105:
118:
may have been widespread in Rome from 600 BCE to 100 CE. Alcohol was common amongst both the upper and lower classes of Roman society. It was believed that moderate drinking would result in increased activity and greater sexual potency. However, alcoholism or excessive drinking would result in the
138:
describes cases of alcoholism. He states that "a great part of mankind are of the opinion that there is nothing else in life worth living for". He also describes people being "driven to frenzy" and a "thousand crimes". Pliny also wrote that whilst drunk, people have a "pallid hue", "drooping
151:, wrote that alcohol, when consumed in excess, would cause long-lasting damage that was felt even after the initial effects of the drink had worn off. He believed that drunkenness revealed and amplified personality defects. Seneca described alcoholics who
383:
of flowers, it would result in saffron opium. If cut with grease, set on fire, and put in a jar, it would result in soft and yellowish-red opium. Adding resin would result in transparent and weaker opium. Both Greek and Roman doctors believed that opium
372:
and death. Roman doctors such as
Dioscorides believed that Greek doctors were excessively paranoid about opium's risks. Dioscorides wrote that altering the opium would result in different outcomes. If cut with
269:. When consumed in great quantities cannabis was said to produce a "drying effect". This effect was described as inducing a "warm" feeling in the user. According to Galen, cannabis was served in small
119:
opposite. Many ancient authors condemned drinking, believing it to be detrimental to the social order. The Romans also believed that consumption of alcohol by women would drive them to
453:
568:
877:
852:
827:
727:
702:
677:
652:
627:
549:
524:
445:
429:
597:
755:
301:
wrote that cannabis, when wrapped around the arm and suspended from the neck with a loom weight and a thread, could stop
139:
eyelids", "tremulous hands", "inebriety", "dreams of monstrous lustfulness and forbidden delights", disturbed sleep, and
446:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 28. (22.)—DRUNKENNESS"
904:
746:
393:
170:
due to high amounts of alcohol intake, possibly because a doctor prescribed alcohol as medication. Alternatively,
914:
565:
285:, described cannabis as "bad tasting" and "headache inducing." It was believed that cannabis could treat
46:
of these drugs. They wrote that cannabis induced "a warm feeling" and opium was dangerous when diluted.
175:
50:
was believed to be beneficial when consumed in moderate amounts, yet harmful when consumed in excess.
207:
191:
899:
282:
219:
148:
55:
31:
909:
195:
133:
357:
620:
Medical
Marijuana: Dr. Kogan's Evidence-Based Guide to the Health Benefits of Cannabis and CBD
392:, the leaves and the pods should be boiled, or the sap could be poured on the head. After the
258:
99:
67:
278:
262:
246:
237:
210:
should be kept away from alcohol, as not doing so would only incite them to drink further.
167:
8:
298:
795:
770:
144:
63:
873:
848:
823:
800:
786:
723:
698:
673:
648:
623:
545:
520:
497:
425:
369:
152:
790:
782:
487:
310:
294:
51:
750:
572:
225:
128:
59:
47:
23:
297:, believed that cannabis "harms the head" and that it "creates a warm feeling."
245:
was mentioned numerous times in Roman medical literature. Roman doctors such as
332:. Pliny may have confused multiple different purposes of or kinds of cannabis.
171:
75:
492:
475:
893:
397:
365:
804:
501:
302:
87:
231:
159:
124:
743:
115:
206:, which eventually resulted in the slave's death. Galen believed that
476:"Was the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Recognized by the Greeks and Romans?"
361:
325:
317:
306:
290:
286:
187:
143:. He states that many Romans were driven to their deaths by alcohol.
43:
422:
Disabilities in Roman
Antiquity: Disparate Bodies A Capite Ad Calcem
389:
385:
375:
345:
329:
313:
254:
203:
140:
120:
39:
35:
274:
183:
163:
153:
appeared sober whilst having consumed large quantities of alcohol
108:
71:
589:
253:
wrote that cannabis could be used to create strong ropes, repel
266:
179:
79:
517:
Pharmakon: Plato, Drug
Culture, and Identity in Ancient Athens
845:
Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and
Historical Perspectives
380:
353:
341:
250:
199:
83:
66:, believed that alcohol could cause problems such as frenzy,
27:
720:
The
Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside
360:
was popularized by Galen. Ancient doctors were aware of the
744:
MARIJUANA IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME? THE LITERARY EVIDENCE
349:
321:
270:
540:
O'brien, John; Rickenbacker, Barney (2014). "Alcoholism".
158:
Ancient literature provides a few examples of alcoholism.
104:
670:
Marijuana As
Medicine? The Science Beyond the Controversy
539:
596:(in Latin). pp. 49, 52, 712, 718, 738, 760, 882.
420:
Goodey, Chris; Laes, Christian; Rose, M. Lynn (2013).
368:
was. Greek physicians believed that opium could cause
820:
Critical Issues in
Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing
771:"History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system"
617:
198:consuming copious amounts of alcohol, resulting in
891:
166:was an ancient Roman man who possibly died of a
162:was said to be a heavy drinker. Asclepiades of
842:
542:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
419:
618:Kogan, Mikhail; Liebmann-Smith, Joan (2021).
672:. National Academies Press. pp. 14–16.
566:Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (Mallory-Weiss Tear)
692:
645:Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years
817:
794:
491:
356:, hysteria, and conditions involving the
867:
722:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–42.
622:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 12.
103:
697:. Graffiti Milante Press. p. 293.
667:
514:
388:. Dioscorides wrote that to be used as
892:
843:Durrant, Russil; Thakker, Jo (2003).
768:
717:
519:. Lexington Books. pp. 42, 260.
22:were used for a variety of purposes.
822:. Elsevier Publishing. p. 449.
642:
577:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
473:
415:
413:
396:, opium mostly disappeared from the
759:, vol. 47, no. 4, 1973, pp. 344–55.
756:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
13:
775:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
14:
926:
847:. SAGE Publications. p. 65.
668:Mack, Alison; Joy, Janet (2001).
590:"Naturalis Historia - Wikisource"
410:
16:Pre-modern drug and alcohol abuse
861:
836:
811:
762:
736:
711:
686:
661:
600:from the original on 2021-01-28
456:from the original on 2022-04-23
364:of opium, and how dangerous an
86:, and that it would damage the
787:10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/mcrocq
636:
611:
582:
558:
533:
508:
467:
438:
229:, also known to the Romans as
1:
403:
386:could be used to induce sleep
309:of cannabis could be used to
257:, and that it would decrease
178:, which is bleeding from the
93:
769:Crocq, Marc-Antoine (2020).
695:The General History of Drugs
693:Escohotado, Antonio (2010).
202:, remaining wide-awake, and
42:. Roman doctors noticed the
34:to treat conditions such as
7:
870:Opium: Reality's Dark Dream
818:Daspugata, Amitava (2019).
647:. Springer US. p. 34.
544:. Oxford University Press.
344:to treat illnesses such as
293:, the physician of Emperor
213:
10:
931:
217:
97:
872:. Yale University Press.
868:Dormandy, Thomas (2012).
515:Rinella, Michael (2010).
424:. Brill. pp. 73–84.
111:used to store Roman wine.
905:Alcohol abuse by country
335:
220:Cannabis in Ancient Rome
493:10.1093/alcalc/34.6.868
283:Greco-Roman philosopher
915:Ancient Roman medicine
742:BRUNNER, THEODORE F. “
480:Alcohol and Alcoholism
305:. Pliny writes that a
176:Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
112:
718:Russo, Ethan (2014).
450:www.perseus.tufts.edu
107:
100:Ancient Rome and wine
52:Ancient Roman authors
20:Drugs in ancient Rome
474:Abel, Ernst (1999).
394:fall of Western Rome
190:. Galen describes a
168:digestive hemorrhage
299:Marcellus Empiricus
749:2022-04-27 at the
643:Abel, E.L (2013).
571:2021-08-10 at the
113:
879:978-030-018-365-8
854:978-076-192-342-8
829:978-012-815-608-7
729:978-113-675-286-5
704:978-098-207-873-0
679:978-030-906-531-3
654:978-148-992-189-5
629:978-059-319-023-4
594:la.wikisource.org
551:978-019-870-677-9
526:978-146-163-401-0
431:978-900-425-125-0
174:may have induced
149:Roman philosopher
922:
884:
883:
865:
859:
858:
840:
834:
833:
815:
809:
808:
798:
766:
760:
740:
734:
733:
715:
709:
708:
690:
684:
683:
665:
659:
658:
640:
634:
633:
615:
609:
608:
606:
605:
586:
580:
562:
556:
555:
537:
531:
530:
512:
506:
505:
495:
471:
465:
464:
462:
461:
442:
436:
435:
417:
358:digestive system
243:Schoinostrophon,
930:
929:
925:
924:
923:
921:
920:
919:
900:Substance abuse
890:
889:
888:
887:
880:
866:
862:
855:
841:
837:
830:
816:
812:
767:
763:
751:Wayback Machine
741:
737:
730:
716:
712:
705:
691:
687:
680:
666:
662:
655:
641:
637:
630:
616:
612:
603:
601:
588:
587:
583:
573:Wayback Machine
563:
559:
552:
538:
534:
527:
513:
509:
472:
468:
459:
457:
444:
443:
439:
432:
418:
411:
406:
338:
259:sexual activity
226:Cannabis sativa
222:
216:
192:Roman teacher's
134:Natural History
129:Pliny the Elder
102:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
928:
918:
917:
912:
910:Cannabis abuse
907:
902:
886:
885:
878:
860:
853:
835:
828:
810:
761:
735:
728:
710:
703:
685:
678:
660:
653:
635:
628:
610:
581:
557:
550:
532:
525:
507:
486:(6): 870–871.
466:
437:
430:
408:
407:
405:
402:
337:
334:
215:
212:
172:binge-drinking
131:, in his book
95:
92:
80:sexual potency
76:hypersexuality
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
927:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
881:
875:
871:
864:
856:
850:
846:
839:
831:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
758:
757:
752:
748:
745:
739:
731:
725:
721:
714:
706:
700:
696:
689:
681:
675:
671:
664:
656:
650:
646:
639:
631:
625:
621:
614:
599:
595:
591:
585:
578:
574:
570:
567:
561:
553:
547:
543:
536:
528:
522:
518:
511:
503:
499:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
455:
451:
447:
441:
433:
427:
423:
416:
414:
409:
401:
399:
398:western world
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:, which is a
378:
377:
371:
367:
363:
362:addictiveness
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:The usage of
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
227:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
130:
126:
122:
117:
110:
106:
101:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:addictiveness
41:
37:
33:
30:were used as
29:
25:
21:
869:
863:
844:
838:
819:
813:
778:
774:
764:
754:
738:
719:
713:
694:
688:
669:
663:
644:
638:
619:
613:
602:. Retrieved
593:
584:
576:
560:
541:
535:
516:
510:
483:
479:
469:
458:. Retrieved
449:
440:
421:
374:
339:
318:farm animals
265:, and cause
242:
236:
230:
224:
223:
157:
132:
114:
88:social order
78:, decreased
56:philosophers
19:
18:
247:Dioscorides
160:Mark Antony
125:promiscuity
68:criminality
894:Categories
781:(3): 225.
604:2022-04-24
460:2022-04-23
404:References
303:blood flow
218:See also:
116:Alcoholism
98:See also:
94:Alcoholism
58:, such as
32:medication
370:blindness
326:arthritis
307:decoction
291:Oribasius
287:gonorrhea
263:impotence
255:mosquitos
232:Cannabion
188:esophagus
141:hangovers
72:tiredness
805:33162765
747:Archived
598:Archived
569:Archived
502:10659722
454:Archived
390:morphine
376:glaucium
366:overdose
346:insomnia
330:earaches
314:diarrhea
261:, cause
238:asterion
214:Cannabis
208:children
204:delirium
121:adultery
109:Amphorae
40:earaches
36:insomnia
24:Cannabis
796:7605027
275:dessert
184:stomach
182:in the
164:Ephesus
48:Alcohol
876:
851:
826:
803:
793:
726:
701:
676:
651:
626:
548:
523:
500:
428:
354:coughs
328:, and
295:Julian
279:Aetius
267:nausea
241:, and
194:young
180:mucosa
145:Seneca
82:, and
64:Seneca
381:genus
342:opium
336:Opium
311:treat
271:cakes
251:Galen
200:fever
196:slave
84:death
60:Pliny
28:opium
874:ISBN
849:ISBN
824:ISBN
801:PMID
724:ISBN
699:ISBN
674:ISBN
649:ISBN
624:ISBN
546:ISBN
521:ISBN
498:PMID
426:ISBN
350:pain
322:gout
281:, a
273:for
249:and
186:and
147:, a
123:and
62:and
54:and
26:and
791:PMC
783:doi
753:.”
575:".
488:doi
316:in
38:or
896::
799:.
789:.
779:22
777:.
773:.
592:.
496:.
484:34
482:.
478:.
452:.
448:.
412:^
400:.
352:,
348:,
324:,
320:,
289:.
277:.
235:,
155:.
127:.
90:.
74:,
70:,
882:.
857:.
832:.
807:.
785::
732:.
707:.
682:.
657:.
632:.
607:.
579:.
564:"
554:.
529:.
504:.
490::
463:.
434:.
136:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
