Systems theory - Knowledge

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such basic conceptual frameworks play a key role in the development of exact scientific theory. .. Allgemeine Systemtheorie is not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on 'general system theory,' to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.

1319:. It can be viewed as the application of engineering techniques to the engineering of systems, as well as the application of a systems approach to engineering efforts. Systems engineering integrates other disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation and disposal. Systems engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers, with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user's needs. 1339:. Overlooking this and developing software without insights input from the future users (mediated by user experience designers) is a serious design flaw that can lead to complete failure of information systems, increased stress and mental illness for users of information systems leading to increased costs and a huge waste of resources. It is currently surprisingly uncommon for organizations and governments to investigate the project management decisions leading to serious design flaws and lack of usability. 3069: 3055: 5458: 5470: 911:," some theorists recognize that organizations have complex social systems; separating the parts from the whole reduces the overall effectiveness of organizations. This difference, from conventional models that center on individuals, structures, departments and units, separates in part from the whole, instead of recognizing the interdependence between groups of individuals, structures and processes that enable an organization to function. 1119: 5482: 2755: 2499: 555: 533:

interact in behaviours and processes or interrelate through formal contextual boundary conditions (attractors). Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. For example, a computer program is passive when it is a file stored on the hardrive and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to

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general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.

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affected the research project for systems theory in ways that sorely disappointed many of the seminal theorists. Some began to recognize that theories defined in association with systems theory had deviated from the initial general systems theory view. Economist Kenneth Boulding, an early researcher

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in conventional theory (which has as its subject a single part) as simply an example of changing assumptions. The emphasis with systems theory shifts from parts to the organization of parts, recognizing interactions of the parts as not static and constant but dynamic processes. Some questioned the

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Systems theory is frequently identified with cybernetics and control theory. This again is incorrect. Cybernetics as the theory of control mechanisms in technology and nature is founded on the concepts of information and feedback, but as part of a general theory of systems.... he model is of wide

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both in living and lifeless systems (organisms, organizations, machines), and in combinations of those. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) controls its behavior, processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish those three

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Thus when von Bertalanffy spoke of Allgemeine Systemtheorie it was consistent with his view that he was proposing a new perspective, a new way of doing science. It was not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on "general system theory", to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of

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It (General System Theory) was criticized as pseudoscience and said to be nothing more than an admonishment to attend to things in a holistic way. Such criticisms would have lost their point had it been recognized that von Bertalanffy's general system theory is a perspective or paradigm, and that

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here exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relationships or "forces" between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less

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provides detailed discussion of the commonplace critique of educational systems grounded in conventional assumptions about learning, including the problems with fragmented knowledge and lack of holistic learning from the "machine-age thinking" that became a "model of school separated from daily

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The systems view is a world-view that is based on the discipline of SYSTEM INQUIRY. Central to systems inquiry is the concept of SYSTEM. In the most general sense, system means a configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of relationships. The Primer Group defines system as a

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in 1968). Cybernetics arose more from engineering fields and GST from biology. If anything, it appears that although the two probably mutually influenced each other, cybernetics had the greater influence. Bertalanffy specifically made the point of distinguishing between the areas in noting the

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General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that

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itself. In this respect, with the possibility of misinterpretations, von Bertalanffy believed a general theory of systems "should be an important regulative device in science," to guard against superficial analogies that "are useless in science and harmful in their practical consequences."

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László explains that the new systems view of organized complexity went "one step beyond the Newtonian view of organized simplicity" which reduced the parts from the whole, or understood the whole without relation to the parts. The relationship between organisations and their

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estimates that roughly 15% of the estimated $ 1 trillion used to develop information systems every year is completely wasted and the produced systems are discarded before implementation by entirely preventable mistakes. According to the CHAOS report published in 2018 by the

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with theory and science in the etymology of general systems, though it also does not translate from the German very well; its "closest equivalent" translates to 'teaching', but "sounds dogmatic and off the mark." An adequate overlap in meaning is found within the word

1270:. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from 520:

depend upon how well the system is engaged with its environment and other contexts influencing its organization. Some systems support other systems, maintaining the other system to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model a system's dynamics,

2463:(interact with one another a lot) then the system cannot be decomposed into different systems. The amount of coupling between parts of a system may differ temporally, with some parts interacting more often than other, or for different processes in a system. 2304:

were an important part of the establishment of systems theory... he two most influential suggestions were the comprehensive sociological versions of systems theory which were proposed by Talcott Parsons since the 1950s and by Niklas Luhmann since the

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are related fields, but do not try to describe general (universal) complex (singular) systems. The best context to compare the different "C"-Theories about complex systems is historical, which emphasizes different tools and methodologies, from

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that the observer can analyze and use to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena and to move closer toward a unity of the sciences. System philosophy, methodology and application are complementary to this science.

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System theory has been applied in the field of neuroinformatics and connectionist cognitive science. Attempts are being made in neurocognition to merge connectionist cognitive neuroarchitectures with the approach of system theory and

525:, conditions, and relations; and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized 504:. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems. A system is "more than the sum of its parts" when it expresses 925:, who argued—along with the founders of the systems society—that "the benefit of humankind" is the purpose of science, has made significant and far-reaching contributions to the area of systems theory. For the Primer Group at the 892:", which can mean "having the capability to posit long-lasting sense." While the idea of a "general systems theory" might have lost many of its root meanings in the translation, by defining a new way of thinking about science and 4285: 2653:'s differences of eternal interacting actor loops (that produce finite products) makes general systems a proper subset of cybernetics. In cybernetics, complex systems have been examined mathematically by such researchers as 2454:

where all components within the system interact with one another. Sometimes an entire system will be represented inside another system as a part, sometimes referred to as a holon. These hierarchies of system are studied in

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that developed from the same fundamental concepts, emphasising how understanding results from knowing concepts both in part and as a whole. In fact, Bertalanffy's organismic psychology paralleled the learning theory of

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Changing one component of a system may affect other components or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in patterns of behavior. For systems that learn and adapt, the growth and the degree of

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Maurer, H. (2021). Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, chap. 1.4, 2., 3.26, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6.

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of interacting molecules, to create new functions from a set (or library) of molecules with different hierarchical levels and emergent properties. Systems chemistry is also related to the origin of life

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life." In this way, some systems theorists attempt to provide alternatives to, and evolved ideation from orthodox theories which have grounds in classical assumptions, including individuals such as

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These operate in a recursive relationship, he explained; integrating 'philosophy' and 'theory' as knowledge, and 'method' and 'application' as action; systems inquiry is thus knowledgeable action.

2154:(AAAS), specifically catalyzing systems theory as an area of study. The field developed from the work of Bertalanffy, Rapoport, Gerard, and Boulding, as well as other theorists in the 1950s like 2273:

always prove consequential and that systems theory might address such issues. Since the end of the Cold War, a renewed interest in systems theory emerged, combined with efforts to strengthen an

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Pure success is the combination of high customer satisfaction with high return on value to the organization. Related figures for the year 2017 are: successful: 14%, challenged: 67%, failed 19%.

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A system in this frame of reference can contain regularly interacting or interrelating groups of activities. For example, in noting the influence in the evolution of "an individually oriented

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can be seen as the foremost source of complexity and interdependence. In most cases, the whole has properties that cannot be known from analysis of the constituent elements in isolation.

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1928, Kritische Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger. In English: Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933

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Particularly from the year 2000 onwards, the biosciences use the term widely and in a variety of contexts. An often stated ambition of systems biology is the modelling and discovery of

5513: 1469:, but in addition seems more concerned with societal systems and with the study of motivational, affective, cognitive and group behavior that holds the name engineering psychology." 4282: 2057:(2000), Bertalanffy promoted an embryonic form of GST as early as the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the early 1950s that it became more widely known in scientific circles. 2692:

application but should not be identified with 'systems theory' in general ... warning is necessary against its incautious expansion to fields for which its concepts are not made.

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which represents properties of a system whose theoretical description requires the only possible useful techniques to fall under the remit of systems biology. It is thought that

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Cognizant of advances in science that questioned classical assumptions in the organizational sciences, Bertalanffy's idea to develop a theory of systems began as early as the

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with his computer, computers have become an indispensable source of information. One could not imagine the study of complex systems without the use of computers today.

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in Palo Alto to discuss the creation of a "society for the advancement of General Systems Theory." In December that year, a meeting of around 70 people was held in

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knowledge and still remains in the tradition of theorists that sought to provide means to organize human life. In other words, theorists rethought the preceding

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began developing his 'general systems theory' via lectures in 1937 and then via publications from 1946. The concept received extensive focus in his 1968 book,

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have the common goal to explain complex systems that consist of a large number of mutually interacting and interrelated parts in terms of those interactions.

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Bertalanffy aimed to bring together under one heading the organismic science that he had observed in his work as a biologist. He wanted to use the word

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in systems theory, had concerns over the manipulation of systems concepts. Boulding concluded from the effects of the Cold War that abuses of

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The systems view was based on several fundamental ideas. First, all phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements, or a

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Van Dyne, George M. "Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists". ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1966.

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of systems, where there is less interactions between the different systems than there is the components in the system. The alternative is

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Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence

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philosophers and later psychologists that laid the foundations of modern organizational theory and management by the late 19th century.

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research. Proponents describe systems biology as a biology-based interdisciplinary study field that focuses on complex interactions in

2008:" as an analytical construct), the original systems theorists explored the implications of 20th-century advances in terms of systems. 4871: 4821: 472: 4711: 934:

family of relationships among the members acting as a whole. Von Bertalanffy defined system as "elements in standing relationship."

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distinguished general systems by how their goals and subgoals could change over time. He distinguished between goal-maintaining,

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Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.

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Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.

5866: 5438: 3377: 3288: 3200: 871:(or 'Science'). These ideas refer to an organized body of knowledge and "any systematically presented set of concepts, whether 734: 4453: 4352: 3750: 3405: 3353: 1752: 2053:. Bertalanffy developed the theory via lectures beginning in 1937 and then via publications beginning in 1946. According to 1828: 5902: 4913: 2882: 2356:

as a collection of parts and relationships between the parts where the parts of their interrelationships decrease entropy.

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Systems thinking can date back to antiquity, whether considering the first systems of written communication with Sumerian

5422: 4366: 1405: 896:, systems theory became a widespread term used for instance to describe the interdependence of relationships created in 1142: 219: 102: 4720: 4052: 4018: 3954: 3933: 3697: 3562: 3498: 3494: 2859: 2237:, known as a radiation ecologist, recognized that the study of general systems required a language that could depict 1950:; they did not lose them. Mechanistic thinking was particularly critiqued, especially the industrial-age mechanistic 594: 5251: 4172: 3195: 2054: 2019:

had undertaken efforts to encourage innovation and interdisciplinary research in the social sciences, aided by the

798: 17: 1918:. The theorists sought holistic methods by developing systems concepts that could integrate with different areas. 5958: 5830: 5691: 5486: 3875: 3083: 2672:

Threads of cybernetics began in the late 1800s that led toward the publishing of seminal works (such as Wiener's

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It received inspiration from systems theory and systems thinking, as well as the basics of theoretical work from

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methodology: the set of models, strategies, methods and tools that instrumentalize systems theory and philosophy

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Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician

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Schools That Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for Educators, Parents, and Everyone Who Cares About Education

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models and thinking, wherein history represents history and math represents math, while the arts and sciences

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Others remain closer to the direct systems concepts developed by the original systems theorists. For example,

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There are many definitions of a general system, some properties that definitions include are: an overall

1955: 1874: 106: 865:) "has a much broader meaning in German than the closest English words 'theory' and 'science'," just as 5856: 5684: 5266: 5118: 4507:

Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology.

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represent further developments in this field. Important names in contemporary systems science include

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systems to denote a proper subset of the class of general systems, namely those systems that include

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Shugart, Herman H., and Robert V. O'Neill. "Systems Ecology". Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross, 1979.

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of the interaction between the parts of the system that are not performed by any part on its own.

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Wu, Jianguo (2013), Rozzi, Ricardo; Pickett, S.T.A.; Palmer, Clare; Armesto, Juan J. (eds.),

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The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences

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of "general system theory" from German into English has "wrought a certain amount of havoc":

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Bertalanffy's ideas were adopted by others, working in mathematics, psychology, biology,

1959: 1726: 1306: 1267: 738: 663: 538: 489: 440: 415: 398: 307: 207: 141: 64: 4433: 2776: 2520: 1351:, a vast majority of information systems fail or partly fail according to their survey: 572: 5948: 5897: 5794: 5784: 5560: 5529: 5311: 5246: 5226: 5216: 5176: 5161: 5136: 5094: 5089: 4943: 4933: 4928: 4739: 4626: 4252: 4138: 4083: 3905: 3717: 3013: 3005: 2957: 2930: 2925: 2709: 2697: 2666: 2250: 2246: 2218: 2210: 2155: 2071: 2061: 1763: 1676: 1670: 1647: 1622: 1551: 1417: 1336: 1252: 1098: 1023: 826: 652: 608: 410: 331: 327: 269: 261: 132: 4607:

Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural Systems

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in that they are diverse and composed of multiple, interconnected elements; they are

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distinguished between decomposable, nearly decomposable and nondecomposable systems.

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Systems theory promotes dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within

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With the modern foundations for a general theory of systems following World War I,

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Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice of Computer-based Systems Engineering

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Structural Stability and Morphogenesis: An Outline of a General Theory of Models

3445:, by L. von Bertalanffy, edited by Edgar Taschdjian. New York: George Braziller. 5876: 5723: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5356: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5286: 5211: 5206: 5171: 5131: 5021: 5006: 4938: 4908: 4766: 4702: 4670: 4592: 3810: 3135: 3125: 3032: 3017: 2875: 2837: 2830: 2816: 2811: 2713: 2658: 2646: 2561: 2556: 2349: 2314: 2301: 2289: 2249:

at any system scale. To fulfill this role, Odum developed a general system, or

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theory: a set of interrelated concepts and principles applying to all systems

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and universal authoritative principles and knowledge to relative and general

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approach and means for enabling the realisation and deployment of successful

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The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations

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generalized the domains into four integratable domains of systemic inquiry:

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into the (rationalist) hard sciences of the 19th century, also known as the

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Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

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Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a

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Dynamical social psychology: Finding order in the flow of human experience

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Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure (2nd Edition)

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special kind, but of universal principles applying to systems in general.

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In sociology, systems thinking also began in the 20th century, including

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von Kiedrowski, Günter; Otto, Sijbren; Herdewijn, Piet (December 2010).

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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

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endeavor, systems theory brings together principles and concepts from

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From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences.

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Systems Thinking, Systems Practice: Includes a 30-Year Retrospective.

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in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience.

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processes and is necessary to understand the whole impact of a new

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Sinnott, J. D., and J. S. Rabin. 2012. "Sex Roles." Pp. 411–17 in

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to form a society for the exploration and development of GST. The

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and self-reproducing systems, again with only pencil and paper.

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examined complex systems mathematically; Von Neumann discovered

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and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.

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Bertalanffy outlines systems inquiry into three major domains:

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for those principles that are common to systems in general. In

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General systems theory : problems, perspectives, practice

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as a systems approach sharing a frame of reference similar to

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Systems biology is a movement that draws on several trends in

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General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

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General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

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General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

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dampens and reverses disequilibria, CAS are often subject to

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have been widely used as synonyms. Some authors use the term

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General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

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Elements of systems thinking can also be seen in the work of

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Jackson also claimed that Bertalanffy's work was informed by

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General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

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On Human Communication: A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism

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2434:

application: the application and interaction of the domains

750: 566:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3308:"Systems Theory – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 4120:

Bailey, 1994; Flood, 1997; Checkland, 1999; Laszlo, 1972.

2342:

parts of the system and relationships between these parts

1457:

in which groups and individuals receive consideration as

929:, Bánáthy defines a perspective that iterates this view: 4839: 4621:

Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living

2480:, multi-goal and reflective (or goal-changing) systems. 4834: 1992:(1687) have historically influenced all areas from the 4239:

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4440:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 281–301, 4158:

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1600:

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3050: 2140:

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

1480:, and attributes of the people interacting with the 1370:

System dynamics is an approach to understanding the

4493:

Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior

4304:

Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie

2152:

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4347:(2nd ed.). Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. 3924:Lester R. Bittel and Muriel Albers Bittel (1978), 3334:"The History and Status of General Systems Theory" 4686:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4191:. 1950. "An Outline for General Systems Theory." 3872:"MIT System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP)" 2733:today. Since the beginning of chaos theory, when 1969: 1389: 1344:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 5935: 4793:. 1962. "From Circuit Theory to System Theory." 4757:Weaver, Warren. 1948. "Science and Complexity." 4653:von Neumann, John, and Arthur Burks, eds. 1966. 2441: 4438:Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World 4318:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 4008: 3947:Handbook of Microcomputers in Special Education 3331: 2181:. Subjects that were studied included those of 1322: 5692: 5514: 4865: 4835:International Society for the System Sciences 4194:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 2120:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 1843:represent an important step to introduce the 1818:traced systems concepts to the philosophy of 1465:. Systems psychology "includes the domain of 1288:Systems chemistry is the science of studying 1143: 927:International Society for the System Sciences 466: 4102:Bailey, 1994, pp. 3–8; see also Owens, 2004. 4088:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3910:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3798:. Stockholm: Karnaval Förlag. p. 16,17. 3589:Ludlow, R. Frederick; Otto, Sijbren (2008). 3393: 2321:General systems research and systems inquiry 2049:, who sought a new approach to the study of 3459:. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 4–11. 2993: 1890:remain separate and many treat teaching as 1213:Subdisciplines of systems biology include: 1187:, claiming that it uses a new perspective ( 5699: 5685: 5521: 5507: 4872: 4858: 4577:Synergetics: An Introduction – 3rd Edition 4004: 4002: 4000: 3896:Vallacher, R. R., & Nowak, A. (2007). 3793: 3588: 3004:Complex adaptive systems (CAS), coined by 2483: 1974:Where assumptions in Western science from 1698:received the Nobel Prize for his works on 1472:In systems psychology, characteristics of 1150: 1136: 473: 459: 3664: 3550: 3216:Systematics – study of multi-term systems 3156:Open and closed systems in social science 1753:International Society for Systems Science 844:, in the preface for Bertalanffy's book, 595:Learn how and when to remove this message 5954:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology 5706: 4712:The Mathematical Theory of Communication 4683:1962. "The Architecture of Complexity." 4623:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4340: 4047:(rev. ed.). New York: George Braziller. 3809:Charette, Robert N. (2 September 2005). 3808: 2023:with the university's interdisciplinary 1934:perspectives. The shift originated from 623:; in the study of ecological systems by 4301: 3997: 3988: 3926:Encyclopedia of Professional Management 3839: 3765:"Algoritmiska larm belastar sjukvården" 3517: 3375:A manifesto for the equifinality thesis 1790:, or the feats of engineering with the 907:a systems and developmentally oriented 14: 5936: 5867:Construction and management simulation 5528: 4728:A Mathematical Theory of Communication 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3864: 3852:from the original on 29 September 2020 3762: 3469: 3454: 3384:. Journal of hydrology, 320(1), 18–36. 3289:List of systems sciences organizations 3012:, and others at the interdisciplinary 2296:. According to Rudolf Stichweh (2011): 1327:Systems thinking is a crucial part of 735:the Center for Complex Quantum Systems 5680: 5502: 4853: 4840:New England Complex Systems Institute 4726:Adapted from Shannon, Claude. 1948. " 4414: 4412: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4277: 4275: 4205: 4203: 4168: 4166: 4149: 4147: 4073: 3969:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526 3821:from the original on 9 September 2020 3692:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 3687: 3448: 3443:Perspectives on General System Theory 3344:(4). Academy of Management: 407–426. 2488: 2405:. In his work with the Primer Group, 2378:Perspectives on General System Theory 2126:In 1954, von Bertalanffy, along with 846:Perspectives on General System Theory 647:; in interdisciplinary areas such as 5903:List of computer simulation software 5481: 4775:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press. 4238: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 2748: 2492: 2446:General systems may be split into a 2376:In the preface to von Bertalanffy's 2148:Society for General Systems Research 1476:(such as individual needs, rewards, 1453:and others. It makes an approach in 883:" represented, while many associate 548: 5423:Systems theory in political science 4879: 4699:(3rd ed.), vol. 136. The MIT Press. 4655:Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata 4027: 3741:Blockley, David; Godfrey, Patrick, 2253:, based on the circuit language of 1921:Some may view the contradiction of 1406:Systems theory in political science 24: 4740:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x 4475: 4431: 4409: 4323: 4272: 4253:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1970.tb00778.x 4200: 4163: 4144: 4139:10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00212-0 4123: 3900:. New York: Guilford Publications. 3775:from the original on 6 August 2020 3712: 1422:Systems psychology is a branch of 220:Evolutionary developmental biology 27:Interdisciplinary study of systems 25: 5975: 4803: 3840:Portman, Henny (3 January 2020). 3745:ICE Publishing, London, England, 3649:"Welcome Home, Systems Chemists!" 3423: 5480: 5468: 5457: 5456: 4822:Introduction to systems thinking 4177:Systems Approaches to Management 4013:. University of Colorado Press. 3332:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (1972). 3282: 3196:Sociology and complexity science 3067: 3053: 2753: 2497: 1117: 655:; and in the works of educators 553: 5831:Integrated assessment modelling 4641:Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior 4486:An Introduction to Cybernetics. 4462:from the original on 2024-04-21 4434:"Hierarchy Theory: An Overview" 4425: 4398:from the original on 2021-04-13 4380: 4369:from the original on 2024-04-21 4310: 4295: 4259: 4232: 4221:from the original on 2021-05-10 4182: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4067: 4064:see Steiss 1967; Buckley, 1967. 4058: 3982: 3960: 3939: 3918: 3889: 3878:from the original on 2019-02-13 3833: 3802: 3787: 3756: 3735: 3724:from the original on 2006-11-28 3706: 3681: 3640: 3629:from the original on 2024-04-21 3582: 3571:from the original on 2024-04-21 3544: 3535: 3526: 3356:from the original on 2022-04-09 3314:from the original on 2023-07-05 3084:List of types of systems theory 2744: 2546:List of types of systems theory 2085:. Second, all systems, whether 2025:Division of the Social Sciences 2004:'s seminal development of the " 1870:as a formal scientific object. 938: 387:Ordinary differential equations 5646:Philosophy of computer science 5413:Systems theory in anthropology 4696:The Sciences of the Artificial 4597:Introduction to Systems Theory 4420:Encyclopedia of Human Behavior 4388:"start [ProjectsISSS]" 4316:Bertrand Badie et al. (eds.), 4265:Ludwig von Bertalanffy. 1968. 3505: 3463: 3414: 3387: 3367: 3325: 3300: 3201:Structure–organization–process 2768:format but may read better as 2607: 2512:format but may read better as 1970:Founding and early development 1794:. Differentiated from Western 1487: 1396:Systems theory in anthropology 1390:Social sciences and humanities 1359: 1300: 1094:Return on marketing investment 258:Partial differential equations 13: 1: 5418:Systems theory in archaeology 4732:Bell System Technical Journal 4529:University of Illinois Press. 3718:"What is Systems Engineering" 3338:Academy of Management Journal 3294: 2442:Properties of general systems 2352:defines a system in terms of 2225:worked on the foundations of 2201:, researchers such as Ashby, 2045:) was coined in the 1940s by 1505: 1411: 1401:Systems theory in archaeology 1004:Customer lifecycle management 994:Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) 745:, suggesting that they offer 5800:Hydrological transport model 5754:Protein structure prediction 5749:Modelling biological systems 5551:Computational theory of mind 4818:at Principia Cybernetica Web 4657:. Illinois University Press. 4527:Essays on Cellular Automata. 4509:University of Chicago Press. 4446:10.1007/978-94-007-7470-4_24 4179:. London, England: Springer. 4154:von Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig 3945:Michael M. Behrmann (1984), 3653:Journal of Systems Chemistry 3551:Wilkinson, David M. (2006). 3166:Recursion (computer science) 1863:and others, established the 1631:1968: Bertalanffy publishes 1323:User-centered design process 1277: 7: 5744:Metabolic network modelling 4589:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 4567:Chaos: Making a New Science 4539:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 4133:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. 3557:. Oxford University Press. 3046: 1873:Similar ideas are found in 1627:Introduction to Cybernetics 544: 107:Particle swarm optimization 10: 5980: 5857:Business process modelling 4519:New York: George Braziller 4131:Encyclopedia of Creativity 4074:Senge, Peter., Ed (2000). 3842:"Review CHAOS Report 2018" 3794:Söderström, Jonas (2010). 3089:Glossary of systems theory 2997: 2737:accidentally discovered a 2625:and control of regulatory 2611: 2543: 2233:at all. At the same time, 1802:often identified with the 1798:traditions of philosophy, 1500: 1415: 1363: 1333:human computer interaction 1311:Systems engineering is an 1304: 1281: 1232: 1228: 1206:may have created the term 1172: 1168: 1161: 649:human resource development 254:Reaction–diffusion systems 83:Self-organized criticality 5890: 5844: 5818: 5762: 5729:Chemical process modeling 5714: 5541:Computational archaeology 5536: 5452: 5431: 5405: 5117: 5050: 5002: 4993: 4957: 4914:Coupled human–environment 4887: 4754:. Reading, Massachusetts. 4281:Rudolf Stichweh (2011), " 3989:Parsons, Talcott (1951). 3457:Organizational Psychology 3420:Bertalanffy, (1950: 142). 3186:Social rule system theory 3099:Bibliography of sociology 2883:Coupled human–environment 2729:in the beginning to pure 2687:influence of cybernetics: 2577:Ecological systems theory 2300:Since its beginnings the 1897:The contemporary work of 1702:, conciliating important 1562:(1929–1951), among others 1251:approach to the study of 909:organizational psychology 666:, interdisciplinary, and 195:Artificial neural network 5775:Chemical transport model 5739:Infectious disease model 5661:Text Encoding Initiative 5546:Computational philosophy 4549:. New York: Basic Books. 4302:Luhmann, Niklas (1984). 4011:The Science of Synthesis 4009:Hammond, Debora (2003). 3688:Thomé, Bernhard (1993). 3176:Redundancy (engineering) 3151:Multidimensional systems 3094:Autonomous agency theory 2994:Complex adaptive systems 2567:Dynamical systems theory 1930:with the development of 1912:Frederick Winslow Taylor 1829:coincidentia oppositorum 1760:Complex adaptive systems 1644:Second-order cybernetics 1495:dynamical systems theory 1474:organizational behaviour 1069:Organization development 1054:Marketing accountability 1034:Digital asset management 446:Evolutionary game theory 336:Second-order cybernetics 200:Evolutionary computation 116:Collective consciousness 5247:Charles A. S. Hall 4845:System Dynamics Society 4513:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig 4341:Skyttner, Lars (2005). 4189:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig 4041:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig 3659:(1): 1, 1759–2208–1-1. 3266:Structuralist economics 3256:Viable systems approach 3016:, are special cases of 3000:Complex adaptive system 2843:Complex adaptive system 2777:converting this section 2718:artificial intelligence 2521:converting this section 2484:System types and fields 2259:Energy Systems Language 2179:social network analysis 2138:, came together at the 2013:Robert Maynard Hutchins 2011:Between 1929 and 1951, 1560:Robert Maynard Hutchins 1074:Post-merger integration 1064:Marketing effectiveness 1009:Customer lifetime value 224:Artificial intelligence 138:Social network analysis 103:Ant colony optimization 75:Collective intelligence 5959:Complex systems theory 5636:Humanistic informatics 5167:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 4796:Proceedings of the IRE 4760:The American Scientist 4241:Sociological Quarterly 3949:. College Hill Press. 3455:Schein, E. H. (1980). 3141:Irreducible complexity 3075:systems science portal 3061:Systems science portal 2694: 2391: 2374: 2327:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 2307: 2047:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 2043:allgemeine Systemlehre 2035:General systems theory 1816:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 1604:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 1467:engineering psychology 1357: 1239:Systems ecology is an 1204:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 943: 936: 859: 848:, points out that the 712:family systems therapy 659:and Alfonso Montuori. 613:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 575:by rewriting it in an 437:Rational choice theory 262:Dissipative structures 5908:Mathematical modeling 5852:Biopsychosocial model 5631:Electronic literature 5556:Computers and writing 5444:Principia Cybernetica 5157:Anthony Stafford Beer 5027:Sociotechnical system 4784:A New Kind of Science 4677:W H Freeman & Co. 4111:Bailey 1994, pp. 3–8. 3666:10.1186/1759-2208-1-1 3441:. 1974. "Preface" in 3394:Paolo Rocchi (2000). 3211:System identification 3191:Sociotechnical system 2689: 2684:General System Theory 2587:Sociotechnical system 2582:Living systems theory 2386: 2369: 2365:General System Theory 2298: 2294:social systems theory 2277:view on the subject. 2027:established in 1931. 2017:University of Chicago 1916:scientific management 1849:energy transformation 1708:system thermodynamics 1353: 999:Customer intelligence 979:Business intelligence 931: 905:industrial psychology 854: 787:Anthony Stafford Beer 676:philosophy of science 637:organizational theory 537:, machine logic, and 365:Theory of computation 228:Evolutionary robotics 95:Agent-based modelling 5862:Catastrophe modeling 5708:Scientific modelling 5307:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic 5282:Edward Norton Lorenz 5237:Jay Wright Forrester 5042:World-systems theory 5017:Earth system science 4422:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. 3846:Henny Portman's Blog 3811:"Why Software Fails" 3397:Technology + Culture 3261:World-systems theory 3251:Viable system theory 2621:is the study of the 2602:World-systems theory 2572:Earth system science 2223:Jules Henri Poincaré 1855:of this century, by 1329:user-centered design 1223:Systems pharmacology 1218:Systems neuroscience 1089:Process optimization 1084:Predictive modelling 1079:Predictive analytics 1059:Marketing automation 951:Marketing operations 894:scientific paradigms 416:Coupled map lattices 382:Time series analysis 142:Small-world networks 5805:Modular Ocean Model 5611:Digital scholarship 5586:Digital Medievalist 5182:Kenneth E. Boulding 4627:Miller, James Grier 4499:Chapman & Hall. 4488:Chapman & Hall. 3763:Söderström, Jonas. 3591:"Systems chemistry" 3236:Theoretical ecology 2346:emergent properties 2311:James Clerk Maxwell 1960:Newtonian mechanics 1727:Mitchell Feigenbaum 1669:in Chile under the 1638:Other contributors 1386:, and time delays. 1307:Systems engineering 1268:emergent properties 1200:emergent properties 1124:Business portal 743:emergent properties 739:University of Texas 539:systems engineering 441:Bounded rationality 399:Population dynamics 308:Conversation theory 208:Genetic programming 133:Scale-free networks 65:Collective behavior 5898:Data visualization 5882:Input–output model 5795:Hydrological model 5785:Geologic modelling 5561:Cultural analytics 5530:Digital humanities 5312:James Grier Miller 5267:Faina M. Kirillova 5227:Heinz von Foerster 5217:Edsger W. Dijkstra 5177:Alexander Bogdanov 5162:Richard E. Bellman 5137:William Ross Ashby 4613:Maturana, Humberto 4543:Churchman, C. West 4288:2016-03-07 at the 3975:2023-02-05 at the 3380:2017-08-14 at the 3373:Beven, K. (2006). 3014:Santa Fe Institute 2826:Ecological systems 2807:Anatomical systems 2779:, if appropriate. 2698:catastrophe theory 2667:Heinz von Foerster 2523:, if appropriate. 2489:Theoretical fields 2367:(1968), he wrote: 2338:goal of the system 2251:universal language 2219:Aleksandr Lyapunov 2211:Heinz von Foerster 2156:William Ross Ashby 2072:Richard Mattessich 2062:Alexander Bogdanov 1954:for the mind from 1677:Catastrophe theory 1671:Allende government 1648:Heinz von Foerster 1623:William Ross Ashby 1602:is established by 1552:Alexander Bogdanov 1418:Systems psychology 1337:information system 1253:ecological systems 1185:biological systems 1099:Strategic planning 1024:Database marketing 827:Michael C. Jackson 653:Richard A. Swanson 639:; in the study of 619:, and sociologist 609:Alexander Bogdanov 577:encyclopedic style 564:is written like a 432:Prisoner's dilemma 377:Nonlinear dynamics 332:Operationalization 328:Information theory 204:Genetic algorithms 5931: 5930: 5810:Wildfire modeling 5790:Groundwater model 5770:Atmospheric model 5674: 5673: 5496: 5495: 5377:Manuela M. Veloso 5292:Humberto Maturana 5232:Stephanie Forrest 5202:C. West Churchman 5127:Russell L. Ackoff 5113: 5112: 4985:Positive feedback 4980:Negative feedback 4681:Simon, Herbert A. 4667:. The Free Press. 4665:The Social System 4637:von Neumann, John 4455:978-94-007-7469-8 4392:projects.isss.org 4354:978-981-277-475-0 3991:The Social System 3796:Jävla skitsystem! 3751:978-0-7277-6082-1 3407:978-1-58603-035-3 3271:Dependency theory 3104:Cellular automata 3041:positive feedback 3037:negative feedback 2866:Digital ecosystem 2798: 2797: 2739:strange attractor 2710:Cellular automata 2706:complexity theory 2542: 2541: 2471:Russell L. Ackoff 2215:cellular automata 2197:. In fields like 2187:self-organization 2168:C. West Churchman 1910:in sociology and 1875:learning theories 1820:Gottfried Leibniz 1800:C. West Churchman 1792:Egyptian pyramids 1780: 1779: 1700:self-organization 1689:Dynamical systems 1656:Humberto Maturana 1594:The Social System 1451:Humberto Maturana 1313:interdisciplinary 1284:Systems chemistry 1241:interdisciplinary 1160: 1159: 1029:Demand generation 989:Change management 763:Humberto Maturana 704:political science 668:multiperspectival 664:transdisciplinary 605: 604: 597: 510:emergent behavior 490:transdisciplinary 483: 482: 270:Cellular automata 244:Pattern formation 175:Adaptive networks 79:Collective action 48:Self-organization 16:(Redirected from 5971: 5923:Visual analytics 5918:Systems thinking 5836:Population model 5701: 5694: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5616:Digital theology 5606:Digital rhetoric 5601:Digital religion 5591:Digital ontology 5571:Digital classics 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5484: 5483: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5372:Francisco Varela 5104:Systems thinking 5037:Urban metabolism 5000: 4999: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4810:Systems Thinking 4787:. Wolfram Media. 4779:Wolfram, Stephen 4734:27(3): 379–423. 4661:Parsons, Talcott 4648:Automata Studies 4617:Francisco Varela 4583:Holland, John H. 4553:Checkland, Peter 4503:Bateson, Gregory 4470: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4338: 4321: 4320:. Sage New York. 4314: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4279: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4207: 4198: 4186: 4180: 4170: 4161: 4151: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4006: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3964: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3769:Jävla skitsystem 3760: 3754: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3607:10.1039/B611921M 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3436: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3304: 3276:Hierarchy theory 3246:User-in-the-loop 3161:Pattern language 3077: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3010:Murray Gell-Mann 2904:Dynamical system 2793: 2790: 2784: 2775:You can help by 2757: 2756: 2749: 2731:computer science 2727:pure mathematics 2663:John von Neumann 2597:Urban metabolism 2537: 2534: 2528: 2519:You can help by 2501: 2500: 2493: 2465:Herbert A. Simon 2457:hierarchy theory 2413:philosophy: the 2207:John von Neumann 2195:adaptive systems 2170:, among others. 2136:Kenneth Boulding 2064:'s three-volume 2006:political system 1948:history of ideas 1845:systems approach 1824:Nicholas of Cusa 1768:Murray Gell-Mann 1616:Kenneth Boulding 1572:Macy conferences 1556:Nicolai Hartmann 1532:Friedrich Engels 1510: 1509: 1378:over time using 1152: 1145: 1138: 1122: 1121: 984:Business process 948: 947: 819:Warren McCulloch 767:Francisco Varela 684:computer science 651:in the works of 600: 593: 589: 586: 580: 557: 556: 549: 535:systems thinking 475: 468: 461: 352:Systems thinking 278:Self-replication 216:Machine learning 170:Dynamic networks 91:Phase transition 30: 29: 21: 18:Systems research 5979: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5964:Systems science 5934: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5886: 5840: 5826:Energy modeling 5814: 5758: 5734:Ecosystem model 5710: 5705: 5675: 5670: 5596:Digital physics 5581:Digital library 5576:Digital history 5532: 5527: 5497: 5492: 5448: 5427: 5401: 5342:Anatol Rapoport 5327:Talcott Parsons 5302:Donella Meadows 5277:Allenna Leonard 5197:Mary Cartwright 5192:Kathleen Carley 5152:Gregory Bateson 5147:Béla H. Bánáthy 5109: 5046: 4995: 4989: 4975:Limiting factor 4970:Leverage points 4953: 4891: 4883: 4881:Systems science 4878: 4806: 4799:50(5): 856–865. 4767:Wiener, Norbert 4703:Shannon, Claude 4671:Prigogine, Ilya 4593:Luhmann, Niklas 4569:, Random House. 4478: 4476:Further reading 4473: 4465: 4463: 4456: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4339: 4324: 4315: 4311: 4300: 4296: 4290:Wayback Machine 4280: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4187: 4183: 4173:Mike C. Jackson 4171: 4164: 4152: 4145: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4039: 4028: 4021: 4007: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3977:Wayback Machine 3965: 3961: 3944: 3940: 3928:, McGraw-Hill, 3923: 3919: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3686: 3682: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512:Béla H. Bánáthy 3510: 3506: 3468: 3464: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3382:Wayback Machine 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3285: 3280: 3231:Systems science 3181:Reversal theory 3073: 3068: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3033:control systems 3031:In contrast to 3018:complex systems 3006:John H. Holland 3002: 2996: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2722:artificial life 2714:neural networks 2630:primary tasks. 2616: 2610: 2548: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2444: 2407:Béla H. Bánáthy 2323: 2313:, particularly 2302:social sciences 2282:Talcott Parsons 2257:, known as the 2164:Gregory Bateson 2132:Ralph W. Gerard 2128:Anatol Rapoport 2115:interwar period 2055:Mike C. Jackson 2021:Ford Foundation 2000:sciences (see, 1972: 1956:interpretations 1868:reference model 1857:Rudolf Clausius 1810:philosophy and 1772:W. Brian Arthur 1764:John H. Holland 1755:is established. 1691:in mathematics. 1652:Gregory Bateson 1612:Ralph W. Gerard 1608:Anatol Rapoport 1590:Talcott Parsons 1544:Vilfredo Pareto 1540:Rudolf Clausius 1536:Herbert Spencer 1508: 1503: 1490: 1447:Gregory Bateson 1436:complex systems 1428:human behaviour 1420: 1414: 1392: 1376:complex systems 1368: 1366:System dynamics 1362: 1325: 1309: 1303: 1286: 1280: 1237: 1235:Systems ecology 1231: 1208:systems biology 1177: 1175:Systems biology 1171: 1166: 1156: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1049:Lead generation 1019:Data warehouses 959: 946: 941: 923:Béla H. Bánáthy 881:philosophically 823:Kathleen Carley 807:Allenna Leonard 803:Robert L. Flood 791:Peter Checkland 783:Gregory Bateson 779:Béla H. Bánáthy 723:systems science 621:Talcott Parsons 617:Béla H. Bánáthy 601: 590: 584: 581: 573:help improve it 570: 558: 554: 547: 479: 450: 449: 448: 443: 439: 434: 429: 419: 418: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 379: 369: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 348:Systems science 346: 344:System dynamics 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 300: 286: 285: 280: 276: 274:Spatial ecology 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 246: 236: 235: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 212:Artificial life 210: 206: 202: 197: 192: 178: 177: 172: 168: 166:Systems biology 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 130: 120: 119: 118: 113: 111:Swarm behaviour 109: 105: 101: 99:Synchronization 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 70:Social dynamics 67: 57: 56: 55: 50: 34:Complex systems 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5977: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Systems theory 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5913:Systems theory 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5891:Related topics 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5877:Economic model 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5819:Sustainability 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5724:Cellular model 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5656:Systems theory 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5397:Anthony Wilden 5394: 5392:Jennifer Wilby 5389: 5387:Norbert Wiener 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:Claude Shannon 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5332:Ilya Prigogine 5329: 5324: 5322:Howard T. Odum 5319: 5317:Radhika Nagpal 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Niklas Luhmann 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212:George Dantzig 5209: 5207:Manfred Clynes 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5172:Margaret Boden 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5132:Victor Aladjev 5129: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5022:Living systems 5019: 5014: 5009: 5007:Control theory 5003: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4816:Systems theory 4813: 4812:at Wikiversity 4805: 4804:External links 4802: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4763:, pp. 536–544. 4755: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4700: 4691: 4678: 4668: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4634: 4633:. Mcgraw-Hill. 4631:Living Systems 4624: 4610: 4600: 4590: 4580: 4573:Haken, Hermann 4570: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4530: 4520: 4510: 4500: 4489: 4482:Ashby, W. Ross 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4454: 4424: 4408: 4379: 4353: 4322: 4309: 4294: 4283:Systems Theory 4271: 4258: 4247:(3): 351–363. 4231: 4199: 4181: 4162: 4143: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4066: 4057: 4026: 4019: 3996: 3981: 3959: 3938: 3917: 3888: 3863: 3832: 3801: 3786: 3755: 3734: 3705: 3698: 3680: 3639: 3601:(1): 101–108. 3595:Chem. Soc. Rev 3581: 3563: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3504: 3462: 3447: 3422: 3413: 3406: 3386: 3366: 3350:10.5465/255139 3324: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3136:Grey box model 3133: 3128: 3126:Engaged theory 3123: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3064: 3048: 3045: 2998:Main article: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2831:Living systems 2828: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2796: 2795: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2659:Norbert Wiener 2647:feedback loops 2635:systems theory 2612:Main article: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562:Control theory 2559: 2557:Complex system 2554: 2544:Main article: 2540: 2539: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2350:Derek Hitchins 2322: 2319: 2315:control theory 2290:Niklas Luhmann 2243:thermodynamics 2235:Howard T. Odum 2203:Norbert Wiener 2097:, have common 2051:living systems 1971: 1968: 1928:closed systems 1908:Émile Durkheim 1894:conditioning. 1888:specialization 1884:industrial age 1853:thermodynamics 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1756: 1749: 1746:Anthony Wilden 1742:Context theory 1738: 1735:James A. Yorke 1711: 1706:concepts with 1704:systems theory 1696:Ilya Prigogine 1692: 1673: 1659: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1619: 1596: 1586: 1578:Norbert Wiener 1574: 1564: 1563: 1548:Émile Durkheim 1515: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1489: 1486: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1384:feedback loops 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1349:Standish Group 1324: 1321: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1272:thermodynamics 1264:complex system 1233:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1173:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1162:Main article: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1104:Systems theory 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1044:Infrastructure 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 969:Best practices 966: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 945: 942: 940: 937: 837:among others. 811:Radhika Nagpal 771:Russell Ackoff 751:living systems 741:, has studied 731:Ilya Prigogine 657:Debora Hammond 625:Howard T. Odum 603: 602: 561: 559: 552: 546: 543: 486:Systems theory 481: 480: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 452: 451: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 407:Multistability 380: 375: 374: 371: 370: 340:Self-reference 301: 294:Systems theory 292: 291: 288: 287: 247: 242: 241: 238: 237: 193: 184: 183: 180: 179: 131: 126: 125: 122: 121: 87:Herd mentality 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 51: 46: 45: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5976: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872:Crime mapping 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780:Climate model 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763:Environmental 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5667: 5666:Transliteracy 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432:Organizations 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Kevin Warwick 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Margaret Mead 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Lydia Kavraki 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Barbara Grosz 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Ruzena Bajcsy 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Doubling time 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829:Organizations 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721:0-252-72546-8 4718: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4707:Warren Weaver 4704: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609:. SUNY Press. 4608: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4563:Gleick, James 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4533:Cherry, Colin 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523:Burks, Arthur 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4054: 4053:0-8076-0453-4 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4020:9780870817229 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3955:0-933014-35-X 3952: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3934:0-07-005478-9 3931: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3815:IEEE Spectrum 3812: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3701: 3699:0-471-93552-2 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3564:9780198568469 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3514:, 1997: ¶ 22. 3513: 3508: 3500: 3499:0-8076-0636-7 3496: 3495:0-8076-0637-5 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:Laszlo, Ervin 3466: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3439:László, Ervin 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3400:. IOS Press. 3399: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283:Organizations 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226:Systemography 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3065: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909:Formal system 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893:Deterministic 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860:Deterministic 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2783:is available. 2782: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762:This section 2760: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735:Edward Lorenz 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696:Cybernetics, 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:W. Ross Ashby 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623:communication 2620: 2615: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2536: 2527:is available. 2526: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2506:This section 2504: 2495: 2494: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:action theory 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:connectionism 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:Margaret Mead 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2076:Fritjof Capra 2073: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1964:Enlightenment 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926:conventional 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835:Figures like 1833: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:Maya numerals 1785: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Edward Lorenz 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:Stafford Beer 1664: 1660: 1658:, and others) 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1558:(1882–1950), 1557: 1554:(1873–1928), 1553: 1550:(1858–1917), 1549: 1546:(1848–1923), 1545: 1542:(1822–1888), 1541: 1538:(1820–1903), 1537: 1534:(1820–1895), 1533: 1530:(1818–1883), 1529: 1526:(1760–1825), 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519:Predecessors 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1498: 1496: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426:that studies 1425: 1419: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1380:stocks, flows 1377: 1374:behaviour of 1373: 1367: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1255:, especially 1254: 1250: 1247:that takes a 1246: 1242: 1236: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1165: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 955: 954: 950: 949: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 918: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 898:organizations 895: 891: 886: 882: 878: 877:axiomatically 874: 870: 869: 864: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:Fritjof Capra 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795:Barbara Grosz 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:Ruzena Bajcsy 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 708:psychotherapy 705: 701: 697: 694:, as well as 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Fritjof Capra 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 599: 596: 588: 585:November 2020 578: 574: 568: 567: 562:This article 560: 551: 550: 542: 540: 536: 530: 528: 524: 519: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 456: 454: 453: 447: 444: 442: 438: 433: 428: 423: 422: 417: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 378: 373: 372: 366: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:Goal-oriented 317: 313: 309: 304: 299: 295: 290: 289: 284: 283:Geomorphology 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 245: 240: 239: 234: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 191: 187: 182: 181: 176: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 129: 124: 123: 117: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 66: 61: 60: 54: 49: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 19: 5912: 5655: 5651:Semantic Web 5621:Digitization 5485: 5473: 5461: 5406:Applications 5362:Katia Sycara 5262:James J. Kay 5252:Mike Jackson 5187:Murray Bowen 5099: 5085:Pharmacology 5080:Neuroscience 4828: 4827: 4794: 4791:Zadeh, Lofti 4782: 4770: 4758: 4751: 4731: 4710: 4694: 4684: 4674: 4664: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4630: 4620: 4606: 4603:Macy, Joanna 4596: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4556: 4546: 4536: 4526: 4516: 4506: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4464:, retrieved 4437: 4427: 4419: 4400:. Retrieved 4391: 4382: 4371:. Retrieved 4343: 4317: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4266: 4261: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4223:. Retrieved 4215:www.isss.org 4214: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4157: 4130: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4075: 4069: 4060: 4044: 4010: 3990: 3984: 3962: 3946: 3941: 3925: 3920: 3897: 3891: 3880:. Retrieved 3866: 3856:11 September 3854:. Retrieved 3845: 3835: 3825:12 September 3823:. Retrieved 3814: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3779:12 September 3777:. Retrieved 3768: 3758: 3742: 3737: 3726:. Retrieved 3708: 3689: 3683: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3631:. Retrieved 3598: 3594: 3584: 3573:. 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Then, the 1844: 1834: 1827: 1808:pre-Socratic 1781: 1719:David Ruelle 1715:Chaos theory 1703: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1593: 1581: 1565: 1518: 1491: 1478:expectations 1471: 1443:Roger Barker 1440: 1421: 1369: 1354: 1341: 1326: 1310: 1287: 1261: 1238: 1212: 1207: 1197: 1178: 1103: 1014:Data quality 964:Benchmarking 958:Key concepts 939:Applications 932: 921: 917:environments 913: 902: 884: 868:Wissenschaft 866: 862: 861:Theorie (or 860: 855: 845: 842:Ervin László 839: 831:Katia Sycara 799:Brian Wilson 728: 720: 710:(especially 661: 635:'s study of 611:, biologist 606: 591: 582: 563: 531: 527:equifinality 514: 485: 484: 435: 385: 306: 293: 252: 233:Evolvability 198: 154:Graph theory 136: 73: 5352:Peter Senge 5347:John Seddon 5337:Qian Xuesen 5272:George Klir 5075:Engineering 5012:Cybernetics 4994:Theoretical 4944:Recommender 4934:Multi-agent 4929:Information 4824:– 55 slides 4579:, Springer. 4306:. Suhrkamp. 3035:, in which 3020:: they are 2958:Multi-agent 2941:Measurement 2931:Information 2926:Holarchical 2680:Bertalanffy 2675:Cybernetics 2651:Gordon Pask 2649:. However, 2639:cybernetics 2619:Cybernetics 2614:Cybernetics 2608:Cybernetics 2475:goal-seekin 2255:electronics 2199:cybernetics 2175:game theory 2074:(1978) and 1899:Peter Senge 1892:behaviorist 1880:Jean Piaget 1841:Sadi Carnot 1837:James Joule 1796:rationalist 1731:Steve Smale 1685:E.C. Zeeman 1570:1946–1953: 1524:Saint-Simon 1488:Informatics 1463:homeostasis 1382:, internal 1360:Mathematics 1301:Engineering 1295:abiogenesis 1266:exhibiting 1191:instead of 1164:Systems art 873:empirically 850:translation 835:Edgar Morin 761:as made by 759:autopoiesis 755:distinction 692:engineering 645:Peter Senge 629:Eugene Odum 615:, linguist 523:constraints 427:Game theory 411:Bifurcation 391:Phase space 356:Sensemaking 324:Homeostasis 303:Autopoiesis 298:cybernetics 266:Percolation 5938:Categories 5716:Biological 5626:E-research 5367:Eric Trist 5222:Fred Emery 5119:Scientists 5095:Psychology 5090:Philosophy 4919:Ecological 4904:Biological 4748:Thom, René 4650:34: 43–98. 4466:2022-04-09 4402:2021-04-07 4373:2022-04-09 4225:2021-03-13 3993:. Glencoe. 3882:2016-10-28 3728:2006-11-26 3633:2020-04-14 3575:2020-11-12 3360:2023-05-18 3318:2023-07-05 3295:References 3114:Complexity 2855:Coordinate 2850:Conceptual 2802:Biological 2643:cybernetic 2633:The terms 2452:heterarchy 2425:of systems 2403:technology 2395:philosophy 2239:energetics 2183:complexity 2107:properties 2091:biological 2087:electrical 1944:perceptual 1940:conceptual 1812:Heraclitus 1661:1971–1973 1642:1970–1990 1625:publishes 1598:1954: The 1592:publishes 1580:publishes 1506:Precursors 1455:psychology 1432:experience 1424:psychology 1412:Psychology 1257:ecosystems 1181:bioscience 890:nomothetic 641:management 518:adaptation 502:artificial 395:Attractors 190:adaptation 162:Robustness 146:Centrality 5949:Emergence 5641:New media 5566:Cybertext 5032:Systemics 4693:—— 1996. 4599:, Polity. 4495:(2nd ed.) 4491:—— 1960. 4363:181372125 4211:"History" 4156:. 1970. 4084:cite book 4043:. 1976. 3957:. p. 212. 3936:, p. 498. 3906:cite book 3675:1759-2208 3615:0306-0012 3487:71-188357 3241:Tektology 3221:Systemics 3121:Emergence 2978:Political 2973:Planetary 2968:Operating 2963:Nonlinear 2895:(science) 2592:Systemics 2448:hierarchy 2123:by 1950. 2103:behaviors 2067:Tectology 1989:Principia 1980:Aristotle 1904:Max Weber 1784:cuneiform 1681:René Thom 1566:Founders 1528:Karl Marx 1513:Timeline 1372:nonlinear 1278:Chemistry 1243:field of 1210:in 1928. 1193:reduction 1039:Flowchart 974:Budgeting 747:analogues 716:economics 700:sociology 696:geography 492:study of 186:Evolution 53:Emergence 5463:Category 5065:Dynamics 5055:Analysis 4958:Concepts 4924:Economic 4781:. 2002. 4769:. 1965. 4750:. 1972. 4709:. 1949. 4673:. 1980. 4663:. 1951. 4629:. 1978. 4619:. 1980. 4605:. 1991. 4595:. 2013. 4575:. 1983. 4565:. 1997. 4555:. 1999. 4545:. 1971. 4535:. 1957. 4525:. 1970. 4515:. 1968. 4505:. 1972. 4484:. 1956. 4460:archived 4396:Archived 4367:Archived 4292:", in:y. 4286:Archived 4219:Archived 4175:. 2000. 3973:Archived 3876:Archived 3850:Archived 3819:Archived 3773:Archived 3722:Archived 3627:Archived 3623:18197336 3569:Archived 3473:(1972). 3378:Archived 3354:Archived 3312:Archived 3047:See also 3026:adaptive 2946:Imperial 2916:Economic 2888:Database 2627:feedback 2423:axiology 2415:ontology 2384:stated: 2266:Cold War 2247:kinetics 2231:computer 2144:Berkeley 2099:patterns 2037:" (GST; 1952:metaphor 1936:absolute 1663:Cybersyn 1290:networks 1249:holistic 672:ontology 545:Overview 316:Feedback 249:Fractals 128:Networks 5487:Commons 5070:Ecology 5060:Biology 4939:Nervous 4909:Complex 3131:Fractal 3022:complex 2876:Writing 2838:Complex 2817:Sensory 2812:Nervous 2461:coupled 2399:science 2354:entropy 2275:ethical 2015:at the 1804:I Ching 1713:1980s: 1675:1970s: 1501:History 1482:systems 1459:systems 1317:systems 1245:ecology 1229:Ecology 1169:Biology 737:at the 714:), and 688:biology 680:physics 571:Please 506:synergy 498:natural 494:systems 488:is the 360:Variety 312:Entropy 158:Scaling 5845:Social 5475:Portal 5100:Theory 4996:fields 4949:Social 4889:System 4719: 4705:, and 4615:, and 4585:1992. 4559:Wiley. 4452: 4361: 4351: 4051: 4017: 3953: 3932: 3749: 3714:INCOSE 3696: 3673: 3621: 3613: 3561: 3493: 3485: 3404: 2983:Social 2951:Metric 2921:Energy 2764:is in 2720:, and 2665:, and 2508:is in 2421:, and 2401:, and 2361:system 2344:, and 2305:1970s. 2209:, and 2177:, and 2166:, and 2134:, and 2105:, and 2095:social 2083:system 2039:German 1998:social 1865:system 1758:1990: 1751:1988: 1740:1986: 1694:1977: 1621:1955: 1588:1951: 1576:1948: 1335:(HCI) 1189:holism 833:, and 753:. 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