4242:
3473:
2038:
level, like in the first level, the threads form new subgroups of k threads and synchronize within groups, sending out one thread in each subgroup to next level and so on. Eventually, in the final level there is only one subgroup to be synchronized. After the final-level synchronization, the releasing signal is transmitted to upper levels and all threads get past the barrier.
2037:
In k-Tree
Barrier, all threads are equally divided into subgroups of k threads and a first-round synchronizations are done within these subgroups. Once all subgroups have done their synchronizations, the first thread in each subgroup enters the second level for further synchronization. In the second
1047:
by one for every thread successfully passing the thread barrier, thread barrier can use opposite values to mark for every thread state as passing or stopping. For example, thread 1 with state value is 0 means it's stopping at the barrier, thread 2 with state value is 1 means it has passed the
2049:
The simplest hardware implementation uses dedicated wires to transmit signal to implement barrier. This dedicated wire performs OR/AND operation to act as the pass/block flags and thread counter. For small systems, such a model works and communication speed is not a major concern. In large
3116:
3148:
2050:
multiprocessor systems this hardware design can make barrier implementation have high latency. The network connection among processors is one implementation to lower the latency, which is analogous to
Combining Tree Barrier.
42:
method. A barrier for a group of threads or processes in the source code means any thread/process must stop at this point and cannot proceed until all other threads/processes reach this barrier.
57:
will not be allowed to continue on any thread until the last iteration is completed. This is in case the program relies on the result of the loop immediately after its completion. In
2023:
This problem can be resolved by regrouping the threads and using multi-level barrier, e.g. Combining Tree
Barrier. Also hardware implementations may have the advantage of higher
3115:
Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios S.; Papatheodorou, Theodore S. (1999-01-01). "A quantitative architectural evaluation of synchronization algorithms and disciplines on ccNUMA systems".
3074:
Nanjegowda, Ramachandra; Hernandez, Oscar; Chapman, Barbara; Jin, Haoqiang H. (2009-06-03). MĂĽller, Matthias S.; Supinski, Bronis R. de; Chapman, Barbara M. (eds.).
2493:
As we can see from the source code, there are just only two threads are created. Those 2 thread both have thread_func(), as the thread function handler, which call
3568:
2016:
is that due to all the threads repeatedly accessing the global variable for pass/stop, the communication traffic is rather high, which decreases the
3294:
115:
as the threads have to wait in front of a "central barrier" until the expected number of threads have reached the barrier before it is lifted.
3658:
2892:, in order to block the main thread, so that the process will be blocked until 2 threads finish its operation after 5 seconds wait (line 9 -
3510:
80:
is sometimes used to refer to a barrier that starts in the raised state and cannot be re-raised once it is in the lowered state. The term
3382:
3233:
2962:
84:
is sometimes used to refer to a latch that is automatically lowered once a predetermined number of threads/processes have arrived.
4277:
3344:
3639:
17:
2110:
with pthread API) will use thread barrier to block all the threads of the main process and therefore block the whole process:
3679:
3906:
3262:
3929:
2562:
will block the whole process until other threads reach the barrier. The following example will use thread barrier, with
3818:
3377:
3367:
3287:
3134:
3055:
3030:
3002:
39:
3674:
2570:, to block the process/main thread for 5 seconds as waiting the 2 "newly created" thread to reach the thread barrier:
3924:
3901:
3372:
3099:
3503:
1021:
thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453100553984> is waiting at the barrier, as not enough 3 threads are running ...
1018:
thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453117339392> is waiting at the barrier, as not enough 3 threads are running ...
1015:
thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453108946688> is waiting at the barrier, as not enough 3 threads are running ...
964:
thread id <thread_id, e.g 139997329479424> is waiting at the barrier, as not enough 3 threads are running ...
961:
thread id <thread_id, e.g 139997337872128> is waiting at the barrier, as not enough 3 threads are running ...
45:
Many collective routines and directive-based parallel languages impose implicit barriers. For example, a parallel
3896:
3711:
4003:
3917:
3866:
3317:
118:
The following C code, which implemented thread barrier by using POSIX Threads will demonstrate this procedure:
4227:
4061:
3912:
3599:
3477:
3443:
3280:
942:
in this program which will "monitor" the total number of thread in the program in order to life the barrier.
4272:
4282:
4246:
4192:
3652:
3496:
3453:
3438:
3433:
4171:
3966:
3851:
3663:
3553:
1944:: A thread local boolean variable to check whether THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER have arrived at the barrier.
4187:
4166:
4111:
3998:
3988:
3961:
3823:
3428:
3327:
101:
2078:
Init the thread barrier with the number of threads needed to wait at the barrier in order to lift it
1969:
threads stopping at the thread barrier, those threads will keep waiting with the condition that the
975:
As we can see from the program, there are just only 2 threads are created. Those 2 thread both have
4267:
4141:
3767:
3706:
3619:
2107:
1048:
barrier, thread 3's state value = 0 means it's stopping at the barrier and so on. This is known as
4202:
4197:
4056:
3647:
3458:
105:
3941:
3873:
3777:
3669:
3624:
3083:
4033:
3993:
3946:
3936:
3731:
3594:
3533:
3332:
2364:// As pthread_join() will block the process until all the threads it specifies are finished,
2094:
Calling this function will block the current thread until the number of threads specified by
1821:// As pthread_join() will block the process until all the threads it specified are finished,
801:// As pthread_join() will block the process until all the threads it specified are finished,
3075:
3973:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3833:
3629:
3303:
65:
8:
4136:
4091:
3891:
3757:
3322:
2910:
2905:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2944:
4161:
4010:
3983:
3808:
3772:
3762:
3721:
3563:
3543:
3538:
3519:
3140:
1629:"thread id %ld is waiting at the barrier, as not enough %d threads are running ...
928:: Total number of threads expected to enter the thread barrier so that it can be lifted
609:"thread id %ld is waiting at the barrier, as not enough %d threads are running ...
31:
2030:
A Combining Tree
Barrier is a hierarchical way of implementing barrier to resolve the
1030:
The barrier is lifted, thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453100553984> is running now
1027:
The barrier is lifted, thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453117339392> is running now
1024:
The barrier is lifted, thread id <thread ID, e.g 140453108946688> is running now
4207:
3883:
3841:
3736:
3130:
3095:
3076:
3051:
3026:
2998:
2519:) in order to be lifted. Change TOTAL_THREADS to 3 and the thread barrier is lifted:
2367:// and there is not enough thread to wait at the barrier, so this process is blocked
1824:// and there is not enough thread to wait at the barrier, so this process is blocked
1010:) in order to be lifted. Change TOTAL_THREADS to 3 and the thread barrier is lifted:
804:// and there is not enough thread to wait at the barrier, so this process is blocked
4217:
4016:
3951:
3798:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3573:
3392:
3359:
3209:
3185:
3144:
3122:
3087:
4081:
4021:
3956:
3803:
3793:
3726:
3716:
3558:
3548:
3349:
3339:
1935:
source code. It just only implements in a different way by using 2 new variables:
58:
3091:
4212:
4028:
3685:
3578:
3448:
2915:
2046:
The hardware barrier uses hardware to implement the above basic barrier model.
61:, any global communication (such as reduction or scatter) may imply a barrier.
4261:
4101:
3978:
3407:
3238:
2857:// This line won't be called as TOTAL_THREADS < THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2466:// This line won't be called as TOTAL_THREADS < THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2067:
or the whole process at the barrier until other threads to reach that barrier
1923:// This line won't be called as TOTAL_THREADS < THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
903:// This line won't be called as TOTAL_THREADS < THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
3387:
2992:
100:. Whenever there are enough threads enter the barrier, it will be lifted. A
3701:
3397:
3170:
Proceedings of the
Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing,
2488:// Line printf("Thread barrier is lifted\n") won't be reached
970:// Line printf("Thread barrier is lifted\n") won't be reached
3126:
3082:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp.
4222:
3423:
2034:
by avoiding the case that all threads are spinning at the same location.
938:
Based on the definition of barrier, we need to implement a function like
3272:
98:
keep track of the total number of threads that have entered the barrier
1954:
to indicate whether THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER have arrived at the barrier
4096:
4071:
3488:
2626:"Waiting at the barrier as not enough %d threads are running ...
2178:"Waiting at the barrier as not enough %d threads are running ...
4146:
4126:
4051:
3118:
4151:
4131:
4106:
3741:
2069:. 3 main API supports by POSIX to implement thread barriers are:
50:
3168:
N.R. Adiga, et al. An
Overview of the BlueGene/L Supercomputer.
4121:
4116:
2539:
The barrier is lifted, thread id 140643389191936 is running now
2536:
The barrier is lifted, thread id 140643380799232 is running now
2533:
The barrier is lifted, thread id 140643372406528 is running now
54:
2530:
Waiting at the barrier as not enough 3 threads are running ...
2527:
Waiting at the barrier as not enough 3 threads are running ...
2524:
Waiting at the barrier as not enough 3 threads are running ...
2482:
Waiting at the barrier as not enough 3 threads are running ...
2479:
Waiting at the barrier as not enough 3 threads are running ...
3073:
3234:"How to get number of processes and threads in a C program?"
3048:
Parallel
Computer Architecture, A Hardware/Software Approach
3023:
Parallel
Computer Architecture, A Hardware/Software Approach
2884:
to wait for 2 "newly created" threads to complete. It calls
911:
In this program, the thread barrier is defined as a struct,
4156:
4086:
4076:
3402:
2485:// (main process is blocked as not having enough 3 threads)
967:// (main process is blocked as not having enough 3 threads)
498:// Decrease one thread as it has passed the thread barrier
4066:
4043:
3114:
2677:"The barrier is lifted, thread id %ld is running now
2217:"The barrier is lifted, thread id %ld is running now
1674:"The barrier is lifted, thread id %ld is running now
654:"The barrier is lifted, thread id %ld is running now
2086:
Destroy the thread barrier to release back the resource
1931:
This program has all features similar to the previous
3121:. ICS '99. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 319–328.
1038:
108:
is also needed when implementing the thread barrier.
3263:"Parallel Programming with Barrier Synchronization"
3186:"pthread_barrier_init(), pthread_barrier_destroy()"
2511:, while thread barrier expected 3 threads to call
2041:
1002:, while thread barrier expected 3 threads to call
2053:
4259:
3078:Evolving OpenMP in an Age of Extreme Parallelism
2960:
2554:, i.e the "main" thread of the process, calling
2994:Fundamentals of Parallel Multicore Architecture
3504:
3288:
984:, as the thread function handler, which call
1990:threads stopping at the thread barrier, the
111:This thread barrier method is also known as
27:Synchronization method in parallel computing
3511:
3497:
3295:
3281:
2007:
96:. The thread barrier needs a variable to
92:Take an example for thread, known as the
3302:
2997:(1st ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC.
1054:The following C code demonstrates this:
2990:
14:
4260:
3518:
3045:
3020:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2106:The following example (implemented in
3492:
3276:
2581:#define PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR NULL
2133:#define PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR NULL
1083:#define PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR NULL
141:#define PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR NULL
3180:
3178:
3069:
3067:
3016:
3014:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2956:
2954:
1958:When a thread stops at the barrier,
945:In this program, every thread calls
2963:"Implementation of pthread_barrier"
2928:
953:threads reach the thread barrier.
24:
3039:
2474:The result of that source code is:
1039:Sense-Reversal Centralized Barrier
25:
4294:
3256:
3175:
3064:
3011:
2979:
2951:
2578:#define THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER 3
2575:#define TOTAL_THREADS 2
2130:#define THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER 3
2127:#define TOTAL_THREADS 2
2060:supports thread barrier functions
1080:#define THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER 3
1077:#define TOTAL_THREADS 2
138:#define THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER 3
135:#define TOTAL_THREADS 2
87:
4241:
4240:
3472:
3471:
2058:POSIX Threads standard directly
3712:Analysis of parallel algorithms
3226:
3202:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2516:
2512:
2494:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2042:Hardware Barrier Implementation
2012:The potential problem with the
1007:
1003:
985:
976:
4278:Concurrency (computer science)
3478:Category: Concurrent computing
3162:
3108:
2845:"Thread barrier is lifted
2454:"Thread barrier is lifted
2054:POSIX Thread barrier functions
1911:"Thread barrier is lifted
956:The result of that program is:
891:"Thread barrier is lifted
13:
1:
3659:Simultaneous and heterogenous
2947:. Carnegie Mellon University.
2921:
4247:Category: Parallel computing
2584:// pthread barrier attribute
2136:// pthread barrier attribute
1977:is not equal to the private
1086:// pthread barrier attribute
922:Total threads in the process
312:// Init total thread to be 0
144:// pthread barrier attribute
7:
3439:Dining philosophers problem
3092:10.1007/978-3-642-02303-3_4
2991:Solihin, Yan (2015-01-01).
2899:
2064:block the specified threads
934:: A POSIX thread mutex lock
10:
4299:
3554:High-performance computing
3328:Concurrent data structures
2517:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER = 3
1008:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER = 3
4236:
4188:Automatic parallelization
4180:
4042:
3882:
3832:
3824:Application checkpointing
3786:
3750:
3694:
3638:
3587:
3526:
3467:
3444:Producer–consumer problem
3429:Cigarette smokers problem
3416:
3358:
3310:
2880:This example doesn't use
2082:pthread_barrier_destroy()
1965:When there are less than
102:synchronization primitive
3210:"pthread_barrier_wait()"
2572:
2542:Thread barrier is lifted
2521:
2476:
2112:
1056:
1033:Thread barrier is lifted
1012:
958:
120:
68:, a barrier may be in a
4203:Embarrassingly parallel
4198:Deterministic algorithm
3459:Sleeping barber problem
3454:Readers–writers problem
2945:"Implementing Barriers"
2860:pthread_barrier_destroy
2433:pthread_barrier_destroy
1994:is reset to 0, and the
1986:When there are exactly
913:struct _thread_barrier,
3918:Associative processing
3874:Non-blocking algorithm
3680:Clustered multi-thread
3333:Concurrent hash tables
3046:Culler, David (1998).
3021:Culler, David (1998).
2961:GNU Operating System.
2886:pthread_barrier_wait()
2740:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2638:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2564:pthread_barrier_wait()
2556:pthread_barrier_wait()
2552:is treated as a thread
2280:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2190:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
2100:pthread_barrier_wait()
2096:pthread_barrier_init()
2090:pthread_barrier_wait()
2074:pthread_barrier_init()
2008:Combining Tree Barrier
1988:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
1975:struct _thread_barrier
1967:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
1952:struct _thread_barrier
1950:: A boolean member of
1890:thread_barrier_destroy
1737:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
1647:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
1554:thread_barrier_destroy
1043:Beside decreasing the
951:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
949:will be blocked until
870:thread_barrier_destroy
717:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
627:THREAD_BARRIERS_NUMBER
534:thread_barrier_destroy
18:Synchronous rendezvous
4034:Hardware acceleration
3947:Superscalar processor
3937:Dataflow architecture
3534:Distributed computing
3127:10.1145/305138.305209
3050:. Gulf Professional.
3025:. Gulf Professional.
2062:which can be used to
1572:pthread_mutex_destroy
1416:thread_barrier_number
1257:thread_barrier_number
1251:thread_barrier_number
1191:thread_barrier_number
1104:thread_barrier_number
947:thread_barrier_wait()
940:thread_barrier_wait()
926:thread_barrier_number
552:pthread_mutex_destroy
441:thread_barrier_number
288:thread_barrier_number
282:thread_barrier_number
240:thread_barrier_number
162:thread_barrier_number
3913:Pipelined processing
3862:Explicit parallelism
3857:Implicit parallelism
3847:Dataflow programming
3304:Concurrent computing
2824:pthread_barrier_wait
2734:PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR
2719:pthread_barrier_init
2656:pthread_barrier_wait
2513:pthread_barrier_wait
2496:pthread_barrier_wait
2274:PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR
2259:pthread_barrier_init
2196:pthread_barrier_wait
2102:to lift the barrier.
1962:'s value is toggled.
1731:PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR
1491:pthread_mutex_unlock
1458:pthread_mutex_unlock
711:PTHREAD_BARRIER_ATTR
501:pthread_mutex_unlock
390:pthread_mutex_unlock
66:concurrent computing
4273:Concurrency control
4137:Parallel Extensions
3942:Pipelined processor
3323:Concurrency control
2911:Rendezvous (Plan 9)
2014:Centralized Barrier
1992:total thread number
1933:Centralized Barrier
1716:thread_barrier_init
1653:thread_barrier_wait
1287:thread_barrier_wait
1176:pthread_mutexattr_t
1158:thread_barrier_init
1045:total thread number
1004:thread_barrier_wait
987:thread_barrier_wait
696:thread_barrier_init
633:thread_barrier_wait
321:thread_barrier_wait
225:pthread_mutexattr_t
207:thread_barrier_init
113:Centralized Barrier
4283:Parallel computing
4011:Massively parallel
3989:distributed shared
3809:Cache invalidation
3773:Instruction window
3564:Manycore processor
3544:Massively parallel
3539:Parallel computing
3520:Parallel computing
1335:pthread_mutex_lock
1197:pthread_mutex_init
456:pthread_mutex_lock
348:pthread_mutex_lock
246:pthread_mutex_init
32:parallel computing
4255:
4254:
4208:Parallel slowdown
3842:Stream processing
3732:Karp–Flatt metric
3486:
3485:
2587:pthread_barrier_t
2139:pthread_barrier_t
2124:<pthread.h>
1074:<pthread.h>
1068:<stdbool.h>
132:<pthread.h>
16:(Redirected from
4290:
4244:
4243:
4218:Software lockout
4017:Computer cluster
3952:Vector processor
3907:Array processing
3892:Flynn's taxonomy
3799:Memory coherence
3574:Computer network
3513:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3474:
3417:Classic problems
3393:Ambient calculus
3340:Concurrent users
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:sourceallies.com
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3182:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3147:. Archived from
3112:
3106:
3105:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2003:
1982:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:// wait for flag
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
983:
982:
979:
971:
968:
965:
962:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
82:count-down latch
21:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4268:Synchronization
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4232:
4176:
4082:Coarray Fortran
4038:
4022:Beowulf cluster
3878:
3828:
3819:Synchronization
3804:Cache coherence
3794:Multiprocessing
3782:
3746:
3727:Cost efficiency
3722:Gustafson's law
3690:
3634:
3583:
3559:Multiprocessing
3549:Cloud computing
3522:
3517:
3487:
3482:
3463:
3412:
3360:Process calculi
3354:
3350:Linearizability
3306:
3301:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2929:
2924:
2906:Fork–join model
2902:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:<stdio.h>
2117:
2114:
2056:
2044:
2010:
1999:
1978:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:pthread_mutex_t
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:_thread_barrier
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:<stdio.h>
1061:
1058:
1050:Sense-Reversal.
1041:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
915:which include:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
168:pthread_mutex_t
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
153:_thread_barrier
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
126:<stdio.h>
125:
122:
90:
59:message passing
40:synchronization
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Race condition
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3957:Multiprocessor
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3686:Hardware scout
3683:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3640:Multithreading
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3579:Systolic array
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Race condition
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3258:
3257:External links
3255:
3252:
3251:
3225:
3214:Linux man page
3201:
3190:Linux man page
3174:
3161:
3136:978-1581131642
3135:
3107:
3100:
3063:
3057:978-1558603431
3056:
3038:
3032:978-1558603431
3031:
3010:
3004:978-1482211184
3003:
2978:
2950:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:Memory barrier
2913:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2882:pthread_join()
2788:pthread_create
2573:
2522:
2477:
2328:pthread_create
2113:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2009:
2006:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1785:pthread_create
1560:thread_barrier
1293:thread_barrier
1164:thread_barrier
1146:thread_barrier
1140:thread_barrier
1057:
1040:
1037:
1013:
959:
936:
935:
929:
923:
765:pthread_create
540:thread_barrier
327:thread_barrier
213:thread_barrier
195:thread_barrier
189:thread_barrier
121:
94:thread barrier
89:
88:Implementation
86:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Global Arrays
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Grid computer
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3408:Join-calculus
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Indeterminacy
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3269:. March 2012.
3268:
3264:
3241:
3240:
3239:stackoverflow
3235:
3229:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3151:on 2017-07-25
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3101:9783642022845
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2773:TOTAL_THREADS
2571:
2553:
2550:
2520:
2475:
2397:TOTAL_THREADS
2313:TOTAL_THREADS
2111:
2109:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1854:TOTAL_THREADS
1770:TOTAL_THREADS
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1011:
957:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:total_thread:
918:
917:
916:
914:
834:TOTAL_THREADS
750:TOTAL_THREADS
119:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:lowered state
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
38:is a type of
37:
33:
19:
3813:
3787:Coordination
3717:Amdahl's law
3653:Simultaneous
3398:API-Calculus
3266:
3260:
3243:. Retrieved
3237:
3228:
3217:. Retrieved
3213:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3169:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3117:
3110:
3077:
3047:
3041:
3022:
2993:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:
2879:
2689:pthread_self
2551:
2548:
2546:
2492:
2473:
2412:pthread_join
2229:pthread_self
2105:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1869:pthread_join
1686:pthread_self
1641:pthread_self
1428:total_thread
1404:total_thread
1365:total_thread
1233:total_thread
1113:total_thread
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
974:
955:
950:
946:
944:
939:
937:
931:
925:
919:
912:
910:
849:pthread_join
666:pthread_self
621:pthread_self
486:total_thread
429:total_thread
378:total_thread
300:total_thread
180:total_thread
117:
112:
110:
97:
93:
91:
81:
77:
73:
69:
63:
46:
44:
35:
29:
4223:Scalability
3984:distributed
3867:Concurrency
3834:Programming
3675:Cooperative
3664:Speculative
3600:Instruction
3424:ABA problem
3318:Concurrency
2809:thread_func
2602:thread_func
2349:thread_func
2154:thread_func
2032:scalability
2025:scalability
2018:scalability
2001:local_sense
1980:local_sense
1960:local_sense
1942:local_sense
1806:thread_func
1605:thread_func
1533:local_sense
1452:local_sense
1386:local_sense
1377:local_sense
1308:local_sense
978:thread_func
786:thread_func
585:thread_func
76:. The term
4262:Categories
4228:Starvation
3967:asymmetric
3702:PRAM model
3670:Preemptive
3388:Ď€-calculus
3245:2024-03-16
3219:2024-03-16
3195:2024-03-16
3155:2019-01-18
2972:2024-03-02
2922:References
1998:is set to
1983:variable.
1973:member of
1221:mutex_attr
1182:mutex_attr
270:mutex_attr
231:mutex_attr
3962:symmetric
3707:PEM model
2797:thread_id
2713:thread_id
2710:pthread_t
2418:thread_id
2337:thread_id
2253:thread_id
2250:pthread_t
1875:thread_id
1794:thread_id
1710:thread_id
1707:pthread_t
855:thread_id
774:thread_id
690:thread_id
687:pthread_t
4193:Deadlock
4181:Problems
4147:pthreads
4127:OpenHMPP
4052:Ateji PX
4013:computer
3884:Hardware
3751:Elements
3737:Slowdown
3648:Temporal
3630:Pipeline
3434:Deadlock
2900:See also
2894:sleep(5)
2121:#include
2115:#include
1071:#include
1065:#include
1059:#include
129:#include
123:#include
49:loop in
4152:RaftLib
4132:OpenACC
4107:GPUOpen
4097:C++ AMP
4072:Charm++
3814:Barrier
3758:Process
3742:Speedup
3527:General
3311:General
3145:6097544
2967:gnu.org
2888:inside
2869:barrier
2833:barrier
2728:barrier
2665:barrier
2590:barrier
2566:inside
2558:inside
2505:barrier
2442:barrier
2268:barrier
2205:barrier
2142:barrier
1899:barrier
1725:barrier
1662:barrier
1584:barrier
1566:barrier
1521:barrier
1503:barrier
1470:barrier
1440:barrier
1422:barrier
1410:barrier
1398:barrier
1359:barrier
1347:barrier
1314:barrier
1299:barrier
1263:barrier
1245:barrier
1227:barrier
1209:barrier
1170:barrier
1149:barrier
1089:typedef
996:barrier
879:barrier
705:barrier
642:barrier
564:barrier
546:barrier
513:barrier
480:barrier
468:barrier
435:barrier
423:barrier
402:barrier
372:barrier
360:barrier
333:barrier
294:barrier
276:barrier
258:barrier
219:barrier
198:barrier
147:typedef
51:Fortran
36:barrier
4245:
4122:OpenCL
4117:OpenMP
4062:Chapel
3979:shared
3974:Memory
3909:(SIMT)
3852:Models
3763:Thread
3695:Theory
3666:(SpMT)
3620:Memory
3605:Thread
3588:Levels
3476:
3143:
3133:
3098:
3054:
3029:
3001:
2890:main()
2851:"
2839:printf
2683:"
2671:printf
2632:"
2620:printf
2568:main()
2560:main()
2549:main()
2460:"
2448:printf
2223:"
2211:printf
2184:"
2172:printf
1917:"
1905:printf
1680:"
1668:printf
1635:"
1623:printf
1092:struct
897:"
885:printf
660:"
648:printf
615:"
603:printf
150:struct
70:raised
55:OpenMP
4092:Dryad
4057:Boost
3778:Array
3768:Fiber
3682:(CMT)
3655:(SMT)
3569:GPGPU
3383:LOTOS
3172:2002.
3141:S2CID
3086:–52.
2866:&
2830:&
2794:&
2725:&
2662:&
2644:sleep
2502:&
2439:&
2334:&
2265:&
2202:&
2098:call
1896:&
1791:&
1722:&
1659:&
1587:->
1578:&
1524:->
1515:while
1506:->
1497:&
1473:->
1464:&
1443:->
1425:->
1413:->
1401:->
1362:->
1350:->
1341:&
1317:->
1275:false
1266:->
1248:->
1230:->
1212:->
1203:&
993:&
876:&
771:&
702:&
639:&
567:->
558:&
516:->
507:&
483:->
471:->
462:&
438:->
426:->
417:while
405:->
396:&
375:->
363:->
354:&
297:->
279:->
261:->
252:&
106:mutex
104:like
78:latch
53:with
4157:ROCm
4087:CUDA
4077:Cilk
4044:APIs
4004:COMA
3999:NUMA
3930:MIMD
3925:MISD
3902:SIMD
3897:SISD
3625:Loop
3615:Data
3610:Task
3403:PEPA
3131:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2815:NULL
2803:NULL
2770:<
2701:main
2692:());
2608:void
2596:void
2424:NULL
2394:<
2355:NULL
2343:NULL
2310:<
2241:main
2232:());
2160:void
2148:void
1996:flag
1971:flag
1948:flag
1881:NULL
1851:<
1812:NULL
1800:NULL
1767:<
1698:main
1689:());
1611:void
1599:void
1590:lock
1551:void
1527:flag
1509:lock
1485:else
1476:lock
1446:flag
1356:))){
1353:lock
1320:flag
1305:bool
1284:void
1269:flag
1215:lock
1155:void
1131:flag
1128:bool
1122:lock
932:lock
861:NULL
831:<
792:NULL
780:NULL
747:<
678:main
669:());
591:void
579:void
570:lock
531:void
519:lock
477:))){
474:lock
432:<
408:lock
369:))){
366:lock
318:void
264:lock
204:void
171:lock
34:, a
4172:ZPL
4167:TBB
4162:UPC
4142:PVM
4112:MPI
4067:HPX
3994:UMA
3595:Bit
3378:ACP
3373:CCS
3368:CSP
3123:doi
3088:doi
2896:).
2752:int
2746:for
2698:int
2614:ptr
2547:As
2376:int
2370:for
2292:int
2286:for
2238:int
2166:ptr
1833:int
1827:for
1749:int
1743:for
1695:int
1644:(),
1617:ptr
1593:));
1512:));
1479:));
1188:int
1110:int
1101:int
813:int
807:for
729:int
723:for
675:int
624:(),
597:ptr
573:));
522:));
411:));
237:int
177:int
159:int
72:or
64:In
30:In
4264::
3265:.
3236:.
3212:.
3188:.
3177:^
3139:.
3129:.
3094:.
3084:42
3066:^
3013:^
2981:^
2965:.
2953:^
2930:^
2872:);
2854:);
2848:\n
2836:);
2818:);
2785:){
2782:++
2743:);
2704:()
2680:\n
2668:);
2653:);
2641:);
2629:\n
2617:){
2463:);
2457:\n
2445:);
2427:);
2409:){
2406:++
2358:);
2325:){
2322:++
2283:);
2244:()
2220:\n
2208:);
2193:);
2181:\n
2169:){
2027:.
2020:.
2004:.
1920:);
1914:\n
1902:);
1884:);
1866:){
1863:++
1815:);
1782:){
1779:++
1740:);
1701:()
1677:\n
1665:);
1650:);
1632:\n
1620:){
1569:){
1536:);
1530:!=
1419:){
1407:==
1392:if
1368:+=
1326:if
1302:){
1224:);
1218:),
1194:){
981:()
900:);
894:\n
882:);
864:);
846:){
843:++
795:);
762:){
759:++
720:);
681:()
657:\n
645:);
630:);
612:\n
600:){
549:){
489:-=
447:if
444:);
381:+=
339:if
336:){
273:);
267:),
243:){
47:do
3512:e
3505:t
3498:v
3296:e
3289:t
3282:v
3248:.
3222:.
3198:.
3158:.
3125::
3104:.
3090::
3060:.
3035:.
3007:.
2975:.
2875:}
2863:(
2842:(
2827:(
2821:}
2812:,
2806:,
2800:,
2791:(
2779:i
2776:;
2767:i
2764:;
2761:0
2758:=
2755:i
2749:(
2737:,
2731:,
2722:(
2716:;
2707:{
2695:}
2686:,
2674:(
2659:(
2650:5
2647:(
2635:,
2623:(
2611:*
2605:(
2599:*
2593:;
2515:(
2508:)
2499:(
2469:}
2451:(
2436:(
2430:}
2421:,
2415:(
2403:i
2400:;
2391:i
2388:;
2385:0
2382:=
2379:i
2373:(
2361:}
2352:,
2346:,
2340:,
2331:(
2319:i
2316:;
2307:i
2304:;
2301:0
2298:=
2295:i
2289:(
2277:,
2271:,
2262:(
2256:;
2247:{
2235:}
2226:,
2214:(
2199:(
2187:,
2175:(
2163:*
2157:(
2151:*
2145:;
2108:C
1926:}
1908:(
1893:(
1887:}
1878:,
1872:(
1860:i
1857:;
1848:i
1845:;
1842:0
1839:=
1836:i
1830:(
1818:}
1809:,
1803:,
1797:,
1788:(
1776:i
1773:;
1764:i
1761:;
1758:0
1755:=
1752:i
1746:(
1734:,
1728:,
1719:(
1713:;
1704:{
1692:}
1683:,
1671:(
1656:(
1638:,
1626:(
1614:*
1608:(
1602:*
1596:}
1581:(
1575:(
1563:*
1557:(
1548:}
1545:}
1542:}
1518:(
1500:(
1494:(
1488:{
1482:}
1467:(
1461:(
1455:;
1449:=
1437:;
1434:0
1431:=
1395:(
1389:;
1383:!
1380:=
1374:;
1371:1
1344:(
1338:(
1332:!
1329:(
1323:;
1311:=
1296:*
1290:(
1281:}
1278:;
1272:=
1260:;
1254:=
1242:;
1239:0
1236:=
1206:(
1200:(
1185:,
1179:*
1173:,
1167:*
1161:(
1152:;
1143:;
1137:}
1134:;
1125:;
1116:;
1107:;
1098:{
1006:(
999:)
990:(
906:}
888:(
873:(
867:}
858:,
852:(
840:i
837:;
828:i
825:;
822:0
819:=
816:i
810:(
798:}
789:,
783:,
777:,
768:(
756:i
753:;
744:i
741:;
738:0
735:=
732:i
726:(
714:,
708:,
699:(
693:;
684:{
672:}
663:,
651:(
636:(
618:,
606:(
594:*
588:(
582:*
576:}
561:(
555:(
543:*
537:(
528:}
525:}
510:(
504:(
495:;
492:1
465:(
459:(
453:!
450:(
420:(
414:}
399:(
393:(
387:;
384:1
357:(
351:(
345:!
342:(
330:*
324:(
315:}
309:;
306:0
303:=
291:;
285:=
255:(
249:(
234:,
228:*
222:,
216:*
210:(
201:;
192:;
186:}
183:;
174:;
165:;
156:{
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.