968:
1155:
952:
36:
117:
607:(U.S.P.). Sutures were originally manufactured ranging in size from #1 to #6, with #1 being the smallest. A #4 suture would be roughly the diameter of a tennis racquet string. The manufacturing techniques, derived at the beginning from the production of musical strings, did not allow thinner diameters. As the procedures improved, #0 was added to the suture diameters, and later, thinner and thinner threads were manufactured, which were identified as #00 (#2-0 or #2/0) to #000000 (#6-0 or #6/0).
1167:
234:
591:
1020:. A continuous suture where the needle enters and exits the epidermis along the plane of the skin. This stitch is for approximating superficial skin edges and provides the best cosmetic result. Superficial gapping wounds may be reduced effectively by using continuous subcuticular sutures. It is unclear whether subcuticular sutures can reduce the rate of surgical site infections.when compared with other suturing methods.
2469:
1146:
preferred medical grade glue. It is available under various trade names, such as LiquiBand, SurgiSeal, FloraSeal, and
Dermabond. These have the advantages of being more flexible, making a stronger bond, and being easier to use. The longer side chain types, for example octyl and butyl forms, also reduce tissue reaction.
1134:
The tissue adhesive has been shown to act as a barrier to microbial penetration as long as the adhesive film remains intact. Limitations of tissue adhesives include contraindications to use near the eyes and a mild learning curve on correct usage. They are also unsuitable for oozing or potentially contaminated wounds.
306:, chromic catgut and fast catgut which are all produced from the collagen extracted from bovine intestines. They are all polyfilaments which have different degradations times ranging from 3–28 days. This material is often used for body tissue with low mechanical or shearing force and rapid healing time.
1145:
tissue adhesives to be used, and these are composed of n-butyl cyanoacrylate. These worked well but had the disadvantage of having to be stored in the refrigerator, were exothermic so they stung the patient, and the bond was brittle. Nowadays, the longer chain polymer, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, is the
290:
Absorbable sutures are either degraded via proteolysis or hydrolysis and should not be utilized on body tissue that would require greater than two months of tensile strength. It is generally used internally during surgery or to avoid further procedures for individuals with low likelihood of returning
1133:
adhesives (closely related to super glue), have been used in combination with, or as an alternative to, sutures in wound closure. The adhesive remains liquid until exposed to water or water-containing substances/tissue, after which it cures (polymerizes) and forms a bond to the underlying surface.
364:
Synthetic absorbable material includes polyglactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poliglecaprone, polydioxanone, and polytrimethylene carbonate. Among these are monofilaments, polyfilaments and braided sutures. In general synthetic materials will keep tensile strength for longer due to less local tissue
107:
of the specific suture thread needed to efficiently hold the tissues together depending on the mechanical and shear forces acting on the wound as well as the thickness of the tissue being approximated. One must also consider the elasticity of the thread and ability to adapt to different tissues, as
1100:
Removal of sutures is traditionally achieved by using forceps to hold the suture thread steady and pointed scalpel blades or scissors to cut. For practical reasons the two instruments (forceps and scissors) are available in a sterile kit. In certain countries (e.g. US), these kits are available in
1061:
was the first research result in this area, showing that the then-typical use of a suture-length to wound-length ratio of 2:1 increased the risk of a burst wound, and suggesting a SL:WL ratio of 4:1 or more in abdominal wounds. A later study suggested 6:1 as the optimal ratio in abdominal closure.
377:
Advantages/disadvantages: high tensile strength, excellent elasticity, excellent cosmetic outcomes, decreased hypertrophic scarring, minimal tissue reaction, good knot security originally; however, the material makes the security unreliable over time, thus it is important to keep ears of material
261:
Monofilament fibers have less tensile strength but create less tissue trauma and are more appropriate with delicate tissues where tissue trauma can be more significant such as small blood vessels. Polyfilament (braided) sutures are composed of multiple fibers and are generally greater in diameter
108:
well as the memory of the thread material which lends to ease of use for the operator. Different suture characteristics lend way to differing degrees of tissue reaction and the operator must select a suture that minimizes the tissue reaction while still keeping with appropriate tensile strength.
470:
These sutures hold greater tensile strength for longer periods of time and are not subject to degradation. They are appropriate for tissues with a high degree of mechanical or shear force (tendons, certain skin location). They also supply the operator with greater ease of use due to less thread
136:
tissue during suturing. In a swaged suture the thread is of narrower diameter than the needle, whereas it protrudes on both sides in an eyed needle. Being narrower, the thread in a swaged suture has less drag when passing through tissue than the needle, and, not protruding, is less likely to
1590:
Lee, Alice; Stanley, Guy H. M.; Wade, Ryckie G.; Berwick, Daniele; Vinicombe, Victoria; Salence, Brogan K.; Musbahi, Esra; De Poli, Anderson R. C. S.; Savu, Mihaela; Batchelor, Jonathan M.; Abbott, Rachel A.; Gardiner, Matthew D.; Wernham, Aaron; Veitch, David; Ghaffar, S. A. (2023-02-08).
610:
Modern sutures range from #5 (heavy braided suture for orthopedics) to #11-0 (fine monofilament suture for ophthalmics). Atraumatic needles are manufactured in all shapes for most sizes. The actual diameter of thread for a given U.S.P. size differs depending on the suture material class.
277:
Tissue reactivity: inflammatory response of the surrounding tissue that can cause materials to break down quicker and lose tensile strength. Non absorbable synthetic suture have the lowest of tissue reactivity, while the absorbable natural fibers have the highest rates of tissue
124:
Historically, surgeons used reusable needles with holes (called "eyes"), which must be threaded before use just as is done with a needle and thread prior to sewing fabric. The advantage of this is that any combination of thread and needle may be chosen to suit the job at hand.
1140:
Cyanoacrylate is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like
Superglue and Krazy Glue) and n-butyl-cyanoacrylate. Skin glues like Indermil and Histoacryl were the first
252:
Suture material is often broken down into absorbable thread versus non-absorbable thread, which is further delineated into synthetic fibers versus natural fibers. Another important distinction among suture material is whether it is monofilament or polyfilament (braided)
100:. There are numerous types of suture which differ by needle shape and size as well as thread material and characteristics. Selection of surgical suture should be determined by the characteristics and location of the wound or the specific body tissues being approximated.
1296:
The next great leap came in the twentieth century. The chemical industry drove production of the first synthetic thread in the early 1930s, which exploded into production of numerous absorbable and non-absorbable synthetics. The first synthetic absorbable was based on
206:
Finally, atraumatic needles may be permanently swaged to the suture or may be designed to come off the suture with a sharp straight tug. These "pop-offs" are commonly used for interrupted sutures, where each suture is only passed once and then tied.
129:(or "atraumatic") needles with sutures consist of a pre-packed eyeless needle already attached (by swaging) to a specific length of suture thread. This saves time, and eliminates the most difficult threading of very fine needles and sutures.
489:
Advantages/disadvantages: This material has good tensile strength, is easy to handle and has excellent knot security. However, it is rarely used internally due to its significant tissue reaction which causes loss of tensile strength over
318:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence. Poor handling and high tissue reactivity causing quick loss of tensile
554:
Advantages/disadvantages: Good handling, good knot security and high tensile strength due to low tissue reactivity. However, this suture can create more tissue trauma when passing through the skin and is more expensive than its
335:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence. Improved handling and decreased tissue reactivity due to chromic salt
1090:
Whereas some sutures are intended to be permanent, and others in specialized cases may be kept in place for an extended period of many weeks, as a rule sutures are a short-term device to allow healing of a trauma or wound.
539:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent tensile strength, increased usability, and increased knot security as compared to its monofilamentous counterpart. However, its polyfilamentous nature is said to increase risk of
1920:
493:
Common use: Due to advancements in sutures, there is no longer indication for use of surgical silk. However, it is still commonly used in dentistry for mucosal surfaces or to secure surgical tubes on the bodies
1095:
Different parts of the body heal at different speeds. Common time to remove stitches will vary: facial wounds 3–5 days; scalp wound 7–10 days; limbs 10–14 days; joints 14 days; trunk of the body 7–10 days.
528:
Common use: Excellent for superficial skin closure due to minimal tissue reactivity. It is the most commonly used skin suture due to its excellent adaptability to potentially expanding tissues (edema).
291:
for suture removal. To-date, the available data indicates that the objective short-term wound outcomes are equivalent for absorbable and non-absorbable sutures, and there is equipoise amongst surgeons.
1033:. The needle point is pressed into the flesh, advanced along the trajectory of the needle's curve until it emerges, and pulled through. The trailing thread is then tied into a knot, usually a
1045:
and scarring. Ideally, sutured skin rolls slightly outward from the wound (eversion), and the depth and width of the sutured flesh is roughly equal. Placement varies based on the location,
211:
1289:
of all suture threads. He first attempted sterilization with the 1860s "carbolic catgut", and chromic catgut followed two decades later. Sterile catgut was finally achieved in 1906 with
583:
Advantages/disadvantages: Tensile strength is exceptional with very little tissue reactivity, thus maintaining minimal degradation over time. This suture material has very poor handling.
1313:
fibers. Silk and, rarely, gut sutures are the only materials still in use from ancient times. In fact, gut sutures have been banned in Europe and Japan owing to concerns regarding
551:
Description: made from polyethylene terephthalate, there are various brands and configurations of this type of suture. Many are braided, coated in silicone and dyed for visibility.
569:
Advantages/disadvantages: low tissue reactivity, good handling, high tensile strength that is greater than most other monofilaments, good elasticity during increasing edema.
349:
Description: Treated with heat to further break down protein and allow for more rapid absorption in bodily tissues. Tensile strength less than a week (3–5 days).
1041:. Ideally, sutures bring together the wound edges, without causing indenting or blanching of the skin, since the blood supply may be impeded and thus increase
352:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence.
967:
374:
Description: copolymer of synthetic materials. Loses tensile strength quickly; sixty percent lost in the first week. All strength lost within 3 weeks.
1741:
1694:
1520:
2480:
991:
is quicker but risks failing if the suture is cut in just one place; the continuous locking stitch is in some ways a more secure version. The
262:
with greater tensile strength, however, they tend to have greater tissue reaction and theoretically have more propensity to harbor bacteria.
2362:
2241:
Dumville, JC; Coulthard, P; Worthington, HV; Riley, P; Patel, N; Darcey, J; Esposito, M; van der Elst, M; van Waes, OJ (28 November 2014).
2166:
Stark, M.; Chavkin, Y.; Kupfersztain, C.; Guedj, P.; Finkel, A. R. (1995). "Evaluation of combinations of procedures in cesarean section".
423:
Description: sourced as vicryl is with irradiation to break down material for quicker absorption. Loss of all tensile strength in 5–7 days.
1078:
generally involves suturing at a deeper level of a tissue followed by another layer of suturing at a more superficial level. For example,
2389:
1982:
Goto, Saori; Sakamoto, Takashi; Ganeko, Riki; Hida, Koya; Furukawa, Toshi A; Sakai, Yoshiharu (2020-04-09). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).
1536:
979:; it is indeed the simplest to perform and is called "interrupted" because the suture thread is cut between each individual stitch. The
1887:
Lammers, Richard L; Trott, Alexander T (2004). "Chapter 36: Methods of Wound
Closure". In Roberts, James R; Hedges, Jerris R (eds.).
1057:
can lengthen significantly under strain. To accommodate this lengthening, continuous stitches must have an adequate amount of slack.
1275:. The gut suture was similar to that of strings for violins, guitars, and tennis racquets and it involved harvesting sheep or cow
2031:
Osterberg, B; Blomstedt, B (1979). "Effect of suture materials on bacterial survival in infected wounds: An experimental study".
103:
In selecting the needle, thread, and suturing technique to use for a specific patient, a medical care provider must consider the
525:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent tensile strength. However, poor handling and poor knot security due to high material memory.
1247:
from 1100 BC. A detailed description of a wound suture and the suture materials used in it is by the Indian sage and physician
2209:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2372:
2338:
2301:
1896:
1863:
1830:
1797:
1764:
1717:
1670:
1566:
1496:
558:
Common use: Rare, pediatric valvular surgery, alternative to surgical steel for orthopedic surgery due to superior handling.
1009:, a continuous, circular inverting suture which is made to secure apposition of the edges of a surgical or traumatic wound.
1933:
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan; Toon, Clare D; Allen, Victoria B; Davidson, Brian R (2014-02-14). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).
987:
are also interrupted but are more complex and specialized for everting the skin and distributing tension. The running or
391:
Description: synthetic polymer that loses all tensile strength in by 25 days. Either dyed green for visibility or undyed.
1305:
were developed in the 1950s, and later the process of radiation sterilization was established for catgut and polyester.
486:
Description: surgical silk is a protein derived from silkworms that is coated to minimize friction and water absorption.
445:
Common use: subcutaneous use often an alternative to PDS due to better handling and slightly superior tensile strength.
202:
side cutting or spatula points (flat on top and bottom with a cutting edge along the front to one side) for eye surgery
2508:
1154:
228:
426:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, fair good handling and good knot security.
2473:
1314:
1282:
394:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, good handling, but poor knot security.
2440:
Rai, Anshul; Panneerselvam, Elavenil; Bonanthaya, Krishnamurthy; Manuel, Suvy; Kumar, Vinay V., eds. (2021).
2503:
1286:
192:
trocar point or tapercut (needle body is round and tapered, but ends in a small triangular cutting point)
439:
Description: co polymer product of synthetic materials. Loses 75% of the tensile strength after 40 days.
153:
1/2 circle. Subtypes of this needle shape include, from larger to smaller size, CT, CT-1, CT-2 and CT-3.
92:
together and approximate wound edges after an injury or surgery. Application generally involves using a
2513:
1012:
984:
604:
274:
Elasticity: the ability of the suture material to adapt to changing tissues such as in cases of edema.
1279:. Catgut sometimes led to infection due to a lack of disinfection and sterilization of the material.
976:
956:
1309:
was discovered in the 1960s and implemented in the 1970s. Today, most sutures are made of synthetic
980:
960:
594:
During the first dressing, Redon's drain was removed and the sutures were checked (surgical suture)
332:
Description: Maintains original strength for 21–28 days and full degradation occurs in 16–18 weeks.
1121:, used as buttresses under sutures when there is a possibility of sutures tearing through tissue.
1118:
543:
Common use: soft tissue, vessel ligations and superficial skin (specifically facial lacerations).
245:
20:
210:
Sutures can withstand different amounts of force based on their size; this is quantified by the
1256:
315:
Description: Maintains original strength for 7–10 days and full degradation occurs in 10 weeks.
2291:
1533:
1174:
Through many millennia, various suture materials were used or proposed. Needles were made of
442:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, excellent tensile strength, good handling.
410:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, good knot security,
322:
Common use: best used in rapidly healing tissues with good blood supply i.e. mucosal tissues.
1387: – Craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread
458:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, but poor handling.
281:
Knot security: the ability of the suture to maintain a knot that holds the thread in place.
173:
1137:
In surgical incisions it does not work as well as sutures as the wounds often break open.
244:
tissue section showing a non-absorbable multi-filament surgical suture with a surrounding
172:
The ski and canoe needle design allows curved needles to be straight enough to be used in
8:
1396:
1378:
1372:
637:
461:
Common use: subcutaneous with need of high tensile strength (abdominal incision closure).
2267:
2242:
1959:
1934:
186:
cutting (needle body is triangular and has a sharpened cutting edge on the inside curve)
2498:
2191:
2143:
2126:
2008:
1983:
1735:
1688:
1514:
992:
547:
Braided polyester (polyfilament, Ethibond, Dagrofil, Synthofil, PremiCron, Synthofil)
271:
Tensile strength: the ability of the suture to hold tissues in place without breaking.
2445:
2420:
2395:
2368:
2334:
2297:
2272:
2183:
2179:
2148:
2070:
2040:
2013:
1964:
1892:
1869:
1859:
1836:
1826:
1803:
1793:
1770:
1760:
1723:
1713:
1676:
1666:
1624:
1616:
1572:
1562:
1502:
1492:
1452:
1444:
1339:
1306:
1298:
1038:
2195:
1101:
sterile disposable trays because of the high cost of cleaning and re-sterilization.
368:
176:, where instruments are inserted into the abdominal cavity through narrow cannulas.
2518:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2227:
2213:
2175:
2138:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1608:
1434:
1248:
1079:
104:
89:
1921:
Miller-Keane
Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health
2328:
1540:
1390:
137:
traumatize friable tissue, earning the combination the designation "atraumatic".
35:
951:
1082:
can be performed with single or double layer suturing of the uterine incision.
988:
512:
85:
1757:
Skin and soft tissue injuries and infections: a practical evidence based guide
1506:
116:
2492:
2415:
Chen, Hua; Wu, Kejian; Tang, Peifu; Zhang, Yixin; Fu, Zhongguo, eds. (2021).
2324:
1873:
1840:
1807:
1774:
1727:
1680:
1620:
1576:
1448:
1360:
1333:
1327:
1268:
1166:
1142:
1130:
1030:
1017:
996:
946:
508:
97:
93:
49:
45:
2276:
2152:
2017:
1968:
1628:
1456:
1348:
241:
2187:
1612:
1592:
417:
413:
Common use: subcutaneous tissue, skin closure (avoid dyed Vicryl on face).
355:
Common use: Advised for skin closure only generally on the mucosa or face.
179:
Needles may also be classified by their point geometry; examples include:
2074:
2061:
Macht, SD; Krizek, TJ (1978). "Sutures and suturing - Current concepts".
2044:
1439:
1422:
1252:
1054:
572:
Common use: rare, tendon repairs, plastics (pull out subcuticular stitch)
1159:
955:
A wound before and after suture closure. The closure incorporates five
237:
1935:"Continuous versus interrupted skin sutures for non-obstetric surgery"
1632:
132:
Two additional benefits are reduced drag and less potential damage to
62:
1317:. Silk suture is still used today, mainly to secure surgical drains.
1302:
1276:
1272:
1187:
1042:
1034:
1755:
Singer, Adam J.; Hollander, Judd E.; Blumm, Robert M., eds. (2010).
1708:
Langley-Hobbs, S. J.; Demetriou, Jackie; Ladlow, Jane, eds. (2013).
1375: – Piece of thread (suture) tied around an anatomical structure
1029:
Sutures are placed by mounting a needle with attached suture into a
381:
Common use: Advised for subcutaneous and superficial tissue closure.
233:
168:
half curved at both ends of a straight segment (also known as canoe)
1856:
Evidence-based orthopaedics: the best answers to clinical questions
1544:
1239:
The earliest reports of surgical suture date to 3000 BC in ancient
1217:
1593:"International, prospective cohort study comparing non-absorbable
590:
2240:
1911:
Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Copyright 2007
1310:
1213:
369:
Poliglecaprone (monofilament, Monocryl, Monocryl Plus, Suruglyde)
196:
133:
2439:
1984:"Subcuticular sutures for skin closure in non-obstetric surgery"
1170:
Old refillable surgical thread supplier (middle of 20th century)
2468:
1597:
absorbable sutures for skin surgery: CANVAS service evaluation"
1384:
1354:
1290:
1264:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1205:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1117:, that is, a small flat non-absorbent pad normally composed of
303:
2165:
1260:
1244:
1240:
504:
449:
160:
140:
There are several shapes of surgical needles. These include:
126:
1707:
515:
all of which are monofilaments with great tensile strength.
1366:
1229:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1175:
479:
183:
taper (needle body is round and tapers smoothly to a point)
2127:"Six-fold suture:wound length ratio for abdominal closure"
1399: – Porous surgical tape used for closing small wounds
385:
1932:
1271:
along with the surgery needle were used in operations by
971:
Suturing two operation wounds with eleven simple stitches
401:
1369: – Method of fastening or securing linear materials
975:
Many different techniques exist. The most common is the
1344:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
418:
Polyglactin 910 Irradiated (polyfilament, Vicryl Rapid)
1981:
1255:, described suture techniques, as did the later Roman
482:(polyfilament, Permahand, Ethicon; Sofsilk, Covidien)
2125:
Varshney, S; Manek, P; Johnson, CD (September 1999).
2106:
Grossman, JA (1982). "The repair of surface trauma".
1891:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 671.
1589:
433:
407:
Description: loss of all tensile strength in 28 days.
2243:"Tissue adhesives for closure of surgical incisions"
2168:
International
Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
2124:
1754:
455:
Description: loss of tensile strength in 36–53 days.
1393: – Staples used in surgery in place of sutures
1357: – Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
1251:, written in 500 BC. The Greek father of medicine,
532:Nylon (polyfilaments, Nurolon, Surgilon, Supramid)
339:
Common use: skin closure (face), mucosa, genitalia.
256:
2293:Acs(I) Textbook on Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
2131:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
2030:
1663:Wounds and lacerations: emergency care and closure
580:Description: synthetic mixture of multiple alloys.
1486:
1381: – Overview of and topical guide to medicine
1048:
16:Medical device used to hold body tissues together
2490:
2442:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician
2417:Tutorials in Suturing Techniques for Orthopedics
1825:. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1330: – French surgeon and biologist (1873–1944)
429:Common use: scalp and facial laceration closure.
2414:
1821:Anderson, Robert H.; et al., eds. (2010).
1002:Other stitches or suturing techniques include:
265:
19:"Stitches" redirects here. For other uses, see
120:A surgeon suturing a wound in a person's thumb
1556:
1487:Jeffrey M. Sutton; et al., eds. (2018).
326:
189:reverse cutting (cutting edge on the outside)
1886:
1854:Wright, James G.; et al., eds. (2009).
1342: – Small self-adhesive medical dressing
2247:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2060:
1351: – Cutting of tissue by a taut element
999:are variations of the horizontal mattress.
309:
302:Natural absorbable material includes plain
2387:
2317:
1788:Ducheyne, Paul; et al., eds. (2011).
1759:. Shelton, Connecticut: People's Medical.
1740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1519:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1263:described sutures made of surgical gut or
450:Polydioxanone closures (PDS, monofilament)
343:
34:
2266:
2142:
2007:
1958:
1889:Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine
1438:
586:Common use: orthopedics, sternum closure.
518:Nylon (monofilaments, Dermalon, Ethilon)
2105:
2056:
2054:
1820:
1787:
1420:
1336: – Type of knotless surgical suture
1196:. Sutures were made of plant materials (
1165:
1153:
966:
950:
589:
232:
115:
2388:Rakel, David; Rakel, Robert E. (2011).
2086:
2084:
1988:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1939:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
402:Polyglactin 910 (polyfilament, Vicryl)
386:Polyglycolic acid (polyfilament, Dexon)
359:
2491:
2360:
2323:
2289:
1853:
1710:Feline soft tissue and general surgery
1243:, and the oldest known suture is in a
566:Description: A copolymer of polyester.
2296:. Jaypee Brothers. pp. 125–126.
2051:
1660:
1421:Byrne, Miriam; Aly, Al (2019-03-14).
562:Polybutester (monofilament, Novafil)
297:
2220:
2090:
2081:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1559:Local flaps in facial reconstruction
1491:. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 81–90.
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1416:
1414:
1363: – Type of fast-acting adhesive
2444:. Springer Singapore. p. 231.
2095:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
1858:. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
1124:
13:
2391:Textbook of Family Medicine E-Book
1880:
1259:. The 2nd-century Roman physician
963:(center) at the apex of the wound.
434:Polglyconate (monofilament, Maxon)
212:U.S.P. Needles Pull Specifications
14:
2530:
2462:
2290:Mysore, Venkataram (2012-12-15).
2228:"Polytetrafluoroethylene Pledget"
1639:
1463:
1411:
465:
229:Suture materials comparison chart
2467:
1315:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
603:Suture sizes are defined by the
397:Common use: subcutaneous tissue.
257:Monofilament versus polyfilament
2433:
2408:
2381:
2354:
2283:
2234:
2202:
2159:
2118:
2099:
2024:
1975:
1926:
1914:
1905:
1847:
1814:
1489:The Mont Reid surgical handbook
165:half curved (also known as ski)
2419:. Springer Nature. p. 7.
2259:10.1002/14651858.CD004287.pub4
2000:10.1002/14651858.CD012124.pub2
1951:10.1002/14651858.CD010365.pub2
1781:
1748:
1701:
1665:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1583:
1550:
1527:
1113:is one that is supported by a
1049:Stitching interval and spacing
1:
2481:Computer modelling of sutures
1404:
1104:
940:
285:
2394:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2180:10.1016/0020-7292(94)02306-J
1024:
503:Synthetic materials include
498:
266:Other properties to consider
222:
7:
2333:. Taylor & Francis US.
1557:Shan R. Baker, ed. (2007).
1320:
1267:. In the 10th century, the
96:with an attached length of
10:
2535:
1790:Comprehensive biomaterials
1601:British Journal of Surgery
1149:
1085:
985:horizontal mattress stitch
957:simple interrupted sutures
944:
605:United States Pharmacopeia
474:
327:Chromic gut (polyfilament)
226:
111:
41:
18:
2093:Basic Surgical Techniques
1661:Trott, Alexander (2012).
1427:Aesthetic Surgery Journal
1065:
977:simple interrupted stitch
217:
59:
33:
28:
2509:Surgical suture material
961:vertical mattress suture
598:
310:Plain gut (polyfilament)
195:blunt points for sewing
2063:Journal of Oral Surgery
1792:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1119:polytetrafluoroethylene
344:Fast gut (polyfilament)
246:foreign-body giant cell
21:Stitch (disambiguation)
1257:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
1208:) or animal material (
1171:
1163:
1098:
1013:Figure-of-eight stitch
972:
964:
595:
536:Description: polyamide
522:Description: polyamide
249:
121:
2476:at Wikimedia Commons
2364:The Story of Medicine
2361:Rooney, Anne (2009).
1823:Paediatric cardiology
1534:Surgical Needle Guide
1423:"The Surgical Suture"
1285:endorsed the routine
1169:
1157:
1093:
1072:single layer suturing
970:
954:
593:
236:
227:Further information:
119:
1433:(Supp. 2): S67–S72.
627:Synthetic absorbable
360:Synthetic absorbable
174:laparoscopic surgery
40:Surgical suture and
2504:Implants (medicine)
1613:10.1093/bjs/znad008
1397:Wound closure strip
1379:Outline of medicine
1158:Sewing wound after
1018:Subcuticular stitch
1007:Purse-string suture
48:thread held with a
2216:on 24 August 2013.
2108:Emergency Medicine
1923:, Seventh Edition.
1561:. Mosby Elsevier.
1539:2014-11-06 at the
1440:10.1093/asj/sjz036
1178:or metals such as
1172:
1164:
1076:two layer suturing
993:chest drain stitch
973:
965:
596:
298:Natural absorbable
250:
122:
76:, also known as a
2514:Surgical stitches
2472:Media related to
2451:978-981-15-1346-6
2426:978-981-336-330-4
2401:978-1-4377-3567-3
2374:978-1-84858-039-8
2340:978-0-415-36848-3
2303:978-93-5090-591-3
2091:Kirk, RM (1978).
1898:978-0-7216-9760-4
1865:978-1-4377-1113-4
1832:978-0-7020-3735-1
1799:978-0-08-055294-1
1766:978-1-60795-201-5
1719:978-0-7020-5420-4
1672:978-0-323-09132-9
1635:on 27 March 2023.
1568:978-0-323-03684-9
1547:. Copyright 2005.
1498:978-0-323-53174-0
1340:Butterfly closure
1307:Polyglycolic acid
1299:polyvinyl alcohol
989:continuous stitch
938:
937:
70:
69:
2526:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2330:Ancient Medicine
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2253:(11): CD004287.
2238:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:. Archived from
2210:"www.scribd.com"
2206:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2011:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1658:
1637:
1636:
1631:. Archived from
1587:
1581:
1580:
1554:
1548:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1484:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1418:
1345:
1125:Tissue adhesives
1111:pledgeted suture
1080:Cesarean section
614:
613:
105:tensile strength
63:edit on Wikidata
38:
26:
25:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2474:Surgical suture
2465:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2164:
2160:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2082:
2059:
2052:
2033:Acta Chir Scand
2029:
2025:
1994:(4): CD012124.
1980:
1976:
1945:(2): CD010365.
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1885:
1881:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1833:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1786:
1782:
1767:
1753:
1749:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1659:
1640:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1541:Wayback Machine
1532:
1528:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1485:
1464:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1391:Surgical staple
1343:
1323:
1152:
1127:
1107:
1088:
1070:In contrast to
1068:
1053:Skin and other
1051:
1027:
949:
943:
639:
633:
628:
623:
618:
601:
576:Surgical steel
501:
477:
468:
452:
436:
420:
404:
388:
371:
362:
346:
329:
312:
300:
294:
288:
268:
259:
242:H&E stained
231:
225:
220:
114:
74:surgical suture
66:
55:
53:
29:Surgical suture
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2484:
2483:
2464:
2463:External links
2461:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2432:
2425:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2339:
2327:(2005-07-30).
2325:Nutton, Vivian
2316:
2302:
2282:
2233:
2219:
2201:
2158:
2117:
2098:
2080:
2050:
2023:
1974:
1925:
1913:
1904:
1897:
1879:
1864:
1846:
1831:
1813:
1798:
1780:
1765:
1747:
1718:
1700:
1671:
1638:
1607:(4): 462–470.
1582:
1567:
1549:
1526:
1497:
1462:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1151:
1148:
1126:
1123:
1106:
1103:
1087:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1039:surgeon's knot
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1010:
942:
939:
936:
935:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
913:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
895:
891:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
704:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
688:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
654:
651:
649:
647:
643:
642:
635:
632:Non-absorbable
630:
625:
620:
600:
597:
588:
587:
584:
581:
574:
573:
570:
567:
560:
559:
556:
552:
545:
544:
541:
537:
530:
529:
526:
523:
513:surgical steel
500:
497:
496:
495:
491:
487:
476:
473:
467:
466:Non-absorbable
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
440:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
424:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
408:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
375:
370:
367:
365:inflammation.
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
350:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
311:
308:
299:
296:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
275:
272:
267:
264:
258:
255:
224:
221:
219:
216:
204:
203:
200:
193:
190:
187:
184:
170:
169:
166:
163:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
113:
110:
86:medical device
68:
67:
60:
57:
56:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2531:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:. Edinburgh.
1711:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:Cyanoacrylate
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:Barbed suture
1332:
1329:
1328:Alexis Carrel
1326:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:sterilization
1284:
1283:Joseph Lister
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:catgut suture
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1143:medical grade
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:cyanoacrylate
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1059:Jenkin's rule
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:needle holder
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:corner stitch
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
962:
958:
953:
948:
947:Surgical knot
933:
931:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
636:
634:diameter (mm)
631:
629:diameter (mm)
626:
624:diameter (mm)
621:
616:
615:
612:
608:
606:
592:
585:
582:
579:
578:
577:
571:
568:
565:
564:
563:
557:
553:
550:
549:
548:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
510:
509:polypropylene
506:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
481:
472:
460:
457:
454:
453:
444:
441:
438:
437:
428:
425:
422:
421:
412:
409:
406:
405:
396:
393:
390:
389:
380:
376:
373:
372:
366:
354:
351:
348:
347:
338:
334:
331:
330:
321:
317:
314:
313:
307:
305:
295:
292:
280:
276:
273:
270:
269:
263:
254:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
215:
213:
208:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
175:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
135:
130:
128:
118:
109:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:used to hold
87:
83:
79:
75:
64:
58:
51:
50:needle holder
47:
46:polypropylene
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2485:
2466:
2441:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2367:. Arcturus.
2363:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2292:
2285:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2222:
2214:the original
2204:
2174:(3): 273–6.
2171:
2167:
2161:
2137:(5): 333–6.
2134:
2130:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2069:(9): 710–2.
2066:
2062:
2039:(7): 431–4.
2036:
2032:
2026:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1888:
1882:
1855:
1849:
1822:
1816:
1789:
1783:
1756:
1750:
1709:
1703:
1662:
1633:the original
1604:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1558:
1552:
1529:
1488:
1430:
1426:
1349:Cheesewiring
1295:
1281:
1238:
1173:
1139:
1136:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1028:
1006:
1001:
974:
609:
602:
575:
561:
555:counterparts
546:
531:
517:
502:
478:
469:
363:
301:
293:
289:
260:
251:
209:
205:
178:
171:
139:
131:
123:
102:
90:body tissues
81:
77:
73:
71:
54:shown above.
2346:21 November
1293:treatment.
1253:Hippocrates
1224:strips and
1055:soft tissue
1035:square knot
619:designation
278:reactivity.
52:. Packaging
2493:Categories
2309:25 January
1507:1006511397
1405:References
1303:Polyesters
1277:intestines
1160:herniotomy
1105:Expansions
945:See also:
941:Techniques
640:wire gauge
540:infection.
286:Absorbable
238:Micrograph
156:5/8 circle
150:3/8 circle
147:1/4 circle
2499:First aid
1874:460904348
1841:460904281
1808:771916865
1775:801407265
1736:cite book
1728:865542682
1689:cite book
1681:793588304
1621:0007-1323
1577:489075341
1515:cite book
1449:1090-820X
1301:in 1931.
1273:Abulcasis
1188:aluminium
1043:infection
1025:Placement
638:American
499:Synthetic
319:strength.
223:Materials
159:compound
2277:25431843
2268:10074547
2196:72559269
2153:10645176
2018:32271475
1969:24526375
1960:10692401
1629:36753053
1545:Novartis
1537:Archived
1457:30869751
1373:Ligature
1321:See also
1249:Sushruta
1218:arteries
1129:Topical
981:vertical
959:and one
622:Collagen
494:surface.
471:memory.
336:coating.
248:reaction
144:Straight
82:stitches
2519:Surgery
2188:7781869
2144:2503300
2009:7144739
1311:polymer
1214:tendons
1150:History
1115:pledget
1086:Removal
490:months.
475:Natural
199:tissues
197:friable
134:friable
112:Needles
84:, is a
2448:
2423:
2398:
2371:
2337:
2300:
2275:
2265:
2194:
2186:
2151:
2141:
2114:: 220.
2075:355612
2073:
2045:539325
2043:
2016:
2006:
1967:
1957:
1895:
1872:
1862:
1839:
1829:
1806:
1796:
1773:
1763:
1726:
1716:
1679:
1669:
1627:
1619:
1595:versus
1575:
1565:
1505:
1495:
1455:
1447:
1385:Sewing
1355:Chitin
1291:iodine
1265:catgut
1234:catgut
1232:, and
1226:nerves
1222:muscle
1206:cotton
1191:bronze
1186:, and
1184:copper
1180:silver
1162:, 1559
1066:Layers
920:19–20
905:20–21
889:21–22
855:23–24
838:25–26
821:26–27
787:29–32
770:32–34
753:35–38
736:38–40
304:catgut
218:Thread
127:Swaged
98:thread
94:needle
78:stitch
44:gauge
2192:S2CID
1543:from
1261:Galen
1245:mummy
1241:Egypt
599:Sizes
505:nylon
378:long.
240:of a
161:curve
61:[
2446:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2348:2012
2335:ISBN
2311:2016
2298:ISBN
2273:PMID
2251:2014
2184:PMID
2149:PMID
2071:PMID
2041:PMID
2014:PMID
1992:2020
1965:PMID
1943:2014
1893:ISBN
1870:OCLC
1860:ISBN
1837:OCLC
1827:ISBN
1804:OCLC
1794:ISBN
1771:OCLC
1761:ISBN
1742:link
1724:OCLC
1714:ISBN
1695:link
1677:OCLC
1667:ISBN
1625:PMID
1617:ISSN
1573:OCLC
1563:ISBN
1521:link
1503:OCLC
1493:ISBN
1453:PMID
1445:ISSN
1367:Knot
1230:silk
1210:hair
1204:and
1202:hemp
1198:flax
1194:wire
1176:bone
995:and
983:and
818:0.35
815:0.35
795:0.35
767:0.15
764:0.15
744:0.15
733:0.07
730:0.07
717:0.05
714:0.05
711:0.07
701:0.04
698:0.04
695:0.05
685:0.03
682:0.03
679:0.03
669:0.02
666:0.02
663:0.02
660:10-0
653:0.01
646:11-0
511:and
480:Silk
2263:PMC
2255:doi
2176:doi
2139:PMC
2037:145
2004:PMC
1996:doi
1955:PMC
1947:doi
1609:doi
1605:110
1435:doi
1236:).
1037:or
934:18
917:0.8
902:0.7
899:0.7
886:0.6
883:0.6
880:0.8
872:22
869:0.6
866:0.6
863:0.7
852:0.5
849:0.5
846:0.6
835:0.4
832:0.4
829:0.5
812:0.4
804:28
801:0.3
798:0.3
792:2-0
784:0.2
781:0.2
778:0.3
775:3-0
761:0.2
758:4-0
750:0.1
747:0.1
741:5-0
727:0.1
724:6-0
708:7-0
692:8-0
676:9-0
617:USP
80:or
42:6-0
2495::
2271:.
2261:.
2249:.
2245:.
2190:.
2182:.
2172:48
2170:.
2147:.
2135:81
2133:.
2129:.
2112:14
2110:.
2083:^
2067:36
2065:.
2053:^
2035:.
2012:.
2002:.
1990:.
1986:.
1963:.
1953:.
1941:.
1937:.
1868:.
1835:.
1802:.
1769:.
1738:}}
1734:{{
1722:.
1691:}}
1687:{{
1675:.
1641:^
1623:.
1615:.
1603:.
1599:.
1571:.
1517:}}
1513:{{
1501:.
1465:^
1451:.
1443:.
1431:39
1429:.
1425:.
1413:^
1228:,
1220:,
1216:,
1212:,
1200:,
1182:,
1109:A
1074:,
507:,
214:.
72:A
2454:.
2429:.
2404:.
2377:.
2350:.
2313:.
2279:.
2257::
2230:.
2198:.
2178::
2155:.
2077:.
2047:.
2020:.
1998::
1971:.
1949::
1901:.
1876:.
1843:.
1810:.
1777:.
1744:)
1730:.
1697:)
1683:.
1611::
1579:.
1523:)
1509:.
1459:.
1437::
925:7
910:6
894:5
877:4
860:3
843:2
826:1
809:0
65:]
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
