609:
594:
67:
42:
76:
912:
and found that slavery was "well established" in the region, used to "feed the courts of coastal kings as it was used in the medieval empires of the interior." Between the process of capture, enslavement, and "incorporation into a new community, the slave had neither rights nor any social identity."
569:
Average annual temperatures range from 23 to 29 °C (73 to 84 °F). Average temperatures in the coldest months are above 20 °C (68 °F) and above 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest months. Daily temperatures fluctuate by up to 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The summer
799:
According to some modern historians, of all the regions of Africa, western Sudan "is the one that has seen the longest development of agriculture, of markets and long-distance trade, and of complex political systems." It is also the first region "south of the Sahara where
African
790:
which are suited to the low levels of rainfall. With increasing levels of drought since the 1970s, pastoralists have needed to move southwards to search for grazing areas and have come into conflict with more settled agriculturalists.
908:," totaling over a thousand years for the Saharan and four centuries for the Atlantic trades. As a result, slavery critically shaped the institutions and systems of the Sudan. The Portuguese first arrived at
574:
brings rain from the equator. Annual precipitation ranges from 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) in the north to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south. During the dry winter season (
2147:
782:
The
Sudanian savanna is used by both pastoralists and farmers. Cattle are predominantly the livestock kept, but in some areas, sheep and goats are also kept. The main crops grown are
322:
1064:
West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from
Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the
575:
1989:
147:
509:. It extends over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) in a band several hundred kilometers wide across Africa. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in
164:
1303:
398:
156:
522:
630:
The
Sudanian savanna is characterized by the coexistence of trees and grasses. Dominant tree species are often belonging to the
19:
This article is about the bioregion to the south of the Sahel. For the two neighboring countries in North-eastern Africa, see
2034:
1260:
1184:
1139:
913:
As a result, the identity of people who were enslaved "came from membership in a corporate group, usually based on kinship."
405:
of the larger
African Massive division. Physiography divides this province into three distinct physiographic sections, the
1543:
2157:
2187:
1235:
168:
2137:
2097:
477:
2122:
2112:
1296:
2127:
1869:
1563:
2182:
2177:
2107:
2102:
1884:
1381:
259:
2132:
2009:
1466:
2197:
2192:
2172:
2152:
2117:
896:, many people from the Sudan were used as "a steady steam of slaves for the Mediterranean world" in the
2167:
2162:
2142:
1844:
1289:
426:
1779:
152:
670:. Much of the Sudanian savanna region is used in the form of parklands, where useful trees, such as
546:
349:
243:
1979:
1496:
956:
837:
434:
402:
160:
1174:
1921:
1879:
1874:
1789:
1652:
1471:
1391:
1386:
1129:
703:
465:
442:
345:
182:
90:
86:
1575:
942:
930:
905:
869:
825:
1396:
8:
1994:
1974:
1839:
1511:
1419:
976:
922:
897:
829:
821:
813:
558:
310:
107:
2054:
1959:
1568:
1516:
1035:
998:
994:
951:
675:
614:
326:
112:
1057:
1984:
1964:
1916:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1704:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1256:
1231:
1180:
1135:
1040:
1022:
901:
458:
414:
94:
274:
2076:
2049:
2029:
2014:
1889:
1553:
1531:
1030:
1012:
767:
711:
679:
635:
190:
124:
1155:
849:
2071:
1864:
1799:
1784:
1749:
1719:
1615:
1332:
1127:
1084:
833:
735:
571:
410:
365:
198:
1969:
933:
was formed in what would become the present
Sudanese and South Sudanese states.
2059:
1894:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1709:
1682:
1600:
1548:
1521:
1506:
1481:
1424:
1401:
1337:
1324:
893:
853:
841:
454:
450:
314:
2091:
1859:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1582:
1486:
1106:
1026:
727:
643:
506:
494:
473:
1312:
1017:
608:
2019:
1834:
1672:
1592:
1526:
1501:
1439:
1044:
926:
865:
857:
631:
623:
619:
602:
526:
518:
386:
341:
2004:
1949:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1854:
1849:
1826:
1697:
1667:
1662:
1411:
1371:
1366:
881:
861:
719:
654:
554:
469:
446:
406:
233:
229:
24:
593:
1954:
1928:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1692:
1677:
1642:
1558:
1376:
1344:
1003:
909:
648:
598:
502:
498:
269:
225:
999:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
2024:
1944:
1814:
1491:
1476:
1454:
817:
671:
582:
430:
318:
1281:
1769:
1759:
1630:
1354:
666:
660:
642:
species are also important. The dominant grass species are usually
66:
41:
1647:
1605:
1536:
1349:
845:
783:
774:). Most large mammals are now very limited in range and numbers.
759:
751:
702:
Many large mammals are native to the
Sudanian savanna, including
683:
538:
510:
490:
334:
302:
299:
186:
47:
1128:
Alain
Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande (2013).
585:
northeasterly wind is bringing hot and dry air from the Sahara.
2039:
1999:
1774:
1657:
1359:
1316:
1172:
1058:
International
Association for the History of Religions (1959),
787:
691:
639:
338:
306:
2148:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2044:
1687:
877:
801:
687:
550:
534:
530:
348:
forms a transition zone between the
Sudanian savanna and the
330:
137:
119:
93:
ecoregions comprising the Sudan bioregion and divided by the
75:
20:
872:
were created in the territories that now form the states of
864:
spread to a wide area. During the European colonial period,
1637:
1459:
873:
743:
542:
514:
333:, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a
194:
142:
993:
202:
51:
997:; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; et al. (2017-04-05).
904:
in the fifteenth century, "people were directed to the
1990:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
1228:
Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, volume II
1134:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 11.
378:
929:was created in the area that would become Mali and
1011:(6): 534–545, Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
2089:
429:divides the Sudanian savanna bioregion into two
1201:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1230:. New York: Facts on File, 2005. p. 211.
1297:
371:
389:', referring to Africa south of the Sahel.
217:2,550,451 km (984,735 sq mi)
54:are found migrating along freshwater bodies
1304:
1290:
1173:Jayalaxshmi Mistry; Andrea Beradi (2014).
1166:
682:and others are spared from cutting, while
612:Sudanian savanna with bunchgrass tufts of
1079:
1077:
1034:
1016:
392:
607:
592:
344:. To the Sudan's south, the more humid
1255:. Farmington Hills. pp. 752, 758.
977:"East Sudanian savanna | DOPA Explorer"
694:or other crops are cultivated beneath.
317:in the west. It represents the central
2090:
1074:
812:Its medieval history is marked by the
2035:Portuguese-speaking African countries
1311:
1285:
1176:World Savannas: Ecology and Human Use
337:between the Sudanian savanna and the
1253:New Encyclopedia of Africa, volume 4
1068:, 'Land of the Blacks', by the Arabs
1203:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
372:
305:that runs east and west across the
13:
1148:
14:
2209:
1062:, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131,
16:African region south of the Sahel
1250:
74:
65:
40:
1269:
1244:
1220:
1206:
1179:. Routledge. pp. 124–127.
923:period of European colonization
724:Taurotragus derbianus derbianus
397:The Sudanian savanna is one of
1870:Guinean Forests of West Africa
1193:
1121:
1099:
1051:
987:
981:dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu
969:
887:
807:
46:Throughout the Sudan region's
1:
1885:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
1382:Cameroonian Highlands forests
962:
420:
352:that lie nearer the equator.
2010:Middle East and North Africa
1467:East African montane forests
1109:. World Wide Fund for Nature
1087:. World Wide Fund for Nature
489:The area is predominantly a
484:
455:western lowlands of Ethiopia
355:
7:
936:
777:
740:Syncerus caffer brachyceros
453:extends westwards from the
379:
10:
2214:
900:. With the arrival of the
794:
564:
427:World Wide Fund for Nature
148:Northern Acacia–Commiphora
18:
2158:Geography of Burkina Faso
1937:
1825:
1780:Indian Ocean coastal belt
1718:
1591:
1410:
1323:
1214:Encyclopaedia of Islam IX
1199:Klein, Martin A. (1998).
916:
804:took root and flowered."
280:
268:
258:
253:
239:
221:
213:
208:
178:
130:
118:
106:
101:
59:
39:
32:
2188:Geography of South Sudan
697:
658:, on shallow soils also
646:, especially the genera
588:
547:Central African Republic
350:Guineo-Congolian forests
2138:Physiographic provinces
2098:Afrotropical ecoregions
1980:Guineo-Congolian region
1156:"West Sudanian savanna"
1107:"West Sudanian savanna"
1085:"East Sudanian savanna"
403:physiographic provinces
2123:Ecoregions of Ethiopia
2113:Ecoregions of Cameroon
1162:. World Wildlife Fund.
1160:Terrestrial Ecoregions
957:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
820:of eastern Sudan were
716:Giraffa camelopardalis
627:
605:
393:Physiographic province
323:tropical savanna biome
153:forest–savanna mosaics
2128:Ecoregions of Nigeria
1922:West Sudanian savanna
1880:Lower Guinean forests
1875:Upper Guinean forests
1790:Cape Floristic Region
1653:Cataracts of the Nile
1472:Eastern Arc Mountains
1392:Congolian rainforests
1387:East Sudanian savanna
1131:Tropical Agroforestry
1018:10.1093/biosci/bix014
704:African bush elephant
611:
596:
478:The Gambia West Coast
466:West Sudanian savanna
443:East Sudanian savanna
346:forest-savanna mosaic
2183:Geography of Senegal
2178:Geography of Nigeria
2108:Grasslands of Africa
2103:Ecoregions of Africa
1576:Zanzibar Archipelago
1544:Indian Ocean islands
1216:. pp. 752, 758.
947:ancient Green Sahara
943:Neolithic Subpluvial
931:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
906:Atlantic slave trade
870:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
836:. In central Sudan,
331:Sahel acacia savanna
2133:Ecoregions of Sudan
1995:Mediterranean Basin
1975:Greater Middle East
1512:Ethiopian Highlands
1420:African Great Lakes
1275:Klein 1998, p. 1-2.
898:Saharan slave trade
844:. To the west were
732:Hippotragus equinus
559:Ethiopian Highlands
513:, through southern
433:, separated by the
385: 'Land of the
321:within the broader
313:in the east to the
311:Ethiopian Highlands
298:is a broad belt of
264:Critical/endangered
260:Conservation status
35:بِلَادُ السُّوْدَان
2198:Historical regions
2193:Geography of Sudan
2173:Geography of Niger
2153:Sub-Saharan Africa
2118:Ecoregions of Chad
2055:Sub-Saharan Africa
1960:Commonwealth realm
1569:Northern Highlands
1517:Dahlak Archipelago
952:Sub-Saharan Africa
838:Kanem–Bornu Empire
708:Loxodonta africana
628:
615:Andropogon gayanus
606:
327:Afrotropical realm
244:Tropical savanna (
165:Northern Congolian
2168:Geography of Mali
2163:Geography of Chad
2143:Regions of Africa
2085:
2084:
1985:Islands of Africa
1965:Equatorial Africa
1917:Inner Niger Delta
1705:Tibesti Mountains
1564:Central Highlands
1450:Virunga Mountains
1445:Rift Valley lakes
1435:Great Rift Valley
1430:East African Rift
1397:Ouaddaï highlands
1262:978-0-684-31458-7
1186:978-1-317-88013-4
1141:978-94-007-7723-1
597:Sudanian savanna
459:Mandara Mountains
415:Middle Nile Basin
364:derives from
307:African continent
288:
287:
95:Mandara mountains
85:Extension of the
2205:
2077:Zambezian region
2065:Sudanian savanna
2050:Southeast Africa
2030:Northeast Africa
2015:Miombo woodlands
1890:Guinea Highlands
1554:Lamu Archipelago
1532:Gulf of Tadjoura
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1020:
995:Dinerstein, Eric
991:
985:
984:
973:
894:first millennium
892:Early on in the
884:, respectively.
768:African wild dog
764:Acinonyx jubatus
712:northern giraffe
680:locust-bean tree
636:Caesalpinioideae
382:
375:
374:
292:Sudanian savanna
125:Tropical savanna
78:
69:
44:
30:
29:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2072:Tropical Africa
1933:
1821:
1800:Kalahari Desert
1785:Albany thickets
1750:Succulent Karoo
1714:
1616:Atlas Mountains
1587:
1406:
1319:
1310:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1056:
1052:
992:
988:
975:
974:
970:
965:
939:
919:
890:
810:
797:
780:
756:Panthera pardus
736:African buffalo
700:
591:
567:
487:
474:eastern Nigeria
435:Mandara Plateau
423:
411:Lake Chad Basin
395:
358:
335:transition zone
174:
161:Mandara Plateau
97:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
71:
70:
55:
34:
33:Sudan bioregion
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2060:Sudan (region)
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:Gulf of Guinea
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:Cape Peninsula
1807:
1805:Okavango Delta
1802:
1797:
1795:Skeleton Coast
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1710:Western Sahara
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Nuba Mountains
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1601:Eastern Desert
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1549:Comoro Islands
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Hanish Islands
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Danakil Desert
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1482:Horn of Africa
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Albertine Rift
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1402:Ennedi Plateau
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:Gulf of Guinea
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1243:
1236:
1219:
1205:
1192:
1185:
1165:
1147:
1140:
1120:
1098:
1073:
1066:Bilad as-Sūdan
1050:
986:
967:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
938:
935:
918:
915:
889:
886:
842:Hausa Kingdoms
809:
806:
796:
793:
779:
776:
699:
696:
590:
587:
566:
563:
521:when it was a
486:
483:
482:
481:
462:
451:Central Africa
422:
419:
394:
391:
380:bilād as-sūdān
357:
354:
315:Atlantic Ocean
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
251:
250:
241:
237:
236:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
180:
176:
175:
173:
172:
157:Victoria Basin
150:
145:
140:
134:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
84:
73:
72:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2210:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:Macro-regions
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:Guinea region
1863:
1861:
1860:Cape Mesurado
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1813:
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1627:
1626:Gibraltar Arc
1624:
1622:
1621:Barbary Coast
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Ancient Libya
1609:
1608:
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1599:
1598:
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1583:Swahili coast
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1487:Afar Triangle
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1333:Guinea region
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1237:0-8160-5270-0
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860:. Later, the
859:
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835:
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827:
823:
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814:caravan trade
805:
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772:Lycaon pictus
769:
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749:
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733:
729:
728:roan antelope
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644:Andropogoneae
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621:
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523:French colony
520:
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495:river valleys
492:
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339:Sahara Desert
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68:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
31:
26:
22:
2064:
2020:Mittelafrika
1970:Françafrique
1835:Pepper Coast
1673:Middle Egypt
1527:Gulf of Aden
1502:Danakil Alps
1440:Gregory Rift
1271:
1252:
1246:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1130:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1008:
1002:
989:
980:
971:
946:
927:French Sudan
920:
891:
866:French Sudan
811:
798:
781:
771:
763:
755:
748:Panthera leo
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
701:
665:
659:
653:
647:
632:Combretaceae
629:
624:Burkina Faso
620:Pama Reserve
613:
603:Burkina Faso
577:
568:
527:Burkina Faso
519:French Sudan
488:
424:
396:
376:
373:بلاد السودان
369:
361:
359:
342:phytochorion
296:Sudan region
295:
291:
289:
254:Conservation
245:
240:Climate type
113:Afrotropical
50:grasslands,
2005:Middle East
1950:Afromontane
1912:Niger Delta
1907:Niger Basin
1900:Dahomey Gap
1855:Cape Palmas
1850:Ivory Coast
1845:Slave Coast
1698:Upper Egypt
1668:Lower Nubia
1663:Lower Egypt
1638:Nile Valley
1372:Congo Basin
1367:Pool Malebo
921:During the
888:Slave trade
882:South Sudan
862:Fula people
808:Middle Ages
720:giant eland
655:Hyparrhenia
555:South Sudan
549:, southern
541:, southern
537:, northern
533:, northern
529:, southern
470:West Africa
407:Niger Basin
309:, from the
25:South Sudan
2092:Categories
1955:Arab world
1929:Yorubaland
1840:Gold Coast
1765:Maputaland
1755:Nama Karoo
1745:Thembuland
1693:The Sudans
1678:Nile Delta
1643:Nile Delta
1559:Madagascar
1377:Chad Basin
1345:Cape Lopez
1113:1 November
1091:1 November
1004:BioScience
963:References
910:Senegambia
902:Portuguese
818:sultanates
649:Andropogon
599:vegetation
517:(known as
499:White Nile
472:runs from
431:ecoregions
421:Ecoregions
413:, and the
270:Global 200
226:White Nile
2025:Negroland
1945:Aethiopia
1815:False Bay
1492:Al-Habash
1477:Serengeti
1455:Kavirondo
1027:0006-3568
583:Harmattan
485:Geography
401:distinct
399:the three
360:The name
356:Etymology
319:bioregion
281:Protected
209:Geography
1770:Highveld
1760:Bushveld
1728:Rhodesia
1631:Ifriqiya
1497:Barbaria
1355:Igboland
1045:28608869
937:See also
856:and the
840:and the
778:Land use
667:Aristida
661:Loudetia
300:tropical
275:priority
183:elephant
1648:Bashmur
1606:Maghreb
1537:Red Sea
1350:Mayombe
1325:Central
1313:Regions
1036:5451287
854:Songhay
846:Wagadou
826:Bagirmi
795:History
784:sorghum
766:), and
760:cheetah
752:leopard
684:sorghum
638:; some
581:), the
576:Köppen
572:monsoon
565:Climate
557:to the
539:Nigeria
511:Senegal
497:of the
491:plateau
457:to the
325:of the
303:savanna
199:buffalo
191:giraffe
187:cheetah
179:Animals
169:Guinean
131:Borders
102:Ecology
91:eastern
87:western
48:savanna
2040:Sahara
2000:MENASA
1775:Fynbos
1658:Darfur
1360:Mbaise
1317:Africa
1259:
1251:Gale.
1234:
1183:
1138:
1043:
1033:
1025:
917:Modern
876:, and
850:Manden
830:Sennar
822:Darfur
816:. The
788:millet
692:millet
676:baobab
640:Acacia
409:, the
387:Blacks
366:Arabic
329:. The
222:Rivers
2045:Sahel
1738:South
1733:North
1720:South
1688:Nubia
1593:North
1060:Numen
878:Sudan
858:Mossi
834:Wadai
802:Islam
698:Fauna
688:maize
589:Flora
551:Sudan
535:Ghana
531:Niger
507:Niger
493:with
368:
362:Sudan
284:18.1%
234:Chari
230:Niger
138:Sahel
120:Biome
108:Realm
21:Sudan
1827:West
1460:Zanj
1412:East
1257:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1115:2016
1093:2016
1041:PMID
1023:ISSN
880:and
874:Mali
868:and
832:and
786:and
744:lion
672:shea
664:and
652:and
634:and
553:and
543:Chad
515:Mali
505:and
503:Chad
464:The
449:and
447:East
441:The
425:The
290:The
232:and
214:Area
195:lion
143:Sudd
89:and
23:and
1315:of
1031:PMC
1013:doi
750:),
742:),
734:),
726:),
718:),
710:),
601:in
525:),
476:to
468:in
445:in
294:or
203:kob
52:kob
2094::
1158:.
1076:^
1039:.
1029:.
1021:.
1009:67
1007:.
1001:.
979:.
945:—
925:,
852:,
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758:)
690:,
686:,
678:,
674:,
622:,
618:,
578:Aw
561:.
545:,
501:,
437::
417:.
246:Aw
228:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
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383:)
377:(
248:)
171:)
155:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
