1409:'s 35th Army made a flanking movement to the west of the Mongolian headquarters at Bailingmiao and later attacked it. The Chinese first launched suicide attacks until the city gates were broken through with some trucks. They then proceeded to drive the defending Inner Mongolian 7th Cavalry Division from Bailingmiao, giving them heavy casualties. The Mongols lost three hundred to nine hundred killed, three hundred wounded, and three hundred captured. A large amount of supplies also fell into Nationalist hands, including bags of flour, cans of petrol, rifles, machine guns, motor vehicles and field guns. The vehicles and artillery pieces were later presented as evidence of Japan's involvement in the operation.
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96:
1295:. The Japanese knew of his ambitions to create an independent Mongolian state and wanted to use him for their own purpose, while the Prince considered allying them in order to obtain weapons and training for his Mongolian Army. In 1933, the Kwantung Army made the project to win over the Mongolian nobility to their side a priority. The Japanese took advantage of the disputes for increased autonomy between the Mongolians and the
1452:, where he was forced to rebuild his army due to the considerable losses it had sustained. New regulations were made for the Mongolian Army by the Japanese to improve its performance and the recruitment of new soldiers had begun. However, small-scale combat still continued in the Suiyuan province until the beginning of open hostilities as a result of the
1424:
The defeat of Japanâs proxy forces encouraged many
Chinese into pushing for a more active resistance against the Japanese. The victory in Suiyuan was celebrated across China and shocked the international press, being the first time that the Chinese army stopped a Japanese force. Delegations arrived
1397:
on 14 November. A large attack was launched by the
Mongolians the next day, but they were repulsed. Over the next couple of days they continued to launch assaults against the city's walls, but were beaten back and sustained considerable casualties. The Mongolian troops did not lack courage but were
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The
Japanese-backed forces which entered the region included the Inner Mongolian Army of about 10,000 men and the Grand Han Righteous Army, which was about 6,000 strong. These troops were supported by an unknown number of Japanese "advisers" with small groups of them being embedded in each
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The invasion began in
October 1936, with the main force consisting of Prince De Wang's and Wang Ying's troops, while Li Shouxin and his detachment remained in reserve. The first contact between Nationalist and Inner Mongolian forces occurred at the town of
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garrison in the
Suiyuan province was reinforced by troops sent from Nanjing by the Kuomintang government, including an elite anti-aircraft battalion. This resulted in four Japanese planes being shot down during raids prior to the beginning of the campaign.
1169:. The entire operation was overseen by Japanese staff officers. The campaign was unsuccessful, mostly due to lack of training and low morale among the Mongolians and other collaborators. The defense of Suiyuan, one of the first major successes of China's
1311:
and came to an agreement regarding JapanâMongolia cooperation. The
Japanese promised him military and financial assistance to take over Inner Mongolia and eventually create a Mongolian state. In February 1936 he proclaimed the creation of the
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nobles that supported him, along with other
Chinese collaborators. The main force of the Mongolian Army was about 10,000 strong, divided into eight divisions, though they were poorly armed. Li Shouxin's Mongol detachment from the
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the following year. Prince De's Inner
Mongolian army was rebuilt with Japanese assistance and by the time war broke out in July 1937, his force consisted of 20,000 men in eight cavalry divisions. These troops participated in
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from as far away as the southern
Chinese provinces to urge the defenders to keep fighting. Captured Japanese weapons and equipment were used by the Chinese as evidence of Japan's involvement in the operation, although
1468:
The area was also visited by the
Chinese photographer Fang Dazeng during that time, who took pictures of the warzone. His photos mostly covered the Suiyuan campaign and are now in the National Museum of China.
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to bring Prince De Wang to their side with promises of providing weapons and helping him take over Inner Mongolia. In 1934, they occupied several Mongolian leagues and armed the Mongol army of the warlord
1165:. The Japanese government denied taking part in the operation, but the Inner Mongolians and the other collaborationist Chinese troops received air support from Japanese planes and were assisted by the
1412:
Although that marked the end of the Mongolian Army's invasion, small-scale fighting continued in Suiyuan over the next several months until the beginning of open hostilities resulting from the
1320:
as its calendar, and Prince De swore "to recover the original land of the Mongols, and to complete the great mission of national revival." The new state only controlled the northern
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The Empire of Japan had been pursuing its expansionist ambitions in China since the late 19th century, and the situation began escalating in the early 1930s. In September 1931, the
966:
401:
1249:. However, due to the lingering Japanese territorial ambitions and Chinese public opinion being against the harsh terms of the agreement, it was only a temporary respite.
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recognizing the greater threat of Japan and agreeing to work together to fight the Japanese, was thought to be partly influenced by the events of the Suiyuan campaign.
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not adequately trained for that kind of assault. A final attack was attempted on 16 November during a snowstorm but it was also beaten back by the Chinese defenders.
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collaborationist unit. They were opposed by the Chinese Nationalist 35th and 19th Army, as well as some local forces, which in total numbered about 45,000 men.
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wanted to use the Mongols as a method of obstructing the Chinese government's control over northern China. In 1929, they made contact with Prince
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On 17 November, a Chinese counterattack surprised the invaders and led to a disorganized retreat back to their headquarters at
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had been considered by Japanese government circles since the early 20th century. Throughout the 1930s the Japanese
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during which Japanese regular and allied Inner Mongol forces finally captured eastern Suiyuan province.
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Following his defeat there, Prince Demchugdongrub and his Inner Mongolian troops retreated to northern
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International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Chapter 5: Japanese Aggression Against China
1834:"The Army that Never Was: The Unrealistic 1936 Kwantung Army Plan for an Inner Mongolian Army"
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of Japan, stated that "Japan was not involved in this conflict in Suiyuan at all." The
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Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931â45, China and Manchukuo
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Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
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Suiyuan 1936: Images of the Anti-Japanese War by Missing Photographer Fang Dazeng
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for several months to lay the ground work for the coming invasion. Meanwhile, an
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province initially, but plans were soon made to expand into the neighboring
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during a grandiose ceremony. The new government adopted the birthday of
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was created out of the forces loyal to Prince Demchugdongrub and other
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TIME Magazine (23 October 1933), "Inner Mongolia for Inner Mongolians"
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An Inner Mongolian cavalry unit of Prince De's personal guard, 1935
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completely occupying the three northeastern provinces of China and
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1682:. China Pictorial. Published July 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
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1210:. The Kwantung Army later took part in establishing the Japanese
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over Japanese-supported forces, greatly improved Chinese morale.
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TIME Magazine (11 December 1933), "Generalissimoâs Last Straw"
1161:. The attempted invasion occurred in 1936, shortly before the
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300â900 Inner Mongolians killed, 300 wounded, and 300 captured
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1905:
T'ao-Lin(Hongge'ertu), Shengdu, Suiyuan â Chahar border
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At least 1 Japanese adviser killed, 4 planes destroyed
1747:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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had formed his own collaborationist force called the
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Japanese intelligence operatives had been working in
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and Japan ended in May 1933 with the signing of the
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TIME Magazine (12 February 1934), "The Word is Out"
1743:Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911â1949
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1899:Pai-ling-miao, Wu Chuan area of Suiyuan Province
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1892:TIME Magazine (26 July 1937), "Another "Kuo"?"
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1206:who had ruled the region, the "Young Marshal"
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352:~30 advisers, motor vehicles, and 28 aircraft
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1808:China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations
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1275:region as a buffer state against China and
16:Campaign in the Japanese invasions of China
1810:]. Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
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1781:MacKinnon, Stephen; Lary, Diana (2007).
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1071:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931â1936)
1012:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894â1895)
1926:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
1784:China at War: Regions of China, 1937â45
1724:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1702:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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1229:. Shortly after that the three eastern
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1149:, two forces founded and supported by
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372:Most of Wang Ying's forces eliminated
43:Chinese field gun crew at Bailingmiao
1479:Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
1218:in 1932 under the rule of the last
31:Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
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1832:Boyd, James (9 September 2013).
1379:Order of battle Suiyuan campaign
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1787:. Stanford University Press.
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1253:Mongolian military government
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1850:10.1080/10371397.2013.816238
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1921:Battles involving Mengjiang
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1441:(the Nationalists) and the
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1171:National Revolutionary Army
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855:North Burma and West Yunnan
79:Nationalist Chinese victory
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1987:
1766:. Helion and Company Ltd.
1739:Gillin, Donald G. (1967).
1454:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1414:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
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1314:Mongol Military Government
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976:Military campaigns of the
1720:Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010).
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1163:Second Sino-Japanese War
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1141:) was an attempt by the
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414:Second Sino-Japanese War
1762:Jowett, Philip (2004).
1443:Chinese Communist Party
1351:Manchukuo Imperial Army
1081:French Indochina (1940)
296:Anti-aircraft battalion
1961:History of Zhangjiakou
1304:as part of this plan.
1271:The idea of using the
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1167:Imperial Japanese Army
908:West HenanâNorth Hubei
146:Commanders and leaders
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362:Casualties and losses
1951:November 1936 events
1802:Ruigui, Gui (2005).
1705:. Harper Perennial.
1342:Inner Mongolian Army
1233:âancient regions of
1143:Inner Mongolian Army
309:Inner Mongolian Army
1946:October 1936 events
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835:Sichuan (cancelled)
1971:Military campaigns
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625:Yellow River flood
539:Railway Operation
1966:History of Hohhot
1931:Conflicts in 1936
1817:978-7-214-03034-4
1773:978-1-874622-21-5
1754:978-0-374-90640-5
1712:978-0-06-093130-8
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1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:äžćœææ„æäșæŁéąæćșäœæèź°
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1668:Gillin (1967)
1664:
1657:
1656:Jowett (2004)
1652:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:Ruigui (2005)
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:Jowett (2004)
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1597:, pp. 151â153
1596:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1565:Jowett (2004)
1561:
1555:, pp. 149â151
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:Jowett (2004)
1504:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:HachirĆ Arita
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Kwantung Army
1278:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Kwantung Army
1190:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:TaishĆ period
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Ryukyu (1879)
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Taiwan (1874)
995:
994:
993:
992:
986:
981:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
950:
947:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
916:
915:
911:
909:
906:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
876:
875:
871:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
852:
850:
849:
845:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
830:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
796:
792:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Central Hubei
749:
747:
746:North Vietnam
744:
742:
741:
740:
735:
733:
732:
728:
727:
723:
722:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
706:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:South Guangxi
688:
686:
685:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:
660:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
629:
627:
626:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
553:
549:
548:TianjinâPukou
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
534:
531:
530:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
503:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
444:
443:Lytton Report
441:
440:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
416:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
385:
382:
369:
366:
365:
360:
356:
350:
328:
325:
324:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
278:
267:
254:
249:
238:
227:
226:
215:
213:
208:
202:
197:
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
162:
161:
155:
150:
149:
144:
141:
129:
128:Supported by:
125:
114:
104:
102:
97:
92:
91:
86:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1908:
1841:
1837:
1807:
1803:
1783:
1763:
1742:
1721:
1701:
1675:
1663:
1635:
1580:Bulag (2010)
1560:
1548:
1536:
1467:
1447:
1423:
1411:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1364:The Chinese
1363:
1335:
1332:Preparations
1318:Genghis Khan
1306:
1270:
1247:Tanggu Truce
1212:puppet state
1186:
1116:
1100:
1098:
1064:ShĆwa period
1062:
1061:
1038:
1037:
1032:Korea (1910)
991:Meiji period
989:
912:
898:
889:4th Changsha
880:
879:
872:
853:
846:
827:
795:3rd Changsha
793:
788:2nd Changsha
786:
781:South Shanxi
779:
772:
760:
737:
736:
729:
711:West Suiyuan
703:
689:
684:1st Changsha
682:
668:
661:
630:
623:
587:
573:
562:Pingxingguan
554:
527:2nd Shanghai
525:
496:
472:1st Shanghai
354:
302:Reserve army
299:Cavalry army
223:
212:Wang Jingguo
158:
127:
88:Belligerents
1640:Boyd (2013)
1616:, pp. 52â53
1403:Bailingmiao
1201:Nationalist
1138:Suien jiken
821:Yenangyaung
762:South Henan
756:South Anhui
697:Kunlun Pass
595:Taierzhuang
357:~16,000 men
251: [
248:Bao Yueqing
186: [
1915:Categories
1541:Bix (2001)
1485:References
1439:Kuomintang
1388:Operations
1328:province.
1302:Li Shouxin
1289:Kuomintang
1177:Background
914:West Hunan
866:Mount Song
848:West Hubei
768:West Hubei
643:Wenxi fire
638:Wanjialing
487:Great Wall
336:10,000 men
326:45,000 men
237:Li Shouxin
67:province,
1941:Mengjiang
1858:145789048
1420:Aftermath
1355:Wang Ying
1346:Mongolian
1259:Mengjiang
1239:Manchuria
1216:Manchukuo
1197:defeating
1132:romanized
861:Myitkyina
841:1943â1945
724:1940â1942
619:Chongqing
505:1937â1939
450:Jiangqiao
433:Manchuria
345:6,000 men
293:19th Army
290:35th Army
266:Wang Ying
183:Li Fuying
172:Tang Enbo
1826:Journals
1699:(2001).
1670:, p. 236
1543:, p. 272
1531:, p. 154
1473:See also
1461:and the
1407:Fu Zuoyi
1123:Japanese
894:Hengyang
774:Shanggao
663:Nanchang
581:Massacre
321:Strength
160:Fu Zuoyi
60:Location
29:Part of
1658:, p. 56
1582:, p. 43
1510:, p. 55
1395:Hongort
1338:Suiyuan
1326:Suiyuan
1309:Xinjing
1293:Nanjing
1223:emperor
1204:warlord
1155:Suiyuan
1134::
1105:Chinese
934:Taihoku
927:Air War
920:Guangxi
882:Ichi-Go
874:Changde
816:Toungoo
806:Tachiao
607:Lanfeng
575:Nanking
556:Taiyuan
497:Suiyuan
460:Jinzhou
367:Unknown
65:Suiyuan
1856:
1814:
1791:
1770:
1751:
1728:
1709:
1567:, p. 7
1450:Chahar
1429:, the
1322:Chahar
1277:Russia
1115::
1113:pinyin
1107::
811:Oktwin
716:Wuyuan
676:Swatow
655:Hainan
650:Canton
589:Xuzhou
567:Xinkou
521:Chahar
465:Harbin
438:Mukden
355:Total:
137:
76:Result
1854:S2CID
1806:[
1690:Books
1490:Notes
632:Wuhan
255:]
190:]
1812:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1227:Puyi
1220:Qing
1145:and
1127:ç¶é äș件
1109:ç¶é ææ°
1099:The
614:Amoy
492:Rehe
52:Date
1846:doi
1214:of
1917::
1852:.
1842:33
1840:.
1836:.
1646:^
1621:^
1602:^
1587:^
1572:^
1515:^
1498:^
1225:,
1129:,
1125::
1121:;
1111:;
253:zh
188:zh
1860:.
1848::
1820:.
1797:.
1776:.
1757:.
1734:.
1715:.
1103:(
968:e
961:t
954:v
403:e
396:t
389:v
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