Talk:Rhythm - Knowledge

1269:

decades of post-graduate-studies work in the professional field. He has a profound understanding of the English language, as is required to truly communicate the complex studies of Theory and Conducting, which is, in turn, required of the students in order to fully grasp each concept. The end result is the fullest understanding of music in all aspects, which is EXPECTED of professionals who make a living as musicians. For any trumpet player who needs the definition explained (inside joke), I'll first restate the definition. Rhythm is a series of events which occur in time in an Exact relation to Pulse and Meter. The series of events is the actual notes, and understanding their values, i.e. Two eighth notes are equivalent to a quarter note, two quarter notes are equivalent to a half note, etc.. Occurring in time refers to the tempo of the piece, or the tempo that the performer or conductor deems appropriate after studying the music. The pulse refers to the placement of the beat and the appropriate sub-divisions, and meter obviously refers to 4/4 time or cut time and the various other time signatures standardly found in music. So, putting all this information together, we assume you have an understanding of note values, and you have a meter (let us say 4/4 time) and a decided tempo (let us say 120). The pulse happens on beats 1, 2, 3, and 4, while the participants are sub-dividing, let us say they are sub-dividing eighth notes. Now that we have a Pulse, a Meter, and the Sub-division, we can take the notes that are on the page and accurately interpret how they were intended to be played. As for the "playing with inexactness", that is completely false. No musician plays errors, and anything that might sound like an "artistic inexactness" was 100% intended and it can be written on paper to a pulse, meter, and sub-division in mind so it can be reproduced, and I guarantee that. If something isn't played with exactness, as in you played in the wrong spot and messed up a rhythm... we have a word for that. Fired. And thats the friendly definition of messing up the standards professional musicians devote their lives to. I hope this clears up a little bit, and I hope you find wisdom in these words... I could blow your mind (I hope) with the knowledge I have gained from my "Music Theory Instructor" in my time at the institution I'm attending. I'll leave him unnamed for the sake of common courtesy, but we have this page linked to his fansite on facebook, so everyone who views this page again will probably get a kick out of this...

806:

Meter is created by patterns of accent, some of which are caused by patterns of duration in agogic (durational) accents, i.e., "rhythm," while meter is also created by dynamic accents (strong versus weak) as well as melodic and harmonic components. Tempo is created by a sense of underlying pulse, which is created by patterns of duration, i.e., rhythm -- but this pulse is usually only generated by a sense of regularity. We can have rhythm in this more specific sense without a strict sense of metric organization, and, depending on how irregular the rhythm is, we may not have a sense of underlying tempo. But we cannot have meter and tempo without rhythm, because rhythm is generated any time we have events happening at different times (effectively creating duration). Whenever we have one event following another, we get rhythm. In this second sense, it doesn't make sense to speak of a "waltz rhythm," since without accents created somehow, you simply can't feel a waltz through a steady stream of quarter notes -- you need the "BOOM" to contrast with the "chick-chick." Somehow you have to group it into threes, and that only happens through accent (whether dynamic, agogic, harmonic, etc.).

876:

dead matter. This is the combination of basic laws of mechanics and thermodynamics. The intervention of force is instantenous, this means that it does not consume time, time is created by reflecting on the percieved, therefore the repeatance of the force intervention is perceived as rhythm, and of course, we can adjust this repeatance to various meters, simple or complicated, and thus get various rhythms. Artists do not simply manipulate the existing matter, they create. This is what distinguishes art from other activities. (Creative work is, of course, possible in any domain of human activity, which not usually called art.) Rhythm allows distribution of matter/energy in space (painting, sculpture, dance etc.) and/or in time (thinking/speech/literature, music, motion pictures etc.) Of course, more can be said, but I think this properly addresses the problem. --

1215:

decided you won't let it be that way anymore. You purposefully go out and do everything you know she would have hated; you are finally free.....not. Everything you do is still in response to her. So your "inexactness" is merely the other side of the spectrum. You are still actively interacting with pulse and meter exactly. Music sets up expectations and the best music finds clever ways to fool you by not meeting your expectations. like being "inexact" with your "rhythms" (using a word in the definition also poor choice). SO if you are really playing in a group in something without a pulse or meter then all you are really doing is playing by yourself, you are not making music, you are just doing something that feels good to you with no consideration for anyone else; masturbating...and that's not something you do in front of people now is it?

917:

then had silence for two minutes, and then had a third chord and a fourth chord coming at equally long intervals, would we be able to hear anything like "rhythm" in such a sequence of sound events? Or what about spectral music that sometimes consists of sounds whose timbres or pitches are gradually changed or morphed without ever stopping? There's nothing like rhythm in such sounds, and many composers refer to such an organization of sounds as music. Such things rarely occur in folk musics or indigenous musics, although sustained chants or music consisting of rather continuous humming for religious purposes may approach this ideal of melody or harmony that moves so slowly that it might be considered arrhythmic. So, yes, the wording should be changed, both because it is unencyclopedic and because it is (in some rare cases) wrong.

810:

of duration). But when music theorists use the term "rhythm" in a specific sense, it is often in contrast to "meter" or "pulse," even though the latter are (mostly) generated by the rhythm along with other kinds of accents. Without meter and pulse, we end up with raw patterns of duration, which is the thought behind the definitions and theories of London, Narmour, etc. One of the reasons this article comes across as so confusing is that it seems like a collection of thoughts from both categories of people, but without a differentiation between the practical use of the term and the way music theorists talk about it. To make the article more comprehensible, these two different concepts need to be made more explicit, and the various quotes and ideas need to be sorted out.

31: 802:

rhythm in poetry, etc. This definition is something like "the pattern of movement in time," which encompasses notions of meter, tempo, duration, accent, etc. This is basically the definition of the opening sentence of the article. Using it broadly, we can speak of such things as a "Latin rhythm" or even a "waltz rhythm" (which is more than duration -- it necessarily includes patterns of accent and meter, and usually a range of tempos), or the "rhythm of speech" (which includes accent and perhaps other features).

190: 169: 200: 22: 85: 64: 642:

start spinning very fast? We would be lost, confused, puzzled to all these changes. It is like the orchestra without a maestro. The same applies for music, rhythm is essential to organize the time in music. When listening to music I feel the need to nod my head or pat my foot along with the beat. This is due to the organization of rhythm, which marks the character and expression of music.

95: 1190:, it seems a "music theory instructor" told someone, somewhere, that the "correct" definition of rhythm is that "series of events which occur in time in an exact relation to pulse and meter" thing. That is very well, when the aim is to get musical beginners to consolidate their rhythm and avoid the rhythmic sloppiness that some unpractised musicians sometimes show. 1618:, it is not just a matter of having the inline citations in either footnote or parenthetical style, but rather one of using a consistent style within each of these global formats. At the moment, there are at least five different styles used here, jumbled together in the list of Sources, Further reading, and footnotes. It is for this reason that I am using 1610:. There was no effort made to change the existing parenthetical references, either at that time or subsequently, as further references were added in both formats, perhaps because the discrepancy was simply overlooked (just as I did not at first notice there was more than one reference in parenthetical format). Following the procedure outlined in 794:

we have a collection of seemingly random bits of information on other rhythms encountered in various cultures/composers. Then we have a collection of random quotes by various theorists, whose explanations are justifiably incomprehensible to people who have no background in music theory and are just looking to figure out what rhythm is.

1268:

It is unfortunate but there is not a published work with this definition because our professor isn't going to write a book about it. You can trust us when we say that our professor knows what he's talking about, due to the multiple degrees in performance and conducting he has, as well as his two plus

809:

Anyhow, my point is that some people who have written stuff in the article and on the talk page obviously think of rhythm in only the broad sense, which is the most common use of the word by most people (thus we speak of the "rhythm section" in a jazz band, which does more than create simple patterns

805:

The second meaning of the term "rhythm" in music is closer to London's definition of patterns of duration created by interonset intervals that is given in the second sentence of the article. In this sense, rhythm is related to ideas of meter, tempo, and accent, but it is not founded on any of them.

278:

Ok, this is pitiful. Rhythm is a huge aspect of music and we should have a decent page on it. I'm willing to do the initial writing (not promising any brilliance), but please help generate ideas. What needs to be on this page? I have music specifically in mind here, but other uses should be addressed

1814:

Rhythm may be defined as the way in which one or more unaccented beats are grouped in relation to an accented one. ... A rhythmic group can be apprehended only when its elements are distinguished from one another, rhythm...always involves an interrelationship between a single, accented (strong) beat

1543:

Unfortunately, years later, there is still a bunch of weird 18th-century style crap about animals not being able to detect rhythm. My advice to whoever is pushing this crap, take a walk in the woods one time and you'll be changing your tune. ;) Certainly for an encyclopedia to be repeating this crap

1396:

The first one looks like original research in essay form. Not worth restoring, IMO. The second one had mostly been restored, with the exception of the "External links" section. I just put back what bits weren't already here. Most of the deleted external links are either dead, commercial, irrelevant,

1272:

I'll take my leave saying this. If you mess up the rhythm, it doesn't matter how beautiful your tone is, no one cares that you can play the dynamics and articulations perfectly, it doesn't matter that you spent hours practice that one difficult lick. You are playing it in the wrong place, and it has

1214:

I don't think you realize what you are saying. Let me make an analogy. Your girlfriend breaks up with you and you are heartbroken, you think about her all the time, it rules your life the fact that she left you after doing everything for her, your life was dictated by her wants and wishes. So you

1021:

Maybe some of you know the site "whatthefont": You can submit any font as graphic and will get the name of the font used. Isn't there such recognition service or at least catalogue that helps to specify the name for a known ryhtm? Like: is it a tango or a mambo? This time I'd like to know the origin

875:

As a painter, poet and philosopher my attempt to define rhythm resulted in following definition: Rhythm is the interval (disconnection) which allows creative force to implement a new element to the contents of the given work. Without this (rhythm - interval) there would be no movement, no flow, only

793:

A number of comments on ths talk page indicate that a lot of people have trouble understanding this article. I think one of the problems is the seeming lack of organization. We have an introductory paragraph that provides some (conflicting) definitions for rhythm in poetry versus music, etc. Then

637:

How wonderful it is to listen to an orchestra play, as you unleash yourself to the harmony, melody, and different timbres that characterize each instrument! However try taking out the maestro from the stage, can you imagine the chaos that will happen? Who will tell the guitarist when to stop and the

1885:

I think that quotation could be lost without doing any damage to the article. However, I have just been reviewing the content, which does nothing to contradict the quotation directly. It should not be difficult to find reliable sources that describe things like "free rhythm", "asymmetrical rhythm",

1854:

The definition obviously confuses rhythm with meter. Perhaps the operative phrase is "may be defined". Either that, or we are to understand that "beat" does not necessarily entail periodicity, but even then, are defined points in time necessary for rhythm to exist? Does a wailing siren have rhythm?

1826:

Second, there are logical problems in the definition—a particular problem when only one source is relied on. Why are "beats" the focus, rather than notes? What is beaty about an 8th–16th–8th note succession? Is that not rhythm? "Are grouped" ... what, grouped to the right or to the left in a score,

711:

I have revised the article to eliminate the prominence of duration, which is an extremely abstract way of understanding rhythm. It has a sorry history, and is ultimnately based in a convoluted bit of medieval theology. My definition defines rhythm on the regularity of pulse, which opens the door to

501:

When creating variations on the main beats through subtraction or addition of notes the role of a beat in supplying amibguity and resolution relative to other beats may be taken into account. For instance, removing the important first beat drastically alters the feel of the rhythm, and is common in

905:

The paragraph currently ends off challenging readers to "Try playing Music with only melody or harmony, or both (without rhythm), it can't be done." While this may be true, it's not very good wording for an encyclopedia. I'll leave it the way it is for now, and let everyone decide whether or not

797:

I think we need a few subheadings, perhaps a basic definition followed by a short section on "rhythm in poetry" and perhaps dance or whatever else, and then detailed subheadings on rhythm in music: perhaps a "basics of rhythm in music" section with examples of various basic rhythms, then perhaps a

645:

In contrast the time element, rhythm, may be free. Such as the central Javanese gamelan music, but then again this free rhythm only last for the first 11 seconds, before which rhythm takes its place. The Javanese syakuhati is also an example of free rhythm, where the musician is free to improvise;

641:

Almost everything in our lives follows a certain rhythm, a time cycle. The sun has a time to rise and a time to set. Even the globe rotates on a certain pace. What would happen if there was no pattern for these things? What if the sun would just set in the middle of the day or the globe would just

1197:

definition, and does not apply to the wider world of accomplished musicians, who may be quite precise in their inexactness. If that sounds like a contradiction, don't worry— the subject here is artistic. Often a musical piece becomes more interesting the more ambiguities and contradictions can be

1048:

The section "Rhythm in Music" ends thus: "Another piece of evidence suggesting that rhythm is the most fundamental aspect of music is that percussion instruments were likely in use long before stringed instruments. Tribal groups dancing to music made only with percussion instruments is an ancient

916:

I agree; it's poor wording. It's also slightly inaccurate. Arguably, psychological studies show that once the interonset interval between sound events becomes long enough, we can no longer create meaningful rhythmic groups. If you held a chord for a minute, then changed the chord for a minute,

896:

This is completely incorrect. All music requires knowledge of rhythm in order to play/sing pieces of music correctly. While percussionists are stereotypically considered to be more concerned with rhythms than other things (for example: snare drum doesn't require tones, but focuses upon rhythms;

434:

This is the simplest and a basic rhythmic interest and tension used in virtually all contemporary popular music: "boom-chick", and many variations exist, often formed from adding or leaving out, replacing with rests, beats. A variant of this is the familiar "boom-chick boom-boom-chick" of someone

1934:

Early in the article, we read "Rhythm is related to and distinguished from pulse, meter, and beats: "(note the colon). Then there is an indented text that does not include the word 'pulse' at all. This makes for poor text and should be changed. As some-one who does not exactly understand what

1327:, the whole "in exact relation" business looks more like something used to whip junior players into shape, and less like a widely accepted definition. The lead paragraph of this encyclopedia article is for widely accepted information that applies everywhere, or at least just about everywhere. __ 1052:

There is no citation for this claim. This "evidence" seems to overlook the primordial presence of the Human voice, which makes the ability to create melodies innate. Most tribal dances I've ever run across seem to include singing or chanting. Moreover, any audible sound has a tone, and so it

801:

Finally, I think one important distinction needs to be made which I think is the reason behind a lot of confusion on this talk page (and in the article). The term "rhythm" is used in two different senses in music. The first is extremely general, and is the one that has the most in common with

696:

Many musical traditions from Europe and Asia have rhythms constructed out of long and short beats (or steps) rather than a regular pulse, a long step being 3/2 times as long as a short step. For instance the Bulgarian kopanitsa, given an 11/16 time signature in classical notation, is actually a

1296:

I have no doubt that Mister W (if I have read this history right) is a stellar instructor, who has inspired a lot of kids to get real with their music, and to play it right, which means playing it tight. Still, this is an encyclopedia aimed at a global audience. Are you familiar with Indian

1614:, I have therefore begun changing the nonconforming footnote formats into parenthetical ones. At the same time, I have begun adding reference links between the inline references and the alphabetical list of Sources. There is a further, though smaller problem, which is that according to 1544:

as if it is the current state of scientific belief is a pretty awful attack on science. Disgusting. I'm gonna take some out, but judging from the fact that the crap is even still in here, somebody will likely revert. If you're reading this in the future... please help.

646:

hence melody plays a more important role in this case. Therefore even if the rhythm is free like in the syakuhati, there is still a time element that drives the musician to stop blowing or to prolong the blow. The strong existence of this element cannot be ignored.

649:

Finally, every element has its own flavor to add to the richness of a certain musical composition. However, although some type of music can have a free rhythm, rhythm does exist in most types of music and plays the role of the maestro in an orchestra!

712:

undertanding rhythm's role both in dance and in song, where the rhythms of beats and the rhythms of syllables cooperate. A modest plea: please consider the practicality of these ideas before reverting to the preconception that rhythm is duration.

1433:

To 203.153.223.98: I have nothing against you adding to the definition of Rhythm. It's just that you changed a quote - and quoted segments should not be tampered with. If you can find an appropriate place to put your modification, please do so.

893:"The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called prosody; it is a topic in linguistics. All musicians, instrumentalists and vocalists, work with rhythm, but it is often considered the primary domain of drummers and percussionists." 1167:

exact, much as a live drummer is often preferable over a drum machine. Pretty sure I can find a source to cite that says much of the "value" of music depends as much on some unpredictable bits, as it depends on any familiarity or exactitude.

813:

If what I've said makes any sense to people, but no one else wants to undertake this reorganization, I could take a stab at it myself. I don't think anything needs to be deleted, but merely reorganized with some further explanation added.

555:

i think that this article needs to display examples of different types of clave written in western musical notation. this would make the article much more interesting in that different clave patterns can be compared cross-culturally. no?

338:~~ Neither musician nor educated in the subject, yet the current first sentence of the Main Page, thusly, I think is a bit incomplete, or not precisely correct (semantically and grammaticly). Current, the sentence challenged reads: 638:

vocalist when to start? Thus I believe that without doubt each element plays a very important role in creating a successful musical experience, yet rhythm is one of the most important elements of music since it is the time element.

798:

section of a greater variety of rhythms in different kinds of music, and then perhaps a section with broader speculations by theorists -- but organized and contextualized to make it sound like more than a bunch of random quotes.

1308:

The square subdivision (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ... with some triplets thrown in) of formal Western music cannot cover all the bases of rhythm, as it is practised and performed by accomplished musicians all over the world. Check out

492:

The lead vocalist and lead guitar will provide more melodic and rhythmic interest, with the lead guitar often supporting the vocals. The drummer, in addition to playing variations of the main beats may augment them with

1241:

Among everything else you just said, "Music sets up expectations and the best music finds clever ways to fool you by not meeting your expectations." stands out as a pearl of wisdom. A better "argument" would be a

1634:, since wikicite permits retaining all of the diverse current formats while sorting out which one deserves to be regarded as the established one—or the one for which consensus can be obtained.— 1706: 958:

when they talk whereas someone with poor rhythm will be all over the place. People with no rhythm are usually non threatening and dont enjoy music as much as someone with good rhythm.

1724: 1720: 1598:

style (also known as Harvard referencing style). Then I noticed another, and another, and another. Upon examining the edit history, I found that this format was established in

360:, AND thus I think a complete one-liner intro sentence such as this really is missing the notion of repetition, which, in my mind, lacking repetition at some measure . 367:

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός – rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement, symmetry") is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events.

591: 342:

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός – rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement, symmetry") is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events.

544:

This was featured recently in a Nike commercial, in which the tired and slow cross country team being led by cheerleaders chanting, "Nobody runs like runs, Oh Yah!"

403:

Can anyone give any information about Macedonian, Bulgarian and other Balcanian Rhythms. They have very unusual rhythms as 7/8 (3 - 2 - 2) and 9/8 (3 - 2 - 2 - 2).

877: 1033: 1160:

about the wording that keeps appearing in top section, defining rhythm as "is a series of events which occur in time in an exact relation to pulse and meter."

151: 116:, theory terminology, music theorists, and musical analysis on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join 918: 852:

Im beginig to do some research for Uni about rythm in the body and wether it is habitual or learnt, can anyone direct me to soem resources regarding this?

1282: 1163:

Web search for those words only turns up Knowledge and its derivatives. I believe that rhythm, embodied as a human activity, gets interesting when it is

1060: 1053:

doesn't make any real sense to me to try and establish the primordiality of rhythm over melody. They seem inextricably bound up and "equiprimordial".

753:

Some of these rhythmic concepts are very hard to understand. Perhaps it would be helpful to put in some sound files to illustrate these terms better.

1978: 1348: 575: 1594:

Sooner of later, somebody is going to want to know about this. This morning, I noticed what appeared to be a lone nonconforming reference format in

1523:

come to mind). We need to talk about whether any of these ideas belong in the article as this particular author is famous mostly for being wrong.

610: 1692: 256: 815: 1993: 1506: 897:

however, mallets and timpani require just as much knowledge of tones and rhythms than other musicians). Therefore, this seems to me biased.

141: 776:

page, it's a bit tough to read. Maybe if we put up an example sound file, not just that page, but other rhythm pages, it'll become clearer.

398: 1512: 1488: 1207: 595: 465:

The rhythm guitar will play supportively harmonically and rhythmically, while adding some degree of rhythmic interest. Often an additive

1262: 586:

No, that would be a subjective opinion which does not belong in Knowledge. I could, however, be said to be "one of the most important".

1998: 1336: 35: 1968: 1963: 1451: 921: 1904:

for ditching the quote, prominence in lead like that is also problematic stylistically, but on the whole it's just really lazy when

1702:

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

683:

For my understanding rhythm is tempo, metric and dynamic in appliance. It is not within music, not within sounds, not within melody.

324:. In some cases it has no percussion at all. If you are going to talk about driving rhythm then please stick to the relevant genres. 2008: 1553: 462:

The bass will play supportively rhythmically and harmonically, often playing the root and fifths of chords strongly on the onbeats.

246: 1537: 1983: 1973: 1420: 1406: 1133: 1107: 857: 832: 117: 1187: 627: 1988: 1917: 1083: 780: 767: 1583: 1559: 1049:

human practice, which reportedly continues today. The three fundamental elements of music are rhythm, melody, and harmony."

888: 2013: 1899: 1880: 1864: 1772: 1654: 1575: 1470: 1226: 1099: 1022:

of a rhythm like: |....- - |- - P P | where any dot is a eighth, any hyphen a quarter beat, P is a quarter pause, 120bps.

742: 606: 587: 839: 1805: 1545: 1219:

Is there a more formal way to get onto this discussion, I will glady clean up my argument if you think that is needed.

293: 1428: 880: 108: 69: 1010: 719:

Sorry, I reverted you as you removed cited information without citing a contradictory source. Feel free to readd your

1125:- This simple system is now used worldwide particularly by Djembe players such as Chuck Berry and Jelly Roll Morton. 1029: 1001:

I agree, and changed the opening section back to how it used to be. The concise and clear definition is much better.

505:

In bossa nova, there is no offbeat, and syncopation is used in many other ways. In the most basic bossa nova rhythm:

222: 1684: 1446: 2003: 1602:, on 5 December 2004, and has remained in place down to the present. Nearly three years later, on 5 November 2007, 788: 559:

and i think that if undertaken this would be a significant enough expansion to warrant a separate article. peace —

392:

and not the more general rhythm, since, for instance, clave is always in cut time (2/2), which is a specific meter.

1848: 1534: 1246:

for the assertion that rhythm "is a series of events which occur in time in an exact relation to pulse and meter."

1056:

In any case, the ever present human voice should not be forgotten: music doesn't equal sound made by instruments.

1958: 1667: 1068: 818: 602: 1723:

to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the

757: 1693:

https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/ram/cdm0401slat1of4.ram

910: 1662: 1643: 632: 1886:

or "unmeasured rhythm". I shall have a look around, and see what I can come up with. Ironically, the article

1767: 1043: 870: 772:

Any sort of rhythmic concept. Not just on this page, but any page related to rhythm. For example, on the

213: 174: 44: 1037: 927: 1823:

after "another", presumably caused by the use of the ellipsis points (which should be spaced, anyway).

1800: 748: 673: 1742:

If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with

1696: 995: 547: 1777: 1683:. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit 1565: 1375: 1370: 1180: 1145: 971: 1390: 1356: 1234: 352:" went on and on and on and on .... perhaps with a repetition every few days, or months, or hours ... 1595: 1589: 1402: 1332: 1258: 1203: 1176: 965: 900: 864: 656: 1515:

has many examples of non-human species employing rhythm. Birds are just one; there are many others (

1290: 1658: 1579: 1230: 1103: 983: 979: 975: 221:

on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

1758: 1549: 1727:

before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template

1457:

However, recent evidence shows that certain parrots, cockatoos and elephants share this ability.

731: 703:

I think you guys should talk more about rhythm used in writing, ex. Shakespeare sonnets, poetry

1743: 1648: 1286: 1157: 724: 1827:

or either? Does "accented" refer to a phenomenological accent (Lerhahl and Jackendoff, 1983)?

1511:

I have commented out quite a bit of content that is patent nonsense. As Hyacinth noted above,

1171:

Rather than continue what looks like a slow edit war, I'm asking for help here. Any ideas? __

1895: 1860: 1730: 1639: 1530: 1361: 1313:

for an example of rhythm written one way, and played another way, at the players' discretion.

1120: 1064: 1016: 662: 50: 1750: 1571: 1441: 1398: 1352: 1347:

Has anyone heard about idiometric playing of music? Has this anything to do with rhythm? --

1328: 1254: 1222: 1199: 1172: 1025: 697:

five-step dance with a long step in the middle - quick-quick-slow-quick-quick (2-2-3-2-2).

563: 8: 1913: 1615: 847: 700:

I haven't put this in the main article because I am not sure of the correct terminology.

21: 1940: 1810:

I have major problems with the indented quote from Cooper and Meyer (1960) at the top:

1709:, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by 1623: 1466: 1342: 1141: 1128:

i dont think they were djembe players! or anyway they werent know for it if they were.

1079: 388:

Things like the down beat and, it seems, specific rhythms like clave, really belong in

1749:

If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with

580:

Would it be correct to say that Rhytm is the most important element in music and why?

1944: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1416: 1386: 907: 1607: 1310: 1891: 1856: 1833: 1635: 1524: 1376:

http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Rhythm&diff=238487435&oldid=237597649

1371:

http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Rhythm&diff=229534248&oldid=228714027

1006: 777: 754: 666: 317: 309: 1599: 1568:, which essentially asks whether tempo and key should have their own parameters. 1564:

I'm not sure of the best place to ask this, but I've started a discussion over at

1875: 1843: 1795: 1680: 1461:

I removed the above from the article as the paragraph didn't mention an ability.

991: 622: 560: 348:

I inquire that REPETION is not implied nor explicit. I.e., suppose the (or a) "

1909: 1305:

orchestras use a free "breath rhythm" to keep themselves rhythmically together?

1151: 706: 409:

In the most basic rock rhythm used in almost all popular music since the 50's:

326: 1715:. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than 1952: 1936: 1887: 1462: 1437: 1279:

I'll send ten dollars to your address if you can guess numbers 2 and 3 Bill.

1137: 1075: 940:. Rhythm is an important part of good sex. Thats why people go to discos and 861: 836: 764: 739: 728: 720: 393: 287: 280: 205: 1820: 1520: 1412: 1382: 1324: 1298: 1250: 1243: 1198:

worked into it. Of course, it takes skill and practice to do that well. __

1194: 113: 100: 1855:

What about radio static? The sounds of passing traffic on a busy highway?—

1716: 1317: 1002: 670: 321: 691: 1870: 1838: 1790: 1785:

Really? It's not referring to metric cycles that are entrained, but to

1603: 1186:

I think I see what may be happening here. Reading between the lines of

987: 773: 617: 377:

Thanks for your consideration, delete me when that's the thing to do.

279:

as well. Of course, if you want to add the material, go for it ;) --

1697:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/ram/cdm0401slat1of4.ram

1929: 1869:

Yes. So what to do? I think we'd be better off without that quote.

1276:

What are the three most important things in Music? 1. Rhythm 2. 3.

1782:"As well as perceiving rhythm we must be able to anticipate it." 436: 350:...length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. 199: 189: 168: 1935:

rhythm is (despite this article), I am loath to make a change.

1676: 1516: 1302: 218: 389: 302:

on beat/down beat up beat/off beat, maybe seperate articles?

1397:

or not in English, leaving the one that I did put back. __

669:. Come and support the nomination there or comment on it.-- 494: 84: 63: 1687:

for additional information. I made the following changes:

1366:

I've found these two very old deletions, never reverted:

1074:

Agreed. I also don't think that rhythm needs POV pushing.

954:. Rhythm is also very important in speech. Someone with 616:

Florence and Tommy, I agree with the anonymous commenter.

1606:

added a reference in a different style (footnoted) with

273: 374:

Caught my eye as a rocket scientist, not a musician.

678: 1489:"Rhythm In Animals Reveals Evolution Of Human Music" 383: 217:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of 195: 112:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of 90: 1719:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors 286:I've started an expansion, but it's still weak. -- 399:Macedonian, Bulgarian and other Balcanian Rhythms 305:common rhythms: rock beat, surf beat, clave, etc. 1950: 1381:Do you all think it is worth recovering them? -- 685:It is being or can be being played by itself. 1815:and either one or two unaccented (weak) beats. 1705:This message was posted before February 2018. 1653:Inconsistent spelling of 'meter' vs 'metre'. 984:deleted material they deemed to be "nonsense" 1318:The threshold for inclusion in Knowledge is 1908:could probably paraphrase a better source. 980:commented on portions of it inappropriately 443:The cymbal plays the "ride", eighth notes, 1675:I have just modified one external link on 334:more stuff that I can't think of right now 1890:does a better job covering these things.— 1132:Please sign your posts on talk pages per 1096:Rhythm is equivalent to "beached is brew" 889:Rhythm Only Important to Percussionists?! 856:Please sign your posts on talk pages per 831:Please sign your posts on talk pages per 576:Rythm the most important element in music 1979:Knowledge level-4 vital articles in Arts 1830:Tricky subject, weird article. Pinging 1134:Knowledge:Sign your posts on talk pages 858:Knowledge:Sign your posts on talk pages 833:Knowledge:Sign your posts on talk pages 423:The snare drum plays on the "offbeat", 406:==Everything I know about "Rhythm"==d: 294:Topics that still need to be addressed: 19: 1951: 520:The clave plays the clave son rhythm, 1507:Commented out nonsense about hominids 665:has been nominated to be improved on 413:The bass drum plays on the "onbeat", 1994:Low-importance Music theory articles 723:to the article without removing the 601:wouldn't that just be weasel words? 497:and otherwise add rhythmic interest. 211:This article is within the scope of 106:This article is within the scope of 15: 49:It is of interest to the following 13: 946:to a potential mate. Someone with 938:better athelete and a better lover 633:I wrote a small essay about rhythm 126:Knowledge:WikiProject Music theory 14: 2025: 1999:WikiProject Music theory articles 1679:. Please take a moment to review 1452:Parrots, cockatoos, and elephants 129:Template:WikiProject Music theory 1969:Knowledge vital articles in Arts 1964:Knowledge level-4 vital articles 1622:, rather than the more frequent 956:good rhythm puts you in a trance 943:dance.. to show off their rhythm 928:Rhythm in relation to human life 198: 188: 167: 93: 83: 62: 29: 20: 2009:High-importance Poetry articles 1098:. Sounds like gibberish to me. 548:examples & clave separation 251:This article has been rated as 146:This article has been rated as 1984:C-Class vital articles in Arts 1974:C-Class level-4 vital articles 1481: 1301:? Are you aware that Japanese 1: 1989:C-Class Music theory articles 1801:06:54, 12 February 2019 (UTC) 1663:05:21, 14 December 2016 (UTC) 1560:Musical parameters in infobox 1554:18:42, 16 November 2015 (UTC) 1447:17:16, 15 February 2012 (UTC) 1263:21:50, 30 November 2010 (UTC) 1235:21:37, 30 November 2010 (UTC) 1146:17:39, 26 February 2010 (UTC) 1108:17:33, 22 November 2008 (UTC) 881:04:11, 14 December 2006 (UTC) 596:18:25, 4 September 2008 (UTC) 225:and see a list of open tasks. 120:and see a list of open tasks. 1421:17:30, 25 January 2011 (UTC) 1407:20:17, 24 January 2011 (UTC) 1391:19:01, 24 January 2011 (UTC) 1357:09:53, 8 December 2010 (UTC) 1337:15:23, 1 December 2010 (UTC) 1291:06:32, 1 December 2010 (UTC) 962:rhythm is the beat of music 865:22:48, 11 October 2006 (UTC) 840:22:48, 11 October 2006 (UTC) 380:Edward Jones Lake Tahoe, CA 231:Knowledge:WikiProject Poetry 7: 2014:WikiProject Poetry articles 1945:14:35, 20 August 2022 (UTC) 1806:Referenced claim at the top 1538:19:41, 12 August 2013 (UTC) 922:03:53, 28 August 2007 (UTC) 781:04:17, 5 October 2006 (UTC) 234:Template:WikiProject Poetry 10: 2030: 1736:(last update: 5 June 2024) 1672:Hello fellow Wikipedians, 1584:19:35, 15 March 2013 (UTC) 1566:Template_talk:Infobox_song 1471:22:48, 24 April 2012 (UTC) 1429:Addition by 203.153.223.98 1249:For a counterexample, see 1208:15:08, 16 March 2010 (UTC) 1181:22:42, 15 March 2010 (UTC) 1084:00:42, 14 April 2008 (UTC) 906:this needs to be changed. 674:06:52, 6 August 2005 (UTC) 628:03:29, 25 April 2019 (UTC) 611:03:14, 19 April 2019 (UTC) 603:Tommy has a great username 509:The bass drum still plays 257:project's importance scale 152:project's importance scale 1918:15:53, 22 June 2020 (UTC) 1900:23:56, 20 June 2020 (UTC) 1881:04:44, 20 June 2020 (UTC) 1865:16:26, 18 June 2020 (UTC) 1849:08:06, 18 June 2020 (UTC) 1773:17:31, 26 July 2017 (UTC) 1644:05:27, 23 July 2014 (UTC) 1596:parenthetical referencing 1320:verifiability, not truth. 1094:And what does this mean: 1069:21:05, 9 April 2008 (UTC) 1038:13:04, 3 April 2008 (UTC) 1011:08:44, 7 March 2008 (UTC) 996:17:31, 4 March 2008 (UTC) 970:I have some doubts about 911:06:39, 18 July 2007 (UTC) 743:10:39, 7 April 2006 (UTC) 732:12:34, 4 April 2006 (UTC) 572:16:19, 2005 May 15 (UTC) 356:would indeed exemplify a 250: 183: 145: 78: 57: 952:clumsy and uncoordinated 819:01:23, 27 May 2006 (UTC) 789:More Organization Needed 768:21:09, 17 May 2006 (UTC) 758:16:34, 17 May 2006 (UTC) 477:2, or divisive/metrical 329:03:03, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC) 312:with its driving rhythm 109:WikiProject Music theory 2004:C-Class Poetry articles 1668:External links modified 727:and its point of view. 1959:C-Class vital articles 1193:It is not, however, a 974:. Others have already 738:I reverted you again. 316:Please don't lump all 663:Percussion instrument 363:Maybe more like this? 308:mention contemporary 132:Music theory articles 36:level-4 vital article 1717:regular verification 1044:The origin of rhythm 976:reworked the heading 871:DEFINITION OF RHYTHM 1707:After February 2018 749:Sound File Examples 502:some reggae music. 299:basic role in music 1778:Unreferenced claim 1761:InternetArchiveBot 1712:InternetArchiveBot 1624:Template:cite book 936:is likely to be a 214:WikiProject Poetry 45:content assessment 1819:First, there's a 1737: 1632:Template:citation 1628:Template:cite web 1620:Template:Wikicite 1590:Reference formats 1574:comment added by 1316:Like it or not, " 1225:comment added by 1040: 1028:comment added by 966:Doubts about edit 901:Change of wording 878:Skerovic Slobodan 824:Sounds good to me 725:cited information 661:A related topic, 657:Improvement drive 570: 568: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 162: 161: 158: 157: 2021: 1878: 1846: 1837: 1798: 1771: 1762: 1735: 1734: 1713: 1586: 1527: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1485: 1445: 1273:become invalid. 1237: 1195:reliably sourced 1023: 950:is likely to be 763:Which concepts? 625: 566: 564: 318:electronic music 310:electronic music 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 208: 203: 202: 192: 185: 184: 179: 171: 164: 163: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 103: 98: 97: 96: 87: 80: 79: 74: 66: 59: 58: 42: 33: 32: 25: 24: 16: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2018: 1949: 1948: 1932: 1876: 1844: 1831: 1808: 1796: 1780: 1765: 1760: 1728: 1721:have permission 1711: 1685:this simple FaQ 1670: 1651: 1592: 1569: 1562: 1525: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1454: 1435: 1431: 1399:Just plain Bill 1364: 1345: 1329:Just plain Bill 1325:reliable source 1255:Just plain Bill 1244:reliable source 1220: 1200:Just plain Bill 1173:Just plain Bill 1154: 1123: 1046: 1019: 968: 960:James Prtenjaca 930: 903: 891: 873: 850: 791: 751: 709: 694: 692:Steps vs. Beats 681: 659: 635: 623: 578: 550: 401: 386: 296: 276: 253:High-importance 237:Poetry articles 236: 233: 230: 227: 226: 204: 197: 178:High‑importance 177: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 99: 94: 92: 72: 43:on Knowledge's 40: 30: 12: 11: 5: 2027: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1817: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1779: 1776: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1700: 1699: 1691:Added archive 1669: 1666: 1655:150.229.102.73 1650: 1649:Meter vs metre 1647: 1591: 1588: 1576:86.175.220.114 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1363: 1360: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1314: 1311:notes inégales 1306: 1266: 1265: 1247: 1227:64.119.133.250 1218: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1191: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1100:216.153.214.89 1087: 1086: 1045: 1042: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 967: 964: 929: 926: 925: 924: 919:76.118.181.158 902: 899: 890: 887: 885: 872: 869: 868: 867: 849: 846: 845: 844: 843: 842: 826: 825: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 750: 747: 746: 745: 735: 734: 708: 705: 693: 690: 684: 680: 677: 658: 655: 634: 631: 614: 613: 588:213.238.233.27 577: 574: 549: 546: 542: 541: 518: 499: 498: 490: 489:&, rhythm. 463: 460: 432: 431: 421: 400: 397: 385: 382: 336: 335: 332: 331: 330: 306: 303: 300: 295: 292: 291: 290: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 249: 243: 242: 240: 223:the discussion 210: 209: 193: 181: 180: 172: 160: 159: 156: 155: 148:Low-importance 144: 138: 137: 135: 118:the discussion 105: 104: 88: 76: 75: 73:Low‑importance 67: 55: 54: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2026: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Metre (music) 1884: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:76.105.216.34 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535:You can help! 1532: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362:Old vandalism 1359: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1156:I have asked 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1121:African music 1118: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1017:WhatTheRhythm 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 932:Someone with 923: 920: 915: 914: 913: 912: 909: 898: 894: 886: 883: 882: 879: 866: 863: 859: 855: 854: 853: 841: 838: 834: 830: 829: 828: 827: 823: 822: 821: 820: 817: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 782: 779: 775: 771: 770: 769: 766: 762: 761: 760: 759: 756: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 730: 726: 722: 721:point of view 718: 717: 716: 713: 704: 701: 698: 689: 688:Steve Miller 686: 676: 675: 672: 668: 664: 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 630: 629: 626: 621: 620: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 598: 597: 593: 589: 584: 581: 573: 571: 562: 557: 553: 545: 540:&-4&. 539: 535: 532:& 1&- 531: 527: 523: 519: 516: 512: 508: 507: 506: 503: 496: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 441: 440: 439:. Meanwhile: 438: 430: 426: 422: 420: 416: 412: 411: 410: 407: 404: 396: 395: 391: 381: 378: 375: 372: 371: 369: 368: 365: 361: 359: 355: 351: 346: 345: 343: 339: 333: 328: 325: 323: 319: 314: 313: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 258: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 224: 220: 216: 215: 207: 206:Poetry portal 201: 196: 194: 191: 187: 186: 182: 176: 173: 170: 166: 165: 153: 149: 143: 140: 139: 136: 119: 115: 111: 110: 102: 91: 89: 86: 82: 81: 77: 71: 68: 65: 61: 60: 56: 52: 46: 38: 37: 27: 23: 18: 17: 1933: 1905: 1871: 1839: 1829: 1825: 1821:comma splice 1818: 1809: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1759: 1756: 1731:source check 1710: 1704: 1701: 1674: 1671: 1652: 1616:WP:CITESTYLE 1593: 1570:— Preceding 1563: 1521:rattlesnakes 1510: 1492:. Retrieved 1483: 1475: 1460: 1432: 1411:OK, thanks. 1380: 1365: 1346: 1323:" Without a 1319: 1283:Zhpercussion 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1251:Tempo rubato 1217: 1212: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158:BeatlesSpong 1155: 1127: 1124: 1116: 1095: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1020: 969: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 941: 937: 933: 931: 908:Sandwiches99 904: 895: 892: 884: 874: 851: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 752: 714: 710: 702: 699: 695: 687: 682: 660: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 618: 615: 585: 582: 579: 558: 554: 551: 543: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 514: 510: 504: 500: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 456: 452: 448: 444: 433: 428: 424: 418: 414: 408: 405: 402: 387: 379: 376: 373: 370: 366: 364: 362: 357: 353: 349: 347: 344: 341: 340: 337: 315: 277: 252: 212: 147: 123:Music theory 114:music theory 107: 101:Music portal 70:Music theory 51:WikiProjects 34: 1892:Jerome Kohl 1857:Jerome Kohl 1834:Jerome Kohl 1636:Jerome Kohl 1630:, etc., or 1221:—Preceding 1061:Adynatoniac 1030:84.60.5.122 1024:—Preceding 948:poor rhythm 934:good rhythm 848:Body Rhythm 778:Timothyreal 755:Timothyreal 322:dance music 1953:Categories 1768:Report bug 1612:WP:CITEVAR 1604:User:Atavi 1494:2012-04-24 1476:References 1349:Jidu Boite 1343:Idiometric 1136:. Thanks! 860:. Thanks! 835:. Thanks! 774:Swung Note 437:beatboxing 1910:Acousmana 1751:this tool 1744:this tool 1608:this edit 1600:this edit 1438:Tim Sabin 1188:this diff 972:this edit 667:WP:IDRIVE 653:Florence 583:Florence 327:sugarfish 39:is rated 1937:Kdammers 1757:Cheers.— 1572:unsigned 1513:science 1463:Hyacinth 1223:unsigned 1138:Hyacinth 1076:Hyacinth 1026:unsigned 862:Hyacinth 837:Hyacinth 765:Hyacinth 740:Hyacinth 729:Hyacinth 394:Hyacinth 320:in with 288:Merphant 281:Merphant 1906:someone 1681:my edit 1413:Jotamar 1383:Jotamar 816:Jzmckay 528:3&- 524:&2- 485:3&- 481:&2- 274:Pitiful 255:on the 150:on the 41:C-class 1877:(talk) 1845:(talk) 1797:(talk) 1787:rhythm 1677:Rhythm 1517:whales 1303:gagaku 1152:Exact? 1003:Liffey 982:, and 707:Basics 679:Rhythm 671:Fenice 624:(talk) 561:ishwar 536:&- 358:Rhythm 228:Poetry 219:poetry 175:Poetry 47:scale. 1930:pulse 1526:Dusty 1299:talas 1253:. __ 988:Atavi 526:& 495:fills 483:& 459:& 455:& 451:& 447:& 390:meter 384:Meter 28:This 1941:talk 1914:talk 1896:talk 1872:Tony 1861:talk 1840:Tony 1792:Tony 1659:talk 1640:talk 1580:talk 1550:talk 1519:and 1467:talk 1442:talk 1417:talk 1403:talk 1387:talk 1353:talk 1333:talk 1287:talk 1259:talk 1231:talk 1204:talk 1177:talk 1142:talk 1104:talk 1080:talk 1065:talk 1034:talk 1007:talk 992:talk 986:. -- 715:MWM 619:Tony 607:talk 592:talk 567:PEAK 552:hi. 513:and 427:and 417:and 354:THAT 247:High 1789:. 1725:RfC 1695:to 1165:not 142:Low 1955:: 1943:) 1916:) 1898:) 1863:) 1738:. 1733:}} 1729:{{ 1661:) 1642:) 1626:, 1582:) 1552:) 1531:💬 1469:) 1436:-- 1419:) 1405:) 1389:) 1355:) 1335:) 1289:) 1261:) 1233:) 1206:) 1179:) 1144:) 1106:) 1082:) 1067:) 1059:-- 1036:) 1009:) 994:) 978:, 609:) 594:) 565:(S 473:23 469:23 1939:( 1912:( 1894:( 1859:( 1836:: 1832:@ 1770:) 1766:( 1753:. 1746:. 1657:( 1638:( 1578:( 1548:( 1533:| 1529:| 1497:. 1465:( 1444:) 1440:( 1415:( 1401:( 1385:( 1351:( 1331:( 1285:( 1257:( 1229:( 1202:( 1175:( 1140:( 1102:( 1078:( 1063:( 1032:( 1005:( 990:( 605:( 590:( 569:) 538:3 534:2 530:4 522:1 517:. 515:3 511:1 487:4 479:1 475:1 471:1 467:1 457:4 453:3 449:2 445:1 429:4 425:2 419:3 415:1 259:. 154:. 53::

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index