2115:⢠Process Activities The four basic process activities of specification, development, validation and evolution are organized differently in different development processes. In the waterfall model, they are organized in sequence, whereas in evolutionary development they are interleaved. How these activities are carried out depends on the type of software, people and organizational structures involved. 1. Software specification A software requirement is defined as a condition to which a system must comply. Software specification or requirements management is the process of understanding and defining what functional and non-functional requirements are required for the system and identifying the constraints on the systemâs operation and development. The requirements engineering process results in the production of a software requirements document that is the specification for the system. There are four main phases in the requirements engineering process: Feasibility study- In this study an estimate is made of whether the identified user needs may be satisfied using current software and hardware technologies. The study considers whether the proposed system will be cost-effective from a business point of view and whether it can be developed within existing budgetary constraints. Requirements elicitation and analysis- This is the process of deriving the system requirements through observation of existing systems, discussions with potential users, requirements workshop, storyboarding, etc. Requirements specification- This is the activity of translating the information gathered during the analysis activity into a document that defines a set of requirements. Two types of requirements may be included in this document: user (functional) requirements and system (non-functional) requirements. Requirements validation- It is determined whether the requirements defined are complete. This activity also checks the requirements for consistency. 2. Software design and implementation The implementation phase of software development is the process of converting a system specification into an executable system through the design of system. A software design is a description of the architecture of the software to be implemented, the data which is part of the system, the interfaces between system components and, sometimes, the algorithms used. A contrasting approach can be used by structured methods for design objectives. A structured method includes a design process model, notations to represent the design, report formats, rules and design guidelines. Most these methods represent the system by graphical models and many cases can automatically generate program code from these models. Various competing methods to support object-oriented design were proposed in the 1990s and these were unified to create the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the associated unified design process.
1914:⢠Software Engineering Definitions The need for systematic approaches to development and maintenance of computer software products became apparent in 1960s. During this decade, third generation computing hardware was invented, and the software techniques of multiprogramming and time-sharing were developed. These capabilities provided the technology for implementation of interactive, multiuser, on-line and real-time computing systems. As the computing systems became larger and more complex, it became apparent that the demand for computer software was growing faster than our ability to produce and maintain it. A workshop was held in Garmisch, West Germany, in 1968, to consider the growing problems of software technology. This workshop and the subsequent one held in Rome, Italy, in 1969, stimulated widespread interest in the technical and managerial processes used to develop and maintain computer software. The term âsoftware engineeringâ was first used in these workshops. Since 1968, the applications of digital computers have become increasingly diverse, complex, and critical to modern society. As a result, the field of software engineering has evolved into technological discipline of considerable importance. According to Boehm, software engineering involves âthe practical application of scientific knowledge to the design and construction of computer programs and the associated documentation required to develop, operate, and maintain themâ. The IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering terminology defines software engineering as âThe systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of softwareâ. âSoftware engineering is the technological and managerial discipline concerned with systematic production and maintenance of software products that are developed and modified on time and within cost estimatesâ. The primary goals of software engineering are to improve the quality of software products and to increase the productivity and job satisfaction of software engineers. ⢠The Software Process Software Process is the total set of software engineering activities necessary to develop and maintain software products. It can be characterized as shown in the figure below. A Common Process Framework is established by defining a small number of framework activities that are applicable to all software projects, regardless of their size and complexity. A number of task sets each a collection of software engineering work tasks, project milestones, software work products and deliverables, and quality assurance points- enable the framework activities to be adapted to the characteristics of the software project and the requirements of the project team.
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low) for some period of time. As time passes, however, the failure rate rises again as hardware components suffer from the cumulative affects of just, vibration, abuse, temperature extremes, and many other environmental changes. The hardware begins to wear out. Software is not susceptible to the environmental changes that cause the hardware to wear out. Theoretically the failure rate curve for the software should take the form shown below. 3. Most software is custom-built, rather than being assembled from existing components : Consider the manner in which the control hardware for a computer-based product is designed and built: The design engineer draws a simple schematic of the digital circuitry, does some fundamental analysis to ensure that proper function will be achieved, and then refers to the catalog of digital components Each IC has a part number, a defined and validated function, a well-defined interface, and a set of integration guidelines. After each component is selected, the circuit is implemented. A software component should be designed and implemented so that it can be reused in different programs since it is a better approach, according to finance and manpower. In the 1960s, we built scientific subroutine libraries that were reusable in a broad array of engineering and scientific applications. These subroutine libraries reused well-defined algorithms in an effective manner but had a limited domain of application. Today, we have extended our view of reuse to encompass not only algorithms but also data structure. Modern reusable components encapsulate both data and the processing applied to the data, enabling the software engineer to create new applications from reusable parts. ⢠Software Myths Many causes of a software affliction can be traced to a mythology that arouse during the early history of software development. Software Myths propagate misinformation and confusion. Software Myths had a number of attributes that made them insidious: They appeared to be reasonable statements of facts, and they were often accepted by experienced practitioners. Today, most knowledgeable professionals recognize myths for what they are- misleading attitudes that have caused serious problems for managers and technical people. However, old attitudes and habits are difficult to modify, and small traces of software myths are still believed.
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cases, the system software is characterized by heavy interaction with computer hardware: heavy usage by multiple users, concurrent process scheduling, resource sharing, process management, etc. 2. Real-Time software: -Software that monitor/analyzes/controls real-world events as they occur is called real-time software. Real-time software includes a data gathering component that collects and formats information from an external environment, an analysis component that transforms information as required by the application, a control component that responds to the external environment, and a monitoring component that coordinates all other components so that real-time response can be maintained. 3. Business
Software: - Business information processing is the largest single software application area. Applications in this area (payroll, inventory) restructure existing data in a way that facilitates business operations or management decision making. 4. Engineering and Scientific Software: - Engineering and Scientific software has been characterized by ânumber crunchingâ algorithms. System simulation, computer-aided design and other interactive applications are some of the examples. 5. Embedded Software: - Embedded software resides in read-only memory and is used to control products and systems for consumer and industrial markets. Embedded software can perform limited functions (keypad control for a microwave oven) or provide significant function and control capability (digital functions in an automobile such as fuel control, dashboard displays, braking systems). 6. Personal Computer Software: - The personal computer software market has grown rapidly over the past decade. Word processing, spreadsheets, computer graphics, multimedia, database management, personal and business financial applications are some of the applications. 7. Artificial Intelligence Software: - Artificial Intelligence software makes use of non numerical algorithm to solve complex problem that are not liable to computation or straightforward analysis. An active area is Expert systems, also known as knowledge-based systems. Other application areas include pattern recognition, game playing and recently artificial neural network has evolved.
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software process. The majority of validation costs are incurred after implementation when the operation of system is tested. The software is tested in the usual three-stage testing process. The system components, the integrated system and finally the entire system are tested. Component defects are generally discovered early in the process and the interface problems during the system integration. The stages in the testing process are: Component (or unit) testing. Individual components are tested to ensure that they operate correctly. Each component is tested independently, without other system components. System testing- The components are integrated to make up the system. This testing process is concerned with finding errors that result from interactions between components and component interface problems. It is also concerned with validating that the system meets its functional and non-functional requirements. Acceptance testing- It is considered a functional testing of system. The system is tested with data supplied by the system customer. Usually, component development and testing are interleaved. Programmers make up their own test data and test the code as it is developed. However in many process model, such as in V-model, Test Driven
Development, Extreme Programming, etc., the design of the test cases starts before the implementation phase of development. If an incremental approach to development is used, each increment should be tested as it is developed, with these tests based on the requirements for that increment. 4. Software evolution Software evolution, specifically software maintenance, is the term used in software engineering to refer to the process of developing software initially, then repeatedly updating it for various reasons. The aim of software evolution would be to implement the possible major changes to the system. The existing larger system is never complete and continues to evolve. As it evolves, the complexity of the system will grow. The main objectives of software evolution are ensuring the reliability and flexibility of the system. The costs of maintenance are often several times the initial development costs of software.
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must spend time educating the newcomers. People can be added but only in a planned and well co-coordinated manner. Customer Myths
Customer requesting software might be a technical group of the same organization, or an outside company requesting software under contract. In many cases, the believes the myths about the software because the responsible may not understand the nature of software development; false expectations must be eliminated at the start. Co manager and practitioners do little to correct misinformation. Myths lead to false expectations by the customer and finally dissatisfaction with the developer. Myth: A general statement of objectives is sufficient to start writing programs - we can fill in the details later. Reality: Poor up-front definition is the major cause of failed software efforts. A formal and detailed description of the information domain, function, performance, interfaces, design constraints and validation criteria is essential. These characteristics can be determined only after thorough communication between customer and developer. Myth: Project requirements continually change, but change can be easily accommodated because software is flexible. Reality: It is true that requirements do change, but the impact of change varies with the time that it is introduced. If serious attention is given to up-front definition, early requests for change can be accommodated. The customer can do the review and recommend modifications with relatively little impact on cost. When changes are requested at the design phase, the cost impact grows rapidly: resources have been committed and a design framework has been established, design modifications means additional cost. Changes in function, performance, interfaces or other characteristics during implementation have a severe impact on cost.
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tells a computer what operations to perform. Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software. Hardware describes the physical components of computers and related devices. According to IEEE âsoftware is a collection of computer programs, procedures, rules and associated documentation and data pertaining to the operation of a computer system.â Software is often divided into two categories, system software or industrial strength software and
Application software or simple software. Application software is a simple program that is usually designed, developed, used and maintained by the same person. No systematic approach is required for such type of softwareâs. System software use some systematic approach called programming systems. Different users in different platform use these softwareâs and the complexity is high. System software includes operating systems and any program that supports application software. ⢠Software Characteristics For a better understanding of the software, it is important to examine the characteristics of software that make it different from other things that human beings build. When hardware is built, the human creative process (analysis, design, construction, testing) is ultimately translated into a physical form. If we build a new computer, our initial sketches, formal design drawings, and bread boarded prototype evolve into a physical product (chips, circuit boards, power supplies, etc.). Since software is purely logical rather than a physical system element, it therefore, has characteristics that are entirely different than those of hardware:
2109:⢠Process Iteration Change is inevitable in all large software projects. The system requirements change as the business procuring the system responds to external pressures. Management priorities change. As new technologies become available, designs and implementation change. This means that the software process is not a one-off process; rather, the process activities are regularly repeated as the system is reworked in response to change requests. Two process models have been explicitly designed to support process iteration: 1. Incremental Delivery- The software specification, design and implementation are broken down into a series of increments that are each developed in turn. 2. Spiral Development- The development of the system spirals outwards from an initial outline through to the final developed system. The essence of iterative processes is that the specification is developed in conjunction with the software. However, this conflicts with the procurement model of many organizations where the complete system specification is part of the system development contract. In the incremental approach there is no complete system specification until the final increment is specified. This requires a new form of contract, which large customers such as government agencies may find difficult to accommodate.
2043:âprototypeâ is released. Developers constantly create screens and show a workflow until itâs approved by users. It is a very simple process since it doesnât have to use so many original ideas. Itâs basically an aggregate of different tools and cleverly using them to create completely different software. RAD focuses more on the visual instead of the coding or software development. Since it already uses tools for generating codes, developers will have more time setting up the GUI of the software rather than focusing on the root structure of the program. The development cycle also enlists the help of the users to make sure the product being developed could match their taste. This will ensure a good user feedback since their ideas was acknowledged and had an actual impact on the product development. RAD reduces stress in creating GUI, coding and structure since it has a remote possibility of being trashed by users.
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make a little change in the interface to fit the requirement of the client and we have a brand new program. To make our lives even better in developing software, there are tools coming out of the marking that serves as code generators. No need to create complicated codes, we just run the system through our preferences and we have a fully functional program. The idea of reusing codes and tools is what defines another form of
Software Development Life Cycle called Rapid Application Development, or RAD. This form of software development constantly refers to the objective. Instead of creating original coding, developers use other tools such as software development kits and other graphic user interfaces to create programs. RAD also relies heavily on the available codes and reuses it to fit the intended program. Since RAD uses GUI, development kits and existing codes, software development will be faster.
1922:⢠Software Process Models The development strategy encompassing all the activities required to define, develop, test, deliver, operate and maintain software product is often referred to as Process Model or Software Engineering Paradigm. Different models emphasize different aspects of the life cycle, and no single model is appropriate for all software products. It is important to define a life-cycle model for each software project because the model provides a basis for controlling the various activities required to develop and maintain a software product. The selection of a process model is based on the nature of the project and application, the tools to be used and the controls and deliverables that are required.
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visible to the customer. The quick design leads to the construction of a prototype. The prototype is evaluated by the customer and is used to refine the requirements for the software to be developed. Iteration occurs as the prototype is tuned to satisfy the needs of the customer, at the same time enabling the developer to better understand the needs of the customer. The prototype model serves as a mechanism for identifying software requirements. Both the developer and the customer like this model. Customers get a feel of the actual system and developer gets some idea about the requirements of the customer. Yet prototype model do have disadvantages.
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demands that with a slight modification prototype model can be converted into a working model. Too often, the software development management relents. 2. The developer often makes implementation compromises in order to get a prototype working quickly. An inappropriate operating system or programming language may be used simply because it is available and known; an inefficient algorithm may be implemented simply to demonstrate capability. After sometime, the developer may become familiar with these choices and forget all the reasons why they were inappropriate. The less-than-ideal choice has now become an integral part of the system.
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developer and customer. 2. Planning â tasks required to define resources, timelines, and other project related information. 3. Risk analysis â tasks required to assess both technical and management risks. 4. Engineering â tasks required to build one or more representations of the application. 5. Construction & Release â tasks required to construct, test, install and provide user support (documentation and training). 6. Customer
Evaluation â tasks required to obtain customer feedback based on evaluation of the software representations created during engineering stage and implemented during the installation stage.
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Stage ⢠Plan the programming language like Java, PHP, .net; database like Oracle, MySQL, etc. Which would be suited for the project, also some high-level functions & architecture. Built Stage ⢠After design stage, it is built stage, that is nothing but actually code the software Test Stage ⢠Next, you test the software to verify that it is built as per the specifications given by the client. Deployment stage ⢠Deploy the application in the respective environment
Maintenance stage ⢠Once your system is ready to use, you may require to change the code later on as per customer request
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data object defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function. Processing descriptions are created for adding, modifying, deleting or retrieving a data object. Application
Generation Automated tools are used to facilitate construction of the software; even they use the 4th GL techniques. Testing and Turn over Many of the programming components have already been tested since RAD emphasis reuse. This reduces overall testing time. But new components must be tested and all interfaces must be fully exercised.
1907:⢠Software Applications Information determinacy refers to the predictable of the order and timing of information. An engineering analysis program accepts data that have a predefine order, execute the analysis algorithm(s) without interruption, and produce resultant data in report or graphical format. It is sometime difficult to develop meaningful generic categories for software application. As software complexity grows, neat compartmentalization disappears. The fallowing software areas indicate the breadth of potential application.
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stage. This means that for every single phase in the development cycle there is a directly associated testing phase. This is a highly disciplined model and next phase starts only after completion of the previous phase. Under V-Model, the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel. So there are
Verification phases on one side of the .V. and Validation phases on the other side. Coding phase joins the two sides of the V-Model. The below figure illustrates the different phases in V-Model of SDLC.
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next increment. IV. The Spiral Model The Spiral Model is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of linear sequential model. In Spiral Model, software is developed in a series of incremental releases. During early iterations, the incremental release might be paper model or prototype. During later iterations, increasingly more complete versions of the engineered system are produced.
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623:...Because of incompatibilities between different versions of the JRE, rather than rely on pre-installed JREs, many applications install their own JREs in order to function predictably. Java applets can detect which version of Java they are running on and the high level of compatibility between different versions of Java ensures it is a simple matter to support older versions of Java whilst making use of the additional features of later versions.
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environments such as those for the Java platform, groupware for communication among development members, and testing tools. RAD usually embraces object-oriented programming methodology, which inherently fosters software re-use. The most popular object-oriented programming languages, C++ and Java, are offered in visual programming packages often described as providing rapid application development.
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explicitly. The linear sequential model requires this and has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of many projects. 3. The customer must have patience. A working version of the program will not be available until late in the project time-span. A major blunder, if undetected until the working program is reviewed, can be disastrous.
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prototype and then progressively more sophisticated versions of the software. Each pass through the planning region results in adjustments to the project plan. Cost and schedule are adjusted based on the feedback derived from customer evaluation. In addition, the project manager adjusts the planned number of iterations required to complete the software.
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for such a small set of information. Also, in the english language, saying "Java wasn't free software" (past tense) can imply that it has changed from non-free to free, which wouldn't be accurate. If it wasn't free software, and it still isn't, then you would use a current tense, or if you must refer to the past, "has never been" would be clear.
865:: this is the same with ANY other language / platform, as C#, Python, Perl, even Flash, and as Java is (for the most part) upward compatible, especially at the binary-level, I think it is not a problem ; also, I never seen this explained as a weakness of Java which could reduce its desktop adoption (except on Knowledge..).
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VI. The V Model The V - model is SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential manner in V-shape. It is also known as
Verification and Validation model. V - Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on association of a testing phase for each corresponding development
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RAD (rapid application development) is a concept that products can be developed faster and of higher quality through: 1. Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups 2. Prototyping and early reiterative user testing of designs 3. The re-use of software components 4. A rigidly paced schedule
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Although problems can occur, prototyping can be an effective model for software engineering. The key is to define the rules at the beginning; that is. The customer and the developer must both agree that the prototype is built to serve as a mechanism for defining requirements. It is then discarded and
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Design: Software design is a multi step process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interface representations, procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality
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Myth: If we get behind schedule we can add more programmers and catch up. Reality: Software development is not a mechanistic process like manufacturing. In the words of Brook: '...Adding people to a late software project make it later'. As new people are added, those who were originally working on it
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3. Software validation Software validation or, more generally, verification and validation (V & V) is intended to show that a system conforms to its specification and that the system meets the expectations of the customer buying the system. It involves checking the processes at each stage of the
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V. RAD Model RAD is a linear sequential software development process model that emphasis an extremely short development cycle using a component based construction approach. If the requirements are well understood and defines, and the project scope is constraint, the RAD process enables a development
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Software Engineering:- Software is the collection of computer programs, procedures, rules, associated documentation and data which are collected for specific purpose. Software is the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. A program is a sequence of instructions that
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If this article is going to talk about the language/API that Sun created, then it should mention each of the implementations. Java is a successful technology and has fostered a community and a market of it's own. The current text makes it look like Java is something that only Sun is interested in,
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for teh win! In all seriousness though, there are plenty of excellent free solutions out there, such as Netbeans and Eclipse. Without fighting over which of the free solutions is better (Netbeans would win that hands down anyway), it is redicilous to assume that (esp. without statistical evidence) a
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There really shouldn't be a "past and present" division about free software licensing of Sun's JRE or class library because it still isn't free, and according to Sun it won't be free until at least March. Even if/when Sun Java becomes free, the before and after sections would probably not be useful
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Different phases of Software Development Cycle Activities performed in each stage Requirement Gathering stage ⢠Gather as much information as possible about the details & specifications of the desired software from the client. This is nothing but the Requirements gathering stage. Design
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RAD is a methodology for compressing the analysis, design, build, and test phases into a series of short, iterative development cycles. This has a number of distinct advantages over the traditional sequential development model.RAD projects are typically staffed with small integrated teams comprised
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Advantage and Disadvantages RAD reduces the development time and reusability of components help to speed up development. All functions are modularized so it is easy to work with. For large projects RAD require highly skilled engineers in the team. Both end customer and developer should be committed
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Developer and customer meet and define the overall objectives for the software, identify whatever requirements are known and outline the areas where further definition is required. The output is âquick designâ. A quick design focuses on a representation of those aspects of the software that will be
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Testing: Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, assuring that all statements have been tested, and on the functional externals- that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce
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I. The Linear Sequential Model Sometimes called the âclassic life cycleâ or âwaterfall modelâ, the linear sequential model suggests a systematic, sequential approach to the software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance.
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Myth: The only deliverable for a successful project is the working program. Reality: A working program is only one of the elements of the project. Other elements include: project plans, requirements specifications, system designs, test specifications, support documentation etc. Documentation forms
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I have suffered from the JRE incompatibility problems referred to above, but not being an expert in Java, I've added cleanup tags to two sections, and added fact tags to some statements. In fact some compatibilty claims in the article are directly counter to my experiences but I guess that would be
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One of the conveniences of developing software is that it is not a physical tool that can be lost once it gets developed or manufactured. Codes are used to implement the software and it does not disappear together with the product. We can re-use the code all over again in another software. We just
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As this evolutionary process begins, the software engineering team moves around the spiral in a clockwise direction, beginning at the core. The first circuit around the spiral might result in the development of a product specification; subsequent passes around the spiral might be used to develop a
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Incremental development is useful when staffing is unavailable for the complete implementation by the deadline that has been established for the project. Early increments can be implemented with fewer people. If the core product is well received, then additional staff can be added to implement the
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Each of these problems is real. But still the classic life cycle model has a definite and important place in the software engineering work. It provides a template into which methods for analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance can be placed. The classic life cycle remains the most widely
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such as hardware, people, and databases. System engineering and analysis involves requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of top-level analysis and design. Information engineering involves requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level.
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System/information engineering: Because software is always part of a larger system, work begins by establishing requirements for all the system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interface with other elements
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All software development can be characterized as a problem solving loop in which four distinct stages are encountered: status quo, problem definition, technical development, and solution integration. Status quo represents the current state of the process; problem definition identifies the specific
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Myth: Once we write a program and get it to work, our job is done. Reality: Someone once said,â The sooner you begin writing code, the longer it will take you to get doneâ. The industry data indicates that the majority of effort expended on a program will be after the program has been delivered to
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Although some similarities exist between software development and hardware manufacture, the two activities are fundamentally different. In both activities, high quality is achieved through good design, but the manufacturing phase for hardware can introduce quality problems that are nonexistent (or
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Isn't this a reference to the old conflict between the Microsoft Java VM and the Sun Java VM? In that case, there really were incompatibilities. Which IMHO, was a pretty shitty thing to do on MS's part. However, the lawyers settled this and now Sun's VM is considered the "real one" and others that
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I do not understand what is meant by the Criticism section when it states that Java necessarily uses "a user's IP address to allow Java to function." I've used Java for years, and don't know what this means. There is a bug opened on Java 1.5.0 through 1.5.9 (I believe) where calling some network
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I updated the latest release in the box. I'm using the last modified date of the release notes page, because I can't find a more accurate release date. If anyone knows, or knows how to find out. Please change it, and if they wouldn't mind posting here, so I can see how to figure it out as I don't
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The traditional software development cycle follows a rigid sequence of steps with a formal sign-off at the completion of each. A complete, detailed requirements analysis is done that attempts to capture the system requirements in a Requirements Specification. Users are forced to âsign-offâ on the
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Data Modeling The information collected from business modeling is refined into a set of data objects (entities) that are needed to support the business. The attributes (character of each entity) are identified and the relation between these data objects (entities) is defined. Process Modeling The
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But like other models, the spiral model is not a universally accepted model. It may be difficult to convince the customer that the evolutionary approach is controllable. It requires considerable risk assessment expertise, and completely relies on this expertise for success. If a major risk is not
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The spiral model is divided into a number of framework activities, also called task regions. There may be between three and six task regions. Figure below depicts a spiral model that contains six task regions. 1. Customer Communication â tasks required to establish effective communication between
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Each linear sequence produces a deliverable âincrementâ of the software. In incremental model, the increment is a core product in which the requirements are addressed. The core product is used by the customer. As a result of use and evaluation, a plan is developed for the next increment. The plan
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1. The customer sees what appears to a working version of the software unaware of the things like in a hurry to get it working software quality and maintainability had not been considered. When informed that the product must be rebuilt so that high level of quality can be maintained, the customer
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II. The Prototyping Model Often, a customer defines a set of general objectives for software but does not identify detailed input, processing or output requirements. In other cases, the developer may be unsure of the efficiency of an algorithm, the adaptability of an operating system, or the form
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Maintenance: Software will undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adopted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements.
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1. System Software: - System Software is a collection of programs written to service other programs. Some System Software (Compiler, editor) processes complex but defined, information structure. Other System Software (Operating system components, drivers) process large undefined data. In both the
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The relationship, often called the "bathtub curve," indicates that hardware exhibits relatively high failure rates early in its life (these failures are often attributable to design or manufacturing defects); defects are corrected and the failure rate drops to a steady state level (ideally, quite
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Myth: My people have the latest software development tools; after all we do buy them the latest computers. Reality: It takes more than the latest computer to do high quality software development. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are more important than hardware for achieving good
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javac is very low value. The java language to java bytecode conversion isn't that complex and there are perfectly acceptable free compilers out there. Hotspot is more valuable but i'd imagine it has a fairly strong dependency on suns class libraries which are still non-free. If and when we see a
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But, what if the design phase uncovers requirements that are technically unfeasible, or extremely expensive to implement? What if errors in the design are encountered during the build phase? The elapsed time between the initial analysis and testing is usually a period of several months. What if
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Some companies offer products that provide some or all of the tools for RAD software development. (The concept can be applied to hardware development as well.) These products include requirements gathering tools, prototyping tools, computer-aided software engineering tools, language development
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1. Real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes. Although the linear model can accommodate iterations, it does so indirectly. As a result, changes can cause confusion as the project team proceeds. 2. It is often difficult for the customer to state all the requirements
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The spiral model is a realistic approach to the development of large scale system and software. Because software evolves as the process progresses, the developer and the customer better understand and react to risks at each evolutionary level. The spiral model maintains the systematic stepwise
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Each of the regions is populated by a series of work tasks that are adapted to the characteristics of the project to be undertaken. For small projects, the number of work tasks and their formalities are low. For larger, more critical projects, each task region contains more work tasks that are
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functions tried doing a reverse DNS lookup on the remote IP address, but this was a bug that has been since fixed, not a feature of the langauage. There are plenty of valid critiques of Java, I just don't think this is one of them (factually). If not clarified, this section should be removed.
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Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, a currently supported long-term support (LTS) version, released on September 25, 2018. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8, because of serious risks due to
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The operational development of the software also works like the Prototype version. Instead of planning out and creating a single documentation, developers only have to look at the objective and use it as a âmotivationâ to create a program. It will be constantly tested and checked as the new
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Myth: We already have a book that's full of standards and procedures for building software. Won't that provide my people with everything they need to know? Reality: The book of standards may exist, but is it used? Are software developers aware that it exists? Does it reflect modern software
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RAD model has the following phases: Business Modeling The information flow among business functions is defined by answering questions like what information drives the business process, what information is generated, who generates it, where does the information go, who process it and so on.
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Software requirement analysis: The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software. To understand the nature of the program to be built, the software engineer must understand the information domain for the software as well as required function, behavior,
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The incremental model, like prototyping, is iterative in nature. But unlike prototyping, the incremental model focuses on the delivery of an operational product with each increment. The early versions of the incremental model provide a platform for the user to evaluate the requirements.
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Management Myths Managers with software responsibility, like managers in most disciplines, are often under pressure to maintain budgets, keep schedules from slipping, and improve quality. Often the software manger believes the software myth as it lessens the pressure temporarily.
1048:"Java Platform" is not an "official proper name"; it's a random subset of the various "official proper names" that the platform currently goes by. It's no less contrived than "Java (Sun)". Both "Java (software)" and "Java (computing)" are ambiguous because of the existence of
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III. The Incremental Model The incremental model combines elements of the linear sequential model with the iterative nature of the prototyping. The incremental model applies the linear sequences in a staggered fashion as the time progresses as shown in the figure below.
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The Licensing section also needed some major cleanups in a variety of ways. I've tried to make the section more concise and clear without removing anything important, but if I did remove something important, please re-add it, rather than reverting the entire edit.
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If, on the other hand, this article is to be limited to Sun's Java implementations, then it should be renamed as such and the discussion of the general Java technology (which Sun develops/defines) should be moved to an article that is broad and inclusive.
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business requirements or priorities change or the users realize they overlooked critical needs during the analysis phase? These are many of the reasons why software development projects either fail or donât meet the userâs expectations when delivered.
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It is blatantly obvious that this is an appropriate title, though whether it is the best title for the wiki is another question. If you know of any other nomenclature that is used consistently in official documents, please share some examples with us.
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I think that this article is too long. Why not split the "Version History" part in another article, to link with this one, or at least keep only the beginning of the chapter in this article, and put the detailed J2SE 1.0 to 7.0 to the new article ?
680:(and maybe false). I propose to delete the entire Criticism section (it contains only this sentence) if nobody is able to cite sources in a few days. Plus, even if there are sources, I think the sentence should be : clarified + put in the general
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Myth: Until I get the program running I have no way of assessing its quality. Reality: One of the most effective software quality assurance mechanisms is the formal technical review. These can be undertaken long before the program is running.
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easily corrected) for software. Both activities depend on people, but the relationship between people applied and work accomplished is entirely different. Both activities require the construction of a âProductâ, but the approach is different.
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we tried having the top level java article and the programming language as one article and it was frankly a mess with the "java as a whole" people constantly fighting over what the article should contain with the "java programming language"
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Apart from V model, there are iterative development models, where development is carried in phases, with each phase adding a functionality to the software. Each phase comprises of its independent set of development and testing activities.
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Finally Umbrella activities- such as software quality assurance, software configuration management, and measurement-overly the process model. Umbrella activities are independent of any framework activity and occur throughout the process.
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are developed (open source ones for example) are modelled after the Sun one, for compatibility. Especially since the vast amount of platforms on which a Java VM is supported, this seems to be a thing of the past. Just my 2 cents...
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to be a problem for ambiguity, as the language is in fact part of the platform. That is, if you wanted to reference the Java language, you would not be incorrect in linking this article, even though a more specific article exists.
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The claims seen on the net are Java memory usage, Java mostly don't follow platform GUI guidelines, extra-step to deploy Java-based apps (even if it is the same with a lot of other frameworks), and Java being non-free in the past.
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of developers, end users, and IT technical resources. Small teams, combined with short iterative development cycles, optimizes speed, unity of vision and purpose, effective informal communication and simple project management.
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Code generation: The design must be translated into a machine readable form. The code generation step performs this task. If design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished mechanistically.
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Myths that are still believed by software practitioners have been encouraged by decades of programming culture. During the early days of software, programming was viewed as an art form. Old ways and attitudes die-hard.
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Regardless of the process model that is chosen for a software project, all of the stages- status quo, problem definition, technical development, and solution integration- exist simultaneously at some level of detail.
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to complete the system in a much abbreviated time frame. If commitment is lacking, RAD will fail. RAD is based on Object Oriented approach and if it is difficult to modularize the project the RAD may not work well.
983:. "Java Platform" is the official proper name of the subject being addressed in the article and will not require disambiguation for the foreseeable future. If "platform" is too specific, other candidates might be
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and it seems that the vm and the compiler are already gpl but the class libraries (which are arguablly the most valuable part of java to have under a free software license) are not going to be until early 2007.
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problem to be solved; technical development solves the problem through the application of some technology; and solution integration delivers the results to those who requested the solution in the first place.
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Testing is not a stand-alone activity, and it has to adapt the development model chosen for the project. In any model, testing should performed at all levels i.e. right from requirements until maintenance.
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I think the broad approach is better - aiming to make this a "top level" article for Java, rather than limiting it to the overlap of the technology and the company. To broaden this, info can be found on
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addresses the modification of the core product to meet the needs of the customer and delivery of additional features and functionality. This process is repeated until the complete product is produced.
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The JRE is a part of the Java development kit (JDK), which is used for developing Java software. The JRE provides programming tools and deployment technologies, while the JVM executes Java programs.
620:(The following paragraph contradicts itself, and my own personal experience is that 1.5 and 5.0 apps don't get along with just one JRE, so I purposefully avoid all Java to preclude 500Mb of JREÂ ;) )
2087:⢠The left side of the model is Software Development Life Cycle - SDLC ⢠The right side of the model is Software Test Life Cycle - STLC ⢠The entire figure looks like a V, hence the name V - model
2603:". I'd propose to replace (or precede) existing text with more general description, which is about all JREs, not only made by Oracle (as specified in existing section "Java Runtime Environment").
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Throughout the article, Java is talked about in reference to Sun, and there is no mention of Oracle's acquisition of Sun. Is Sun really a "subsidiary" of Oracle, as the intro section suggests?
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The advent of portable drives, knoppix, etc. contradicts the preceding statement. The demand for small, self-contained, and portable binaries is higher than ever. Take for example, utorrent.
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A Java runtime environment (JRE) is a collection of software components used to run Java applications. It includes Java virtual machine (JVM), Java class libraries, and Java class loader.
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1168:. As for consistency, there's really no such thing in this particular case. The only constant is "Java", so rather than second-guessing we should just use "Java" and disambiguate it.
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The linear sequential model is the oldest and the most widely used model for software engineering. Some of the problems that may arise when linear sequential model is applied are:
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The JRE acts as an intermediary between the Java program and the underlying operating system, allowing the program to access the resources of the OS and run on various platforms.
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I should say that until recently, there was no 64-bit Java browser plugin. That changed less than half a year ago, I think. Also, there is now a 64-bit flash plugin for Linux.
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solution that costs tons of money, and is primarily meant for .NET/C++ would be the ideal of preferred development means for Java. My apologies for being anonymous btw :P
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Standalone applications have fallen out of favor as computing has switched to a Web-based model. New programming techniques have produced powerful Web applications....
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uncovered and managed, problems will occur. Finally, the model itself is relatively new and has not been used as widely as sequential model or prototyping model.
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buildable JRE made up of opensource software then that WILL be a very significant moment but what we have been given so far is practically worthless on its own.
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Tools used to develop graphical Java applications are fragmented and none is as popular as Microsoft's Visual Studio suite for developing Windows applications
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for one example (needs broadband). Also, services like Google mail and in fact Google itself have become more popular and these are web based applications.
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article, so I think we have enough material on this subject (adding more sections about that would duplicate already existing material). I have linked the
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For years I have noticed that Plain ol' Duke looks a little like a scene out of the movie Wizards (1977)where Avatar waves at Black Wolf. Just a thought.
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I propose to rewrite the section. I don't wish to remove all the details which are discussed there now. However, they seem to be extra to the sub-topic "
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javac and hotspot are GPL now, and they really are valuable pieces of software (think of the speed of Sun's vm compared to other free vms, for example).
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Why is there nothing about Java's criticism? For example, many people complain that Java runs to slow, and teaches bad habits to beginning programmers.
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This also appears to be a very strange claim that Microsoft's Visual Studio suite is more widely used for developing Graphical Java applications than
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article. In addition, I may have inadvertantly inserted my own bias by promulgating the "less-pure" meme. Please feel free to do what you will. --
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961:, but adding a note here as a heads-yp. These articles cover the same ground, and regardless of the final title there should only be one of them.
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I agree, so I'm removing the merge tags. Someone can always readd the merge and include reasons that might gain consensus in the two Talk pages. -
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approach suggested by the classic life cycle, but incorporates it into an iterative framework that more realistically reflects the real world.
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In all its incarnations it is known as "Java Platform", appended by a particular edition. They are all referred to as "Java Platform", however.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130409083307/http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/nasty-new-java-zero-day-found-exploit-kits-already-have-it-011013
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I've created an audio recording of this article for the Spoken Knowledge project. Please let me know if I've made any mistakes. Thanks. --
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is there actually any official sun download marked up as GPL yet, if not then imo we are jumping the gun saying that java has been made GPL.
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I felt it necessary to significantly modify the Language section of this page to address perceived bias and better reflect the more thorough
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specification before development proceeds to the next step. This is followed by a complete system design and then development and testing.
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There are numerous development life cycle models. Development model selected for a project depends on the aims and goals of that project.
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You edits were on target, you just didn't go far enough. Â :-) I worked on it some more, but it was pretty poorly worded compared to the
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that human machine interaction should take. In these and many other situations, a prototyping model may offer the best approach.
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I've found a high level of compatibility between Java versions, to the extent that the same byte code runs on all versions. See
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performance, and interfacing. Requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the customer.
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the foundation for successful development and, more importantly, provides the foundation for the software maintenance task.
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before code generation begins. Like requirements, the design is documented and becomes part of the software configuration.
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and no one else wants to, feels a need to, or sees a reason to develop this technology. ...which obviously isn't true.
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that defers design improvements to the next product version 5. Less formality in reviews and other team communication
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article. The sentence says exactly the contrary as a LOT of sources always say : Java is generally a secure language.
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841:: I never seen any comment about this on the web, especially to explain why Java is not widely used on the desktop.
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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is fine by me, as the only difference is using the trademark vs using a generic phrase. Also, I don't consider
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because it isn't one, its a C++ app that happens to use a tiny bit of java for its scripting functionaility.
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Software maintenance reapplies each of the preceding phases to an existing program rather than a new one.
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The article's quality is appalling! sentences and language use are pretty bad. This will need some work!
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If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
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850:. I suspect 5 years ago this may have been close to the truth, but I would be amazed if it is true now.
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2. Software doesn't wear out: Figure below shows the failure rate as a function of time for hardware.
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until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.
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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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Please help fix the broken anchors. You can remove this template after fixing the problems. |
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Java Runtime Environment page redirect to the section with the same name misleads the readers
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1. Software is developed or engineered but it is not manufactured in the classical sense:
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quality and productivity, yet the majority of software developers still do not use them.
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development practice? Is it complete? In many cases the answer to these questions is no.
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the actual software is engineered with the aim towards the quality and maintainability.
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linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an
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This article is littered with sentences like that. A major cleanup is in order. --
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http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/u64q/which-programming-languages-are-fastest.php
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as a compromise, but the other suggestions thus far are definitely inappropriate.
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why isnt OOo being mentioned as a good example for a nice java-desktop app?
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I disagree very strongly with the following statement made in the article:
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team to create a fully functional system with in very short time period.
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after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add
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can you tell me name of applications of java a and where we uses java.
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Maybe it was Flash Player I thought as of having only 32-bit support...
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First sentence in the history section broken and I can't fix it myself.
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iOS, Android? Anyone heard of those? ;) Do they support Java or not? --
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This article links to one or more target anchors that no longer exist.
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akshit is a very good by and he will beat dhairya and bring 10 cgpa
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The Prototype model shown below begins with requirement gathering.
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the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize
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to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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A page redirects to this article, to the section with the name "
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That this article is linked to from the image description page.
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Native? And for both open source and Sun Microsystem version?
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Two of the claims are not fact-based and maybe not relevant:
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Knowledge:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 August 26#Jusched
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I put a after the sentence, and I agree that it seems to be
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the
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on the image's description page for the use in this article.
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Linear sequential model involves the following activities.
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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http://research.sun.com/techrep/2002/smli_tr-2002-114.pdf
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http://virtualschool.edu/objectivec/influenceOnJava.html
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I have just added archive links to 2 external links on
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I propose that this article be moved over the redirect
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Convention is that merge discussion takes place on the
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A discussion is taking place to address the redirect
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http://blogs.oracle.com/java/entry/future_tech_duke
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article that most of this content was taken from. â
532:] The anchor (#Ask Toolbar controversy) has been
2019:defined to achieve a higher level of formality.
1957:actual results that agree with required results.
2635:
2310:http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/jonathan/200606
1291:Image copyright problem with Image:Java Logo.svg
1166:Sun doesn't hold a trademark for "Java Platform"
33:for general discussion of the article's subject.
2664:B-Class software articles of Unknown-importance
2448:This message was posted before February 2018.
2318:This message was posted before February 2018.
2198:This message was posted before February 2018.
1753:This message was posted before February 2018.
1334:. For assistance on the image use policy, see
1972:used process model for software engineering.
1626:How to develop mail marge program in java ?
1587:iOS: yes, but not officially; Android: yes. â
174:
1194:don't place any emphasis on what is used in
1255:There's already a whole article devoted to
2398:I have just modified 3 external links on
2278:I have just modified 2 external links on
2180:http://www.ociweb.com/jnb/jnbJul2003.html
2148:I have just modified 3 external links on
1299:is used in this article under a claim of
2521:The English in this article is atrocious
1204:or otherwise, rather they focus on what
1431:Yes, check out the different downloads
188:
2636:
2391:External links modified (January 2018)
2170:http://blog.softwhere.org/archives/196
479:Knowledge:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
1742:to let others know (documentation at
1605:https://en.wikipedia.org/IOS_SDK#Java
482:Template:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
2659:Unknown-importance software articles
502:
457:This article is within the scope of
371:This article is within the scope of
254:This article is within the scope of
184:
1336:Knowledge:Media copyright questions
207:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
13:
2649:High-importance Computing articles
1549:Plain ol' Duke/Wizards Connection?
906:Don't forget the rest of the World
718:) 23:21, 15 September 2006 (UTC).
315:
14:
2700:
2402:. Please take a moment to review
2282:. Please take a moment to review
2152:. Please take a moment to review
1896:the customer for the first time.
1685:. Please take a moment to review
2554:
1511:Spoken Knowledge Audio Recording
991:. In any case, (Sun) has to go.
506:
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45:Click here to start a new topic.
2563:. The discussion will occur at
1388:Does Java have 64-bit support?
1330:This is an automated notice by
411:This article has been rated as
302:This article has been rated as
282:Knowledge:WikiProject Computing
1668:05:21, 20 September 2014 (UTC)
1616:09:04, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
1582:19:24, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
1340:23:33, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
1170:Chris Cunningham (not at work)
1058:Chris Cunningham (not at work)
966:10:17, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
747:No answer, I took it as a yes
727:11:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
661:11:04, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
285:Template:WikiProject Computing
1:
2386:23:01, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
1603:iOS: no it is not supported.
1597:17:10, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
1544:12:55, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
1525:23:06, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
1489:how is pointer initialized?
1367:. Is it OK if I rewrite it ?
825:02:05, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
791:12:02, 25 December 2006 (UTC)
782:00:57, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
774:https://openjdk.dev.java.net/
767:00:54, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
473:and see a list of open tasks.
385:and see a list of open tasks.
324:This article is supported by
276:and see a list of open tasks.
42:Put new text under old text.
2684:Top-importance Java articles
2630:18:40, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
2516:07:52, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
1505:13:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
1479:20:23, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
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1445:17:26, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
1427:17:07, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
1413:17:01, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
1398:16:59, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
1378:12:08, 7 November 2015 (UTC)
1305:requirements for such images
1192:Knowledge:naming conventions
752:11:44, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
742:09:33, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
460:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
7:
2583:20:00, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
2527:unresolved security issues.
1265:Java (programming language)
1139:Java (programming language)
1050:Java (programming language)
569:16:03, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
10:
2705:
2644:B-Class Computing articles
2479:(last update: 5 June 2024)
2395:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
2349:(last update: 5 June 2024)
2275:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
2266:23:20, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
2229:(last update: 5 June 2024)
2145:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
2135:17:55, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
1819:09:54, 21 March 2016 (UTC)
1784:(last update: 5 June 2024)
1703:|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
1678:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
1226:09:10, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
1212:that the correct title is
1177:07:02, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
1152:05:10, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
1117:00:53, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
1087:22:30, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
1065:12:13, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
1042:10:05, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
1022:03:43, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
1001:05:24, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
689:21:57, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
671:19:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
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587:20:47, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
417:project's importance scale
391:Knowledge:WikiProject Java
308:project's importance scale
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2654:B-Class software articles
2542:18:35, 25 June 2021 (UTC)
1844:06:48, 9 April 2016 (UTC)
1642:04:57, 7 April 2014 (UTC)
1259:. There's also a smaller
1073:That makes sense. I like
948:15:30, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
921:free Java implementations
887:14:05, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
801:23:12, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
772:ok i just took a look at
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2150:Java (software platform)
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1250:01:05, 25 May 2008 (UTC)
1135:Java (software platform)
1101:Java (software platform)
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1054:Java (software platform)
939:, etc.). There is also
900:12:34, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
650:23:14, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
636:22:01, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
25:Java (software platform)
2271:External links modified
2141:External links modified
1674:External links modified
1568:Mobile platforms update
1216:, some of us disagree.
943:, and probably others.
2674:All Computing articles
2573:User:1234qwer1234qwer4
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1485:c programming language
1319:non-free use rationale
1032:makes the most sense.
534:deleted by other users
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75:avoid personal attacks
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929:GNU Compiler for Java
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100:Neutral point of view
2547:"Jusched" listed at
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1689:. If necessary, add
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327:WikiProject Software
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2450:After February 2018
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1755:After February 2018
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1257:Criticism of Java
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1210:blatantly obvious
1052:. I'd settle for
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830:Desktop Use
695:don't merge
566:Npovmachine
148:free images
31:not a forum
2638:Categories
2511:Report bug
2381:Report bug
2261:Report bug
1589:C5st4wr6ch
1369:jojiantony
1332:FairuseBot
1295:The image
1277:Hervegirod
1200:, whether
1103:, which I
1007:rename to'
897:Hervegirod
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739:Hervegirod
686:Hervegirod
2494:this tool
2487:this tool
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1792:this tool
1555:Septagram
1536:Glasr5339
1275:section.
1261:Criticism
1034:Klausness
811:Licensing
607:problems!
598:Doug Bell
279:Computing
266:computing
262:computers
228:Computing
88:if needed
71:Be polite
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2500:Cheers.â
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1273:See also
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875:unsigned
854:Netbeans
798:Plugwash
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716:contribs
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584:gortsack
233:Software
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
2561:Jusched
2404:my edit
2284:my edit
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1815::Online
1732:checked
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1574:Xerces8
1374:undated
1351:ike9898
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923:(about
848:eclipse
700:people.
536:before.
415:on the
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1471:Haakon
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1164:Errr,
959:mergee
945:Gronky
466:spoken
268:, and
205:scale.
126:Google
1403:Yes.
953:Merge
933:Kaffe
656:OR. -
629:Clesh
169:JSTOR
130:books
84:Seek
2626:talk
2577:talk
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1664:talk
1648:java
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1433:here
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517:Tip:
388:Java
379:Java
351:Java
298:High
162:FENS
136:news
73:and
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2438:to
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