Tropical cyclone scales

1156:(IMD, RSMC New Delhi). Within the region, a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non frontal synoptic scale cyclone that originates over tropical or subtropical waters with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest official classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a depression, which has 3-minute sustained wind speeds of between 17 and 27 kn (20 and 31 mph; 31 and 50 km/h). Should the depression intensify further then it will become a deep depression, which has winds between 28 and 33 kn (32 and 38 mph; 52 and 61 km/h). If the system intensifies further, it will be classified as a cyclonic storm and be assigned a name by the IMD, if it should develop gale-force wind speeds of between 34 and 47 kn (39 and 54 mph; 63 and 87 km/h). Severe cyclonic storms have wind speeds between 48 and 63 kn (55 and 72 mph; 89 and 117 km/h), while very severe cyclonic storms have hurricane-force winds of 64–89 kn (74–102 mph; 119–165 km/h). Extremely severe cyclonic storms have hurricane-force winds of 90–119 kn (104–137 mph; 167–220 km/h). The highest classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a super cyclonic storm, which has hurricane-force winds of at least 120 kn (140 mph; 220 km/h). 1452:. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non-frontal low-pressure system of synoptic scale that develops over warm waters, with a definite organized wind circulation and 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 34 kn (63 km/h; 39 mph) or greater near the centre. Once this definition has been met then all of the centres name the system and start to use the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, which measures tropical cyclones using a five category system based on 10-minute maximum sustained winds. A Category 1 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 34–47 kn (39–54 mph; 63–87 km/h), while a Category 2 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 48–63 kn (55–72 mph; 89–117 km/h). When a system becomes a Category 3 tropical cyclone it is reclassified as a Severe tropical cyclone and has wind speeds of 64–85 kn (74–98 mph; 119–157 km/h). A Category 4 severe tropical cyclone has winds of 86–110 kn (99–127 mph; 159–204 km/h), while the maximum rating is a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, which has winds of at least 108 kn (124 mph; 200 km/h). 796:. The lowest classification on the SSHWS is a Category 1 hurricane, which has winds of between 64 and 82 kn (74 and 94 mph; 119 and 152 km/h). Should the hurricane intensify further then it will be rated as a Category 2 hurricane, if it has winds of between 83 and 95 kn (96 and 109 mph; 154 and 176 km/h). When a system becomes a Category 3 hurricane with winds of between 96 and 112 kn (110 and 129 mph; 178 and 207 km/h), it is considered to be a major hurricane by the warning centers. A Category 4 hurricane has winds of 113 to 136 kn (130 to 157 mph; 209 to 252 km/h), while a Category 5 hurricane has winds of at least 137 kn (158 mph; 254 km/h). A post tropical cyclone is a system that has weakened, into a remnant low or has dissipated and formal advisories are usually discontinued at this stage. However, advisories may continue if the post tropical cyclone poses a significant threat to life and property. They may also continue if the remnants of the system have a chance of regeneration and producing tropical storm or hurricane-force winds over land within 48 hours. 944:(JMA, RSMC Tokyo). Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a non-frontal synoptic scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest classification used by the Typhoon Committee is a tropical depression, which has 10-minute sustained winds of less than 34 kn (17 m/s; 39 mph; 63 km/h). Should the tropical depression intensify further it is named and classified as a tropical storm, which has winds speeds between 34–47 kn (17–24 m/s; 39–54 mph; 63–87 km/h). Should the system continue to intensify further then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm, which has winds speeds between 48–63 kn (25–32 m/s; 55–72 mph; 89–117 km/h). The highest classification on the Typhoon Committee's scale is a typhoon, which has winds speeds greater than 64 kn (33 m/s; 74 mph; 119 km/h). 717:. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a warm cored, non-frontal synoptic disturbance, that develops over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized atmospheric convection and a closed well defined circulation centre. The region also defines a subtropical cyclone as a non-frontal low pressure disturbance, that has the characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. Once either of these classifications are met, then advisories are initiated and the warning centers will classify the system as either a tropical or subtropical depression, if the one-minute sustained winds estimated or measured as less than 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). 996:(JTWC) monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones for the United States Government, assigning them two-digit TC numbers (with suffix "W"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; however, the JTWC uses their own scale for intensity classifications in this basin. These classifications are Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Typhoon, and Super Typhoon. The United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h)—the equivalent of a strong Category 4 storm on the 1490:(ACE) is used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other agencies to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones that are above tropical storm strength and entire tropical cyclone seasons. It is calculated by taking the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed 35 knots or higher) at six-hour intervals. The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. The unit of ACE is 10 kn, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. As well as being squared for ACE, wind speed can also be cubed, which is referred to as the Power Dissipation Index (PDI). 964:

wind speeds between 85–104 kn (44–54 m/s; 98–120 mph; 157–193 km/h), while a violent typhoon has wind speeds of 105 kn (54 m/s; 121 mph; 194 km/h) or greater. The HKO, SMG and the CMA also divide the typhoon category into three categories, with both assigning a maximum wind speed of 80 kn (41 m/s; 92 mph; 150 km/h) to the typhoon category. A severe typhoon has wind speeds of 85–104 kn (44–54 m/s; 98–120 mph; 157–193 km/h), while a super typhoon has winds of 100 kn (51 m/s; 120 mph; 190 km/h). In May 2015, following the damage caused by

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indication of a circulation. A tropical depression or tropical low is a disturbance with a defined circulation, where the central position can be estimated, and the maximum 10-minute average wind speed is less than 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h) near the centre. The FMS numbers these systems when they have a potential to develop into a tropical cyclone or persist to cause significant impact to life and property, within its area of responsibility and have been analysed for the previous 24 hours. The Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale was introduced by the BoM, ahead of the 1989–90 cyclone season.

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introduce the category "severe cyclonic storm with core of hurricane winds" for tropical cyclones, with wind speeds of more than 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h). During 1999 the categories very severe cyclonic Storm and super cyclonic storm were introduced, while the severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds category was eliminated. During 2015, another modification to the scale took place, with the IMD calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 and 119 kn (104 and 137 mph; 167 and 220 km/h): an extremely severe cyclonic storm.

49: 1464:) or suffix "P" (if east of 135°E; spans the whole South Pacific Ocean, merging BoM, PNG-NWS, FMS, and MSNZ AORs together). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in these basins the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any names or placeholders parenthesized, as for typhoons and Indian Ocean cyclones above). 397: 1497:(HSI) is another scale used and rates the severity of all types of tropical and subtropical cyclones based on both the intensity and the size of their wind fields. The HSI is a 0 to 50 point scale, allotting up to 25 points for a tropical cyclone's intensity and up to 25 points for wind field size. Points are awarded on a sliding scale, with the majority of points reserved for hurricane force and greater wind fields. 1349:). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any parenthesized names or placeholders, like typhoons and North Indian Ocean cyclones above). 1459:

The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with either suffix "S" (if originating west of 135°E; spans the whole South Indian

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in JTWC advisories); however, in cases when the JTWC upgrades a depression to tropical storm without the JMA following suit (due to the differences between JTWC and JMA wind-speed scales), the spelled-out number (without the suffix) is parenthesized and appended to the TC number as placeholder name,

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and the JMA, all divide the typhoon category further for domestic purposes. The JMA divides the typhoon category into three categories, with a 10-minute maximum wind speed below 84 kn (43 m/s; 97 mph; 156 km/h) assigned for the (strong) typhoon category. A very strong typhoon has

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For systems below tropical cyclone strength there are various terms used, including Tropical Disturbance, Tropical Low and Tropical Depression. A tropical disturbance is defined as being a non-frontal system of synoptic scale originating over the tropics, with persistent enhanced convection or some

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Although increasing echelons of the scale correspond to stronger winds, the rankings are not absolute in terms of effects. Lower-category storms can inflict greater damage than higher-category storms, depending on factors such as local terrain, population density and total rainfall. For instance, a

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or a subtropical depression when it reaches wind speeds above 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). If a tropical depression reaches wind speeds of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) then it will be classified as a moderate tropical storm and assigned a name by either the Sub Regional Center in

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are only officially classified by the warning centres on one of two scales, which are both based on 10-minute sustained wind speeds: The Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale is used to classify systems within the Australian or South Pacific tropical cyclone basin. The scale used to classify

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in 2013, PAGASA introduced the term Super Typhoon and used it for systems with winds greater than 120 kn (62 m/s; 140 mph; 220 km/h), but later adjusted to at least 99.9 kn (51.4 m/s; 115.0 mph; 185.0 km/h) on March 23, 2022. In 2018, following devastating

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on the Beaufort scale and a Cyclone where the winds are either force 11 and 12 on the Beaufort scale. Between 1924 and 1988, tropical cyclones were classified into four categories: depression, deep depression, cyclonic storms and severe cyclonic storms. However, a change was made during 1988 to

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when it reaches wind speeds of 64 knots (119 km/h; 74 mph). If a tropical cyclone intensify further and reaches wind speeds of 90 knots (170 km/h; 100 mph), it will be classified as an intense tropical cyclone. A very intense tropical cyclone is the highest category on the

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At the tenth RA I tropical cyclone committee held during 1991, it was recommended that the intensity classifications be changed ahead of the 1993–94 tropical cyclone season. Specifically it was decided that the classifications: Weak Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Depression and Severe

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The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with suffix "S" (which spans the whole South Indian Ocean, including both

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get suffix "B"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (optionally appended with international names or

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and the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scales both used in the Western Hemisphere. All of the scales rank tropical cyclones using their maximum sustained winds, which are either observed, measured or estimated using various techniques, over a period between one and ten minutes.

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A minor change to the scale was made ahead of the 2012 hurricane season, with the wind speeds for Categories 3–5 tweaked to eliminate the rounding errors that had occurred during previous seasons, when a hurricane had wind speeds of 115 kn (130 mph; 215 km/h).

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The SSHS was originally created using both wind speed and storm surge, but since the relationship between wind speed and storm surge is not necessarily definite, the scale was changed to the "Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (SSHWS), based entirely on wind speed.

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A tropical disturbance is MFR's generic term for a non-frontal area of low pressure that has organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The system should be estimated to have wind speeds of less than 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).

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However, if a tropical disturbance is capable of producing tropical storm or hurricane conditions on land within 48 hours, then advisories will be initiated and it will be classified as a potential tropical cyclone (PTC) with a two-digit PTC number (for example,

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also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States, also assigning them TC numbers as in all other basins above (albeit in an unofficial manner for this and subsequent basins; cyclones originating in the

775:) that otherwise looks identical to a TC number. Should the system intensify further or already have one-minute sustained winds of 34–63 kn (39–72 mph; 63–117 km/h), then it will be called either a tropical or subtropical storm and 316:

that exist within the North Atlantic Ocean or the North-eastern Pacific Ocean are classified as either tropical depressions or tropical storms. Should a system intensify further and become a hurricane, then it will be classified on the

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hurricane that strikes a major urban area will likely do more damage than a large Category 5 hurricane that strikes a mostly rural region. In fact, tropical systems of less than hurricane strength, as in the case of

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Historically, a system has been classified as a depression if its surface pressure is lower than its surroundings. Other classifications historically used include: cyclonic storm where the winds did not exceed

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If the named storm intensifies further and reaches winds speeds of 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph), then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm. A severe tropical storm is designated as a

332:'s scale uses seven different classifications for systems within the North Indian Ocean, and are based on the systems estimated 3-minute maximum sustained winds. Tropical cyclones that develop in the 792:

Should the tropical system further intensify and have winds estimated or measured, as greater than 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h), then it will be called a hurricane and classified on the

1910: 1004:. Also, when a tropical depression is upgraded to tropical storm and named by the JMA, the JTWC appends the international name (parenthesized) to its TC number (i.e., 2018 tropical depression 736:

or less; these numbers are not recycled until next year) followed by (except for North Atlantic systems) a hyphen and a suffix letter ("-E" for East Pacific, "-C" for Central Pacific);

2317: 372:) above the sea surface. However, the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale is based on wind speed measurements averaged over a 1-minute period, at 10 m (33 ft). The scale used by 1481: 1484:, which measures the destructive potential of the storm surge on the coast; it works on a scale that ranges from one to six, with six having the highest destructive potential. 1436:

Tropical cyclones that occur within the Southern Hemisphere to the east of 90°E are officially monitored by one or more tropical cyclone warning centres. These are run by the

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they are located in. Only a few classifications are used officially by the meteorological agencies monitoring the tropical cyclones, but other scales also exist, such as

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uses four separate classifications for tropical cyclones that exist within the basin, which are based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 10-minute period.

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on one of five tropical cyclone scales. The scale used for a particular tropical cyclone depends on what basin the system is located in; with for example the

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and have a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. They are classified by the wind speeds located around the circulation centre and are ranked, by the

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Tropical Depression would be changed to Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Storm and Severe Tropical Storm. This change was implemented ahead of the

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Tropical cyclones are defined as being warm cored, non-frontal synoptic cyclones, that develop over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized

824:) and that caused large amounts of destruction. This term fell into disuse after the introduction of the Saffir–Simpson scale in the early 1970s. 2623: 2524: 2492: 1477: 215: 1828: 2131: 820:

was used to describe storms that possessed winds of at least 110 knots (130 mph; 200 km/h), large radii (over 160 km / 100

2325: 1572: 780: 2162: 219: 2064: 1473: 466: 373: 143: 269: 193: 380:

and maximum sustained winds averaged over a 10-minute interval. These differences make direct comparisons between basins difficult.

785: 418: 211: 199: 805: 1949: 1756: 1658: 470: 318: 203: 1883: 2735: 383:

Within all basins tropical cyclones are named when the sustained winds reach at least 35 kn (40 mph; 65 km/h).

2766: 2720: 956: 207: 168: 163: 100: 1971: 1753:"Public Information Statement: Minor Modification of Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Thresholds Effective May 15, 2012" 1192: 138: 2701: 1861: 948: 234: 2105: 188: 95: 1727: 462: 444: 361: 2010:(in Filipino). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022 426: 1324:. No matter how strong a subtropical system is in this basin, it is always designated as a subtropical depression. 714: 2267:

Final report on the Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9–13, 2015

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South-West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone scale, and has winds of over 115 knots (213 km/h; 132 mph).

1029: 422: 2265: 1013: 262: 110: 17: 321:, and is based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 1-minute period. In the Western Pacific, the 2135: 2127: 1169: 993: 230: 158: 153: 88: 2745: 376:(RSMC) New Delhi applies a 3-minute averaging period, and the Australian scale is based on both 3-second 312:

are unofficially classified by the warning centres on one of three intensity scales. Tropical cyclones or

2528: 1803: 1608:(Report). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2017 1437: 941: 837: 322: 1487: 298: 2627: 2392:

Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023

1835: 710: 115: 2139: 779:(which replaces the spelled-out TC number; the two-digit number is still kept for purposes like the 1514: 1494: 997: 793: 700: 483: 407: 302: 255: 245: 2297: 1527: 776: 411: 338: 294: 181: 133: 813:, can produce significant damage and human casualties, especially from flooding and landslides. 2761: 2391: 2170: 810: 487: 458: 357: 290: 65: 364:(WMO) and used by most weather agencies is that of a 10-minute average at a height of 10 2068: 1522: 1449: 952: 70: 2569: 2554: 8: 1602: 1312: 1145: 982: 974: 937: 512: 333: 313: 309: 2573: 2424:

Tropical cyclone alerts and warnings summary of procedures within Fiji: 2009–2010 season

2742:. – South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E, south of 10°S 2593: 1665: 1297: 1149: 992:

In addition to the national meteorological services of each nation, the United States'

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

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Any tropical cyclone that develops within the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and

342: 2732: 1025:, until JMA upgrades and names it, on which case the name replaces the placeholder. 2597: 2577: 2044: 2030: 1474:

Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres or the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres

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Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2015

1972:"Press Release: DOST-PAGASA modifies Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system" 1161: 965: 933: 706: 705:

Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere to the east of the

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has its own scale in Chinese but uses the Typhoon Committee scale in English.

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Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean

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Australian Bureau of Meteorology - Understanding tropical cyclone categories

1715: 301:, the Power Dissipation Index, the Integrated Kinetic Energy Index, and the 2589: 2028: 1887: 970: 821: 2696: 2518: 1636: 1216: 1174: 1144:

Any tropical cyclone that develops within the North Indian Ocean between

1068: 922: 909: 896: 883: 870: 857: 502: 105: 2581: 2555:"Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years" 2002:"Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) System (23 March 2022)" 932:

Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the

1722:(Technical report). Florida Sea Grant College Program. pp. 53–54. 1719:

Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms: 1871–1993: An Historical Survey

1441: 1321: 2212:(Report No. TCP-21). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11–12 2132:"What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?" 2460: 2104:. Pearl Harbour, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from 2067:. Pearl Harbour, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from 1317: 377: 2669: 2626:. American Meteorological Society. December 19, 2008. Archived from 2482: 2204: 396: 1697:. Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (U.S.). 2005 1472:

There are other scales that are not officially used by any of the

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Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean

2006: 1448:, Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service and the Australian 2682: 2389: 2295: 960: 2729: – South Pacific Ocean from 125°E to 160°E, north of 10°S 2029:

Government Printing Bureau, MSAR Government (April 16, 2018).

1304:'s La Réunion tropical cyclone centre (MFR, RSMC La Réunion). 762:) is also generated for bulletin and other automated purposes. 2624:"Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season" 2521:"Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season" 1942:"Pagasa revises definition of 'super typhoon,' signal system" 728:

for short) comprising an officially spelled-out number (from

365: 2723: – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 125°E, north of 10°S 2126: 1476:. However they are used by other organizations, such as the 2726: 2663: 1802:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from 2519:

Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2009).

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placeholders in parentheses, as done for typhoons above).

2707: 2688: 1716:

Fred Doehring; Iver W. Duedall; John M. Williams (1994).

2246:(Report). India Meteorological Department. July 14, 2009 1884:"PAGASA redefines 'super typhoon', revises wind signals" 477: 1911:"PAGASA changes super typhoon definition, wind signals" 1834:. Hong Kong Observatory. March 18, 2009. Archived from 1573:

Regional Association IV Hurricane Operational Plan 2017

1397:

122–151 kn (226–280 km/h; 140–174 mph)

2429:(Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from 2205:

WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (June 8, 2015).

1570: 1408:

90–121 kn (167–224 km/h; 104–139 mph)

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Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

1504: 1394:

86–107 kn (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph)

2710: – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S 1419:68–89 kn (126–165 km/h; 78–102 mph) 2748: – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S 2138:– Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Archived from 2033:[Executive Order No. 61/2018] (in Chinese) 1902: 1659:"Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" 1405:64–85 kn (119–157 km/h; 74–98 mph) 1347:BMKG and BoM areas of responsibility west of 135°E 2356:. Météo-France; RSMC La Réunion. pp. 105–106 1794: 1664:. National Hurricane Center. 2009. Archived from 1430:49–67 kn (91–124 km/h; 56–77 mph) 1416:48–63 kn (89–117 km/h; 55–72 mph) 738:a two-digit (plus any suffix) abbreviation (like 345:for use in various French territories, including 2753: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1427:34–47 kn (63–87 km/h; 39–54 mph) 2525:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2493:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1478:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2461:"Tropical Cyclone: Frequently Asked Questions" 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 1933: 1709: 1386:>151 kn (280 km/h; 174 mph) 1383:>107 kn (198 km/h; 123 mph) 2746:Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited 2552: 2224: 2050: 1446:Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika 981:) category together with the severe typhoon ( 781:Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System 263: 2704: – South Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2303:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2291: 2289: 2287: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 1876: 1637:"Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale Information" 1539: 1461: 973:to Macau, SMG introduced the super typhoon ( 27:Scales of the intensity of tropical cyclones 2727:Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service 2658:Regional specialized meteorological centres 2409: 2397:(Report). World Meteorological Organization 1948:. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1578:(Report). World Meteorological Organization 1361:Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale 1177:are assigned suffix "A" while those in the 671: 467:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers 425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2455: 2453: 2451: 1994: 1755:. United States National Weather Service. 1185: 374:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre 270: 256: 2368: 2284: 2185: 2083: 1859: 1797:Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2015 1750: 1639:. National Hurricane Center. May 24, 2013 709:, are officially monitored by either the 445:Learn how and when to remove this message 2390:RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). 2346: 2340: 2296:RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). 2160: 1964: 1744: 1620: 1590: 2666: – North Atlantic, Eastern Pacific 2448: 1346: 14: 2754: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2312: 2310: 1829:"Classifications of Tropical cyclones" 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1759:from the original on November 22, 2015 644: 308:Tropical cyclones that develop in the 1939: 1908: 1862:"Pagasa bares 5 new storm categories" 1467: 1352: 1035: 957:Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau 478:Atlantic, Eastern and Central Pacific 2721:Indonesian Meteorological Department 2318:"Tableau de définition des cyclones" 2280:from the original on April 19, 2016. 840:'s Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale 423:adding citations to reliable sources 390: 2611: 2507: 2475: 2307: 1771: 949:China Meteorological Administration 794:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 471:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 319:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 24: 2463:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology 1940:Sarao, Zacarian (March 24, 2022). 1603:National Hurricane Operations Plan 1480:. An example of such scale is the 831: 47: 25: 2783: 2645: 2273:. Bangkok, Thailand. p. 10. 463:World Meteorological Organization 362:World Meteorological Organization 287:tropical cyclone intensity scales 2733:Australian Bureau of Meteorology 2715:Tropical cyclone warning centres 2670:Central Pacific Hurricane Center 2553:Kerry Emanuel (August 4, 2005). 1978:. March 23, 2022. Archived from 1860:Cervantes, Ding (May 16, 2015). 1507: 1196:Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale 1046:Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale 940:are officially monitored by the 715:Central Pacific Hurricane Center 395: 239: 2689:India Meteorological Department 2546: 2258: 2154: 2120: 2022: 1853: 1482:Integrated Kinetic Energy index 1339:1993–94 tropical cyclone season 1154:India Meteorological Department 1043:India Meteorological Department 758:for Central Pacific depression 330:India Meteorological Department 2702:Météo-France – La Reunion 2065:"Products and Services Notice" 1909:Arceo, Acor (March 23, 2022). 1821: 1683: 1651: 1030:Central Weather Administration 742:for North Atlantic depression 13: 1: 2161:交通部中央氣象局 (February 1, 2008). 1533: 386: 2767:Tropical cyclone meteorology 2664:US National Hurricane Center 2136:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 2128:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 2102:"Frequently Asked Questions" 1462:MFR's area of responsibility 1311:A system is designated as a 1170:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 994:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 989:) category as that of HKO. 750:for East Pacific depression 720:Also, it will be assigned a 246:Tropical cyclones portal 7: 2708:Fiji Meteorological Service 2683:Japan Meteorological Agency 2675:September 23, 2011, at the 2483:"Integrated Kinetic Energy" 1751:Tew, Mark (March 1, 2012). 1695:repository.library.noaa.gov 1571:RA IV Hurricane Committee. 1500: 1438:Fiji Meteorological Service 942:Japan Meteorological Agency 892:Severe tropical storm 323:ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 10: 2788: 1795:Typhoon Committee (2015). 1488:Accumulated cyclone energy 698: 299:accumulated cyclone energy 285:are ranked on one of five 1016:, but was referred to as 918:Tropical depression 866:Very strong typhoon 711:National Hurricane Center 670: 643: 618: 593: 568: 543: 518: 511: 506: 501: 496: 493: 2350:Cyclone Season 1992–1993 1515:Tropical cyclones portal 1495:Hurricane Severity Index 1028:In addition, the Taiwan 303:Hurricane Severity Index 198:Lists of retired names: 194:List of historical names 128:Climatology and tracking 2679: – Central Pacific 1528:Tropical cyclone naming 1186:South-West Indian Ocean 816:Historically, the term 722:tropical cyclone number 488:maximum sustained winds 339:South-West Indian Ocean 295:tropical cyclone basins 291:maximum sustained winds 182:Tropical cyclone naming 2738:July 23, 2008, at the 2324:. 2008. Archived from 1193:Southwest Indian Ocean 1014:Tropical Storm Bebinca 986: 978: 811:Tropical Storm Allison 459:atmospheric convection 139:Climate change effects 66:Central dense overcast 52: 2173:on September 23, 2015 1523:Rapid intensification 1450:Bureau of Meteorology 1064:Super Cyclonic Storm 953:Hong Kong Observatory 289:, according to their 51: 2436:on November 18, 2015 2347:Le Goff, Guy (ed.). 2142:on September 1, 2013 1809:on November 10, 2020 1152:is monitored by the 998:Saffir–Simpson scale 701:Saffir–Simpson scale 484:Saffir–Simpson scale 419:improve this section 314:subtropical cyclones 169:Rainfall climatology 164:Rainfall forecasting 101:Warnings and watches 2582:10.1038/nature03906 2574:2005Natur.436..686E 2534:on January 18, 2008 2328:on January 23, 2009 1363: 1313:tropical depression 1198: 1048: 841: 490: 360:recommended by the 334:Southern Hemisphere 310:Northern Hemisphere 35:Part of a series on 2685: – NW Pacific 2495:. February 7, 2009 2130:(March 31, 2008). 2108:on October 4, 2013 2045:Portuguese version 1982:on August 23, 2022 1952:on August 23, 2022 1921:on August 23, 2022 1691:"Hurricane Basics" 1468:Alternative scales 1359: 1353:Australia and Fiji 1190: 1096:118–165 km/h 1084:166–220 km/h 1040: 1036:North Indian Ocean 887:118–156 km/h 874:157–193 km/h 836: 482: 356:The definition of 53: 2630:on March 14, 2009 2031:"《第61/2018號行政命令》" 1841:on March 30, 2012 1671:on August 6, 2009 1460:Ocean, including 1434: 1433: 1294: 1293: 1237:Tropical Cyclone 1227:Tropical Cyclone 1212:Tropical Cyclone 1142: 1141: 1108:89–117 km/h 1059: 969:damage caused by 930: 929: 900:89–117 km/h 697: 696: 455: 454: 447: 283:Tropical cyclones 280: 279: 204:Pacific hurricane 41:Tropical cyclones 16:(Redirected from 2779: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2527:. Archived from 2516: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2237: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2169:. Archived from 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2098: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1917:. Archived from 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1890:. March 23, 2022 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1792: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1633: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1599: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1568: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1440:, New Zealand's 1364: 1358: 1330:tropical cyclone 1300:is monitored by 1205:Sustained winds 1199: 1189: 1138:31–50 km/h 1128:51–62 km/h 1123:Deep Depression 1118:63–88 km/h 1077:Extremely Severe 1057: 1049: 1039: 1023:TS 16W (SIXTEEN) 1018:TS 20W (BEBINCA) 913:62–88 km/h 853:Violent typhoon 848:Sustained winds 842: 835: 763: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 639: 634: 629: 624: 614: 609: 604: 599: 589: 584: 579: 574: 564: 559: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 491: 481: 450: 443: 439: 436: 430: 399: 391: 351:French Polynesia 272: 265: 258: 244: 243: 242: 32: 31: 21: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2752: 2751: 2740:Wayback Machine 2677:Wayback Machine 2648: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2568:(7051): 686–8. 2557: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2517: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2071:on June 9, 2017 2063: 2062: 2051: 2036: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 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81: 80: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2785: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2686: 2680: 2667: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2646:External links 2644: 2642: 2641: 2610: 2545: 2506: 2474: 2447: 2408: 2367: 2339: 2306: 2283: 2257: 2223: 2184: 2167:www.cwb.gov.tw 2153: 2119: 2082: 2049: 2021: 1993: 1963: 1932: 1901: 1875: 1852: 1820: 1770: 1743: 1728: 1708: 1682: 1650: 1619: 1589: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1499: 1469: 1466: 1444:, Indonesia's 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1354: 1351: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1187: 1184: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082:90–119 kt 1080: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1037: 1034: 1002:super typhoons 966:Typhoon Haiyan 928: 927: 926:≤61 km/h 919: 915: 914: 906: 902: 901: 893: 889: 888: 880: 876: 875: 867: 863: 862: 854: 850: 849: 846: 833: 830: 699:Main article: 695: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 479: 476: 453: 452: 435:September 2017 403: 401: 394: 388: 385: 341:is defined by 278: 277: 275: 274: 267: 260: 252: 249: 248: 235:Media coverage 227: 226: 223: 222: 196: 191: 185: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2784: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762:Hazard scales 2760: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693:Bay of Bengal 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2327: 2323: 2320:(in French). 2319: 2313: 2311: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2032: 2025: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1863: 1856: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1731: 1729:0-912747-08-0 1725: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1242:118–165 km/h 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232:166–212 km/h 1229: 1224: 1223: 1220:>212 km/h 1218: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1180: 1179:Bay of Bengal 1176: 1171: 1168:The American 1166: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1136:17–27 kt 1135: 1132: 1131: 1126:28–33 kt 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116:34–47 kt 1115: 1112: 1111: 1106:48–63 kt 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094:64–89 kt 1093: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 962: 958: 955:(HKO), Macao 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 934:anti-meridian 924: 920: 917: 916: 911: 907: 904: 903: 898: 894: 891: 890: 885: 881: 878: 877: 872: 868: 865: 864: 859: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 843: 839: 829: 825: 823: 819: 814: 812: 807: 801: 797: 795: 790: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 707:anti-meridian 702: 690: 685: 680: 675: 669: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 636: 631: 626: 621: 617: 611: 606: 601: 596: 592: 586: 581: 576: 571: 567: 561: 556: 551: 546: 542: 536: 531: 526: 521: 517: 514: 509: 504: 499: 492: 489: 485: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 449: 446: 438: 428: 424: 420: 414: 413: 409: 404:This section 402: 398: 393: 392: 384: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 347:New Caledonia 344: 340: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 253: 251: 250: 247: 236: 232: 229: 228: 221: 220:South Pacific 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 178: 177: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 125: 124: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 85: 84: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18:Super typhoon 2632:. 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Retrieved 1492: 1486: 1471: 1458: 1454: 1435: 1360: 1356: 1343: 1335: 1326: 1310: 1306: 1302:Météo-France 1295: 1290:<50 km/h 1285:Disturbance 1254:89–117 km/h 1210:Very Intense 1191: 1167: 1158: 1143: 1041: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 987:Tufão severo 971:Typhoon Hato 946: 931: 869:85–104 826: 817: 815: 802: 798: 791: 786:TS 12 (KIRK) 784: 772: 768: 765: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 733: 729: 725: 721: 719: 704: 456: 441: 432: 417:Please help 405: 382: 355: 343:Météo-France 327: 307: 286: 281: 148: 111:Preparedness 29: 2697:Arabian Sea 2634:January 16, 2538:January 16, 2499:January 18, 2467:November 7, 2440:November 7, 2401:October 23, 2360:November 7, 2332:January 14, 2250:October 31, 2112:October 14, 2075:October 14, 1763:November 7, 1643:November 8, 1612:October 14, 1278:51–62 km/h 1273:Depression 1266:63–88 km/h 1175:Arabian Sea 1133:Depression 1089:Very Severe 979:Super tufão 908:34–47 895:48–63 882:64–84 752:TWENTYONE-E 486:, 1-minute 159:Forecasting 154:Observation 106:Storm surge 71:Development 2756:Categories 2014:August 23, 1986:August 23, 1956:August 23, 1925:August 23, 1675:August 17, 1534:References 1442:MetService 1322:Madagascar 1288:<28 kt 1230:90–115 kt 1067:≥120 983:Portuguese 975:Portuguese 856:≥105 838:RSMC Tokyo 387:Background 378:wind gusts 293:and which 216:Australian 212:Philippine 2216:March 29, 1894:March 28, 1864:. ABS-CBN 1370:Sustained 1318:Mauritius 1276:28–33 kt 1264:34–47 kt 1252:48–63 kt 1240:64–89 kt 1012:, became 921:≤33 845:Category 726:TC number 494:Category 406:does not 368:(33 96:By Region 60:Structure 2736:Archived 2695:and the 2691: – 2673:Archived 2590:16056221 2275:Archived 2177:July 31, 1845:July 27, 1757:Archived 1736:June 18, 1582:June 29, 1501:See also 1367:Category 1283:Tropical 1271:Tropical 1259:Moderate 1215:>115 1202:Category 1162:force 10 1052:Category 1008:, abbr. 1006:TWENTY-W 879:Typhoon 200:Atlantic 116:Response 2598:2368280 2570:Bibcode 2007:YouTube 1915:Rappler 1868:May 20, 1732:. TP-71 1225:Intense 959:(SMG), 773:PTC-15E 760:THREE-C 713:or the 638:119–153 613:154–177 588:178–208 583:111–129 563:209–251 558:130–156 553:113–136 427:removed 412:sources 231:Outline 189:History 89:Effects 2596: 2588: 2562:Nature 1726: 1402:Three 1375:Gusts 1247:Severe 1103:Storm 1021:as in 1010:TD 20W 961:PAGASA 951:, the 769:PTC-09 756:TD 03C 748:TD 21E 734:THIRTY 665:63–118 608:96–110 578:96–112 149:Scales 134:Basins 2594:S2CID 2558:(PDF) 2532:(PDF) 2434:(PDF) 2427:(PDF) 2395:(PDF) 2354:(PDF) 2301:(PDF) 2278:(PDF) 2271:(PDF) 2244:(PDF) 2210:(PDF) 1839:(PDF) 1832:(PDF) 1807:(PDF) 1800:(PDF) 1669:(PDF) 1662:(PDF) 1606:(PDF) 1576:(PDF) 1391:Four 1380:Five 1372:winds 1146:100°E 938:100°E 923:knots 910:knots 897:knots 884:knots 871:knots 858:knots 754:, or 744:EIGHT 740:TD 08 660:39–73 655:34–63 650:18–32 633:74–95 628:64–82 623:33–42 603:83–95 598:43–49 573:50–58 548:58–70 538:≥ 252 533:≥ 157 528:≥ 137 523:≥ 70 503:knots 144:RSMCs 2772:Wind 2636:2009 2605:2010 2586:PMID 2540:2008 2501:2009 2469:2015 2442:2015 2403:2023 2362:2015 2334:2009 2252:2015 2218:2015 2179:2012 2163:"特輯" 2148:2008 2114:2018 2077:2018 2039:2024 2016:2022 1988:2022 1958:2022 1927:2022 1896:2022 1870:2015 1847:2012 1815:2015 1765:2015 1738:2024 1724:ISBN 1703:2023 1677:2009 1645:2015 1614:2018 1584:2017 1493:The 1424:One 1413:Two 1298:90°E 1150:45°E 1148:and 1000:—as 947:The 936:and 724:(or 692:≤ 62 687:≤ 38 682:≤ 33 677:≤ 17 513:km/h 410:any 408:cite 349:and 328:The 2578:doi 2566:436 1320:or 789:). 771:or 732:to 730:ONE 508:mph 498:m/s 465:'s 421:by 76:Eye 2758:: 2613:^ 2592:. 2584:. 2576:. 2564:. 2560:. 2523:. 2509:^ 2491:. 2485:. 2450:^ 2411:^ 2370:^ 2309:^ 2286:^ 2226:^ 2187:^ 2165:. 2134:. 2085:^ 2052:^ 2004:. 1974:. 1944:. 1913:. 1886:. 1773:^ 1693:. 1622:^ 1592:^ 1541:^ 1341:. 1217:kt 1069:kt 985:: 977:: 822:mi 746:, 672:TD 645:TS 619:1 594:2 569:3 544:4 519:5 370:ft 353:. 305:. 218:, 214:, 210:, 206:, 202:, 2638:. 2607:. 2580:: 2572:: 2542:. 2503:. 2471:. 2444:. 2405:. 2364:. 2336:. 2254:. 2220:. 2181:. 2150:. 2116:. 2079:. 2047:) 2043:( 2041:. 2018:. 1990:. 1960:. 1929:. 1898:. 1872:. 1849:. 1817:. 1767:. 1740:. 1705:. 1679:. 1647:. 1616:. 1586:. 448:) 442:( 437:) 433:( 429:. 415:. 366:m 271:e 264:t 257:v 20:)

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