112:, as both use many of the same techniques in an attempt to occupy the public space controlled by mass media. Where the two practices differ is in their way to obtain this public space; while culture jamming consists of a response to the dominant practices within it, tactical media uses the dominant practices in order to penetrate it and become part of it. Tactical media has also been compared to
99:
social movement decided to launch a "tactical air force". The
Zapatistas' air force consisted of hundreds of paper airplanes. After throwing the planes over the fence of a federal barrack, confused troops were quick to point their rifles at the paper intruders, creating an image that conveyed a very
66:
changed the website to be a more mainstream satire (drawing criticism from RTMark), posting a fake press release from the Bush campaign announcing a promise to "pardon all drug prisoners as long as they've learned from their past mistakes". In the midst of Bush's campaign for office, the website not
38:
Tactical media projects are often a mix between art and activism, which explains why many of its roots can be traced to various art movements. It has been suggested by tactical media theorist Geert Lovink that "discourse plus art equals spectacle", reflecting its striking and memorable nature.
116:. It differs from the latter by its manner in dealing with mass media where alternative media does not seek to infiltrate the dominant by a quick tactic; it attempts to oppose it by proposing what its name suggests: an alternative to the dominant.
39:
Although there are no strict mediums through which it operates, tactical media can often have very high aesthetic value, adding to its "spectacle" and reinforcing some of its artistic roots.
534:
562:
479:
409:
348:
227:
190:
96:
848:
371:
555:
83:. This phenomenon can be classified as tactical media because of its conformance to its corresponding criteria.
130:
853:
401:
497:
Vinogradova, Svetlana
Michailovna; Melnik, Galina Sergeevna; Shaldenkova, Tatyana Yurievna (2020-03-26).
548:
843:
669:
498:
803:
68:
155:
594:
26:
that privileges temporary interventions in the media sphere over the creation of permanent and
176:
125:
610:
8:
858:
763:
626:
427:
Ray, Gene; Sholette, Gregory (September 2008). "Introduction: Whither
Tactical Media?".
712:
704:
522:
454:
214:
Meikle, Graham (2008). "Whacking Bush: Tactical Media as Play". In Boler, Megan (ed.).
67:
only received millions of hits, but also received coverage from such organizations as
677:
618:
586:
571:
526:
514:
485:
475:
458:
446:
415:
405:
377:
367:
344:
233:
223:
196:
186:
113:
27:
540:
811:
739:
506:
438:
281:
510:
634:
182:
109:
51:
purchased a domain and created a website titled GWbush.com. He invited the group
602:
466:
Renzi, Alessandra (2008). "The Space of
Tactical Media". In Boler, Megan (ed.).
731:
100:
strong message of peace versus war—the target ultimately being the government.
56:
23:
442:
837:
787:
771:
518:
489:
450:
419:
237:
200:
381:
779:
336:
795:
755:
363:
150:
747:
429:
145:
63:
48:
819:
650:
471:
219:
73:
79:
59:'s official website, as they had done for some corporate websites.
685:
140:
276:
135:
92:
52:
496:
499:"Promotion of Ideology of Protest in the Tactical Media"
570:
313:
301:
289:
256:
244:
47:
In 1998, computer programmer and political activist
468:Digital Media and Democracy: Tactics in Hard Times
835:
360:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet
341:Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture
178:An Introduction to New Media and Cybercultures
22:is a term coined in 1996, to denote a form of
556:
426:
563:
549:
55:(pronounced Art Mark) to build a copy of
274:
836:
357:
335:
319:
307:
295:
262:
250:
213:
544:
465:
395:
174:
97:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
86:
275:Yeomans, Matthew (4 February 2000).
13:
389:
14:
870:
119:
503:Journal of Political Marketing
268:
207:
168:
131:Institute for Applied Autonomy
108:It has often been compared to
103:
1:
511:10.1080/15377857.2020.1724422
402:University of Minnesota Press
161:
42:
7:
216:The Space of Tactical Media
33:
10:
875:
849:Culture jamming techniques
329:
724:
697:
670:San Francisco Mime Troupe
662:
579:
443:10.1080/09528820802439989
175:Nayar, Pramod K. (2010).
358:Meikle, Graham (2002).
595:Semiological guerrilla
16:Form of media activism
705:Theatre of Situations
537:(Ricardo Rosas, 2004)
535:The Brazilian Context
126:Critical Art Ensemble
854:Diversionary tactics
611:Guerrilla television
396:Raley, Rita (2009).
764:Jay Conrad Levinson
627:Guerrilla marketing
156:MĂdia Tática Brasil
713:Situationist prank
339:(11 August 2003).
277:"The Power Jokers"
87:Tactical air force
831:
830:
799:(1938–1994)
791:(1943–1978)
775:(1936–1989)
759:(1932–2016)
751:(1931–1994)
743:(1905–1980)
735:(1891–1995)
619:Invisible theater
587:Guerrilla theatre
572:Guerrilla theatre
481:978-0-262-02642-0
411:978-0-8166-6798-7
350:978-0-262-62180-9
343:. The MIT Press.
229:978-0-262-02642-0
192:978-1-4051-8167-9
114:alternative media
28:alternative media
866:
844:Activism by type
824:
816:
812:Michael Shamberg
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
740:Jean-Paul Sartre
736:
717:
709:
690:
682:
674:
655:
647:
639:
631:
623:
615:
607:
599:
591:
565:
558:
551:
542:
541:
533:Tactical Media-
530:
493:
462:
423:
385:
354:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
286:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
241:
211:
205:
204:
172:
874:
873:
869:
868:
867:
865:
864:
863:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
720:
715:
707:
693:
688:
680:
672:
658:
653:
645:
637:
635:Culture jamming
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
575:
574:and derivations
569:
482:
412:
392:
390:Further reading
374:
351:
332:
327:
326:
318:
314:
306:
302:
294:
290:
273:
269:
261:
257:
249:
245:
230:
222:. p. 369.
212:
208:
193:
185:. p. 100.
183:Wiley-Blackwell
173:
169:
164:
122:
110:culture jamming
106:
89:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
872:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
829:
828:
826:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
737:
732:Edward Bernays
728:
726:
722:
721:
719:
718:
710:
701:
699:
695:
694:
692:
691:
683:
675:
666:
664:
660:
659:
657:
656:
648:
643:Tactical media
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
583:
581:
577:
576:
568:
567:
560:
553:
545:
539:
538:
531:
494:
480:
463:
437:(5): 519–524.
424:
410:
398:Tactical Media
391:
388:
387:
386:
372:
355:
349:
331:
328:
325:
324:
322:, p. 119.
312:
310:, p. 124.
300:
298:, p. 117.
288:
267:
265:, p. 114.
255:
253:, p. 256.
243:
228:
206:
191:
166:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
121:
118:
105:
102:
88:
85:
57:George W. Bush
44:
41:
35:
32:
24:media activism
20:Tactical media
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
871:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
823:(1959–)
821:
818:
815:(1945–)
813:
810:
807:(1943–)
805:
802:
797:
794:
789:
788:Emmett Grogan
786:
783:(1941–)
781:
778:
773:
772:Abbie Hoffman
770:
767:(1933–)
765:
762:
757:
754:
749:
746:
741:
738:
733:
730:
729:
727:
725:Theoreticians
723:
714:
711:
706:
703:
702:
700:
696:
687:
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
667:
665:
661:
652:
649:
644:
641:
636:
633:
628:
625:
620:
617:
612:
609:
604:
601:
596:
593:
588:
585:
584:
582:
578:
573:
566:
561:
559:
554:
552:
547:
546:
543:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
425:
421:
417:
413:
407:
403:
399:
394:
393:
383:
379:
375:
373:1-86403-148-4
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
346:
342:
338:
337:Lovink, Geert
334:
333:
321:
316:
309:
304:
297:
292:
284:
283:
278:
271:
264:
259:
252:
247:
239:
235:
231:
225:
221:
217:
210:
202:
198:
194:
188:
184:
180:
179:
171:
167:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:Organizations
117:
115:
111:
101:
98:
94:
84:
82:
81:
76:
75:
70:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
40:
31:
29:
25:
21:
780:Peter Coyote
642:
603:SpaĂźguerilla
502:
467:
434:
428:
397:
359:
340:
315:
303:
291:
280:
270:
258:
246:
215:
209:
177:
170:
107:
90:
78:
72:
61:
46:
37:
19:
18:
796:Jerry Rubin
756:Umberto Eco
580:Derivations
364:Pluto Press
320:Meikle 2002
308:Meikle 2002
296:Meikle 2002
263:Meikle 2002
251:Lovink 2003
151:The Yes Men
104:Comparisons
859:Mass media
838:Categories
748:Guy Debord
698:Precursors
430:Third Text
162:References
146:Telestreet
64:Zack Exley
49:Zack Exley
43:GWbush.com
820:Mark Dery
804:Paul Ryan
651:Flash mob
527:216472214
519:1537-7857
490:165956671
472:MIT Press
459:144879192
451:0952-8822
420:437046084
238:165956671
220:MIT Press
201:316772265
91:In 2000,
74:USA Today
30:outlets.
505:: 1–14.
382:50165391
80:Newsweek
69:ABC News
34:Examples
686:Yippies
678:Diggers
330:Sources
141:subRosa
62:Later,
716:(1958)
708:(1947)
689:(1967)
681:(1966)
673:(1959)
663:Groups
654:(2003)
646:(1996)
638:(1985)
630:(1984)
622:(1974)
614:(1971)
606:(1967)
598:(1967)
590:(1965)
525:
517:
488:
478:
457:
449:
418:
408:
380:
370:
347:
236:
226:
199:
189:
136:RTMark
93:Mexico
53:RTMark
523:S2CID
455:S2CID
282:Slate
515:ISSN
486:OCLC
476:ISBN
447:ISSN
416:OCLC
406:ISBN
378:OCLC
368:ISBN
345:ISBN
234:OCLC
224:ISBN
197:OCLC
187:ISBN
77:and
507:doi
439:doi
95:'s
840::
521:.
513:.
501:.
484:.
474:.
470:.
453:.
445:.
435:22
433:.
414:.
404:.
400:.
376:.
366:.
362:.
279:.
232:.
218:.
195:.
181:.
71:,
564:e
557:t
550:v
529:.
509::
492:.
461:.
441::
422:.
384:.
353:.
285:.
240:.
203:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.