62:(DC) generator can be connected to a power network simply by adjusting its open-circuit terminal voltage to match the network's voltage, by either adjusting its speed or its field excitation. The exact engine speed is not critical. However, an AC generator must additionally match its timing (frequency and phase) to the network voltage, which requires both speed and excitation to be systematically controlled for synchronization. This extra complexity was one of the arguments against AC operation during the
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While the generator is synchronized, the frequency of the system will change depending on load and the average characteristics of all the generating units connected to the grid. Large changes in system frequency can cause the generator to fall out of synchronism with the system. Protective devices on
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allow unattended synchronization of a machine with a system. Today these are digital microprocessor instruments, but in the past electromechanical relay systems were applied. A synchronizing relay is useful to remove human reaction time from the process, or when a human is not available such as at a
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transient current when the generator circuit breaker is closed, usual practice is to initiate the close as the needle slowly approaches the in-phase point. An error of a few electrical degrees between system and generator will result in a momentary inrush and abrupt speed change of the generator.
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An alternative technique used a similar scheme to the above except that the connections of two of the lamps were swapped either at the generator terminals or the system terminals. In this scheme, when the generator was in synchronism with the system, one lamp would be dark, but the two with the
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Another manual method of synchronization relies on observing an instrument called a "synchroscope", which displays the relative frequencies of system and generator. The pointer of the synchroscope will indicate "fast" or "slow" speed of the generator with respect to the system. To minimize the
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Waveform and phase sequence are fixed by the construction of the generator and its connections to the system. During installation of a generator, careful checks are made to ensure the generator terminals and all control wiring is correct so that the order of phases (phase sequence) matches the
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unless the machine is within a few electrical degrees of being in-phase with the system. Synchro check relays are also applied in places where several sources of supply may be connected and where it is important that out-of-step sources are not accidentally paralleled.
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swapped connections would be of equal brightness. Synchronizing on "dark" lamps was preferred over "bright" lamps because it was easier to discern the minimum brightness. However, a lamp burnout could give a false-positive for successful synchronization.
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If one machine is slightly out of phase it will pull into step with the others but, if the phase difference is large, there will be heavy cross-currents which can cause voltage fluctuations and, in extreme cases, damage to the machines.
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that allows them to share load proportional to their rating. Some generator units, especially in isolated systems, operate with isochronous frequency control, maintaining constant system frequency independent of load.
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The sequence of events is similar for manual or automatic synchronization. The generator is brought up to approximate synchronous speed by supplying more energy to its shaft - for example, opening the valves on a
134:. The field of the generator is energized and the voltage at the terminals of the generator is observed and compared with the system. The voltage magnitude must be the same as the system voltage.
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system. Connecting a generator with the wrong phase sequence will result in large, possibly damaging, currents as the system voltages are opposite to those of the generator terminal voltages.
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remote controlled generating plant. Synchroscopes or lamps are sometimes installed as a supplement to automatic relays, for possible manual use or for monitoring the generating unit.
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proportional to the difference between generator frequency and system frequency. When the voltage at the generator is opposite to the system voltage (either ahead or behind in
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Sometimes as a precaution against out-of-step connection of a machine to a system, a "synchro check" relay is installed that prevents closing the generator
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There are five conditions that must be met before the synchronization process takes place. The source (generator or sub-network) must have equal
55:. If two unconnected segments of a grid are to be connected to each other, they cannot safely exchange AC power until they are synchronized.
149:, voltmeter, frequency meter. When the two systems are synchronized, the pointer on the synchrosope is stationary and points straight up.
174:), the lamps will be bright. When the voltage at the generator matches the system voltage, the lights will be dark. At that instant, the
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Synchronous speeds for synchronous motors and alternators depend on the number of poles on the machine and the frequency of the supply.
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were connected between the generator terminals and the system terminals (or more generally, to the terminals of instrument
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connecting the generator to the system may be closed and the generator will then stay in synchronism with the system.
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The voltage, frequency and phase angle must be controlled each time a generator is to be connected to a grid.
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connected to generator and system). As the generator speed changes, the lights will flicker at the
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in the 1880s. In modern grids, synchronization of generators is carried out by automatic systems.
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This synchroscope was used to synchronize a factory's power plant with the utility's power grid.
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Soft synchronization of dispersed generators to micro grids for smart grid applications
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Generating units for connection to a power grid have an inherent
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Standard
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition
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the generator will operate to disconnect it automatically.
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to that of the system to which it is being synchronized.
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318:In the following table, frequencies are shown in
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557:American Electricans' Handbook, Eleventh Edition
246:The relationship between the supply frequency,
615:Flash Animation on Alternator Synchronization
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16:Process in power generation
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76:root-mean-square voltage
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47:or other source to an
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230:Synchronous operation
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33:frequency
631:AC power
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506:See also
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113:Process
41:voltage
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367:1,200
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19:In an
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53:power
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37:phase
23:(AC)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
