306:(also called Majang) and Southwest Surmic languages (Fleming 1983) share a number of traits, so they are therefore presumably reconstructable in Proto-Surmic: relative clauses (which include adjectives), demonstratives, adverbs, numerals, genitives, and possessive pronouns follow their heads, noun derivations and subject marking on verbs are marked by suffixes, VSO (
284:. The most complete descriptions of Ethiopian Surmic languages are of Murle (Arensen 1982) and Tirma (Bryant 1999). All Surmic languages are presumed to be tonal, have implosive consonants, and have distinctive vowel length. Some have as many as nine vowel qualities, and more detailed study may confirm this in other Surmic languages, also.
268:. In the past, Surmic had been known as “Didinga-Murle” and “Surma”. The former name was too narrow by referring only to two closely related languages and the latter was a label also used to refer to a specific language (Unseth 1997b), so the label “Surmic” is now used. The relationships in the chart above are based on Fleming's work (1983).
325:(Arensen 1983:56-61, Tornay 1981), and the Mursi having moved into and out of the Omo River valley. Ethnolinguistic identities within the Surmic group have not been rigid, with ample evidence of people’s identities shifting from one ethnolinguistic group to another (Tornay 1981, Turton 1979, Unseth and Abbink 1998).
299:
The languages share a system of marking the number of both the possessed and the possessor in possessive pronouns (Unseth 1991). Number of nominals is typically marked on a number of morphemes, with t/k marking singular and plural (Bryan 1959). Adjectives are formed by stative relative clauses.
339:
The sound systems of Proto-Southwest Surmic and Proto-Southeast Surmic have been reconstructed by Yigezu (2001). Unseth has proposed a reconstruction of the case suffixes for Proto-Surmic. Unseth has reconstructed the system of marking possession for Proto-Surmic. Unseth has also reconstructed a
1070:
Unseth, Peter. 1991. "Possessive
Markers in Surmic Languages," Proceedings of the 4th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, ed. by M. L. Bender, pp. 91–104. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 7.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske
313:
All Surmic languages have been documented as having case suffixes (Unseth 1989). None of them have a marked accusative, but at least Majang and Murle sometimes mark nominatives, part of a broader areal pattern (König 2006).
310:) order predominates in indicative main clauses. Some typologically exceptional points are discussed by Arensen, et al. (1997). However, Dimmendaal’s introduction proposes a different analysis (1998).
331:
The starting point for linguistic and anthropological research into Surmic studies is the book edited by
Dimmendaal (1998), especially the bibliography article (Abbink and Unseth 1998).
328:
Abbink has published a pioneering work comparing the vocabulary and systems of kinship among Surmic languages, particularly from the South West node of Surmic (Abbink 2006).
348:
Comparison of numerals in individual languages: One of the shared innovations that separates
Southeast Surmic languages from the rest of Surmic is that they have a
971:
1280:
1014:
152:
2316:
1204:
Moges Yigezu, "A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages". Ph.D dissertation. Université Libre de
Bruxelles, 2002
1061:
Unseth, Peter. 1989. "An
Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages," Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22:97–104.
94:
321:, with the various groups dispersing from there: for example, the Majangir having moved north, the Murle having migrated clockwise around
2629:
1170:
Bender, M. Lionel. "The Surma language group: a preliminary report". Studies in
African Linguistics, Supplement 7, pp. 11–21.
1273:
1183:
Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 1998. "A syntactic typology of the Surmic family from an areal and historical-comparative point of view," in
1163:
Arensen, Jon, Nicky de Jong, Scott Randal, Peter Unseth. 1997. "Interrogatives in Surmic
Languages and Greenberg's Universals,"
1028:
1211:, M.L. Bender (ed.), pp. 33–60. (Northeast African Studies, Monograph 10). East Lansing: Michigan State University.
2309:
1525:
1312:
1266:
72:
2624:
1139:
Abbink, Jon. 2006. Kinship and society among Surmic-speakling people in
Southwest Ethiopia: A brief comparison.
2619:
2302:
317:
The original geographic home of the Surmic peoples is thought to be in
Southwestern Ethiopia, somewhere near
2168:
1897:
1192:
Nilotic
Studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples
2488:
2466:
307:
127:
Today, the various peoples who speak Surmic languages make their living in a variety of ways, including
2614:
2127:
1846:
2609:
2511:
2449:
1963:
1809:
1289:
121:
66:
281:
2528:
2493:
2113:
2084:
1637:
1180:
Bryant, Michael. 1999. "Aspects of Tirmaga grammar." MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
2325:
1751:
1421:
1299:
1121:
p. 54. Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping,"
60:
17:
2054:
1426:
1381:
992:
2018:
1756:
1678:
1399:
1250:
Unseth, Peter and Jon Abbink. 1998. "Cross-ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups," in
1108:
140:
1947:
8:
2560:
1854:
1741:
1368:
293:
1236:
Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping,"
1215:
2483:
2153:
2136:
1892:
1874:
1492:
1347:
2355:
2233:
1149:
Abbink, Jon and Peter Unseth. 1998. "Surmic Languages and Cultures: A Bibliography."
1052:. Bruxelles: Univ. libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles.
1000:
107:
2574:
2541:
2478:
2438:
2431:
2181:
1796:
1770:
1142:
996:
285:
277:
1577:
182:
2584:
2569:
2380:
2375:
2253:
2186:
2033:
1942:
1869:
1713:
1670:
1608:
1487:
1469:
1404:
1394:
1328:
1226:(ed.), 19–143. (Queen's University Papers in Social Anthropology, vol. 4). Belfast.
1018:
228:
2028:
1223:
2579:
2499:
2472:
2425:
2386:
2360:
2258:
2191:
2158:
2145:
2100:
1930:
1902:
1864:
1834:
1746:
1683:
1660:
1623:
1618:
1556:
1497:
1479:
1464:
1456:
1416:
1410:
1362:
1341:
1216:
A Journey Made Them: Territorial Segmentation and Ethnic Identity Among the Mursi
245:
233:
163:
55:
2523:
2458:
2420:
2394:
2349:
2285:
2217:
2201:
2196:
2176:
2108:
2064:
2059:
2038:
2013:
1978:
1936:
1912:
1907:
1735:
1718:
1698:
1613:
1603:
1582:
1572:
1357:
1352:
1146:, edited by Siegbert Uhlig, pp. 9–14. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
318:
289:
240:
212:
190:
174:
132:
1194:, Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, 524–555. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
2603:
2534:
2415:
2366:
2079:
2069:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1922:
1859:
1824:
1688:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1587:
1502:
1446:
1389:
195:
1258:
2023:
1829:
1023:
322:
926:
885:
845:
805:
765:
725:
685:
644:
603:
563:
522:
481:
440:
399:
276:
Much foundational fieldwork and analysis of Surmic languages was done by
265:
136:
128:
48:
2294:
1243:
Unseth, Peter. 1997b. "Disentangling the Two Languages Called 'Suri',"
1229:
Unseth, Peter. 1987. "A Typological Anomaly in Some Surma Languages,"
1050:
A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages
1005:
101:
2334:
303:
261:
44:
352:, rather than building to 10 from 5, such as five-plus-one, etc.
1010:
349:
2074:
991:
1254:, Gerrit Deimmendaal (ed.), pp. 103–112. Cologne: Koppe.
2406:
2338:
1173:
Bryan, Margaret. 1959. The T/K Languages: A New Substratum.
1153:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 127–142. Cologne: Köppe.
1097:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113–126. Cologne: Köppe.
1093:
Unseth, Peter. 1998. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic,"
1080:
Unseth, Peter. 1997a. "An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix,"
1158:
Sticks and straw: Comparative house forms in southern Sudan
1187:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 35–82. Cologne: Köppe
135:. They live in a variety of terrain, from the lowlands of
1197:
König, Christa. 2006. "Marked nominative in Africa,"
1245:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1165:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1141:
Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of
1082:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1209:Peoples and cultures of the Ethio-Sudan Borderland
1015:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
155:, the Surmic languages are classified as follows:
153:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
762:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
722:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
2601:
1207:Tornay, Serge. 1981. "The Omo Murle Enigma," in
1190:Fleming, Harold. 1983. "Surmic etymologies," in
2310:
1288:
1274:
1100:
1160:. Dallas: International Museum of Cultures.
260:The Surmic languages are found in southwest
1111:. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
27:Sub-family of the Eastern Sudanic languages
2317:
2303:
1281:
1267:
2324:
1022:
1524:
1311:
1220:Segmentary Lineage Systems Reconsidered
842:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet
14:
2602:
1133:
802:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle
2298:
1794:
1793:
1523:
1310:
1262:
1106:
972:List of Proto-Surmic reconstructions
340:causative prefix for Proto-Surmic.
271:
24:
2630:Southern Eastern Sudanic languages
1109:"The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum"
292:(also spelled Koegu) have sets of
25:
2641:
560:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Me’en
334:
264:and adjoining parts of southeast
999:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
682:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
641:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
600:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
143:to mountains over 2,300 meters.
1031:from the original on 2023-11-08
923:South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi
882:South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi
122:Eastern Sudanic language family
1231:Studies in African Linguistics
1115:
1087:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1042:
985:
13:
1:
1252:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1185:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1151:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1095:Surmic Languages and Cultures
978:
1300:Nilo-Saharan language family
146:
7:
965:
508:lunkáí (borrowed from Kara)
505:tsʼoba (borrowed from Kara)
343:
10:
2646:
636:tɔ́mmɔ́n (maybe borrowed)
2558:
2519:
2510:
2448:
2405:
2333:
2279:
2246:
2226:
2210:
2167:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2099:
2047:
2006:
1997:
1971:
1962:
1921:
1885:
1845:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1789:
1769:
1727:
1706:
1697:
1669:
1636:
1596:
1565:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1519:
1478:
1455:
1439:
1380:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1306:
1296:
1290:Eastern Sudanic languages
1238:Northeast African Studies
1156:Arensen, Jonathan. 1983.
1123:Northeast African Studies
100:
90:
56:Linguistic classification
54:
37:
32:
2625:Languages of South Sudan
1776:Large group listed below
1001:"Glottolog 4.8 - Surmic"
745:t̪ɔ̀ɾkɔ̀nɔ́n (5+ 1)
511:sal (borrowed from Kara)
627:íssábài / also ~issábaj
519:South, Southeast, Kwegu
502:la (borrowed from Kara)
478:South, Southeast, Kwegu
131:, settled farmers, and
1214:Turton, David. 1979. "
1024:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
751:t̪úɾkɪ́yyó (5+ 3)
748:t̪ʊ́ɾkɪ́ɾámːá (5+ 2)
467:tʰuula d͡ʒiitʰ (5 + 3)
423:tùùl à pɛ́ɛ́jǃ (5 +2)
133:slash and burn farmers
2620:Languages of Ethiopia
1298:Part of the proposed
1107:Chan, Eugene (2019).
1048:Yigezu, Moges. 2001.
426:tùùl à ɟíítǃ (5 + 3)
139:and the banks of the
754:t̪ʊ́ɾkʊ́wwétʃ (5+ 4)
470:tʰuula aŋan (5 + 4)
429:tùùl à àŋàn (5 + 4)
120:are a branch of the
1898:Lango (South Sudan)
1199:Studies in Language
1134:Relevant literature
993:Hammarström, Harald
464:tʰuula pʰɛɛj (5 +2)
461:tʰuula ʔom (5 + 1)
308:verb–subject–object
294:ejective consonants
997:Haspelmath, Martin
995:; Forkel, Robert;
956:tɔ̀rɡɔ́ɡɔ̄ (5+ 4)
947:tɔ̄rkɔ́hɔ̄ (5+ 1)
630:íssé / also ~ísséj
420:tùùl à òm (5 + 1)
2615:Language families
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2292:
2291:
2286:extinct languages
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2242:
2241:
2122:
2121:
2095:
2094:
1958:
1957:
1797:Nilotic languages
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1632:
1631:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1435:
1434:
1143:Ethiopian Studies
963:
962:
950:tʊ̄rɡɛ́rɛ̄ (5+ 2)
874:tóɾ̥kôtʃ (5+ 4)
868:tóɾ̥ɡéɾém (5+ 2)
865:tɔ̀ɾ̥kónóm (5+ 1)
828:turɡɛrɛ́m (5+ 2)
791:turɡi (5+ 3)
278:Harold C. Fleming
225:Didinga–Longarim
206:Southwest Surmic
187:Tirma–Chai–Mursi
171:Southeast Surmic
151:According to the
114:
113:
47:and southeastern
16:(Redirected from
2637:
2610:Surmic languages
2517:
2516:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2004:
2003:
1969:
1968:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1704:
1703:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1521:
1520:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1026:
989:
788:turɡerem (5+ 2)
355:
354:
272:Previous studies
179:Pastoral Surmic
118:Surmic languages
110:
73:Southern Eastern
30:
29:
21:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2554:
2512:Eastern Sudanic
2506:
2450:Central Sudanic
2444:
2401:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2293:
2288:
2263:
2238:
2222:
2206:
2163:
2118:
2091:
2043:
1993:
1954:
1917:
1881:
1841:
1800:
1795:
1777:
1761:
1723:
1693:
1665:
1628:
1592:
1561:
1532:
1507:
1474:
1451:
1431:
1376:
1319:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1257:
1240:10.2/3:151–163.
1136:
1130:
1129:
1125:10.2/3:151–163.
1120:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
990:
986:
981:
968:
831:turɡɛ (5+ 3)
825:tɔrkɔnǒm (5+ 1)
794:torkõwõc (5+ 4)
785:torkonom (5+ 1)
346:
337:
274:
258:
149:
129:nomadic herders
106:
67:Eastern Sudanic
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2247:Omotik–Datooga
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:Nandi–Markweta
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2114:Southern Burun
2111:
2109:Northern Burun
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:Lango (Uganda)
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1201:30.4: 655–732.
1195:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1114:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1063:
1054:
1041:
983:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
967:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:Tennet (Tenet)
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:torkɔc (5+ 4)
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
766:Laarim (Narim)
763:
759:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:Classification
350:base 10 system
345:
342:
336:
335:Reconstruction
333:
273:
270:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
222:Didinga–Murle
220:
219:
218:
215:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
185:
177:
166:
157:
148:
145:
112:
111:
104:
98:
97:
92:
91:Proto-language
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
58:
52:
51:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:Eastern Jebel
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Mangbutu–Lese
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:Bongo–Bagirmi
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:border region
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:Eastern Jebel
1635:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:Ladislav Holý
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
973:
970:
969:
958:
955:
953:tūrɡē (5+ 3)
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:Kacipo-Balesi
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:Kacipo-Balesi
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
871:túɾɡè (5+ 3)
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:codoi / aˈdoi
809:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
565:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:Kwegu (Koegu)
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:North, Majang
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:North, Majang
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
353:
351:
341:
332:
329:
326:
324:
320:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
247:
244:
242:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
221:
216:
214:
213:Kacipo–Balesi
211:
210:
208:
207:
205:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:South Surmic
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
156:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
109:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
80:
77:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:southwestern
42:
36:
31:
19:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2498:
2465:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2393:
2385:
2365:
2348:
2326:Nilo-Saharan
2281:
2211:Okiek–Mosiro
2055:Southern Luo
1935:
1847:Teso–Turkana
1734:
1541:
1527:
1409:
1367:
1340:
1314:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1140:
1122:
1117:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1004:
987:
974:(Wiktionary)
347:
338:
330:
327:
323:Lake Turkana
316:
312:
302:
298:
282:M. L. Bender
275:
259:
150:
126:
117:
115:
95:Proto-Surmic
78:
61:Nilo-Saharan
40:distribution
2019:Belanda Bor
1679:Keiga Jirru
1400:El Hugeirat
1382:Hill Nubian
1233:18.357–361.
770:odoi, codoi
266:South Sudan
209:Baale–Olam
137:South Sudan
49:South Sudan
2604:Categories
1972:Dinka–Nuer
1923:Ongamo–Maa
1855:Karamojong
1742:Daju Mongo
1369:Old Nubian
1035:2023-11-07
979:References
915:tɔ́rɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀
909:tʉ̀rɡɛ̀rɛ́
906:tɔ̀rkɔ̀nɔ́
580:hat͡ʃʼánáŋ
196:Tirma–Chai
38:Geographic
2561:Astaboran
2494:Moru–Madi
2284:indicate
2154:Kupsabiny
1893:Dongotono
1875:Nyangatom
1597:Southwest
1566:Southeast
1530:languages
1526:Southern
1493:Miisiirii
1348:Dongolawi
1317:languages
1313:Northern
1006:Glottolog
959:ɔ̄mɔ̄ðɔ́
918:ɔ̀mɔ̀ðɔ̀
699:wùʃ / wùy
408:pɛ́ɛ́jǃ *
147:Languages
141:Omo River
102:Glottolog
2484:Mangbetu
2335:Ethiopia
2328:branches
2182:Kipsigis
2137:Kalenjin
2128:Southern
2048:Southern
2007:Northern
1247:7:49–69.
1177:29:1–21.
1167:7:71–90.
1029:Archived
966:See also
819:oic /wec
717:tɔ̀mɔ̀n
595:tɔ̂mmɔn
405:òmóŋ, òm
361:Language
344:Numerals
304:Majangir
262:Ethiopia
108:surm1244
45:Ethiopia
2575:Nyimang
2542:Nilotic
2503: ?
2475: ?
2462: ?
2439:Songhay
2432:Saharan
2398: ?
2390: ?
2370: ?
2282:Italics
2254:Datooga
2187:Markwet
2034:Shilluk
1964:Western
1943:Samburu
1870:Turkana
1835:Mandari
1810:Eastern
1771:Nilotic
1728:Western
1714:Logorik
1707:Eastern
1609:Didinga
1488:Mararit
1470:Nyimang
1405:Ghulfan
1395:Dilling
1084:7:41–48
1071:Verlag.
1011:Leipzig
850:tʃɔ́ɗɛ̂
837:amɔ̌tɔ
797:õmmõtõ
757:ɔmɔt̪ɔ
739:ʊ̀wwétʃ
730:xɔ̀ɗɛ́ɪ
726:Didinga
708:ìsàbbày
702:háyɛ́ná
668:isaabaj
650:ɗɔ́nɛ́j
609:ɗɔ́nɛ́j
473:ˈaarin
452:d͡ʒiitʰ
229:Didinga
217:Ngaalam
160:Surmic
2585:Temein
2570:Nubian
2549:Surmic
2500:Sinyar
2409:region
2387:Ongota
2381:Kunama
2376:Kuliak
2259:Omotik
2234:Pökoot
2227:Pökoot
2192:Naandi
2159:Sabaot
2075:Dholuo
2065:Adhola
2060:Acholi
1931:Maasai
1903:Lokoya
1886:Lotuko
1865:Toposa
1747:Nyolge
1684:Temein
1671:Temein
1661:Sillok
1624:Tennet
1619:Laarim
1557:Majang
1542:Surmic
1498:Sungor
1465:Afitti
1417:Kadaru
1411:Haraza
1363:Nobiin
1342:Birgid
1329:Nubian
1218:," in
1175:Africa
877:òmòtò
714:sàkkàl
705:ìllɛ̀y
693:ràmmán
677:tɔmɔn
662:háánán
633:sákkàl
621:háánán
586:issabò
568:kɔ̂náŋ
555:tomon
549:lunkai
546:tsʼoba
514:tómon
441:Majang
432:áárŋǃ
400:Majang
246:Tennet
164:Majang
79:Surmic
33:Surmic
18:Surmic
2479:Lendu
2473:Kresh
2459:Birri
2426:Maban
2416:Furan
2407:Sahel
2395:Shabo
2361:Koman
2356:Bʼaga
2350:Berta
2339:Sudan
2218:Ogiek
2202:Tugen
2197:Terik
2177:Keiyo
2146:Elgon
2101:Burun
2080:Kumam
2039:Thuri
2014:Anuak
1979:Dinka
1948:Camus
1937:Ngasa
1913:Otuho
1908:Lopit
1752:Nyala
1736:Beigo
1719:Shatt
1614:Murle
1604:Baale
1583:Mursi
1578:Meʼen
1573:Kwegu
1550:North
1480:Taman
1457:Nyima
1422:Karko
1358:Midob
1353:Kenzi
941:wé ̀
935:rámmá
912:tùrɡè
894:rámmá
853:rámːá
816:iːˈyǔ
806:Murle
776:iyyio
773:ramma
733:ràmːá
711:ìssèy
696:sízzì
690:ɗɔ́nɛ
674:sakal
656:sízzi
653:raman
645:Mursi
624:íllɛ́
615:sízzí
612:ràmàn
604:Mursi
589:isset
577:wut͡ʃ
574:sizzí
571:ramáŋ
564:Me'en
523:Kwegu
458:tʰuul
455:ˈaŋan
449:pʰɛɛj
446:oˈmʊŋ
411:ɟíítǃ
290:Kwegu
286:Me'en
241:Murle
234:Narim
191:Mursi
183:Me'en
175:Kwegu
2580:Tama
2535:Nara
2524:Daju
2421:Kadu
2367:Gule
2070:Alur
2029:Päri
1989:Reel
1984:Nuer
1860:Teso
1830:Kuku
1825:Bari
1818:Bari
1757:Sila
1699:Daju
1689:Tese
1656:Molo
1651:Kelo
1646:Gaam
1588:Suri
1503:Tama
1447:Nara
1440:Nara
1427:Wali
1390:Dair
938:íyyó
932:óóɗē
900:wèhé
862:túɾ̥
859:wétʃ
822:tǔːɾ
779:wẽẽc
742:t̺úɾ
736:ìyyó
686:Suri
671:isse
665:illɛ
592:sáal
583:illè
537:ahur
534:jien
528:kium
496:áhur
493:jien
487:kíum
417:tùùl
414:àŋàn
319:Maji
288:and
280:and
116:The
2024:Jur
1999:Luo
1019:doi
944:túr
929:(2)
903:tűr
897:íyó
891:óɗè
888:(1)
856:íjó
813:rǎm
782:tur
659:wuʃ
647:(2)
618:wùʃ
606:(1)
552:sal
540:cuu
531:ɗaa
525:(2)
499:cuu
490:ɗáa
484:(1)
443:(2)
402:(1)
391:10
2606::
1222:,
1027:.
1017:.
1013::
1009:.
1003:.
543:la
296:.
124:.
2563:"
2559:"
2337:-
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
1528:n
1315:k
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1038:.
1021::
388:9
385:8
382:7
379:6
376:5
373:4
370:3
367:2
364:1
75:?
69:?
63:?
20:)
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