory 904:Prehistory 873:(own name 665:Healy Lake 626:Jiiz Cheeg 591:Hän people 586:Sol Chaget 570:James Kari 539:Chena band 533:Wood River 463:Minto band 417:local band 362:Fish wheel 300:Dall sheep 4718:Tsimshian 3877:March 16, 3763:March 18, 3489:March 15, 3358:Tanacross 3250:Tanacross 3169:Community 3160:(ANCSA). 3104:Tanacross 3042:(Menh Ti) 2987:toboggans 2959:Dog sleds 2939:snowshoes 2849:) or the 2815:Toghotili 2759:, foxes, 2686:shamanism 2680:practice 2653:exogamous 2522:tree line 2492:taats'adn 2418:łuug chox 2248:waterfowl 2170:snowshoes 2027:gathering 1979:Whitefish 1859:Ptarmigan 1357:Fairbanks 1329:subarctic 1303:Toghotili 1286:explorers 1228:Americans 1214:) on the 1157:gold rush 1001:Chugwater 887:(upper), 816:Nah K'and 757:Tok River 697:Tanacross 648:Tanacross 638:Tanacross 605:Big Delta 553:Fairbanks 487:(north), 475:Old Minto 390:Tanacross 364:into the 256:Tanacross 251:Kokht'ana 137:Shamanism 120:Tanacross 106:Languages 4680:Siberian 4608:Gwichʼin 4603:Denaʼina 4528:Archived 4391:Archived 4152:cite web 4114:Archived 3671:Archived 3372:Northway 3344:Dot Lake 3310:Dena'ina 3266:Northway 3218:Dot Lake 3138:(Teełąy) 3120:Northway 3072:Dot Lake 2889:basketry 2855:potlatch 2802:Anglican 2776:Alaskan 2667:Religion 2656:moieties 2550:oak fern 2455:grayling 2450:uljaaddh 2355:and red 1981:catching 1815:trapping 1464:Resource 1174:Russian 1170:(ANCSA). 1141:in 1778. 1022:Holocene 843:Northway 810:Teetłaiy 746:Dihthâad 707:Dot Lake 504:Nina No' 440:trapping 429:potlatch 370:Tthʼituʼ 335:Dena'ina 327:Gwich'in 304:trapping 271:Kohtʼiin 261:Koxt'een 210:Tene No' 201:Tth'itu' 131:Religion 97:Canada ( 4713:Tlingit 4667:Chugach 4651:Iñupiat 4623:Koyukon 3955:Science 2895:Cuisine 2846:-hotįįł 2808:of the 2765:caribou 2682:animism 2662:Culture 2634:kinship 2628:Kinship 2554:berries 2538:ostrich 2526:willows 2477:lingcod 2466:seejiil 2460:srajela 2398:xełtįį' 2332:molting 2327:k'atbah 2210:diniign 2201:dendîig 2174:babiche 2150:bedzeyh 2141:caribou 1865:hunting 1813:Muskrat 1744:hunting 1677:hunting 1596:hunting 1508:hunting 1335:called 1274:traders 1202:on the 1121:History 933:Siberia 881:Nabesna 617:Deltana 611:(incl. 548:Chʼenoʼ 437:muskrat 323:Koyukon 296:caribou 264:), and 183:are an 4643:Eskimo 4628:Tanana 4440: 3805: 3379:Tetlin 3332:Nenana 3282:Tetlin 3202:Nenana 3136:Tetlin 3056:Nenana 2999:tribes 2840:xtíitl 2771:, and 2761:otters 2753:cranes 2749:Ravens 2733:taboos 2712:dishin 2706:deshen 2693:shaman 2530:alders 2487:sucker 2485:) and 2482:ts'aan 2472:seejel 2401:) and 2361:) and 2349:(blue 2272:grouse 2262:) and 2258:, and 2195:denigi 2182:corral 2156:wudzih 1863:Grouse 1861:& 1811:& 1809:Beaver 1459:1974) 1457:Guédon 1427:since 1405:spruce 1387:, and 1367:, and 1299:Nenana 1284:, and 1278:miners 1262:Tanana 1232:Tanana 1200:Nulato 821:Tetlin 705:) and 619:) and 433:beaver 246:Tanana 149:Other 93:Alaska 4708:Haida 4698:Aleut 4691:Other 4656:Yupik 4593:Ahtna 3757:(PDF) 3750:(PDF) 3461:. In 3325:Minto 3314:Ahtna 3184:Minto 3148:ANCSA 3040:Minto 2983:sleds 2823:Minto 2769:moose 2744:įhjih 2738:injih 2601:k'iyh 2583:troth 2546:beech 2534:ferns 2365:(red 2260:swans 2256:geese 2252:ducks 2236:dibee 2230:demee 2219:sheep 2186:moose 2178:sinew 2165:udzih 2025:Berry 1433:ANCSA 1389:Eagle 1385:Ester 1327:type 1236:Eagle 1178:(and 353:Bands 339:Ahtna 292:moose 223:Yukon 99:Yukon 4703:Eyak 4438:ISBN 4158:link 3879:2014 3816:2011 3803:ISBN 3765:2014 3491:2014 3312:and 3300:The 3152:The 2985:and 2970:xědl 2964:xwtl 2948:łiga 2833:The 2780:and 2731:The 2684:and 2645:clan 2613:xeyh 2607:k'įį 2548:and 2542:wood 2528:and 2439:pike 2412:gath 2378:łuug 2308:and 2289:deyh 2270:and 2224:deba 2176:and 2172:and 1500:Sep 1423:for 1420:Cash 1245:(or 1241:The 1186:and 1182:for 1162:The 1159:era. 1151:The 1144:The 1133:The 1084:The 855:and 615:and 511:and 473:and 435:and 419:(or 411:(or 392:and 380:The 308:band 195:(in 171:The 4613:Hän 3365:Tok 2954:łii 2919:of 2875:Art 2699:or 2594:of 2475:), 2453:), 1497:Aug 1494:Jul 1491:Jun 1488:May 1485:Apr 1482:Mar 1479:Feb 1476:Jan 1473:Dec 1470:Nov 1467:Oct 1381:Fox 1365:Tok 1305:). 1198:at 837:), 767:Tok 765:), 755:), 663:), 507:), 465:or 423:or 331:Hän 179:or 69:900 4735:: 4380:^ 4307:^ 4295:^ 4269:^ 4257:^ 4245:^ 4197:. 4154:}} 4150:{{ 4142:. 4031:. 3856:^ 3824:^ 3773:^ 3655:^ 3645:. 3634:^ 3616:^ 3569:^ 3527:^ 3517:. 3470:^ 3017:: 2883:. 2767:, 2755:, 2751:, 2544:, 2540:, 2421:, 2391:, 2282:, 2278:, 2254:, 1383:, 1363:, 1359:, 1343:: 1280:, 1092:, 1052:. 1011:. 999:, 995:: 915:. 883:, 800:) 650:) 607:, 458:) 442:. 298:, 294:, 175:, 122:, 118:, 114:, 4578:) 4574:( 4564:e 4557:t 4550:v 4473:. 4456:. 4201:. 4160:) 4146:. 3881:. 3818:. 3767:. 3735:. 3705:. 3649:. 3521:. 3493:. 3447:. 2813:( 2405:( 2371:) 2266:( 2250:( 2205:, 2160:, 1391:. 1301:( 759:( 725:( 709:( 699:( 667:( 623:( 583:( 515:( 501:( 477:( 368:( 268:( 23:.

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