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Sweater design

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805: 319: 543:) of the garment is defined by the ease introduced at various points, as described above under "Fitting". In addition, a sweater may have ornamental lines/curves, even images. In general, these lines are chosen to achieve a balanced look; for example, well-chosen style lines can help compensate for body lines considered too long or too angular or too short or too rounded. However, visual effects may be idiosyncratic, and the knitter is encouraged to experiment. 285: 347: 22: 492:; dark shades tend to recede and be smaller, whereas light shades advance and seem larger. For example, vertical stripes with a light color in the middle and dark colors on the sides have a slimming effect. Psychologically, bright colors tend to be associated with straightforward, innocent or extroverted personalities, whereas darker shades are associated with more thoughtful, experienced and introverted personalities. 425:) with the point of the dart almost at the point of desired maximum curvature. The greater the angle of the wedge, the greater the local curvature. (The orientation of the dart is unimportant for the curvature, so it can be chosen to accentuate a style line of the garment.) Similarly, negative curvature (ruffling/saddle-shaping, as at a skirt hem, lower back or under the bust) is produced by 433:). Although the base of individual wedges usually lies on a seam, sometimes wedges occur in pairs (diamonds) that are independent of the seams. Subtracting a diamond-shaped dart produces positive curvature at the outer points of the diamond, and negative curvature at the middle points that are brought together (good for the bust or back). Conversely, adding a diamond-shaped 445:
Ironically, shaping is much easier and less obvious with knitted fabrics than with woven cloth. Instead of cutting out wedges and sewing the edges together, knitters can add or subtract stitches; work short rows; or, most subtly of all, change the needle size to produce smaller/larger stitches in the desired "wedge" region.
392:. For example, a "Gibson-girl" sleeve is produced by adding much ease to the upper arm and none to the lower arm, whereas the reverse is true for "bell" sleeves (also called "bishop" sleeves). Similarly, the bodice can fit loosely in the bust and tightly at the waist, or the reverse. Negative ease (i.e., 275:
Comfort is paramount; the sweater should make the wearer feel at ease, in the most general sense. The temperature should be right, the fabric should "breathe" and should not irritate the skin. The sweater should hang right and not need constant adjustment; It should fit well and allow for customary
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Having determined the size and shapes of the knitted pieces, the number of stitches in a row is given by the desired width multiplied by the knitting gauge (e.g., 5 st/inch). Similarly, the number of rows in a column may be determined by multiplying the desired height by the vertical gauge (e.g., 3
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By making the sweater match the desired measurements, an excellently fitting sweater can be made. The width of a knitted piece at a given height should equal the corresponding circumference; for example, if the desired bust circumference is 38", then the front or back width at that height should be
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The fabric of the sweater can be ornamented with various textures, such as gathers, ruffles, pleats, ruching and shirring. Ornamental patterns can be added using beads, buttons, sequins, bobbles, ribbons and knots, as well as appliqué or cordwork. Overstitching (also known as Swiss darning) and
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A sweater done uniformly in the same pattern overall is relatively simple and understated, which may be the desired effect. However, it is more usual to decorate the sleeve cuffs and either the neckline or the lower hemline with an accent pattern. The accent band can be rather wide (often ~1/3 of
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The scale of the overall pattern relative to the size of the whole sweater is a key variable in the "look" of the sweater. Large overall patterns eliminate the need for accent patterns (see next section) but may be too bold for some wearers. A small, fine pattern makes an excellent background for
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Ideally, these measurements will be taken directly from the intended wearer, since bodies are idiosyncratic and these measurements may vary independently of one another, e.g., the bust measurement does not determine the waist or hip measurements, just as the height does not determine the arm length
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be too high and make the sweater undesirable. This is generally done by simplifying the design so that it can be made by machine; more complicated commercial designs are generally hand-knit in pieces that are then stitched together. For example, the separate pieces of the hand-knit sweaters found
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also affects its perceived depth. Warm colors have red or yellow tones (including orange and yellow-green) and are associated psychologically with warmth and energy. Cool colors have more bluish undertones (including purples, aquas and greens) and are associated psychologically with serene, calm
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Since knitted fabric is generally elastic, it conforms readily to the wearer's body without shaping. However, some shaping may be necessary when the knitted fabrics are unusually stiff (e.g., thick cable designs or heavily overstitched designs) or in regions of high curvature (e.g. sock heels).
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Sweaters are worn in various circumstances. For example, while some sweaters are worn at fancy dress occasions, others are worn to work, to religious services, in sporting or outdoors events such as hiking and camping. Similarly, the choice of a sweater can vary with different climates and
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different seasons, even with different times of the day. The sweater designer will generally target a particular occasion and temperature, e.g., a bulky, cabled, long-sleeved woolen seater for camping versus a refined, elegantly simple, short-sleeved cashmere sweater for white-collar work.
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The simplest choice is to use multiple shades of a single color (e.g., various shades of blue), perhaps accented with a contrasting color (e.g. flecks of yellow). The arrangement of shades on the sweater can have a significant visual effect, due to the principle of
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motion without binding (e.g., at the armholes). Finally, a sweater should not make the wearer feel uncomfortable because of its "cut" (e.g. showing bra straps or too much cleavage) or general style (e.g., colors/patterns that the wearer feels are inappropriate).
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are designed to fulfill certain aesthetic, functional and commercial criteria. The designer typically considers factors such as the insulating power of the sweater (and its resulting warmth for the wearer); the fashion of its colors, patterns, silhouette and
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is flat and has little elasticity. To produce curvature in a smooth (unruffled) woven fabric, it is necessary to subtract or add wedges of fabric. Positive curvature (cupping, such as is needed at the bust point or over the rear) is produced by
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The yarn affects the bulk and drape of the knitted fabric, as well as the visibility of stitches. Complicated stitch patterns are best seen with a smooth, highly spun yarn and may be invisible with "furry" yarns such as mohair or novelty yarns.
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may be introduced to make the sweater larger than the body (oversized), typically by increasing the circumference measurements by 2-6 inches. Different amounts of ease can be introduced at different points to give the sweater a distinctive
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The choice of yarn affects the comfort of the sweater, since it affects its warmth, weight and ability to "breathe" (air exchange). Some yarns will also produce itching or even allergic reactions in some wearers.
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The choice of closures is an important practical consideration and can also help define the sweater's style. Buttons and zippers are the most common choices for sweaters, but frogs, ties and belts are also seen.
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Despite the wealth of design techniques and studies of successful designs, the primary criterion (that the sweater be desired) is not always achieved, often due to factors beyond the designer's control including
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is a sweater that fulfils certain criteria. The primary criterion is that its intended wearer wants to wear it and, in case of commercial sweater design, is willing to buy it at a commercially feasible
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produces negative curvature at its tips and positive curvature at its middle (useful in designing stuffed animals). Sometimes, the sharp, angular edges of the wedges are softened to form continuous
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The yarn will also determine the lifetime of the sweater (in general, highly spun yarns suffer less wear with time) and how well it will retain its shape (elastic yarns like
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The washability of yarn affects its practicability. Thus, sweaters knitted for young children are usually knitted in acrylics, which are light in weight and washable.
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or shoulder width. Alternatively, the body measurements may be estimated from clothing that fits the wearer well. As a last resort, standard measurements such as
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The fit of a sweater affects its comfort, its attractiveness and, sometimes, its practicality (e.g., dangling sleeves can fall into food or get caught on hooks).
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other embroidery techniques allow for many visual effects that cannot be made with normal knitting, e.g., a circle of successively interlocking stitches.
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19" each. The width of the upper sleeve (just before the sleeve cap, if any) should likewise equal the desired circumference of the upper arm.
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Smaller boundaries (such as collars, tops of pockets, central seam in cardigan) may receive special ornamentation as well, e.g.,
145:; the convenience and practicality of its cut; and in commercial design, the cost of its production and the profitability of its 784: 396:
from the body measurements) is also possible to achieve a very close-fitting look, but more than 2 inches is not recommended.
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the insulating power, material and breathability of the sweater should make its intended wearer physically comfortable;
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are perhaps the most visually obvious embellishments. They frame the face, neck and shoulders, and complement the
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Shoulder pads and other shaping devices are uncommon, but can be included to define a particular silhouette.
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personalities. Warm colors tend to advance relative to cool colors, when both are presented simultaneously.
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Knitting Without Tears : Basic Techniques and Easy-to-Follow Directions for Garments to Fit All Sizes
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accent patterns, but may not be visible with a particular yarn, or may be too retiring for some wearers.
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There are many types of ornamental embellishments that can modify the overall look of the sweater.
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The Knitter's Handy Book of Sweater Patterns : Basic Designs in Multiple Sizes & Gauges
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For commercial sweater design, the production of the sweater must also be inexpensive, lest the
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shoulder width (horizontal distance between bony shoulder points, measured across back)
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slope of the shoulders (vertical distance from base of neck to shoulder-point line)
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Contrasting colors may be chosen in various ways. A common choice is to take a
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Nicky Epstein's Knitted Embellishments: 350 Appliques, Borders, Cords and More!
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neck-shoulder length (horizontal distance from base of neck to shoulder point)
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circumference at the waist, the point of largest inward or outward curvature
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the sweater should be appropriate for the occasion in which it will be worn;
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The simplest sweaters (drop sleeve, cylindrical) require six measurements:
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To satisfy these secondary criteria, the designer has several tools at
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the total length) and its boundary can be straight or wavy/serrated.
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Of course, a sweater need not conform exactly to the wearer's body.
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armhole depth (vertical distance from bottom of armhole to lower hem)
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waist height (vertical distance from back of the neck to waist line)
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in stores are generally knit and assembled in different villages in
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A simple sweater pattern with drop shoulders and cylindrical torso.
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bust height (vertical distance from back of the neck to bust line)
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back length (vertical distance from back of the neck to lower hem)
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For a more tailored look, even more measurements are necessary
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A few more measurements usually produce a well-fitted sweater:
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The choice of colors is critical to the design of a sweater.
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makes its intended wearer feel fashionably attractive;
519:The designer has many choices for how to shape the 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 299:circumference around the bust/chest (widest point) 1451: 336:circumference of the upper arm near the armhole 308:circumference of the arm at the sleeve-cuff hem 261: 546: 322:Sweater with tapered torso and set-in sleeves. 228:and embellishments, as well as the fit of the 740: 333:over-arm length (shoulder to sleeve-cuff hem) 305:under-arm length (armhole to sleeve-cuff hem) 350:Sweater with a waistline and set-in sleeves. 555: 747: 733: 684:Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Knitting Book 714:, Simon and Schuster, pp. 433–448. 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 345: 317: 283: 468:are better than non-elastic yarns like 1452: 785:List of yarns for crochet and knitting 174:. General secondary criteria include 728: 686:, 2nd. ed., Sixth and Spring Books. 448: 302:circumference (or width) of the neck 279: 270: 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 13: 514: 479: 412:The human body has curvature, but 14: 1476: 571: 803: 20: 642:Sweater Design in Plain English 31:needs additional citations for 1383:The Knitting Guild Association 330:circumference at the lower hem 1: 1378:World Wide Knit in Public Day 1363:Revolutionary Knitting Circle 620: 1373:UK Hand Knitting Association 754: 262:Functional role as criterion 232:to its intended wearer, the 7: 941:Stockinette/Stocking stitch 608: 547:Choosing an overall pattern 160: 10: 1481: 801: 712:The Principles of Knitting 710:June Hemmons Hiatt (1988) 407: 378:US standard clothing sizes 1429:List of knitting stitches 1391: 1330: 1252: 1219:Complete garment knitting 1211: 1180: 989: 933: 887: 851: 812: 762: 1224:Fully fashioned knitting 644:, St. Martin's Griffin. 556:Choosing accent patterns 507:from one of the several 497:"temperature" of a color 121:is a specialization of 1424:Knitting abbreviations 1297:Stephanie Pearl-McPhee 1244:William Lee (inventor) 351: 323: 289: 1399:Basic knitted fabrics 658:, Interweave Press. 349: 321: 287: 1322:Elizabeth Zimmermann 1147:Three needle bindoff 1132:Slip-stitch knitting 1052:Drop-stitch knitting 672:, Interweave Press. 505:complementary colors 40:improve this article 1112:Picking up stitches 1017:Binding/Casting off 879:Patons and Baldwins 864:Eisaku Noro Company 775:Knitting needle cap 763:Tools and materials 696:Zimmerman E (1973) 640:Righetti M. (1990) 137:, particularly the 1107:Medallion knitting 700:, Fireside Press. 668:Epstein N. (1999) 628:Designing Knitwear 352: 324: 290: 192:disposal, such as 1447: 1446: 1317:Barbara G. Walker 1097:Illusion knitting 630:, Taunton Press. 626:Newton D. (1998) 568:along its edges. 449:Choosing the yarn 280:Fitting a sweater 271:Comfort criterion 116: 115: 108: 90: 1472: 1287:Herbert Niebling 1229:Knitting machine 1212:Machine knitting 1027:Brioche knitting 961:Elongated stitch 874:Lion Brand Yarns 807: 749: 742: 735: 726: 725: 523:length and cap, 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 55:"Sweater design" 48: 24: 16: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1387: 1368:Stitch 'n Bitch 1326: 1282:Frances Lambert 1277:Marianne Kinzel 1254: 1248: 1207: 1176: 1067:Finger knitting 1047:Double knitting 985: 929: 883: 847: 808: 799: 770:Knitting needle 758: 753: 654:Budd A. (2004) 623: 611: 574: 558: 549: 517: 515:Choosing shapes 482: 480:Choosing colors 451: 410: 282: 273: 264: 163: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419:Knitted fabric 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1348:Knitting clubs 1345: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1307:Debbie Stoller 1304: 1302:Alice Starmore 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1239:Stocking frame 1236: 1234:Knitting Nancy 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137:Spool knitting 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 991: 987: 986: 984: 983: 978: 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905:Continental 859:Coats Group 852:Yarn brands 790:Row counter 490:chiaroscuro 429:a wedge (a 421:a wedge (a 419:subtracting 394:subtracting 256:serendipity 242:price point 222:style lines 172:price point 165:The aim of 155:Meg Swansen 147:price point 135:style lines 96:August 2009 1454:Categories 1262:Sam Barsky 1042:Casting on 1032:Buttonhole 990:Techniques 956:Dip stitch 843:Variegated 621:References 541:silhouette 390:silhouette 234:silhouette 66:newspapers 1255:designers 1198:Fair Isle 1152:Thrumming 1127:Short row 1062:Faggoting 981:Yarn over 920:Norwegian 525:waistline 210:necklines 143:waistline 125:in which 1465:Sweaters 1460:Knitting 1404:Blocking 1203:Intarsia 1181:Patterns 1082:Grafting 1057:Entrelac 966:Increase 951:Decrease 934:Stitches 900:Combined 895:Circular 756:Knitting 609:See also 588:neckline 533:neckline 374:EN 13402 220:shapes, 214:hemlines 206:textures 202:patterns 161:Criteria 139:neckline 130:sweaters 1434:Selvage 1414:History 1409:Dye lot 1392:Related 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