Talk:Brain/Archive 2

3542:

interaction between them. The two are the material and the immaterial worlds. Brains are in the material space time and minds are in the immaterial world. Each of the two components is again a duality. Brain is a static unit of matter acting as the container of the dynamism of electromagnetism. Individual cells in the brain are pre-programmed to receive variable electromagnetic impulses coming from the outside. Excess of the energy is distributed to the logically connected cells to form a field which acts as a symbol. Mind is the immaterial container of memory and of the static unit of ‘self’ of the observer who is called the ‘soul’. The ‘self’ is motivated by the lack of equilibrium. It can change its position within the memory by bringing into the consciousness in the ‘now’ the ‘truths’, which describe the observed unit. The ‘self’ cannot observe individual truths of the description because it can limit only one unit at a time. To be able to observe the description, called the ‘meaning’, the observer gives a ‘name’ to the synthesis of the description. The ‘name’, is a material or immaterial ‘symbol’ acting as the key which opens access to the description of the observed truth. The description of the symbol is not observed. Contact between the material and the immaterial space times, is through the electromagnetic field which acts as the material symbol motivating the ‘self’ through emotion. At the border between the material and the immaterial spaces velocity of rotation of gravitons is static as seen from the centre of observation. The gravitons can be motivated from either side of the border by different velocities of rotation of the adjoining gravitons. The velocity of rotation can increase or decrease with the result that rotation is transferred from one medium to the other. The direction of motivating energy is reversed when ‘meaning’ creates electromagnetic symbol in the brain. KK (

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thousand. A typical neuron may make 1000 connections to other neurons. There are approximately 100 billion (i.e. 1011) synapses per sq. cm, or 10 million per sq. mm. This estimate is based on a nominal 7000 synapses per neuron. The area of the cortex is 2200 sq. cm = 0.22 sq. m. The neocortex is 700 sq. cm. Therefore the human cortex contains approximately 30 billion (3 X 1010) neurons. Other estimates run from 10 billion to 100 billion (1010 - 1011) neurons and 1014 to 1015 synapses. The chimp and gorilla have about 500 sq. cm of cortex and therefore 7-8 billion neurons. A rat has 4-5 sq. cm of cortex, and therefore about 65 million neurons. There are approximately 100 million receptor cells in the retina. They feed into approximately one million ganglion cells (also in the retina). After age 40, about 1000 neurons die per day. (I seem to have forgotten the source of this...) Speed Typical spikes (action potentials) are 1 - 10 msec. long. Maximum spike rate is several hundred per second. It takes at least N msec. to distinguish N values by rate coding (due to the Gabor uncertainty principle). Therefore, in 100 msec. a value can be transmitted with 1-2 digits of precision. The synaptic delay is about 1/2 msec. A typical postsynaptic potential has a rise time of 1 - 2 msec. and a decay time of 3 - 5 msec. Much longer decay times occur, tens to hundreds of msec. The membrane time constant is typically 1 - 2 msec. The membrane length constant is typically 2 - 5 mm. A typical mental rotation rate is 450 degrees per second.

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I am unaware of any evidence that heavy "use" of the brain, like thinking hard for a long time and so forth, leads to any measurable depletion of the available glucose supply. There's normally always enough glucose to maintain prolonged brain activity, and glucose availability is unlikely to be rate-limiting, except in instances of starvation or malnutrition. So, in that sense, the brain does not so much get tired as get hungry. As for the second point, sleep, it clearly is the case that (with some comparative species caveats) sleep is periodically required for healthy brain function, and sleep deprivation is harmful (reversibly) to human brain functionality. But is that the brain getting tired, or the person getting tired? "Getting tired" is a phrase we use to describe a human experience, and it's philosophically problematic to attribute the experience to just the organ that mediates it: mediating an experience is not quite the same thing as experiencing it. --

1991:

reasons for expecting a power law: for example, the body-size-to-body-length relationship follows a power law with an exponent of 0.33, and the body-size-to-surface-area relationship a power law with an exponent of 0.67. The explanation for an exponent of 0.75 is not obvious—however it is worth noting that several physiological variables appear to be related to body size by approximately the same exponent, for example, the basal metabolic rate. This power law formula applies to the "average" brain of mammals taken as a whole, but each family (cats, rodents, primates, etc) departs from it to some degree, in a way that generally reflects the overall "sophistication" of behavior. Primates, for a given body size, have brains 5 to 10 times as large as the formula predicts. Predators tend to have relatively larger brains than the animals they prey on; placental mammals (the great majority) have relatively larger brains than marsupials such as the opossum.

2566:, and genetic fitness because it sounds rather eugenic, and both of these do lead to the issue that Hordaland just described. Thinking about it more, I realize that the bigger issue for me (relatively speaking, not that it's all that big!) is the use of the word "promotes": I don't really think the brain (or the behavior that it generates) is in the business of promoting anything (although I realize as I type this that we could have quite a philosophical debate about that). On the other hand, I take Looie's point about the similarity between functions and actions (although I suppose the former can refer to autonomic functions while the latter can refer to voluntary actions), and I agree that "manage and control" is completely unnecessary. Bottom line: maybe we have found that both wordings leave something to be desired. Would it perhaps be preferable to find a worthy quote or two from an RS, and quote it directly instead of synthesizing something? -- 2340:

cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage." I must admit, I am not an expert at this, but would it be a good idea to include the subsections such as Bilaterians, Vertebrates, Invertebrates, Mammals,Primates including humans or would it be a good idea to look at overall patterns? Eg. "All vertebrates have some sort of protection of the brain from diseases and damage...For example, the human brain is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier. However the delicate nature of the brains of vertebrates make it susceptible to numerous diseases and several types of damage."

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would be unacceptable in the following application: Science indicates the universe is billions of years old and was brought about by the big bang, but a large number of religious leaders can't imagine how science could be right, we should consider the alternatives as legitimate rebuttals to the science. The consensus of philosophers (if there is a consensus) that thought can't come from the brain even though science says otherwise should not be portrayed as a legitimate criticism of the science, at least no more than intelligent design should be portrayed as a legitimate rebuttal to the big bang.

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readers are likely to be most interested in. The sentence you quoted, for example, does apply to all vertebrates. I'm not saying that the current structure is ideal, and I'm definitely open to the changes you have been making -- just trying to explain the rationale for the current organization. As I see it, this article should describe features of the human brain that it shares; only features that are human-only should go into the "human brain" article (and there are tons of them). But absolutely anything that looks confusing needs to be fixed.

755:"Fish, after all, are cold-blooded animals, with "low-cost" bodies in terms of energy use. Because they do not produce much heat, cold-blooded vertebrates have a metabolic rate only 10 to 20 percent that of warm-blooded vertebrates at the same body temperature. Yet their brains need about the same amount of energy, because both warm-blooded and cold-blooded brains function in essentially the same way on a cellular level (cold-blooded and warm-blooded brains consume nearly the same amount of energy). 31: 2227:"In addition to the philosophical questions, the relationship between mind and brain involves a number of scientific questions" How so, when neither 'mind', 'thought' nor 'consciousness' are scientific concepts? Those nice science chaps may go off and produce homonymous concepts, but homonymy is not identity. If by 'consciousness' they mean something reducible to talk of brain function, then 'consciousness correlates to brain function' is just a mystified truism, not a discovery. 1439:

organisms, the need arises for a special system to transfer information between different parts of the body. So that seems like the right place for this material -- I've added some discussion of evolution already to the section on brain structure, but this seems a bit too abstract to belong there. In the long run, I want to put together a separate "evolution of nervous systems" article if nobody beats me to it -- there's a lot of cool stuff to say about that topic.

2133:, the story is very different. I could pile up hundreds of high quality sources to document that lots of people still think of brains as computers in that sense. For example, the Abbott and Dayan "Computational Neuroscience" book referenced in this article is 90% about how neurons compute, and only a little about how digital computers are used to study the brain. I feel that it's important for this article to discuss the brain as a 3456:, because it only shows us one unit at a time. We don't really have good techniques for showing the relationships between individual neurons. (I'm aware of multi-single-unit recording, in fact most of my own work has used it, but it has major limitations.) Anyway, I accept that the passage needed work, just wanted to explain the thinking. This is a quick response; I'll take another look at the sentence. Regards, 1884:"The most straightforward scientific evidence that there is a strong relationship between them is that numerous drugs, which act directly on the physical substance of the brain, have strong effects on the mind. Some philosophers, such as Patricia Churchland (link to her wiki article), posit that this drug-mind interaction is indicative of an intimate connection between the two, not that the two are the same entity." 2525:. I dislike this new wording because (1) "manage and control" is redundant, (2) "function .. is to manage and control ... functions" is awkward, (3) "functions and actions" is vague, (4) the new wording leaves out the crucial point that the brain's output is useful to the animal. What is the problem with the previous version? The same issues arise with the other edit involved here. 2129:<-What has happened is that over time the meaning of the word "computer" has shifted, and most people nowadays take it to mean something very similar to the laptop I am writing this on. In that very specific sense a brain obviously doesn't have much resemblance to a computer. But if you think of a computer in a more general way, as a 2460:

impossible, although I realize that it is not intended to be taken literally). Looking at the main page from which it is taken, it does not strike me as notable enough to be included in a general article about the brain, at least not as a figure without explanation in the text. Putting it here seems to me to go against

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The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The upper segment of the human brain stem, the pons, contains nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the cerebellum. It is vital in coordinating movements involving right and left sides of the body.

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really do not like it where it is right now, since it is too much detail, but I believe that if summarised it could really fit in it. The times when people thought that brain and computer where the same are forgotten and right now it is more a research method (very useful) than anything else. Best regards. --

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Sorry, but those are the rules. This is an encyclopedia which by definition try to summarize existing knowledge, not the place to create new knowledege. As Looie says your ideas would have to be published in other place, reach the point when they are considered notable, and only then they will have a

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I can't resist commenting facetiously that mine does, when I make too many edits to Knowledge! OK, seriously, the way I would think about the question is, in part, in terms of glucose/energy depletion, and, in part, in terms of sleep. As for glucose, I agree with what Looie said, and I would add that

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I am thinking that this article is getting close to a level that might justify an FA nom. There are a few possible areas of improvement -- the ones that occur to me are: (1) adding a bit more material about the relationship between brain and mind, including a paragraph in the lead, (2) reducing the

2883:

I believe the opening photo is a very interesting one, aesthethically (from my point of view) is much better than most pictures depicting a brain, and the fact that it is from a chimpanze for me is a plus: The truth is that most of what we know is thanks to animal experimentation. I would leave as it

2814:

You made a point. But the fact is that the article focus is on human brain (i.e., the large part is on human brain), right? I think that human brain would not only better fit to the article (and it's not the first reason for which I posted here) but it would also be of better taste (and while we have

2040:

Not all investigators are happy with the amount of attention that has been paid to brain size. Roth and Dicke, for example, have argued that factors other than size are more highly correlated with intelligence, such as the number of cortical neurons and the speed of their connections. Moreover they

2004:

When the mammalian brain increases in size, not all parts increase at the same rate. In particular, the larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the cortex. Thus, in the species with the largest brains, most of their volume is filled with cortex: this applies not only to

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No, not familiar with that. I'll look it over. Regarding the function of sleep, for slow-wave sleep I've become pretty convinced by Guilio Tononi's way of thinking about things -- for REM sleep I have my own idiosyncratic theory, along the lines that its function is to allow an organism to simulate

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It looks just like a brain to me; nothing disgusting about it. However, I do have two issues concerning this image. Firstly, the quality of the image is absolutely horrible. Secondly, the section is on brain as food, but the image is one of an uncooked brain. There already is an uncooked brain in the

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This reinforces a problem with how evolution is discussed in and out of scientific circles. It implies a goal that evolution has to create big brains, and that big brains are more "advanced" than little brains. The appropriate way to think about anatomical features is whether they are better or worse

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A cold-blooded human-sized vertebrate, such as a 150-pound alligator, has a whole-body oxygen consumption rate of approximately half a liter of oxygen per hour at 68c E But a human-sized (3-pound) brain in a cold-blooded animal would itself consume approximately a liter of oxygen per hour at the same

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which has a reference attached to it. Unfortunately, the references in this article are badly maimed. I would like to see such a reference; while the causal connection between brain eating in humans and the disease 'kuru' has been well documented (as stated in the following pa How did the brain get

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I have re-structured the article to fit a better organizational scheme. I also removed some extraneous and redundant info. It would be useful to get input from other editors in terms of any general sections that are missing from the article.There is still random bits and pieces that seem out of place

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The duality of brain and mind, and the interaction between them, can be described correctly only when the observer knows the truth about the law of the duality applicable to his external and internal worlds. In its application to the human observer the law manifests itself as two space times and the

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I've seen research on the effects of low blood glucose on brain function, but I'm not really up to speed on the story. I can tell you that the brain clearly doesn't get fatigued in the same way a muscle does, because it uses glucose and ATP in a much more indirect way -- but that's about all I feel

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I would say phisiology is a better title. Maybe a solution is to write an introductory line to the section with a link to phisiology. Although I do not collaborate in the writing of the article I follow its development quite closely. If at some point you feel that you need a second opinion again you

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I don't have terribly strong feelings but I sort of like it, actually, and it's certainly a concept that has been widely discussed. The figure legend would of course have to be fixed, but that's no problem. What I like is that it makes a key point about the relationship between brain and mind come

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Hello, I am not a neuroscientist, but I am researching the general composition if a brain. I would like to know what types of fats are involved in the brain's composition, but i have not seen anything on this in the article. I am particularly interested in the emulsion properties of chemicals/fats

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article, I guess, but I'll wait until you've paused with this article, because the relevant references should be moved too, and I don't want to ec with you. By the way I approve of most of what you're doing, with the exception of the way you handled the "Brains as biological computers" section, but

1976:

There has been quite a bit of study of the relationships between brain size, body size, and other variables across a wide range of species, largely because the easiest way to study any object is to measure its size. Even for extinct species brain size can be estimated by measuring the cavity inside

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Re Go for it! I don't want it to be too flat. The big problems I had were the rhetorical questions that did not indicate who was raising them (leaving it ambiguous if it was the scientists or philosophers who had any doubt as to the nature of the brain/mind problem). Liven it up a bit... just pay

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Throughout time, many of history's greatest minds have contemplated the conscious and subconscious relationship with the physical brain by experimenting with drugs and measuring the effects These studies have produced wildly different results and led to the theory of a symbiotic relationship between

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I'm afraid I don't think it's an improvement -- to me it reads like kind of a hash now, and contains a couple of statements that I believe are actually false. I think it would be better to go back to the previous version, but because I'm the one who wrote it, it might be less likely to lead to hard

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My main aim in writing that section was to raise the issues and direct readers to the articles that deal with them, while avoiding statements that would require an extended defense for which there is no room here. But if you have specific suggestions for improving the wording, please make them. Or

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The tone is unprofessional including gems like, "It is hard to doubt that a relationship of some sort exists..." "Through most of history the great majority of people, including philosophers, found it inconceivable that anything like thought could be implemented by what is in essence a mere piece of

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I don't really mind what sort of brain it is, except human, for the reasons described above. I also think it is important not to shy away from showing an animal brain, as most of our knowledge comes from animal experiments. Beyond that, cat/rat/macaque - all are fine. But I agree with Garrondo that

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But the specific point "the brain's output is useful to the animal" is why I'm reacting. It is not true in many cases where an animal's functions and actions benefit its group or the species, rather than the individual. Example: some mothers fight to the death to protect their offspring, which is

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would not be allowed to outweigh community opinion, but J Comp Neurol is a high-quality source and I don't see how we can just ignore it. Still, this article is not specifically devoted to the human brain, so at least the statement there needs to be made more general -- but I don't personally know

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Thanks for answering. I considered just re-adding the content to the article, but it looked to stick out like a sore thumb no matter where I put it. I think the concept is important enough to be included somewhere, even if it perhaps should be obvious. (This is somewhat related to a pet peeve of

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The brain has 2 hemispheres. The right hemisphere primarily controls activities such as spacial thinking, processing music, and interpreting emotion. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. The left hemisphere primarily controls activities such as speaking, reading, writing, and

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Is that picture of the goat's brain really necessary? I can understand the one of the mouse's brain, as it is informative and relevant to the topic, but to me the goat's brain is just rather disgusting and doesn't really add anything to the article. Just because there is a part about brains used as

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Does brain size omake a huge difference in the maximum possible intelligence? Somoe senior at my school keeps coming up with b.s., such as liquiod nitrogen causing things to lose magnetic fields, size = intelligence, etc. I say that brain size makes a small difference, but is not a true dirct major

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Size The cortex has 15 million neurons per sq. cm, or 146000 per sq. mm. This holds throughout the brain, regardless of cortical thickness, except in vision areas, where there is 2 1/2 times this number. A typical neuron may have one to ten thousand input connections, but may have as many as 200

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by michael simpson The brain is the supervisory center of the nervous system in all vertebrates. It also serves as the site of emotions, memory, self-awareness, and thought. Hippocrates considered the brain to be the seat of thought, while Aristotle believed it to be a cooling system for the blood.

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2. You can use your muscles with will what controlls them. You can controll some another human body(muscles) with your own will. That means you can make another soul to do(think) what you want (to want what you want). His muscles will do what both of you want. You can think to another one, who will

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hypothesis here. First, the image is really cartoonish and the figure legend is amateurish in that it has spelling mistakes (which of course could be corrected if there were no other issues). More substantively, the scenario depicted is purely hypothetical (and, if taken literally, physiologically

1990:

As might be expected, brain size tends to increase with body size (measured by weight, which is roughly equivalent to volume). The relationship is not a strict proportionality, though: averaging across all orders of mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75. There are good

1919:

One thing to bear in mind here is that there is a very large pool of readers who will think that this is by far the most interesting aspect of brains. It's very important for the section to signal that it understands that. It's tricky: the passage should remain "encyclopedic", but it needs some

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I don't think just getting rid of it is a good option -- most likely it would never come back. I've done a rewrite based on the old version, but making changes that seemed in the spirit of the new version. I didn't feel like I could use the specific material from the new version, for the reasons

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Yes -- I envision that the "Functions of the brain" section will start with an overview, explaining that all organisms need to integrate information from the environment, and use it to generate appropriate actions. And that even single-celled organisms need to do this, but for large multicellular

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Could someone knowledgable about the subject replace the rotating animation with one or more static colour coded images? The animation is too unclear and makes it impossible to focus on the image to let it ‘sink in’ due to being animated. Also, a labelled or colour coded version of the mouse brain

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The first one - 44 year old french citizen, father of two kids and with an IQ a bit lower than the average had very little brain. The second one - mathematic student in Sheffield University, UK was found to have 1 mm brain tissue covering the top of his spinal column. The student have IQ of 126. I

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The rule among vertebrates--that 2 to 8 percent of the energy used by the organism is consumed by the brain--holds for all warm-blooded species (mammals and birds) as well as cold-blooded species (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles). Because the bodies of warm-blooded species consume about ten times

2344:

This is a tricky thing to handle. The majority of readers are a lot more interested in the human brain than in the brains of other species -- the interest scale goes roughly human-primate-mammal-vertebrate-animal. I've tried to exploit that by illustrating general points in terms of the species

2339:

Hello. This article has good information, but it is confusing. It is supposed to be about brains in general but it often talks about human brains specifically. For example, in the "Effects of damage and disease section" it says "Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by

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over the past two million years has been marked by a steady increase in brain size, but much of it can be accounted for by corresponding increases in body size. There are, however, many departures from the trend that are difficult to explain in a systematic way: in particular, the appearance of

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To expand on what I mean, the section has this sort of tone to it: Science says one thing, but because a large number of philosophers can't begin to imagine how science could be right, we should consider their proposed alternatives as legitimate rebuttals to the science. This sort of statement

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I am sure that a better (more direct, simpler) example can, and should, be found. The mechanisms of sleep onset and offset are quite complicated. The sentence as written might suggest that animals in arctic regions are awake or asleep for 6 months at a time. OK, devil's advocate here, but I do

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and react to tactile stimuli, it is hypothesized that sensory organs developed before the brain did. The brain is an information-processing organ and its evolution is dependent on the presence of information accessed into sensory organs, sensory input, and the need to process this information and

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is dead and has been for some time, and that's good. The evolutionary tree is a pattern in time not in space; it has no "up" and "down" or "high" and "low", only "stem" and "crown" (i.e. "past" and "present"). Since the section was sourced by a reliable if slightly outdated source, I suspect it's

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I see. I don't really want to get into a discussion of the ethics of animal testing (as talk pages are not meant as general discussion pages), but if we are to remove the brain image, we should also remove most of the detail from this article for the same reason. I think removing the image while

2287:

The section Electrophysiology does not mention the technique of electroencephalography to record large electric potentials outside the scalp that arise from synchronous activity of a large number of neurons. This technique is well established and widely used. A reference to EEG (and MEG) in this

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Today I have a bit of a wikirage: I have work problems and I needed to relax in the afternoon, and I took it with this article. I do not plan to edit so much in it after this, but I felt that with some pruning in its structure it could be much more readable. Regarding the biological computers: I

1788:

In addition to the philosophical questions, the relationship between mind and brain involves a number of scientific questions that fall into the realm of cognitive neuroscience: What is the detailed relationship between thought and brain activity? What are the mechanisms by which drugs influence

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The bigger an animal gets, the more expensive having a large brain becomes. For a 1,000-fold increase in body mass, the rate of whole-body energy consumption rises only about 100 times. But a 1,000-fold increase in brain mass results in a 500-fold increase in total brain energy consumption. In

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degree of elevation of tone to convey the right attitude. I think you've flattened it a bit too much -- I'll try to reshape your version a bit. I suspect that we may not be able to reach a result that both of us are completely happy with, but maybe we can reach a result we all can live with.

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I do not really know which of the versions is better. I would eliminate both and really rethink how and where to rewritte it. Relationship between mind and brain has sense speking about humans, and at most primates; so it should be related to it in the article. At the same time most of it is

2983:

I agree with GyroMagician and Garrondo. I think that a reader coming to a page about "brain" would reasonably expect to find an image of a brain, and not be upset by it, and this image is not particularly graphic as these things go. In fact, I think the way it appears, in an old-fashioned

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Now, that's a much better photo (and apparently present at any neuroscience lab I seen), if we just can get it (or similar) licenced I guess that it could make a good alternative. Anyway, aesthethicly the picture we have now (which I suggested to replace) is very beautiful, no argue on

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museum-style display, makes it look a bit historical, thereby mitigating the impression that current science might have done something lurid. (Personally, I think the graphic image problem is currently much worse at pages about the animal rights movement and groups that belong to it.) --

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Woops, now I have to take back what I just said on your talk page (just kidding!). Yes, more opinions would be the way to go. That's why I started this thread, after all. But might it be better, instead, to just put a sentence into the text, blue-linked to the main page on the topic?

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Material on the talk page should be directed toward improving the article, and material can only be used in the article if it has previously been published in a reputable source such as an academic journal. In other words, the paragraph above does not really belong here. Regards,

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nourishment it doesn't mean there has to be a picture for it. In the article about cannibalism you also won't find a picture of human flesh prior to being used for consumption. The pictures should be to the point, scientific, objective and be useful in the context of the subject.

3286:

for reasons of space if nothing else, but the other points make a lot of sense and seem addressable. The general concept behind that "Functions" section was that it would correspond to "Physiology" -- that word seems a bit jargony, but I wonder if it should be used anyway.

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Hollyyyyyyyy shit!!! I have never seen a picture of the elephant's and the dolphin's brains before i knew that they were big but this. Look at the amount of gyri they have - more than our own brain does. These animals have got to be smarter than us in so many aspects. --

3246:

I am not sure if the "functions section" has complete sense: The neurotransmitter system is not properly a system but a general property of the brain. Maybe it could be moved to a specific section on neuronal transmission which includes basic properties of synapses and

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Somebody please address this, I am a PhD student in neuroscience and even I can't get my head around this (I focus on the hippocampus, MTL, and temporal lobe). I really wish that all these different pages on the brain could be brought under one coherent topic. thanks

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It is suggested that the above is "a colloquial variation" ... after five thousand years. May I be so bold as to suggest that a citation is needed. I quite simply do not believe this to be true. So "thinking on your feet" suggests that the brain is in your big toe?

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I saw that this article came up for review as a FAC. I still think it needs an overwhelming amount of work. Fortunately many of the subsections are very good so, although the task seems daunting, I am proposing the following "roadmap" towards improving the article:

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temperature. Thus, an alligator with a human-sized brain would have to find three times more food than an alligator with a typical brain size of 0.3 ounce would. It's not surprising, therefore, that large cold-blooded vertebrates with big brains do not exist.

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Phase 3: Removal of extraneous information: There is a lot of information here that does not belong in a basic article on the brain, a lot could be incorporated into other articles and especially that long list of regions could be sent to its own article.

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That is a great image, but even if it was correctly licensed I think I would use it in the mammals subsection of the macroscopic structure section. Lead images from my point of view have to be catching more than informative, and the one we have probably

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Although I know that an article such as "brain" is really hard to take to FA I still feel that it is quite far from being ready. Most information now in the article is in very good shape, but there is a lot of information still left. Some of them are:

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and update the article accordingly. Basically, 90% of what was believed pre-2000 about the evolutionary context of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy is WRONG WRONG WRONG. Birds "think" with the "striatum" and their "neocortex" is all but completely

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I removed the above instruction from the article face. Please do not place such text in articles. You may place such requests on Talk pages. The article space is governed by policies and guidelines, including WP:MOS, that prohibit such edits. Thanks.

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The following section was recently removed from the article. It may need rewriting, but I think it should be in there. (If one searches for 'Evolution of the brain', one is re-directed here, so there seems to be no other and better place for it.)

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in the brain and comparing them to the lecithin, an emulsifier, in the yolk of a chicken egg, but given this article I have been unable to do so. In case there is any question, I am experimenting with replacing fox brain with egg yolk in the brain

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The superior cognitive functions such as the executive system or language are not mentioned in the functions section. Maybe an specific subsection could be created for them. Even if they (or mostly) only appear in humans their importance deserves

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Re Churchland, she is one of relatively few philosphers who are pretty widely respected by scientists -- Dennett is another. Her book "Neurophilosophy" gets most positive reviews from neuroscientists -- that's why she was specially mentioned.

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Phase 1: Fact checking - there is a lot of unsourced information in the article. Much of it is very basic and should be covered by referring to a basic textbook. Other is quite esoteric. We can start doing this bit by bit and along the way.

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Dear science chaps, with all due respect - get a life. Science is a useful tool, but a lifeless tool. Realising this may well involve the discomfort of disillusionment, but surely it is better to recognise a lifeless tool - than to be one.

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modern man about 100,000 years ago was marked by a decrease in body size at the same time as an increase in brain size. Even so, it is notorious that Neanderthals, which went extinct about 40,000 years ago, had larger brains than modern

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In a nutshell, we have 3 (4?) independent lineages of brain evolution in vertebrates: 1-2 "fish" ones, the "avian" one and the "mammalian" one. The latter 2 separated some 300 million years ago, and "higher" brain functions were expanded

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This article seems a bit too human centred to me. Many thousands of creatures have brains, and I'm sure they have a huge variation in how their brains work, behave and appear, yet a large portion of this article seems to be about humans.

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In layman's terms, the brain of a crow and of a dolphin are about as different as their forelimbs. They evolved from the same structure, they have the same function (locomotion), but how this is achieved could hardly be more

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The female brain is slightly smaller than the male, yet women are not less intelligent than men. The dolphin brain is larger than the human brain, and I think you'll have a hard time arguing they are more intelligent than we

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I'm making some changes based on this. In particular I am removing a number of the specifics concerning Ms. Churchland and Descartes; there is an entire article on the philosophy of mind to discuss their individual beliefs.

1079:“memorizing something by heart”, suggests to me that "hand on heart it is the truth" has more relevance. If it is not the truth, or correct, pluck my heart out. Instinct tells me this is wrong, I intend to do some research. 2612:

Well, I found when I tried it that it didn't quite work in that form, so I revised it a bit, and then I found I had to make a few changes in the rest of the paragraph to make it flow. Anyway, I hope it is acceptable now.

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A vertebrate brain about the same size in a cold blooded animal and in a warm blooded animal will demand around the same amount of energy. Which is why big brained animals is almost only seen in warm blooded animal. From

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The development section talks in a general way about migration of neurons but does not talk at all about how the brain develops: its stages, its parts... It should be important at least to summarize brain development in

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in CSF. The article needs to make up its mind. I would suggest the former terminology, since it has the advantage of being consistent with fact. Not that Knowledge tends to predicate information on such a basis as that.

3391:"Methods of observation such as EEG recording and functional brain imaging tell us that brain operations are highly organized, but these methods do not have the resolution to reveal the activity of individual neurons." 3281:

Thanks! It has been extraordinarily difficult all through this to get feedback based on content as opposed to form, and that's very helpful. I am inclined to think that the superior cognitive functions should stay in

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1. Humans have ability to direct all one's brainwork (thoughts, feelings, wills) to another one. That means you can make another soul to feel what you do, feel, think. He will feel his own and sender life at same time.

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Besides, I have outcommented a weird blurb about "higher on the evolutionary tree, bigger and more folded (neo)cortex". The latter half is factually wrong, the former half is... well, let's remain polite and say that

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Phase 5: Proofreading: Making sure the prose is clear, technical terms are explained, logic is consistent, etc. We could recruit some editors that have provided lots of help with proofreading science articles such as

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This section completely lacked summary style and encyclopedic tone. I have greatly summarised it and moved it. Since I have eliminate quite a lot of info I move it here, since it could be of use in the future.

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Perhaps the example is OK, and it's the wording I object to? The sentence make it sound like a very simple cause → effect, which it isn't. In addition, not all animals awaken to sunlight, quite the contrary.

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They have used them to contemplate relationship between mind and brain: plainly wrong: they could not know that the effects were to the brain; at most that a phisical entity modified its sensations and mind

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Much of the knowledge come from animal experiments -however, much come from humans as well (including single cel recordings in vivo and in vitro). As for non human primate models-most research is on

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awareness and the physic brain - with the physical brain being responsible for electrochemical neuronal processes and the mind controlling the mental attributes like beliefs, desires, and perceptions

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image-forming vision, rather than first for circadian rhythms. Hmmm, now I'm wondering if I'm the one who introduced that paragraph in the first place...) Thanks for all your work on the article! --

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I think perhaps the page "Brain" should be more general, and most of the human stuff should be moved to a "Human Brain" page. Especialy since the human brain isn't very typical as far as brains go.

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Yes, except that the way the nucleus is drawn doesn't represent what an oligo looks like. I suppose this was intended to be a somatic motor neuron; maybe it would be best to say that explicitly.

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historical conceptions and should be moved to history... I do not really know how to do it; but anyway a lot more of searching and referencing should be done for this section to be of interest. --

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The interstitial fluid in which the brain is bathed is not the same as cerebrospinal fluid. If it were, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier would be the same thing. They are not. --

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Phase 2: Designing a better organizational scheme - the article is very disjointed and out of order. We need to decide on a better scheme (we can discuss these here) and do a major rearranging.

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factor in intelligence, basiong it partially on our osmall dog being highly intelligent, some kids being incredibly smart while their brains are still developing, etc. Which of us is right?

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Actually, the brains of birds have no gyri and sulci, and african grey parrots and corvids (jays, ravens, crows, etc) are considered to be around as intelligent as apes and dolphins (see:

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monlies, whose brain is not very aesthethic, if the reason is experimental importance we should use rat or cat or Macaque brain. If it's aesthethics we should human or dolphin brain.--

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Rhetorical questions like this are not appropriate for an encyclopedic entry. If the source indicates that they are bound together in some intimate way, say as much directly:

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I believe the tone right now is a bit better, however still not enough to take the infobox out. Example of tone problems that are still in the section is the initial sentence:

1791:. However as Loie says this may have introduced mistakes in the article (although some of them were already in the article). Just to make the point the first paragraph sasys: 767:

more energy, they can afford to have brains that are approximately ten times bigger than those of cold-blooded vertebrates (with the elephant-nose fish a rare exception)."

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in these. The correlate of functional and anatomical topography of the forebrain has almost no overlap whatsoever in mammalian and avian brains. It evolved near exclusively

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through very vividly. What would you think about asking for an "independent opinion" from the GA reviewer, or perhaps at the WikiProject Neuroscience talk page? Regards,

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I'm not quite sure I understand your objection, so I'm afraid any replacement I found (hunger?) might have the same issue. Are there any specific ideas that occur to you?

1623:"In other cases, sensory signals modulate an ongoing pattern of activity, as for example the effect of light-dark cycles in nature on an organism's sleep-wake behavior." 3578: 3386: 2540:

I agree that the wording in your points 1 & 2 is not good at all. "Functions and actions" may need to be vague to avoid a long list which would never be complete?

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Yeeks, you are right! I've looked back through the page history, and it wasn't deleted by mistake any time recently. I'll correct the text. Thanks for finding that! --

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that Garrondo has explained. I've also boldly removed the tag from the section, but would have no problems with anybody who feels it is still needed putting it back.

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Brain consumption can also result in contracting fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other prion diseases in humans

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The text says that Smalahove is served with the brains but the Knowledge article for Smalahove says that the brains are removed. One of them needs to be corrected.

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enough about glial cells to know how to do it. I'm inclined to fuzz the statement out as something like "...and comparable numbers of glial cells". Any thoughts?

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It's not a poem, it's only described in the article as "poetic". As the one who added it, I obviously feel that it's suitable, but I am open to further opinions.

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couldn't find any other data than news to support this info and if some of you can, i think it will be very informative if you include this in the Brain article.

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claim that the mind and brain are the same. The philosophical view gives us perspective, but it should not be portrayed as a legitimate alternative to science.

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refers to an "illustration on the right" which seems to have gone missing. Either the image should be re-added, or the reference to it should be removed. -

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hi, article specifies that brain has 23 billion of neurons, but does not specify is billion == one thousand million, or == one million million (taken from

3413: 3486: 2464:. I probably would not object to a sourced sentence of text within the section, but the figure seems inappropriate to me. What do other editors think? -- 2328: 2186: 3023:. I don't really have strong feelings about it; it's hard to find a better picture in Commons. What I would really like is to have a picture like 1761: 3349:

The brain is a vertabrate and an invertabrate. It is mostly invertabrate. The brain is the center of the nervous system. Please add more to this.

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a link is repeated in the same article (although there may be case for duplicating an important link that is distant from the previous occurrence);

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I do not believe brain size matters. If it did, elephants and dolphins wouls rule the planet, be able to talk, and other sci-fi sounding things.

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Measuring the effects: Effect of drugs is very difficult to measure even in carefully planned experiments right now, very hardly along history

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no good alternative to animal models, we do have good alternatives to this photo..). You don't must agree on it, it's just a proposal. Best--

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Dear Looie496...would you be able to write a new article if you were allowed to use only that which alreasdy exists in your computer? KK (

1580:"In other cases, sensory signals modulate an ongoing pattern of behavior, as for example when sunlight indicates that it is time to awaken." 3443: 3429: 1196: 115: 99: 3598: 3582: 3380: 3204: 2993: 2704:

Hmm, I guess so. Too bad, since this is Brain. Saying that explicitly seems like the best thing until a better image becomes available. --

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The energy consumption section talks about 0.1 cal/min - 1.5 cal/min values. It should be kilocalories instead of calories, shouldn't it?

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Throughout time, many of history's greatest minds have contemplated the conscious and subconscious relationship with the physical brain

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I'll get to work on it. I agree with Looie469 that it is relevant to the entry...I also agree that the entire entry is rather sloppy.

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Done, with a couple of tweaks. By the way, I hope you will feel free to make changes where things look awkward or incorrect to you.

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That being said, a recent meta-study concludes that, for non-human primates, brain size is the best indicator of cognitive ability (

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based upon their ability to help the organism adapt to its environment, not how closely it conforms with some anthocentic ideal. --

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page, if that is what they're looking for. This article tries very hard to be as general as possible, covering insects to humans.

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Whale brains are insanely large... But yeah, I never noticed now many gyri and sulci the dolphin and elephant brains have. Crazy.

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Not really clear from article, I see glucose is needed for energy, but apart from that does the brain get fatigued like a muscle?

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due attention to differentiating between the scientist's concerns and the philosopher's and properly attributing who said what.

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In my (admittedly superficial) reading of this article, I find nothing on traumatic brain injury. Can anyone write about this?

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First of all, I want to emphasize again that I actually do not feel at all strongly about the issue. My thinking at the time

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the chimp brain is aesthetically a very good image. I don't see any reason to change it, unless you have something better.

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situations that are encountered rarely in life but when encountered are so important that it's critical to get them right.

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The poem at the beginning is very out of place and not at all suitable for an encyclopedic entry. It needs to be removed.

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You're right. As far as I've been able to figure out, the brain is removed. At least, in modern times. I'll fix it. --

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point out that intelligence depends not just on the amount of brain tissue, but on the details of how it is structured.

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On the other hand, do not make too many links. An article may be considered overlinked if any of the following is true:

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On second thought, I expanded the sentence to include single units, but it could probably still use some more work. --

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page. Personally I don't find a photo of either shocking, but why is a chimp's brain more shocking than a human one?

2523:"The most important biological function of the brain is to manage and control the functions and actions of an animal" 2425: 737: 615: 369: 232: 2519:"The most important biological function of the brain is to generate behaviors that promote the welfare of an animal" 986: 664:

Yes, be BOLD with your edits! (make sure the picture is not copyrighted and you assign it the correct license tag).

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Well, the reason I wrote it that way is that single unit recording doesn't really tell us how brain operations are

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For fear of edit warring, I want to explain here why I disagree with another editor about putting a cartoon of the

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My apologies for originally wording this as I did (it was unnecessarily mean). But the tone is still a problem:

1381:"New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors: The Evolution of Eyes and Brain" 1308: 858: 2845:

But it doesn't focus on the human brain - as stated in the first line of the article, which points readers to the

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This topic is way too technical for the article. I'll answer here anyway: most of the fat in brain comes from

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Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization Quotient, Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across Non-Human Primates

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article, and (3) filling in the missing zone of the History section. Does anybody else have opinions on this?

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Why does it have Schwann cells instead of oligodendrocytes? Isn't that some PNS neuron type you're depicting?

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Three major schools of thought - Relationship between mind and brain involves a number of scientific questions

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Why not to replace the chimp's brain photo with a human one? The chimp's one is too shocking to my opinion.--

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Phase 4: Addition of helpful diagrams: We can find some on the net or we can draw our own like we did in the

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the Brain-mind problem is not addressed sufficiently and the embodied mind is not discussed in any length.

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The most straightforward scientific evidence that there is a strong relationship between the physical brain

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I just rewrote the Brain and mind section. If anyone is interested in reading it and removing the infobox

1657:? I'm not even sure what it's a part of, but it is fascinating. (.......Ok, I looked again; it's part of 1327: 1010:

In mammals, increasing convolutions of the brain are characteristic of animals with more advanced brains.

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was that "welfare" and "genetic fitness" were a bit dubious, welfare because it seems to me to connote

2408:, I find the sentence below to be difficult to understand. Perhaps the topic can be better explained? 1789:

thought? What is consciousness, in physical terms, and what are the neural correlates of consciousness?

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Ugh, this new change is a pain to figure out how to deal with. Normally a single publication such as

1169:{{otheruses4|the center of the nervous system|the Warner Bros. cartoon character|Pinky and the Brain}} 893:

Intelligence is generally correlated with brain to body mass ratio, but there are many other factors.

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I hope that at some point this great article becomes a FA, but I believe its time has not come yet.--

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The arousal system should talk about more than sleep-awake cycle. No mention is done about attention.

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Brain energy consumption is neither a function: I do not know where it could fit, but not really here

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Fascinating! Is there anything that can be added that isn't in the wikilinks? Hope that made sense.

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I would like to add a picture of an FMRI scan in the subsection "FMRI and BOLD" - would this be ok?

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Actually that appears non sure in many cases, where the mind's problems are not reducible to brain

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Let me just add a note that the existing image was the result of a back-and-forth during the last

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It's also, I might add, a very famous quote, which has been used in dozens of books and articles.

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page. You can answer me there, if you like, I've put your talk page on my Knowledge watch list.

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I agree with you. I've removed the sentence as a temporary fix, but it really needs more work. --

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The brain is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which circulates between layers of the meninges

2582:"the biological function of the brain is to control the muscles and internal organs of the body" 1189: 364:

Whitecat: Before you begin removing wikilinks from articles I think you should read my reply on

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Subconscious: study of subsconscient is very debated, and any way it began in the 19th century

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I didn't add anything, I just rewrote what was there. But I agree, let a neutral party decide

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if you wait a few days, the semi-protect will expire, and you can edit the article yourself.

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Brain size, all other things (environmental, diet) being equal, does determine intelligence.

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Because it didn't contribute it willingly to science, you can guess how it was taken out.--

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Done. The source cited seems to be talking about limiting body weight in order to fly. --

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I'm just looking at this, and although it is GA, there are far too few inline citations.-

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and maybe should be removed, but it would also help to have other editors look at this.

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is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals

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low added-value items are linked without reason, e.g., 1995, 1980s and 20th century.

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A nice quote would be great if somebody can find one. In the meantime, how about,

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That technique is used almost exclusively in humans, and therefore is discussed in

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lead section, so I think that this section should have an image of a cooked brain.

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and have led to a symbiotic theory: implies direct cause and effect: very dubious

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The links are not abnormal, and I see no reason for you to have removed links to

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OK, I know this is a lot of work, but now we know where to start. Any comments?

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If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the

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is the impact physical alterations to the brain have on the mind, such as with

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It's will that controlls us. Everything you do (think, eat, move) you want it.

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Please help to figure out license type for the image "Comparative brain sizes".

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solving problems. The left hemishphere controls the right side of the body.

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I agree with moving any disproportionate human-brain info to the sub-article.

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You're talking about the cognitive mind which arises out of brain function. --

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In mammals, the brain is surrounded by connective tissues called the meninges

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using results based heavily on animal-based studies would be dishonest, no?

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which is a good measure of intelligence which makes sense in this respect.--

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which is a good measure of intelligence which makes sense in this respect.--

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article. Both of those are interesting internal links for people to follow.

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Can we discuss the wording of a couple of sentences? One that used to say

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it's name? Where is the place ment of the brain? what is the of the brain?

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The brain and mind section reads like a poorly written high school paper.

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article. That article needs quite a bit of work as well, unfortunately...

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I undid these. They may be valuable, but need explanation and citations.

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The demands of the brain limit its size in some species, such as bats.

1693:"Brain and Mind" section reads like a poorly written high school paper 750:

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_10_108/ai_58360823/pg_3

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discussion page seem to say it's not such a good measure after all. --

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I've cleaned up and simplified the brain regions list, linking to the

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general, then, relative to body size, big animals have small brains.

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many history's greatests minds have experimented with drugs: duvious

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Since even unicellular organisms can have, at least, photosensitive

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humans, but also to animals such as dolphins, whales, or elephants.

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Cortex vs Cerebral cortex vs Cerebrum vs Cerebellum vs neocortex...

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Symbiotic theory: it could be debated that it is the actual belief

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I swear to you my brother that it is 10^9 or a thousand million.

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more than 10% of the links are to articles that don't exist; or

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article, and removed the no-longer-needed refs from this one.

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It is also important to note that this objection comes from a

792:). We should address the first sentence of this article. -- 3216:"How it is studied" section by moving some material into the 1264:

Added as "See also", since it's not linked in the article. --

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I've added this note and also added the section heading. --

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and as such is not exactly an appropriate rebuttal to the

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That's a very good point. It really should be changed to

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feelings if somebody else does the revert instead of me.

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Surely this is vague philosophising about the brain, not

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Just a note that I have added the material above to the

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the skull. The story that emerges, however, is complex.

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It's in the lead now. Should it be made more explicit?

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Somebody better in neuroanatomy than me should peruse

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mine about eyes and the assumption that they evolved

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feel his own and the sender's thoughts at same time.

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I agree that how it is studied should be summarized.

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Thanks. I tweaked it a little more, no big deal. --

3387:Grossly misleading / incomplete paragraph in intro 1585:think this example should be replaced. Thanks, -- 1525:preceding unsigned comment added by 74.129.108.218 1480:This concept still not (specifically) covered? -- 380:more than 10% of the words are contained in links; 1061:editor error and it just needs a quick copyedit. 846:, Brain Behav Evol. 2007 May 18;70(2):115-124). 3371:Sorry, I don't understand what you are saying. 3195:I agree that Anthony's edit was appropriate. -- 770:Something that could fit in the article maybe? 3243:There is no comment on how neurons communicate 1007:I have to take issues with this statement: 1333:and possibly other brains would be nice. 514:http://en.wikipedia.org/Bird_intelligence 2743:Because that would belong nicely on the 3658:Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence 1378: 784:Not all animals have brains (See also: 14: 1044:completely independent from each other 634:CJD, kuru and brain eating; references 372:you linked to. Notably the following: 44:Do not edit the contents of this page. 3663: 1627:(Trying to avoid the use of the word 875:I've heard it is actually brain size 816:I want to clear this once and for all 638:There's a statement in this article: 583:I've heard it is actually brain size 3394:True enough, but failing to mention 1162:more famous characters (produced by 25: 1701:meat," and rhetorical questions. 606:I've heard the same thing. But the 23: 2365:The last paragraph of the section 2323:Good information. But...confusing. 1379:Gehring, W. J. (13 January 2005). 287:List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain 80:Smalahove in the 'As Food' Section 24: 3716: 3680: 3633: 370:Knowledge:Manual of Style (links) 3691: 2544:not beneficial to the mother. - 1071:“memorizing something by heart”. 239:Article re-write and restructure 29: 3655: 1394:(3). Oxford Journals: 171–184. 956:Knowledge talks about it here: 927:There is already an article on 666: 501: 495: 483: 437: 431: 419: 305: 297: 291: 195:You must want it. That's life. 3696: 3685: 3674: 3669: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3627: 3608:I have just responded on your 2505:19:17, 23 September 2009 (UTC) 2490:19:08, 23 September 2009 (UTC) 2474:18:59, 23 September 2009 (UTC) 2443:17:00, 15 September 2009 (UTC) 2426:11:04, 15 September 2009 (UTC) 2394:00:56, 15 September 2009 (UTC) 2379:00:36, 15 September 2009 (UTC) 2200:, which is mainly composed of 1468:06:54, 25 September 2008 (UTC) 1449:06:02, 25 September 2008 (UTC) 1433:04:42, 25 September 2008 (UTC) 1372: 958:Hydrocephalus#Exceptional_case 566:wish to "rule the planet"? -- 13: 1: 3381:03:26, 23 February 2010 (UTC) 3365:19:45, 22 February 2010 (UTC) 3338:06:00, 22 February 2010 (UTC) 3312:11:25, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 3297:16:27, 20 November 2009 (UTC) 3277:08:36, 20 November 2009 (UTC) 3230:17:47, 19 November 2009 (UTC) 3205:19:04, 15 December 2009 (UTC) 3190:10:52, 15 December 2009 (UTC) 3119:15:54, 24 November 2009 (UTC) 3091:09:33, 24 November 2009 (UTC) 3076:09:13, 24 November 2009 (UTC) 3055:17:45, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 3037:17:07, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2994:14:30, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2979:12:10, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2936:11:50, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2894:11:29, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2859:11:14, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2825:10:38, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2798:10:23, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2775:08:28, 23 November 2009 (UTC) 2757:14:46, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2738:08:37, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2714:21:38, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2700:18:26, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2686:15:32, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2667:14:13, 22 November 2009 (UTC) 2637:23:43, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2623:23:29, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2608:19:46, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2594:19:35, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2576:19:06, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2554:14:26, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2535:02:22, 12 November 2009 (UTC) 2191:06:08, 31 December 2008 (UTC) 1955:22:01, 10 November 2008 (UTC) 1936:17:05, 10 November 2008 (UTC) 1914:16:28, 10 November 2008 (UTC) 1631:twice in one sentence, here) 1141:09:40, 27 November 2007 (UTC) 1118:14:16, 21 November 2007 (UTC) 1099:19:38, 13 November 2007 (UTC) 1084:13:58, 7 September 2007 (UTC) 912:There are two cases i found: 673:01:50, 19 December 2006 (UTC) 612:Talk:Brain to body mass ratio 551:13:51, 19 November 2007 (UTC) 488: 466:Humans the most inteligent??? 424: 385:it has more links than lines; 313:23:06, 29 December 2005 (UTC) 278:21:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC) 200:21:17, 17 December 2005 (UTC) 173:08:07, 16 November 2005 (UTC) 116:20:58, 5 September 2008 (UTC) 100:14:40, 5 September 2008 (UTC) 3702: 2181:process of a gray fox pelt. 2166:17:18, 1 November 2008 (UTC) 2147:18:49, 30 October 2008 (UTC) 2116:18:24, 30 October 2008 (UTC) 2085:18:18, 30 October 2008 (UTC) 2059:17:26, 30 October 2008 (UTC) 1861:20:08, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1846:17:06, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1830:13:48, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1777:04:58, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1762:04:39, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1746:02:48, 6 November 2008 (UTC) 1731:18:14, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 1714:16:30, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 1687:21:03, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1671:19:21, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1644:21:03, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1610:17:52, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1595:10:02, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1567:18:58, 18 October 2008 (UTC) 1553:18:56, 18 October 2008 (UTC) 1539:18:48, 18 October 2008 (UTC) 1504:17:51, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1490:10:58, 19 October 2008 (UTC) 1260:22:29, 23 January 2008 (UTC) 1241:00:15, 20 January 2008 (UTC) 1205:14:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC) 1185:01:45, 17 January 2008 (UTC) 1066:15:37, 17 October 2007 (UTC) 775:23:35, 8 February 2007 (UTC) 738:22:02, 25 January 2007 (UTC) 693:18:23, 16 January 2007 (UTC) 624:18:29, 21 October 2008 (UTC) 508:20:11, 27 January 2006 (UTC) 476:19:55, 27 January 2006 (UTC) 460:15:15, 27 January 2006 (UTC) 444:06:54, 27 January 2006 (UTC) 233:14:03, 24 January 2006 (UTC) 213:22:45, 11 January 2006 (UTC) 7: 3302:can count on me. Regards.-- 3045:Now that's a cool picture! 2355:16:26, 25 August 2009 (UTC) 2337:03:12, 25 August 2009 (UTC) 2214:18:43, 2 January 2009 (UTC) 2075:we can discuss that later. 1001:09:47, 26 August 2007 (UTC) 987:03:36, 26 August 2007 (UTC) 952:13:25, 23 August 2007 (UTC) 940:06:43, 17 August 2007 (UTC) 923:07:30, 16 August 2007 (UTC) 327:20:53, 7 January 2006 (UTC) 180:Will and directed brainwork 10: 3721: 3529:19:41, 25 April 2010 (UTC) 3514:01:32, 25 April 2010 (UTC) 2172:Brain: general composition 1303:22:47, 28 March 2008 (UTC) 969:17:46, 21 April 2009 (UTC) 903:17:41, 21 April 2009 (UTC) 877:in comparison to body size 799:19:22, 21 March 2007 (UTC) 585:in comparison to body size 352:13:33, 25 April 2007 (UTC) 3474:Does the brain get tired? 3466:00:23, 4 March 2010 (UTC) 3444:23:55, 3 March 2010 (UTC) 3430:23:48, 3 March 2010 (UTC) 3414:22:51, 3 March 2010 (UTC) 2317:21:40, 24 June 2009 (UTC) 2298:07:47, 24 June 2009 (UTC) 2288:section seems reasonable 2250:01:58, 3 April 2009 (UTC) 1343:23:44, 12 July 2008 (UTC) 1221:23:49, 12 July 2008 (UTC) 1166:). I was thinking about: 1024:20:23, 4 April 2008 (UTC) 889:16:17, 26 June 2008 (UTC) 870:21:19, 15 June 2007 (UTC) 851:16:07, 14 June 2007 (UTC) 834:12:41, 14 June 2007 (UTC) 597:16:14, 26 June 2008 (UTC) 3622:12:58, 17 May 2010 (UTC) 3599:12:27, 17 May 2010 (UTC) 3583:10:51, 17 May 2010 (UTC) 3569:16:11, 16 May 2010 (UTC) 3552:11:00, 16 May 2010 (UTC) 3398:is grossly misleading. 3133:Baboshed's contributions 2598:Yes, fine, go for it! -- 2513:Wording of two sentences 2406:Brain energy consumption 2070:I'll move this into the 1853:Tino Georgiou: The Fates 1769:Tino Georgiou: The Fates 1738:Tino Georgiou: The Fates 1323:23:18, 14 May 2008 (UTC) 1309:Vertebrate brain regions 1274:10:35, 17 May 2008 (UTC) 1030:Too mammal-centric still 786:supraesophageal ganglion 725:CSF, it is not directly 608:brain to body mass ratio 543:☻wilted☻rose☻dying☻rose☻ 532:21:38, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 155:00:22, 26 May 2008 (UTC) 2278:15:49, 4 May 2009 (UTC) 1154:Should we link this to 1131:would be more correct. 576:01:58, 5 May 2008 (UTC) 3703:Roth & Dicke, 2005 3537:interaction brain mind 3497:) 22:11, 24 April 2010 3164:traumatic brain injury 3142:(or better encephalon) 2653:typical neuron picture 1786:or the last sentence: 1575:Find a better example? 1248:Traumatic brain injury 1227:Traumatic Brain Injury 1012: 859:science reference desk 857:You should ask at the 3396:single unit recording 2367:Microscopic structure 2361:missing illustration? 2256:number of glial cells 1400:10.1093/jhered/esi027 1008: 929:Dandy-Walker syndrome 681:"New Church Teaching" 522:comment was added by 42:of past discussions. 3589:place here. Bests.-- 558:Perhaps it would be 2135:thing that computes 2131:thing that computes 1653:BTW, have you seen 1388:Journal of Heredity 1328:Colour coded images 1158:? Brain is one of 1156:Pinky and the Brain 1050:the lineages split. 687:Study of the Brain. 219:brainPOP @ my brain 176:sbsddsdewdddddcsdd 3670:Finlay et al, 2001 3645:Savage et al, 2004 3247:neurotransmitters. 3211:Maybe close to FA? 2307:, along with MEG. 2202:Galactocerebroside 1104:Energy consumption 721:by a cavity which 3499: 3485:comment added by 3404:comment added by 3355:comment added by 3328:comment added by 3168:psychoactive drug 2400:unclear sentence? 2240:comment added by 2018:The evolution of 1305: 1293:comment added by 974:Too humancentric? 535: 504: 440: 368:, as well as the 308: 300: 102: 90:comment added by 77: 76: 54: 53: 48:current talk page 3712: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3498: 3479: 3416: 3367: 3340: 2252: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1385: 1376: 1367:transmit it. 1288: 1177: 1170: 780:Brain in animals 717:If the brain is 670: 610:article and its 517: 505: 502: 497: 492: 485: 454:Talk:Human_brain 441: 438: 433: 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175: 174: 170: 157: 156: 152: 148: 147:24.138.20.104 145: 139: 137: 133: 129: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 73: 70: 67: 63: 61: 58: 57: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 28: 27: 19: 3698: 3687: 3676: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3640: 3629: 3607: 3544:92.24.108.65 3540: 3487:75.85.14.106 3477: 3453: 3393: 3390: 3348: 3218:Neuroscience 3214: 3179: 3173: 3153: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3047:GyroMagician 3014: 2971:GyroMagician 2851:GyroMagician 2790:GyroMagician 2749:GyroMagician 2727: 2656: 2581: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2454: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2366: 2364: 2327:Wikepeditor 2326: 2286: 2259: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2175: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2048: 2025:homo sapiens 2024: 2020:homo sapiens 2019: 1966: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1850: 1818: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1766: 1735: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1652: 1628: 1622: 1621:How about: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1524: 1519: 1455: 1422: 1410:. Retrieved 1391: 1387: 1374: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1331: 1312: 1285: 1246:Try reading 1230: 1193: 1190:Goat's brain 1160:Warner Bros. 1153: 1126: 1107: 1092: 1078: 1074: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1009: 981: 977: 955: 943: 926: 911: 892: 876: 874: 843: 819: 811: 807: 793: 783: 769: 765: 761: 757: 754: 746: 743:Energy costs 732: 726: 722: 718: 716: 711: 710: 707: 702: 701: 686: 684: 667: 657: 649: 645: 641: 640: 637: 584: 582: 563: 559: 541: 489: 469: 425: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 363: 346: 341: 336: 272: 264: 257: 253: 250: 246: 242: 222: 194: 190: 186: 183: 171: 163: 140: 125: 83: 65: 43: 37: 3481:—Preceding 3400:—Preceding 3351:—Preceding 3324:—Preceding 3284:human brain 2847:human brain 2745:human brain 2329:Wikepeditor 2305:human brain 2236:—Preceding 1890:philosopher 1384:(Full text) 1289:—Preceding 1172:Thoughts? ~ 949:Vordhosbnbg 920:Vordhosbnbg 804:about brain 772:Rhynchosaur 616:68.0.124.33 496:miconscious 432:miconscious 86:—Preceding 36:This is an 3521:Tryptofish 3436:Tryptofish 3422:Tryptofish 3345:Brain Type 3197:Tryptofish 2986:Tryptofish 2706:Tryptofish 2678:Tryptofish 2659:Narayanese 2629:Tryptofish 2600:Tryptofish 2568:Tryptofish 2497:Tryptofish 2466:Tryptofish 2435:Tryptofish 2386:Tryptofish 2154:brain size 2072:brain size 1963:brain size 1894:scientific 1412:2008-04-26 1053:different. 719:surrounded 262:article. 260:cerebellum 168:encephalon 18:Talk:Brain 3656:Jerison, 3454:organized 3139:The brain 3021:FA review 2884:is now.-- 2546:Hordaland 2418:Hordaland 2371:Hordaland 1663:Hordaland 1587:Hordaland 1531:Hordaland 1482:Hordaland 1460:Hordaland 1425:Hordaland 1266:Hordaland 1175:Enviroboy 1164:Spielberg 1058:teleology 908:No brain? 881:Supertask 589:Supertask 568:Hordaland 343:s p a c e 122:billions? 108:Hordaland 72:Archive 3 66:Archive 2 60:Archive 1 3591:Garrondo 3561:Looie496 3506:Looie496 3495:contribs 3483:unsigned 3458:Looie496 3402:unsigned 3373:Looie496 3353:unsigned 3326:unsigned 3304:Garrondo 3289:Looie496 3269:Garrondo 3254:mention. 3240:mammals. 3222:Looie496 3158:and the 3083:Garrondo 3029:Looie496 2886:Garrondo 2692:Looie496 2615:Looie496 2586:Looie496 2527:Looie496 2482:Looie496 2462:WP:UNDUE 2347:Looie496 2309:Looie496 2270:Looie496 2265:19226510 2238:unsigned 2206:Looie496 2158:Looie496 2139:Looie496 2108:Garrondo 2077:Looie496 2051:Garrondo 1928:looie496 1838:looie496 1822:Garrondo 1754:looie496 1723:Looie496 1679:Looie496 1636:Looie496 1629:behavior 1602:Looie496 1559:Looie496 1545:Looie496 1496:Looie496 1441:Looie496 1407:15653558 1364:eyespots 1291:unsigned 1180:Contribs 1146:Propose 984:-OOPSIE- 848:Superdix 723:contains 520:unsigned 457:WhiteCat 228:Mkay.... 132:Crenshaw 88:unsigned 3614:Anthony 3182:Anthony 3066:that.-- 2924:Macaque 2290:TjeerdB 2179:tanning 1335:Shinobu 1213:Shinobu 1148:hatnote 1096:Paskari 1039:absent. 1016:Dwcsite 413:on the 230:Link9er 128:Billion 39:archive 3156:matter 3111:Gilisa 3068:Gilisa 2928:Gilisa 2817:Gilisa 2767:Gilisa 2730:Gilisa 2234:§§§§ 2198:myelin 2183:Badair 1803:state. 1360:Origin 1351:Origin 1081:Peta-x 795:Selket 790:Sponge 727:bathed 197:Joakim 144:source 3109:OK.-- 3081:is.-- 1661:.) -- 1250:=) -- 1197:Feyre 1048:after 994:Bendž 933:Bendž 863:Bendž 827:Bendž 668:Nrets 473:Boris 415:brain 407:tribe 338:h i s 324:Nrets 275:Nrets 210:Quill 207:Oldak 16:< 3618:talk 3610:Talk 3595:talk 3579:talk 3565:talk 3548:talk 3525:talk 3510:talk 3491:talk 3462:talk 3440:talk 3426:talk 3410:talk 3377:talk 3361:talk 3334:talk 3308:talk 3293:talk 3273:talk 3226:talk 3201:talk 3186:talk 3166:and 3160:mind 3115:talk 3087:talk 3072:talk 3051:talk 3033:talk 3025:this 2990:talk 2975:talk 2932:talk 2890:talk 2855:talk 2821:talk 2794:talk 2771:talk 2753:talk 2734:talk 2710:talk 2696:talk 2682:talk 2676:. -- 2663:talk 2633:talk 2619:talk 2604:talk 2590:talk 2572:talk 2560:diff 2550:talk 2531:talk 2501:talk 2486:talk 2470:talk 2439:talk 2422:talk 2390:talk 2375:talk 2351:talk 2333:talk 2313:talk 2294:talk 2274:talk 2262:PMID 2246:talk 2210:talk 2187:talk 2162:talk 2143:talk 2112:talk 2081:talk 2055:talk 1951:talk 1932:talk 1910:talk 1857:talk 1842:talk 1826:talk 1773:talk 1758:talk 1742:talk 1727:talk 1710:talk 1683:talk 1667:talk 1659:this 1655:this 1640:talk 1606:talk 1591:talk 1563:talk 1549:talk 1535:talk 1516:POEM 1500:talk 1486:talk 1464:talk 1445:talk 1429:talk 1404:PMID 1339:talk 1319:talk 1299:talk 1270:talk 1256:talk 1237:talk 1217:talk 1201:talk 1150:link 1137:talk 1114:talk 1036:this 1020:talk 965:talk 899:talk 885:talk 839:are. 788:and 714:... 705:... 620:talk 593:talk 572:talk 560:more 547:talk 528:talk 503:talk 449:See 439:talk 411:film 409:and 307:home 299:talk 268:Tony 151:talk 136:talk 112:talk 96:talk 3170:use 3150:... 2283:EEG 1716:TC 1456:for 1396:doi 1133:SyP 1110:SyP 564:not 452:at 3620:) 3597:) 3585:) 3581:) 3567:) 3554:) 3550:) 3527:) 3512:) 3493:• 3464:) 3442:) 3428:) 3412:) 3379:) 3363:) 3336:) 3310:) 3295:) 3275:) 3228:) 3203:) 3188:) 3172:. 3117:) 3089:) 3074:) 3053:) 3035:) 2992:) 2977:) 2934:) 2892:) 2857:) 2823:) 2796:) 2773:) 2755:) 2736:) 2712:) 2698:) 2684:) 2665:) 2635:) 2621:) 2606:) 2592:) 2584:? 2574:) 2552:) 2533:) 2503:) 2495:-- 2488:) 2472:) 2441:) 2424:) 2416:- 2392:) 2377:) 2353:) 2335:) 2315:) 2296:) 2276:) 2248:) 2212:) 2204:. 2189:) 2164:) 2145:) 2137:. 2114:) 2083:) 2057:) 2049:-- 1953:) 1934:) 1912:) 1859:) 1844:) 1828:) 1775:) 1760:) 1744:) 1729:) 1712:) 1685:) 1669:) 1642:) 1608:) 1593:) 1565:) 1551:) 1537:) 1502:) 1488:) 1466:) 1447:) 1431:) 1423:-- 1402:. 1392:96 1390:. 1386:. 1341:) 1321:) 1301:) 1272:) 1258:) 1239:) 1219:) 1203:) 1183:- 1139:) 1116:) 1022:) 967:) 947:. 901:) 887:) 861:. 752:: 690:1Z 622:) 595:) 574:) 549:) 530:) 516:) 499:• 435:• 311:) 303:· 153:) 138:) 130:) 114:) 98:) 3616:( 3593:( 3577:( 3563:( 3546:( 3523:( 3508:( 3489:( 3460:( 3438:( 3424:( 3408:( 3375:( 3359:( 3332:( 3306:( 3291:( 3271:( 3224:( 3199:( 3184:( 3176:. 3147:. 3113:( 3085:( 3070:( 3049:( 3031:( 2988:( 2973:( 2930:( 2888:( 2853:( 2819:( 2792:( 2769:( 2751:( 2732:( 2708:( 2694:( 2680:( 2661:( 2631:( 2617:( 2602:( 2588:( 2570:( 2548:( 2529:( 2499:( 2484:( 2468:( 2437:( 2420:( 2388:( 2373:( 2349:( 2331:( 2311:( 2292:( 2272:( 2244:( 2208:( 2185:( 2160:( 2141:( 2110:( 2079:( 2053:( 2027:. 1949:( 1930:( 1908:( 1855:( 1840:( 1824:( 1771:( 1756:( 1740:( 1725:( 1708:( 1681:( 1665:( 1638:( 1604:( 1589:( 1561:( 1547:( 1533:( 1498:( 1484:( 1462:( 1443:( 1427:( 1415:. 1398:: 1337:( 1317:( 1297:( 1268:( 1254:( 1235:( 1215:( 1199:( 1135:( 1112:( 1018:( 998:Ť 996:| 963:( 937:Ť 935:| 897:( 883:( 867:Ť 865:| 831:Ť 829:| 618:( 591:( 570:( 545:( 534:. 526:( 490:e 484:S 426:e 420:S 295:( 149:( 134:( 110:( 94:( 50:.

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