1379:
4070:
3283:
3777:
3467:
3519:
508:
2327:
3025:
2862:
2030:
1640:
2465:
1593:
3073:
1333:
1082:
3402:
1984:
2728:
2516:
2290:
2244:
3579:
2113:
1549:
1499:
616:
3180:
2425:
384:
2068:
3131:
447:
2619:
27:
19:
3339:
698:
566:
1277:
2160:
1136:
4128:
4099:
4040:
4019:
1698:
799:
3687:
3870:, as compared to other wolf populations. In 2010, a genetic analysis indicated that a single wolf haplotype (w22) unique to the Apennine Peninsula and one of the two haplotypes (w24, w25), unique to the Iberian Peninsula, belonged to the same haplogroup as the prehistoric wolves of Europe. Another haplotype (w10) was found to be common to the Iberian peninsula and the Balkans. These three populations with geographic isolation exhibited a near lack of gene flow and spatially correspond to three glacial refugia.
2979:
3731:
3719:
7547:
4342:) that evolved in North America, as opposed to the gray wolf that evolved in the Old World, and is related to the red wolf. The other is that it is derived from admixture between gray wolves, which inhabited the Great Lakes area and coyotes, forming a hybrid that was classified as a distinct species by mistake.
1285:
A small subspecies with pelage shorter than that of northern wolves and with little to no underfur. Fur color ranges from grayish-red to reddish-white with black tips. The dark V-shaped stripe over the shoulders is much more pronounced than in northern wolves. The underparts and legs are more or less
5532:
Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; Lopez-Giraldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H.-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova,
8741:
Werhahn, Geraldine; Liu, Yanjiang; Meng, Yao; Cheng, Chen; Lu, Zhi; Atzeni, Luciano; Deng, Zhixiong; Kun, Shi; Shao, Xinning; Lu, Qi; Joshi, Jyoti; Man
Sherchan, Adarsh; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Kumari Chaudhary, Hemanta; Kusi, Naresh; Weckworth, Byron; Kachel, Shannon; Rosen, Tatjana; Kubanychbekov,
6549:
Wilson, Paul J; Grewal, Sonya; Lawford, Ian D; Heal, Jennifer NM; Granacki, Angela G; Pennock, David; Theberge, John B; Theberge, Mary T; Voigt, Dennis R; Waddell, Will; Chambers, Robert E; Paquet, Paul C; Goulet, Gloria; Cluff, Dean; White, Bradley N (2000). "DNA profiles of the eastern
Canadian
5477:
Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del
Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; Silva, Pedro M.; Galaverni, Marco; Fan, Zhenxin; Marx, Peter; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Beale, Holly; Ramirez, Oscar; Hormozdiari, Farhad; Alkan, Can; VilĂ , Carles; Squire, Kevin; Geffen, Eli; Kusak, Josip;
4257:
In 2017, a comprehensive study found that the gray wolf was present across all of mainland China, both in the past and today. It exists in southern China, which refutes claims made by some researchers in the
Western world that the wolf had never existed in southern China. This wolf has not been
4782:
Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; VilĂ , Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue,
1416:
proposed that there was "probably far too many subspecific designations...in use", as most did not exhibit enough points of differentiation to be classified as separate subspecies. The 24 subspecies were accepted by many authorities in 1981 and these were based on morphological or geographical
1417:
differences, or a unique history. In 1995, the
American mammalogist Robert M. Nowak analyzed data on the skull morphology of wolf specimens from around the world. For North America, he proposed that there were only five subspecies of the wolf. These include a large-toothed Arctic wolf named
4194:
until a genetic analysis of the holotypes is available. In 2020, further research on the
Himalayan wolf found that it warranted species-level recognition under the Unified Species Concept, the Differential Fitness Species Concept, and the Biological Species Concept. It was identified as an
5205:
Werhahn, G.; Liu, Y.; Meng, Y.; Cheng, C.; Lu, Z.; Atzeni, L.; Deng, Z.; Kun, S.; Shao, X.; Lu, Q.; Joshi, J.; Man
Sherchan, A.; Karmacharya, D.; Kumari Chaudhary, H.; Kusi, N.; Weckworth, B.; Kachel, S.; Rosen, T.; Kubanychbekov, Z.; Karimov, K.; Kaden, J.; Ghazali, M.; MacDonald, D. W.;
9067:
Schweizer, Rena M.; Robinson, Jacqueline; Harrigan, Ryan; Silva, Pedro; Galverni, Marco; Musiani, Marco; Green, Richard E.; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves".
4261:
In 2019, a genomic study on the wolves of China included museum specimens of wolves from southern China that were collected between 1963 and 1988. The wolves in the study formed three clades: northern Asian wolves that included those from northern China and eastern Russia,
706:
Generally 52â60 cm tall at the shoulders and measures 117 to 124 cm from nose to tail tip. The average weight is 13 to 20 kg. Fur color is mostly sandy- to reddish-brown, but can include tan patterns and can also be occasionally light brown, black or white.
5533:
A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.- P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Paabo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete
Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs".
2631:. Like other wolves, it has almond-shaped eyes, a broad muzzle and a wide nose pad though, like the coyote, its ears are proportionately larger. It has a deeper profile, a longer and broader head than the coyote, and has a less prominent ruff than other wolves.
4225:
being proposed based on two limited DNA studies. The proposal has not been endorsed because it relied on a limited number of museum and zoo samples that may not have been representative of the wild population, and a call for further fieldwork has been made.
8364:
Randi, E.; Lucchini, V.; Christensen, M. F.; Mucci, N.; Funk, S. M.; Dolf, G.; Loeschcke, V. (2000). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in
Italian and East European Wolves: Detecting the Consequences of Small Population Size and Hybridization".
4389:) that has undergone human-influenced admixture with coyotes. The other is that it was never a distinct species but was derived from past admixture between coyotes and gray wolves, due to the gray wolf population being eliminated by humans.
9015:
Schweizer, Rena M.; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Harrigan, Ryan; Knowles, James C.; Musiani, Marco; Coltman, David; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Genetic subdivision and candidate genes under selection in North
American grey wolves".
7174:"Une nouvelle sous-espÚce de loup (Canis lupus maximus nov. Subsp.) dans le PléistocÚne supérieur d'Europe occidentale [A new subspecies of wolf (Canis lupus maximus nov. subsp.) from the upper Pleistocene of Western Europe]"
5478:
Boyko, Adam R.; Parker, Heidi G.; Lee, Clarence; Tadigotla, Vasisht; Siepel, Adam; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Harkins, Timothy T.; Nelson, Stanley F.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; et al. (2014).
4270:
Province in eastern China shared gene flow with the wolves from southern China; however, its genome was 12â14 percent admixed with a canid that may be the dhole or an unknown canid that predates the genetic divergence of the
4190:/SSC Canid Specialist Group noted that the Himalayan wolf's distribution included the Himalayan range and the Tibetan Plateau. The group recommends that this wolf lineage be known as the "Himalayan wolf" and classified as
455:
A small, "desert-adapted" subspecies that is around 66 cm tall and weighs, on average, about 18 kg. Its fur coat varies from short in the summer to long in the winter, possibly because of solar radiation.
3842:. A number of DNA studies have found the Italian wolf to be genetically distinct. In 2004, the genetic distinction of the Italian wolf subspecies was supported by analysis which consistently assigned all the wolf
2835:. The teeth are robust, the posterior denticules on the lower premolars p2, p3, p4 and upper P2 and P3 are highly developed, and the diameter of the lower carnassial (m1) were larger than any known European wolf.
1090:
The pelt is generally of a grey-fulvous colour, which reddens in summer. The belly and cheeks are more lightly coloured, and dark bands are present on the back and tail tip, and occasionally along the fore limbs.
7778:
Nowak, R.M. 1995. Another look at wolf taxonomy. Pages 375-397 in L.H. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, D.R. Seip, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton,
577:
Long sharp face, elevated brows, broad head, large pointed ears, thick woolly pelage and very full brush of medial length. Above, dull earthy-brown; below, with the entire face and limbs yellowish-white.
7735:
Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo; Ichikawa, Hideo; Kato, Masaru (2010). "Osteological and Genetic Analysis of the Extinct Ezo Wolf (Canis Lupus Hattai) from Hokkaido Island, Japan".
631:, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and gray hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure white; head pale gray-brown; forehead grizzled with short black and gray hairs.
4221:) that is distinguished by its mitochondrial DNA, which is basal to all other wolves except for the Himalayan wolf. The taxonomic status of this wolf clade is disputed, with the separate species
8152:
6942:
Great Plains wolf; buffalo wolf; loafer. This is another extinct subspecies. It once extended throughout the Great Plains from southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan southward to northern Texas.
3695:
A slender, short-legged subspecies with light, tawny-colored fur. The dark bands present on the forelimbs of the mainland Italian wolf were absent or poorly defined in the Sicilian wolf.
8329:
Wayne, R. K.; Lehman, N.; Allard, M. W.; Honeycutt, R. L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability of the Gray Wolf: Genetic Consequences of Population Decline and Habitat Fragmentation".
6400:
2553:
Previously thought extinct in 1926, the Great Plains wolf's descendants were found in the northeastern region of the United States and have become federally protected since 1974.
6784:
Nowak, R.M. 1983. A perspective on the taxonomy of wolves in North America. In: Carbyn, L.N., ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Wildlife Service, Report Series 45:lO-19.
4288:
A study of the three coastal wolves indicates a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that
6828:
8899:
Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Xuan; Yang, Melinda A.; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Lu, Heng; Feng, Xiaotian; Skoglund, Pontus; Wang, Lu; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019).
2627:
Has a brownish or cinnamon pelt, with gray and black shading on the back and tail. Generally intermediate in size between other North American wolf subspecies and the
7857:
Shigehara N, Hongo H (2000) Dog and wolf remains of the earliest Jomon period at Torihama site in Fukui Prefecture. Torihama-Kaizuka-Kennkyu 2: 23â40 (in Japanese)
5897:
1510:
5338:
163:
for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision, and listed the 38 subspecies under the biological
8686:"Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: Towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal"
7209:
Osteologische BeitrÀge zur Kenntniss verschiedener SÀugethiere der Vorwelt (Osteological contributions to different knowledge Beast of the ancients)
3838:. In 2002, the noted paleontologist R.M. Nowak reaffirmed the morphological distinctiveness of the Italian wolf and recommended the recognition of
3244:
A medium-sized subspecies, though slender and tawny; its coat contained a mixture of various colors, including black, white, gray and cinnamon.
34:. This map uses the more broadly defined North American subspecies of Nowak (1995), but see also the map under the section titled North America.
9308:
6197:
5677:
2168:
Two forms are known â a small, reddish-brown colored form called the Algonquin wolf; and a slightly larger, more grayish-brown form called the
1378:
8184:
4403:
4356:
4238:
3939:
3884:
8265:
4618:
Systema naturĂŠ per regna tria naturĂŠ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I
1711:
The domestic dog is a divergent subspecies of the gray wolf and was derived from an extinct population of Late Pleistocene wolves. Through
807:
The domestic dog is a divergent subspecies of the gray wolf and was derived from an extinct population of Late Pleistocene wolves. Through
54:(2005, 3rd edition). These subspecies were named over the past 250 years, and since their naming, a number of them have gone extinct. The
3760:
lineage as modern wolves, and proposed that dogs may be descended from a Pleistocene wolf closer in size to a village dog. In 2021, the
4688:
4385:
The red wolf is an enigmatic taxon, of which there are two proposals over its origin. One is that the red wolf is a distinct species (
765:
8412:
4069:
8514:
Vos, J. (2000). "Food habits and livestock depredation of two Iberian wolf packs (Canis lupus signatus) in the north of Portugal".
5277:
4427:
9280:
7333:
6327:
6078:
6010:
5745:
5015:
4921:
8742:
Zairbek; Karimov, Khalil; Kaden, Jennifer; Ghazali, Muhammad; MacDonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Senn, Helen (2020).
8172:; Kitchener, A. C.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Krofel, M.; Moehlman, P. D.; Senn, H.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Viranta, S.; Werhahn, G. (2019).
3282:
9662:
3776:
1456:
subspecies of Hall (1981). The table below shows the extant subspecies, with the extinct ones listed in the following section.
10258:
9707:
8047:
7942:
7834:
7678:
7599:
7530:
7474:
7245:
7233:
7019:
6976:
6935:
6761:
6525:
6140:
5986:
5804:
5713:
5410:
5131:
5067:
5038:
4983:
4856:
Andrew T. Smith; Yan Xie; Robert S. Hoffmann; Darrin Lunde; John MacKinnon; Don E. Wilson; W. Chris Wozencraft, eds. (2008).
4837:
4753:
9276:
8183:(Report). Vairão, Portugal: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos.
7325:
6319:
6070:
6002:
5737:
5007:
4913:
4324:â a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different types of habitat.
2861:
7043:
3823:) in 1921 by zoologist Giuseppe Altobello. Altobello's classification was later rejected by several authors, including
1128:
10253:
9301:
8958:"Going Coastal: Shared Evolutionary History between Coastal British Columbia and Southeast Alaska Wolves (Canis lupus)"
5920:
4897:
4867:
3466:
133:"breeds" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of
8104:
3518:
721:
9750:
7258:
7211:. Vol. 3. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiea Caesarae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum. pp. 451â455.
7103:
6864:
6173:
5770:
5653:
5097:
4949:
8029:
7924:
7816:
7660:
7581:
7456:
6958:
6743:
6507:
6122:
5786:
5695:
5392:
5113:
4965:
4731:
4541:
Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world: proceedings of the second North American symposium on wolves
2326:
2191:, and possibly extreme northeastern U.S. and western New Brunswick. The Great Lakes form occupies northern Ontario,
507:
9702:
9252:
9205:
8684:
Werhahn, G.; Senn, H.; Kaden, J.; Joshi, J.; Bhattarai, S.; Kusi, N.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; MacDonald, D. W. (2017).
5453:
4411:
4364:
3761:
3024:
2464:
2029:
1639:
1592:
1433:
and a moderate-sized wolf that was originally found from Texas to Hudson Bay and from Oregon to Newfoundland named
5833:
by Robert A. Sterndale, THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY: THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON: W. THACKER AND CO. 1884"
3401:
3072:
1983:
1332:
1081:
102:
he listed the dog-like carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as
9722:
8409:
Evidence of genetic distinction and long-term population decline in wolves (Canis lupus) in the Italian Apennines
2727:
2515:
2289:
2243:
80:
26:
3756:). In 2020, a literature review of canid domestication stated that modern dogs were not descended from the same
3578:
2112:
1548:
1498:
615:
18:
9990:
9732:
7259:"Finding of the Late Pleistocene carnivores in Taimyr Peninsula (Russia, Siberia) with paleoecological context"
4675:
Wayne, R.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog".
4659:
3179:
2424:
2067:
747:
383:
4462:
3130:
446:
9727:
9692:
9294:
8595:
8169:
7003:
Recovery of Gray wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States, An Endangered Subpecies Success Story
2618:
5349:
5314:
Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P.; Yurgenson, P. B.; Sludskii, A. A.; Chirkova, A. F.; Bannikov, A. G. (1998) .
3914:
1227:
1202:
9534:
8560:"Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species"
3572:
2023:
3338:
753:
9697:
4600:
4394:
4347:
3930:
3875:
2820:
135:
50:
8956:
Weckworth, Byron V.; Dawson, Natalie G.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Flamme, Melanie J.; Cook, Joseph A. (2011).
6550:
wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf".
4533:
4338:
The eastern wolf has two proposals over its origin. One is that the eastern wolf is a distinct species (
1382:
North American wolf subspecies distribution according to Goldman (1944) and Hall (1981). Hall split off
9717:
9712:
9655:
9552:
9516:
7780:
4309:
4293:
3033:
A medium-sized, white-furred subspecies. Its former range is slowly being claimed by its relative, the
2362:
2106:
7173:
5759:
5086:
4938:
2827:. The wolf's long bones are 10% longer than those of extant European wolves, 12% larger than those of
2673:, but this proposal is still debated. As a species, the red wolf would have the following subspecies:
9928:
9755:
9179:
8783:
8541:
6168:. Serpell, James, 1952-, Barrett, Priscilla (Second ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 8.
5648:. Serpell, James, 1952-, Barrett, Priscilla (Second ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 8.
5273:
4890:
A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China (A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference)
2184:
1345:, white marks on the upper lips, dark marks on the tail, and a pair of dark marks on its front legs.
9226:
4159:, which is basal to all other wolves. The taxonomic name of this wolf is disputed, with the species
110:. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its head, body, and
10230:
10078:
9923:
8173:
4320:. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one study's six identified North American
3089:
2643:
2207:. Overlaps of the two forms occur, with intermixing in the southern portions of northern Ontario.
8106:
Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans
5859:
5326:]. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science. pp. 164â270.
4616:
3752:/SSC Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral dogs (
697:
10170:
10072:
9872:
9860:
8262:
3407:
2439:
1401:
4743:
10089:
9843:
9837:
9819:
9807:
8286:
Nowak, R. M.; Federoff, N. E. (2002). "The systematic status of the Italian wolf Canis lupus".
5828:
3460:
2689:
2639:
759:
691:
596:
565:
130:
7204:
6422:
5974:
5324:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
5315:
4857:
1601:
Smaller-sized; unique diet of fish and smaller-sized deer in temperate rainforest; similar to
1276:
10029:
9801:
9687:
9648:
9606:
9507:
8651:
8483:
8155:, Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 42, 2018 Botanica Zoologia: 03-15
8121:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
8073:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7981:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7704:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7625:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7500:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7408:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7362:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7136:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
7115:
Miller, G. S. (1913). "The names of the large wolves of northern and western North America".
6878:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6796:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6695:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6649:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6579:"Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story"
6446:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6356:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6226:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
6039:"An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses"
5891:
5251:
4563:"An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses"
4301:
4176:
4127:
4098:
4039:
3824:
3173:
3044:
2635:
2458:
2346:
2264:
2159:
2125:
2087:
2004:
1712:
1633:
1586:
1244:
1135:
808:
710:
125:
indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from multiple wolf populations, with the
85:
7304:(Mammalia, Canidae) from the Late Pleistocene deposit of Avetrana (Taranto, Southern Italy)"
5156:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4543:. Edmonton, Canada: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta. pp. 375â397.
10200:
10194:
10106:
10100:
10064:
10053:
10041:
9897:
9879:
9831:
9813:
9777:
9771:
9570:
9135:
9077:
9025:
8969:
8912:
8755:
8697:
8437:
8374:
8338:
8295:
8222:
8178:
spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations, 28thâ30th May 2019
7551:
7071:
7001:
6590:
5542:
5219:
5175:
4018:
3918:
3792:
2972:
2701:
2237:
1405:
264:
5860:"The Golan Wolves: The Dynamics, Behavioral Ecology, and Management of an Endangered Pest"
5313:
2905:
Known from fragmentary remains, it was a large subspecies comparable in size and shape to
8:
9946:
9783:
9625:
8818:
8037:
8025:
7932:
7920:
7824:
7812:
7668:
7656:
7589:
7577:
7464:
7452:
6966:
6954:
6751:
6739:
6515:
6503:
6130:
6118:
5794:
5782:
5703:
5691:
5400:
5388:
5121:
5109:
4973:
4961:
4727:
4266:
from the Tibetan Plateau, and a unique population from southern China. One specimen from
4180:
3361:
2721:
1448:(3rd edition, 2005) listed 27 subspecies of North American wolf, corresponding to the 24
168:
140:
55:
9139:
9081:
9029:
8973:
8916:
8759:
8701:
8441:
8378:
8350:
8342:
8299:
8226:
8153:
A new subspecies of grey wolf (Carnivora, Canidae), recently extinct, from Sicily, Italy
6594:
5546:
5223:
10151:
10137:
10120:
10035:
9998:
9966:
9825:
9795:
9579:
9161:
9101:
9049:
8992:
8957:
8933:
8900:
8876:
8867:
8851:
8827:
8798:
8718:
8685:
8624:
8599:
8527:
8460:
8425:
8390:
8311:
7902:
7761:
7025:
6611:
6578:
6425:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador. 23 August 2012
6301:
6191:
5671:
5621:
5596:
5574:
5506:
5479:
4809:
4784:
4700:
3828:
3120:
2756:
2283:
1720:
1716:
1313:
816:
812:
460:
4214:
4208:
4094:
267:, mammalogist Robert Nowak recognized the first four of those subspecies, synonymized
213:
Sokolov and Rossolimo (1985) recognised nine Old World subspecies of wolf. These were
10188:
10182:
10176:
10112:
10047:
10010:
9984:
9978:
9972:
9917:
9588:
9436:
9153:
9093:
9041:
8997:
8938:
8901:"Genomic Approaches Reveal an Endemic Subpopulation of Gray Wolves in Southern China"
8881:
8832:
8723:
8629:
8576:
8559:
8465:
8386:
8240:
8209:
Lord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Coppinger, Raymond P.; Karlsson, Elinor K. (2020).
8053:
8043:
7948:
7938:
7894:
7840:
7830:
7753:
7684:
7674:
7605:
7595:
7480:
7470:
7299:
7241:
7229:
7225:
Famous Planet Earth Caves: Sophie's Cave (Germany) - A Late Pleistocene Cave Bear Den
7099:
7029:
7015:
6982:
6972:
6931:
6860:
6767:
6757:
6616:
6531:
6521:
6293:
6179:
6169:
6146:
6136:
5982:
5916:
5879:
5810:
5800:
5766:
5719:
5709:
5659:
5649:
5626:
5566:
5511:
5416:
5406:
5137:
5127:
5093:
5063:
5034:
4989:
4979:
4945:
4893:
4863:
4814:
4759:
4749:
4692:
4655:
4432:
4275:. The wolf population from southern China is believed to still exist in that region.
4164:
4156:
3963:
3851:
3782:
3248:
3230:
3066:
3018:
2871:
2677:
2509:
2473:
The second largest subspecies of wolf, second in skull and tooth proportions only to
2320:
1349:
1095:
681:
160:
122:
9165:
9105:
8394:
8119:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
8071:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7979:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7906:
7765:
7702:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7623:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7498:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7406:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7360:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
7134:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6876:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6794:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6693:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6647:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6444:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6354:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6224:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
6037:
Amaral, Michael; Fazio, Bud; Fain, Steven R.; Chambers, Steven M. (23 August 2012).
5161:
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Expedition Filchner nach China und Tibet, 1903-1905
4855:
3686:
1697:
798:
10162:
10145:
9855:
9849:
9143:
9085:
9053:
9033:
8987:
8977:
8928:
8920:
8871:
8863:
8822:
8814:
8797:
Wang, L; Ma, Y. P.; Zhou, Q. J.; Zhang, Y. P.; Savolaimen, P.; Wang, G. D. (2016).
8763:
8713:
8705:
8619:
8611:
8571:
8523:
8455:
8445:
8382:
8346:
8303:
8230:
8132:
8084:
7992:
7884:
7745:
7715:
7636:
7511:
7419:
7373:
7270:
7185:
7147:
7007:
6889:
6807:
6706:
6660:
6606:
6598:
6559:
6457:
6367:
6285:
6237:
6050:
5871:
5616:
5608:
5578:
5558:
5550:
5501:
5491:
5227:
4804:
4796:
4704:
4684:
4574:
4442:
3867:
3344:
2650:
2350:
2169:
1659:
1655:
1609:
1514:
621:
8315:
5597:"Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes"
4621:(in Latin) (10th ed.). HolmiĂŠ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39â40
3780:
Giuseppe Altobello's 1925 comparative illustration of the skulls and dentition of
3332:
819:
and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.
10126:
9911:
9867:
9525:
8982:
8269:
7274:
7223:
6923:
5496:
4064:
3369:
3139:
A jet-black subspecies that is described as having been extremely similar to the
2995:
2481:
2042:
1977:
1723:
and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.
1147:
Has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common subspecies in
586:
546:
488:
183:
that Linnaeus studied in Sweden. However, the classification of several of these
9240:
9193:
5875:
5441:
3925:
and each are considered by their researchers to represent their own subspecies.
2477:(see chart above), with fur that is black, white or a mixture of both in color.
10004:
9960:
9954:
9935:
9905:
9597:
9427:
9418:
8924:
8235:
8210:
8131:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
8083:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7991:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7714:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7635:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7510:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7418:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7372:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
7189:
7146:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6888:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6806:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6705:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6659:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6456:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6366:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6236:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
6049:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador: 1â67.
5612:
5372:
5055:
4461:
For a full set of supporting references, refer to note (a) in the phylotree at
4263:
4123:
3955:
2824:
2744:
2662:
2418:
1156:
668:
609:
559:
326:
320:
243:
9286:
7011:
283:, but did not examine the two Japanese subspecies. In addition, he recognized
10247:
9543:
9458:
8744:"Himalayan wolf distribution and admixture based on multiple genetic markers"
8497:
8450:
8033:
7928:
7820:
7664:
7585:
7460:
7054:
6962:
6747:
6511:
6297:
6183:
6126:
5883:
5790:
5699:
5663:
5396:
5208:"Himalayan wolf distribution and admixture based on multiple genetic markers"
5117:
4969:
4739:
4196:
3922:
3680:
3395:
3373:
3276:
3200:
3034:
2875:
2646:
2301:
2061:
1413:
1123:
571:
299:
253:
215:
180:
172:
75:
59:
8057:
7952:
7873:, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes"
7844:
7688:
7609:
7484:
6986:
6771:
6535:
6166:
The domestic dog : its evolution, behavior and interactions with people
6150:
5814:
5723:
5646:
The domestic dog : its evolution, behavior and interactions with people
5554:
5420:
5141:
4993:
4763:
2335:
A very large, usually light-colored subspecies, and the biggest subspecies.
10021:
9789:
9561:
9498:
9400:
9157:
9097:
9045:
9001:
8942:
8885:
8836:
8727:
8633:
8615:
8469:
8244:
7898:
7757:
6620:
5630:
5570:
5515:
4818:
4696:
4333:
4172:
4168:
3906:
3900:
3863:
3816:
3810:
3414:
3298:
3085:
2748:
2536:
2528:
2358:
2227:
by the American Society of Mammalogists, but its taxonomy is still debated.
2149:
1542:
1326:
1305:
1207:
1075:
646:
484:
440:
305:
293:
9640:
8168:
Alvares, F.; Bogdanowicz, W.; Campbell, L.A.D.; Godinho, R.; Hatlauf, J.;
4800:
4595:
9489:
9467:
9409:
9391:
8137:
8120:
8109:, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 227-229.
8089:
8072:
7997:
7980:
7869:"Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax
7720:
7703:
7641:
7624:
7516:
7499:
7424:
7407:
7378:
7361:
7152:
7135:
6894:
6877:
6812:
6795:
6711:
6694:
6665:
6648:
6462:
6445:
6423:"Genetic Retesting of DNA Confirms Second Wolf on Island of Newfoundland"
6372:
6355:
6242:
6225:
6055:
6038:
5476:
4689:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z
4579:
4562:
3433:
2978:
1492:
1408:. In 1959, E. Raymond Hall proposed that there had been 24 subspecies of
1270:
1180:
1160:
1099:
501:
412:
377:
342:
311:
259:
233:
227:
221:
164:
8709:
8211:"The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome"
7000:
Wydeven, Adrian P; Van Deelen, Timothy R; Heske, Edward J, eds. (2009).
5060:
Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
3081:
A large, slender subspecies with a narrow muzzle and large carnassials.
8307:
8263:
Fauna dell'Abruzzo e del Molise. Mammiferi. IV. I Carnivori (Carnivora)
7889:
7868:
7749:
6305:
6273:
5562:
4647:
The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People
3800:). The distinct status of the latter is currently unrecognized by MSW3.
3673:
3619:
3565:
3538:
3512:
3505:
3490:
3453:
3388:
3325:
3269:
3223:
3166:
3113:
3059:
3011:
2965:
2894:
2848:
2806:
2752:
1561:
714:
524:
39:
9148:
9124:"Hybridization and endangered species protection in the molecular era"
9123:
9089:
9037:
8768:
8743:
6602:
5232:
5207:
4785:"Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves"
9351:
6829:"THE NAMES OF THE LARGE WOLVES OF NORTHERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA"
6401:"Wolf in Newfoundland probably made it to island on ice, experts say"
5373:
Fleming, Peter; Laurie Corbett; Robert Harden; Peter Thomson (2001).
4437:
4175:(male lineage) markers found that the Himalayan wolf was genetically
4163:
being proposed based on two limited DNA studies. In 2017, a study of
3855:
2855:
2597:, in which case the subspecies is extant in Canada (see infobox map).
2435:
2196:
2192:
2172:, which is an admixture of the Algonquin wolf and other gray wolves.
582:
408:
6563:
6289:
5938:, E. Raymond Hall & Keith R. Kelson, Ronald Press New York, 1959
3425:
1144:
Generally a large subspecies with rusty ocherous or light gray fur.
9615:
9339:
5763:
Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
5090:
Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
4942:
Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
4380:
4267:
3843:
3611:
3437:
3357:
3353:
3302:
3140:
2912:
2608:
2532:
2204:
2200:
2079:
2000:
1357:
1293:
1176:
1164:
634:
528:
4748:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575â577.
3819:(or Apennine wolf) was first recognised as a distinct subspecies (
3730:
9357:
8649:
8167:
8039:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
7934:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
7826:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
7734:
7670:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
7591:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
7466:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6968:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6753:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6517:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6132:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5796:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5705:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5402:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5339:"Home Range, Activity Patterns, and Habitat use of Urban Dingoes"
5282:
Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes : A Monograph of the CanidĂŠ
5123:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4975:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4745:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4407:
4360:
4321:
4242:
4195:
Evolutionary Significant Unit that warranted assignment onto the
3943:
3888:
3859:
3615:
3599:
3486:
3429:
3294:
3146:
3143:
in both size and weight. This subspecies became extinct in 1908.
2654:
2354:
2223:
The Algonquin form is currently (2022) recognized as the species
2188:
2176:
1565:
628:
520:
147:
some 36 wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies:
89:
9014:
5480:"Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs"
5053:
3718:
2252:
A subspecies with variable fur and intermediate in size between
9672:
9345:
9333:
8558:
Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007).
7257:
Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Mol, Dick; Tikhonov, Alexei N (2009).
5915:. Vol. 2. Dover Publications, New York. pp. 413â477.
3698:
3603:
3542:
3475:
A small, dark-colored subspecies, intermediate in size between
3365:
2839:
2628:
2489:
2338:
2180:
2129:
2083:
1569:
1309:
1301:
1184:
1168:
1148:
1103:
516:
An average-sized subspecies with short, coarse and sparse fur.
480:
464:
404:
400:
396:
9066:
7205:"5-Ueber den Hölenwolf (Canis spelaeus) (About the Cave wolf)"
3350:
Similar in size, and related to, the wolves of North America.
1557:
The smallest of the North American subspecies, with dark fur.
1520:
The current (2022) classification of the more broadly defined
325:. In 2003, two forms were distinguished in southern China and
9364:
8652:"Wolves in Trans-Himalayas: 165 years of taxonomic confusion"
8593:
8557:
8363:
7867:
Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009).
5848:
by St. George Mivart, F.R.S, published by Alere Flammam. 1890
5531:
5163:. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. pp. 134â242.
4674:
4272:
3847:
3595:
3534:
3413:
Smaller in size compared to other subspecies, except for the
2933:
as of 2005 which have gone extinct over the past 150 years:
2916:
2658:
2540:
2485:
2342:
2298:
The smallest subspecies of the Arctic, with buffy-white fur.
1613:
1573:
1353:
1289:
1172:
687:
642:
638:
476:
184:
126:
115:
99:
94:
7096:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species
6857:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species
3591:, though larger, with more blackish-buff hairs on the back.
3587:
A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies closely resembling
9371:
9318:
8955:
8564:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
8208:
6928:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species
5949:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species
4187:
4179:
to the Holarctic grey wolf and has an association with the
4035:
3749:
3637:
3607:
2929:
1392:
1297:
1152:
472:
468:
201:
43:
8328:
3641:
in 2005 which have gone extinct over the past 150 years:
2557:
As of 2022 the classification of the more broadly defined
2407:, which is the currently (2022) recognized classification.
411:. Outside Russia, its range includes the extreme north of
9804: (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
9445:
7959:
7866:
5284:. London: E. H. Porter and Dulau & Co. pp. 3â17.
4014:
2987:
One of the largest North American subspecies, similar to
1719:, the domestic dog has developed into hundreds of varied
1687:
815:, the domestic dog has developed into hundreds of varied
788:
8005:
5081:
5079:
3850:
to a single group. This population also showed a unique
291:. In 2003, Nowak also recognized the distinctiveness of
8604:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8118:
8070:
7978:
7701:
7622:
7548:"For saving the Florida panther, it's desperation time"
7497:
7405:
7359:
7133:
6875:
6793:
6719:
6692:
6646:
6548:
6443:
6353:
6223:
6036:
4560:
2823:
subspecies of all known extinct and extant wolves from
1648:
A medium-sized subspecies with grayish fur; similar to
1511:
Melville Island (the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
114:â its upturning tail â which is not found in any other
7535:
Alsatian Shepalute's: A New Breed for a New Millennium
7256:
7076:
Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
6999:
6380:
5377:. Commonwealth of Australia: Bureau of Rural Sciences.
4539:. In Carbyn, L. N.; Fritts, S. H.; D. R. Seip (eds.).
2183:, particularly in and nearby protected areas, such as
8683:
6204:
5076:
2736:
A large, white-colored subspecies closely resembling
205:
as of 2005 and divided into Old World and New World:
10075: (kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, and potoroos)
7432:
7386:
6924:"Appendix A â Subspecies of wolves â North American"
6627:
6334:
6098:
1507:
A medium-sized, almost completely white subspecies.
1421:, a large wolf from Alaska and western Canada named
22:
Skulls of various wolf subspecies from North America
8740:
6849:
6673:
6577:Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (5 June 2021).
5831:
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON
5375:
Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs
5204:
4933:
4931:
4892:. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
2872:
Canadian Arctic-boreal mountain-adapted timber wolf
30:Present and historical range of wild subspecies of
8426:"Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe"
7557:
6902:
6085:
4781:
2038:A medium-sized to large subspecies with pale fur.
8898:
8645:
8643:
7088:
6483:
6470:
6017:
5981:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 239â258.
5896:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4836:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMechBoitani2003 (
4312:) should be recognized as a single subspecies of
777:when the domestic dog is recognised as a species.
106:, and on the next page he classified the wolf as
10245:
9060:
9008:
8042:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
8015:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 466-68
7969:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 463-66
7937:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
7829:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
7673:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
7594:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
7469:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
7442:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 472-74
7396:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 435-36
7350:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 422-24
7340:
7308:Rivista Italiana di Paleontoligia e Stratigrafia
6971:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
6912:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 441-45
6756:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
6729:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 424-27
6683:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 476-77
6637:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 474-76
6520:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
6493:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 437-41
6480:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 453-55
6390:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 434-35
6344:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 445-49
6214:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 427-29
6135:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
6108:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 459-60
6095:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 469-71
6027:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 430-31
5799:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
5752:
5708:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
5405:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
5126:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
4978:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
4928:
4862:. Princeton University press. pp. 416â418.
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4633:
4561:Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M (2012).
1429:, a small wolf from the southwestern U.S. named
98:is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this
9774: (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
9316:
8852:"Reconsidering the distribution of gray wolves"
8799:"The geographical distribution of grey wolves (
8796:
8163:
8161:
7567:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 455-8
7171:
5527:
5525:
5472:
5470:
5260:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
4455:
3909:was first recognised as a distinct subspecies (
3255:Currently (2022) recognized as a subspecies of
3152:Currently (2022) recognized as a subspecies of
2870:Its bone proportions are close to those of the
9122:Wayne, Robert K.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2016).
8949:
8650:Shrotriya, S.; Lyngdoh, S.; Habib, B. (2012).
8640:
8589:
8587:
8251:
8011:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7965:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7792:
7790:
7788:
7563:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7438:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7392:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7346:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
7167:
7165:
7163:
6908:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6859:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 352-353,
6725:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6679:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6633:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6576:
6489:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6476:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6386:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6340:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6210:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6104:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6091:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
6023:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
5911:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944).
5857:
5594:
5173:
4944:, Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 182-184,
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
3635:Subspecies discovered since the publishing of
1425:, a small wolf from southeastern Canada named
589:predominating above 4,000 metres in elevation
9981: (badgers, martens, otters, and weasels)
9656:
9302:
9117:
9115:
8285:
8281:
8279:
7796:
7297:
5765:, Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 184-87,
5272:
5092:, Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 188-89,
4711:
4639:
2874:and a little larger than those of the modern
2772:
1404:recognized as many as 23 subspecies based on
187:as either species or subspecies has recently
9121:
8677:
8553:
8551:
8158:
7293:
7291:
6820:
5977:. In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.).
5951:. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
5910:
5858:REICHMANN, ALON; SALTZ, DAVID (2005-01-01).
5522:
5467:
5346:14th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference
5154:
5148:
5033:. New York: Scribner Classics. p. 320.
5028:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4217:is a proposed clade within the Indian wolf (
3372:Islands just to the east of Hokkaido in the
2897:Unnamed Late Pleistocene Italian subspecies
263:. In his 1995 statistical analysis of skull
194:
74:In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist
9670:
8843:
8584:
7785:
7160:
5979:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
5758:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998)
5307:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5198:
5167:
5085:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998)
4937:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998)
4883:
4881:
4879:
4831:
4608:
4547:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4155:The Himalayan wolf is distinguished by its
3917:. The wolves of the Iberian peninsula have
3891:publishes research papers under that name.
9908: (antelope, sheep, goats, and cattle)
9663:
9649:
9309:
9295:
9112:
8417:
8357:
8322:
8276:
8024:
7919:
7811:
7655:
7576:
7451:
7108:
6953:
6826:
6738:
6542:
6502:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6196:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6117:
5781:
5690:
5676:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5387:
5266:
5108:
4960:
4726:
2524:A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies.
2076:A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies.
208:
9147:
8991:
8981:
8932:
8892:
8875:
8826:
8790:
8767:
8717:
8623:
8575:
8548:
8459:
8449:
8423:
8273:, Colitti e Figlio, Campobasso, pp. 38-45
8234:
8136:
8088:
7996:
7888:
7719:
7640:
7515:
7423:
7377:
7288:
7151:
7098:, University of Minnesota Press, p. 353,
6893:
6811:
6710:
6664:
6610:
6461:
6371:
6241:
6054:
5620:
5505:
5495:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5336:
5231:
4844:
4808:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4578:
3188:A cinnamon-colored subspecies similar to
2669:Currently considered a distinct species,
2121:A medium-sized, dark-colored subspecies.
1400:For North America, in 1944 the zoologist
403:zones in the European and Asian parts of
9920: (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
8411:. Molecular Ecology (2004) 13, 523â536.
7537:by Lois Denny, AuthorHouse, 2004, Pg. 42
7221:
7202:
5966:
5590:
5588:
5240:
4876:
4668:
4478:
4428:List of gray wolf populations by country
4252:
3775:
2634:Historically distributed throughout the
1377:
188:
25:
17:
10001: (raccoons, coatis, and kinkajous)
9987: (seals, sea lions, and walruses)
9816: (kangaroos, possums, and wombats)
9281:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
8097:
7334:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
6589:(13). Wiley Online Library: 9137â9147.
6328:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
6271:
6250:
6163:
6079:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
6011:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
5963:, E. Raymond Hall, Wiley New York, 1981
5746:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
5643:
5595:Spady TC, Ostrander EA (January 2008).
5294:
5288:
5016:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
4922:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
4650:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4614:
4398:(3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize
4351:(3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize
4233:(3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize
3934:(3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize
3879:(3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize
10246:
8849:
7114:
5427:
5366:
5348:. Invasive Animals CRC. Archived from
5297:Dobutsugaku Zasshi Zoological Magazine
5252:"Notice of the chanco or golden wolf (
5047:
4770:
3708:
1992:A light-colored subspecies similar to
1341:A subspecies with slighter frame than
9644:
9290:
7117:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
7036:
6827:Miller Jr., Gerrit S. (8 June 1912).
6393:
5972:
5839:
5821:
5585:
5295:Abe, Y. (1923). "Nukutei ni tisuit".
5206:Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Senn, H. (2020).
5022:
4202:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2747:of the Arctic Coast region from near
1962:Increasingly proposed as the species
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
826:Increasingly proposed as the species
822:Worldwide in association with humans
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
10081: (possums, gliders, and cuscus)
9822: (hedgehogs, moles, and shrews)
8819:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.6.315
8013:The Wolves of North America, Part II
7967:The Wolves of North America, Part II
7565:The Wolves of North America, Part II
7440:The Wolves of North America, Part II
7394:The Wolves of North America, Part II
7348:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6921:
6910:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6727:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6681:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6635:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6491:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6478:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6388:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6342:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6212:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6106:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6093:The Wolves of North America, Part II
6025:The Wolves of North America, Part II
5330:
4887:
3764:also considered dingos a feral dog (
2175:The Algonquin form occupies central
159:â the New Guinea singing dog â as a
8513:
8351:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040559.x
5320:Mlekopitaiushchie Sovetskogo Soiuza
5188:Calcutta Journal of Natural History
4825:
3625:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3555:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3496:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3315:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3213:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3103:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3050:Currently (2022) synonymized under
3002:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2762:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2496:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2445:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2307:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2270:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2135:Currently (2023) synonymized under
2093:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2048:Currently (2022) synonymized under
2010:Currently (2022) synonymized under
1619:Currently (2023) synonymized under
1390:. These subspecies are included in
139:published in 2005, the mammalogist
13:
8868:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.021
8528:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00801.x
8484:"NCBI search Canis lupus italicus"
8407:V. LUCCHINI, A. GALOV and E. RANDI
5601:American Journal of Human Genetics
4593:
4278:
4186:In 2019, a workshop hosted by the
3748:In 2019, a workshop hosted by the
3531:and possibly the same subspecies.
392:A large, light-furred subspecies.
48:listed in the taxonomic authority
14:
10270:
10032: (Old World leaf-nosed bats)
9828: (hares, rabbits, and pikas)
9270:
8594:Sharma, D. K.; Maldonado, J. E.;
8215:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
8151:Angelici, F. M. & Rossi, L.,
7801:. University of Washington Press.
5062:. Elsevier Science. p. 474.
4783:Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016).
4283:
3949:
155:Meyer, 1793. Wozencraft included
9993: (seals and stem-relatives)
9975: (skunks and stink badgers)
9253:American Society of Mammalogists
9233:
9219:
9206:American Society of Mammalogists
9186:
9172:
8803:) in China: A systematic review"
8776:
8734:
8600:"Ancient wolf lineages in India"
8577:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x
8534:
8507:
8490:
8476:
8401:
8387:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98280.x
8202:
8145:
8112:
8064:
8018:
7972:
7913:
7860:
7851:
7805:
7772:
7728:
7695:
7649:
7616:
7570:
7540:
7524:
7491:
7445:
7298:Berte, E.; Pandolfi, L. (2014).
7172:Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam (2012).
5454:American Society of Mammalogists
4412:American Society of Mammalogists
4365:American Society of Mammalogists
4126:
4097:
4068:
4038:
4017:
3762:American Society of Mammalogists
3729:
3717:
3685:
3577:
3517:
3465:
3400:
3337:
3281:
3178:
3129:
3071:
3023:
2977:
2860:
2726:
2617:
2514:
2463:
2423:
2325:
2288:
2242:
2158:
2111:
2066:
2028:
1982:
1696:
1638:
1591:
1547:
1497:
1440:The taxonomic classification of
1373:
1331:
1275:
1179:. Its habitat overlaps with the
1134:
1080:
797:
696:
614:
564:
506:
445:
382:
199:Living subspecies recognized by
8424:Pilot, M.; et al. (2010).
8190:from the original on 2020-02-12
7399:
7353:
7318:
7250:
7215:
7196:
7127:
7064:
6993:
6947:
6915:
6869:
6787:
6778:
6732:
6686:
6640:
6570:
6496:
6437:
6415:
6347:
6312:
6217:
6157:
6111:
6063:
6030:
5995:
5954:
5941:
5929:
5904:
5851:
5775:
5730:
5684:
5637:
5381:
5102:
5000:
4954:
4906:
4859:A Guide to the Mammals of China
4534:"Another look at wolf taxonomy"
4327:
4209:Indian wolf § Canis indica
4171:(maternal lineage) markers and
3894:
3804:
2755:and probably northwards to the
487:and probably some parts of the
10123: (hedgehogs and gymnures)
9840: (bandicoots and bilbies)
9535:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (
7228:. Vol. 1. Bentham Books.
5176:"Description of the wild ass (
4640:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995).
4587:
4245:lists it as a new subspecies,
3030:G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1937
1352:, which includes northwestern
287:as a subspecies distinct from
88:â or the two-word naming â of
1:
9249:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
9202:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
7263:Russian Journal of Theriology
6274:"The Wolves of North America"
6164:Serpell, James (2016-12-08).
5975:"Wolf Evolution and Taxonomy"
5644:Serpell, James (2016-12-08).
5450:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
5157:"Ăber Chinesische SĂ€ugetiere"
4471:
3921:distinct features from other
3527:Similar in size and color to
2831:and 20% longer than those of
2709:(Mississippi Valley red wolf)
1460:North American subspecies of
10259:Taxonomic lists (subspecies)
10103: (white-toothed shrews)
9852: (anteaters and sloths)
9553:Alexander Archipelago wolf (
9517:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (
8983:10.1371/journal.pone.0019582
7275:10.15298/rusjtheriol.08.2.04
5961:The Mammals of North America
5936:The Mammals of North America
5497:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016
3573:Southern Rocky Mountain wolf
2991:. Its fur color is unknown.
2561:of Nowak (1995) synonymizes
2383:of Nowak (1995) synonymizes
2024:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf
1524:of Nowak (1995) synonymizes
7:
9780: (even-toed ungulates)
8598:; Fleischer, R. C. (2004).
7222:Diedrich, Cajus G. (2015).
6836:Smithsonian Research Online
6552:Canadian Journal of Zoology
6403:. The Telegram. 25 May 2012
5913:The Wolves of North America
5876:10.1560/1BLK-B1RT-XB11-BWJH
5761:Mammals of the Soviet Union
5088:Mammals of the Soviet Union
4940:Mammals of the Soviet Union
4644:. In Serpell, James (ed.).
4601:Online Etymology Dictionary
4421:
4410:does list it. In 2021, the
4395:Mammal Species of the World
4374:
4363:does list it. In 2021, the
4348:Mammal Species of the World
4231:Mammal Species of the World
3931:Mammal Species of the World
3876:Mammal Species of the World
2740:, though lighter in color.
2492:region of the Arctic Coast
1572:; once ranged into western
1446:Mammal Species of the World
1412:in North America. In 1970,
136:Mammal Species of the World
69:
51:Mammal Species of the World
10:
10275:
10115: (red-toothed shrews)
9938: (pigs and peccaries)
9846: (odd-toed ungulates)
8925:10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.008
8690:Royal Society Open Science
8236:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011
7190:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.04.003
5846:A monograph of the canidae
5613:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.001
4378:
4331:
4310:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf
4294:Alexander Archipelago wolf
4258:taxonomically classified.
4206:
3953:
3898:
3808:
3771:
2773:List of extinct subspecies
2661:. Modern range is eastern
2624:Audubon and Bachman, 1851
2363:northwestern United States
2107:Alexander Archipelago wolf
773:Sometimes included within
337:and have yet to be named.
10254:Subspecies of Canis lupus
10214:
10161:
10148: (hares and rabbits)
10136:
10129: (moles and desmans)
10088:
10063:
10020:
10013: (civets and genets)
9945:
9896:
9889:
9764:
9751:Monotremes and marsupials
9744:By subclass or infraclass
9743:
9680:
9480:
9382:
9328:
7012:10.1007/978-0-387-85952-1
6075:Nelson and Goldman, 1929"
5864:Israel Journal of Zoology
5159:. In Filchner, W. (ed.).
4121:
4092:
4062:
4032:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3966:with timing in years for
3858:, the absence of private
3743:
3692:Angelici and Rossi, 2018
3672:
3564:
3504:
3452:
3387:
3324:
3268:
3222:
3165:
3112:
3058:
3010:
2964:
2927:Subspecies recognized by
2893:
2847:
2805:
2716:
2603:
2504:
2453:
2413:
2315:
2278:
2232:
2199:, the Upper Peninsula of
2185:Algonquin Provincial Park
2144:
2101:
2056:
2018:
1972:
1682:
1628:
1581:
1554:Nelson and Goldman, 1929
1537:
1487:
1452:subspecies and the three
1321:
1265:
1118:
1098:; recently expanded into
1070:
783:
680:
604:
554:
496:
435:
372:
195:List of extant subspecies
141:W. Christopher Wozencraft
10050: (free-tailed bats)
10044: (bent-winged bats)
9957: (wolves and foxes)
9508:British Columbian wolf (
8451:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104
8430:BMC Evolutionary Biology
8036:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7931:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7823:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7799:The Lost Wolves of Japan
7667:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7588:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7463:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
7203:Goldfuss, G. A. (1823).
6965:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
6750:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
6514:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
6129:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5793:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5702:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5399:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5120:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
4972:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
4888:Wang, Yingxiang (2003).
4742:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
4448:
4392:The taxonomic reference
4345:The taxonomic reference
4229:The taxonomic reference
3928:The taxonomic reference
3873:The taxonomic reference
3736:Skull of a Canadian wolf
3724:Skull of a European wolf
3247:In and around the lower
2086:; confirmed presence on
9834: (elephant shrews)
9607:Alaskan Interior wolf (
9277:Canis lupus on the ITIS
8850:Larson, Greger (2017).
8748:Journal of Biogeography
7094:Mech, L. David (1981),
6855:Mech, L. David (1981),
6272:Goldman, E. A. (1937).
5878:(inactive 2024-09-17).
5555:10.1126/science.1243650
5256:) from Chinese Tartary"
5212:Journal of Biogeography
5174:Hodgson, B. H. (1847).
4832:Mech & Boitani 2003
4298:Canis lupus columbianus
3913:) in 1907 by zoologist
3461:Mogollon Mountains wolf
3231:Mississippi Valley wolf
3196:, but darker in color.
3092:in the Canadian Arctic
2838:Jaurens Cave, southern
2440:Queen Elizabeth Islands
637:, northern and central
531:and the Trans-Caucasus
467:, southern and western
329:as being separate from
209:Eurasia and Australasia
10109: (African shrews)
10056: (horseshoe bats)
9991:Fossil pinnipedimorphs
9571:Mackenzie River wolf (
8616:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0071
8542:"Canis lupus signatus"
8260:Altobello, G. (1921),
7797:Walker, Brett (2008).
7178:Comptes Rendus Palevol
5947:Mech, L. David. 1970.
4642:"2-Origins of the dog"
4615:LinnĂŠus, Carl (1758).
4302:British Columbian wolf
3801:
3677:Canis lupus cristaldii
3645:Extinct subspecies of
3610:, western and central
3174:Cascade Mountains wolf
3158:Canis rufus floridanus
2937:Extinct subspecies of
2902:Berte, Pandolfi, 2014
2816:Boudadi-Maligne, 2012
2690:Canis rufus floridanus
2539:southward to northern
1945:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1937:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1933:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1929:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1913:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1909:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1897:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1857:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1825:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1809:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1789:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1769:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1737:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1587:British Columbian wolf
1560:found in southwestern
1397:
1052:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1044:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1040:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1036:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1020:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1016:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
1004:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
964:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
932:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
916:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
896:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
876:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
844:C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
692:New Guinea singing dog
143:listed under the wolf
131:New Guinea singing dog
35:
23:
10191:(lorises and galagos)
9890:By suborder or family
9708:critically endangered
9626:Alaskan tundra wolf (
7006:. link.springer.com.
6583:Ecology and Evolution
6322:Canis lupus irremotus
5180:) and wolf of Tibet (
5155:Matschie, P. (1908).
5029:Lopez, Barry (1978).
4801:10.1101/gr.197517.115
4532:Nowak, R. M. (1995).
4463:Evolution of the wolf
4379:Further information:
4332:Further information:
4318:Canis lupus crassodon
4306:Canis lupus crassodon
4253:Southern Chinese wolf
4207:Further information:
4065:Late Pleistocene wolf
3954:Further information:
3899:Further information:
3825:Reginald Innes Pocock
3809:Further information:
3779:
2829:C. l. santenaisiensis
2778:Fossil subspecies of
2459:Alaskan Interior wolf
2347:Northwest Territories
2265:Northwest Territories
2214:de Blainville, 1843,
2126:Alexander Archipelago
2005:Northwest Territories
1634:Vancouver Island wolf
1381:
86:binomial nomenclature
29:
21:
9580:Baffin Island wolf (
8784:"Canis lupus indica"
8367:Conservation Biology
8331:Conservation Biology
8138:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
8125:North American Fauna
8090:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
8077:North American Fauna
7998:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7985:North American Fauna
7721:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7708:North American Fauna
7642:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7629:North American Fauna
7552:St. Petersburg Times
7517:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7504:North American Fauna
7425:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7412:North American Fauna
7379:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7366:North American Fauna
7153:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
7140:North American Fauna
6895:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6882:North American Fauna
6813:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6800:North American Fauna
6712:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6699:North American Fauna
6666:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6653:North American Fauna
6463:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6450:North American Fauna
6373:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6360:North American Fauna
6278:Journal of Mammalogy
6243:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6230:North American Fauna
6056:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
6043:North American Fauna
5250:Gray, J. E. (1863).
5054:Fred H. Harrington;
4580:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
4567:North American Fauna
4219:Canis lupus pallipes
4199:for its protection.
3936:Canis lupus signatus
3911:Canis lupus signatus
3881:Canis lupus italicus
3840:Canis lupus italicus
3821:Canis lupus italicus
3424:Japanese islands of
3362:Kamchatkan Peninsula
3261:Canis rufus gregoryi
2973:Kenai Peninsula wolf
2707:Canis niger gregoryi
2702:Canis rufus gregoryi
2697:(Florida black wolf)
2649:, from southernmost
2238:Mackenzie River wolf
1568:as well as northern
167:of "wolf", with the
121:In 1999, a study of
10197:(New World monkeys)
10173:(Old World monkeys)
9622:(taxonomy disputed)
9589:Northwestern wolf (
9140:2016MolEc..25.2680W
9082:2016MolEc..25..357S
9030:2016MolEc..25..380S
8974:2011PLoSO...619582W
8917:2019iSci...20..110W
8856:Zoological Research
8807:Zoological Research
8760:2020JBiog..47.1272W
8710:10.1098/rsos.170186
8702:2017RSOS....470186W
8498:"The wolf in Spain"
8442:2010BMCEE..10..104P
8379:2000ConBi..14..464R
8343:1992ConBi...6..559W
8300:2002AcTh...47..333N
8227:2020TEcoE..35..125L
8103:Glover, A. (1942),
7782:(refer to page 396)
7554:, February 11, 1990
7546:Klinkenberg, Jeff,
6595:2021EcoEv..11.9137W
6073:Canis lupus baileyi
5547:2013Sci...342..871T
5224:2020JBiog..47.1272W
4181:African golden wolf
3709:Disputed subspecies
3668:Taxonomic synonyms
3649:
3457:C. l. mogollonensis
2960:Taxonomic synonyms
2941:
2801:Taxonomic synonyms
2782:
2722:Alaskan tundra wolf
1483:Taxonomic synonyms
1464:
1183:in some regions of
1129:nominate subspecies
647:Ussuri River region
422:Domaniewski, 1926,
368:Taxonomic synonyms
349:
169:nominate subspecies
151:Linnaeus, 1758 and
56:nominate subspecies
10234: (brown bear)
10038: (fruit bats)
9882: (treeshrews)
9798: (armadillos)
9786: (carnivores)
9591:C. l. occidentalis
8610:(Suppl 3): S1âS4.
8516:Journal of Zoology
8308:10.1007/bf03194151
8268:2016-05-04 at the
7890:10.2108/zsj.26.765
7877:Zoological Science
7750:10.2108/zsj.27.320
7738:Zoological Science
6005:Canis lupus arctos
5973:Nowak, R. (2003).
5337:Ben Allen (2008).
4834:, pp. 245â246
4290:Canis lupus ligoni
4247:Canis lupus indica
4215:Indian plains wolf
4203:Indian plains wolf
4192:Canis lupus chanco
4161:Canis himalayensis
4095:Indian plains wolf
3866:at microsatellite
3802:
3644:
3509:C. l. monstrabilis
3317:C. l. occidentalis
3235:but refer Synonyms
3125:but refer Synonyms
3121:Florida black wolf
3004:C. l. occidentalis
2936:
2777:
2764:C. l. occidentalis
2757:Arctic Archipelago
2613:but refer Synonyms
2549:Wied-Neuwied, 1841
2498:C. l. occidentalis
2381:C. l. occidentalis
2371:Richardson, 1829,
2317:C. l. occidentalis
2284:Baffin Island wolf
2272:C. l. occidentalis
2154:but refer Synonyms
2050:C. l. occidentalis
1821:Krumbiegel, 1950,
1717:selective breeding
1713:selective pressure
1692:but refer Synonyms
1459:
1423:C. l. occidentalis
1398:
1388:C. l. occidentalis
1238:Trouessart, 1910,
1155:, ranging through
928:Krumbiegel, 1950,
813:selective breeding
809:selective pressure
793:but refer Synonyms
757:Kohlbrugge, 1896,
340:
36:
24:
10241:
10240:
10210:
10209:
9969: (mongooses)
9756:Placental mammals
9638:
9637:
9609:C. l. pambasileus
9546:C. l. labradorius
9526:Hudson Bay wolf (
9510:C. l. columbianus
9149:10.1111/mec.13642
9128:Molecular Ecology
9090:10.1111/mec.13467
9070:Molecular Ecology
9038:10.1111/mec.13364
9018:Molecular Ecology
8769:10.1111/jbi.13824
8288:Acta Theriologica
8049:978-0-8018-8221-0
8030:"Order Carnivora"
8026:Wozencraft, W. C.
7944:978-0-8018-8221-0
7925:"Order Carnivora"
7921:Wozencraft, W. C.
7836:978-0-8018-8221-0
7817:"Order Carnivora"
7813:Wozencraft, W. C.
7680:978-0-8018-8221-0
7661:"Order Carnivora"
7657:Wozencraft, W. C.
7601:978-0-8018-8221-0
7582:"Order Carnivora"
7578:Wozencraft, W. C.
7476:978-0-8018-8221-0
7457:"Order Carnivora"
7453:Wozencraft, W. C.
7328:Canis lupus alces
7246:978-1-68108-000-0
7235:978-1-68108-001-7
7021:978-0-387-85951-4
6978:978-0-8018-8221-0
6959:"Order Carnivora"
6955:Wozencraft, W. C.
6937:978-0-307-81913-0
6922:Mech, L. (1970).
6763:978-0-8018-8221-0
6744:"Order Carnivora"
6740:Wozencraft, W. C.
6603:10.1002/ece3.7757
6527:978-0-8018-8221-0
6508:"Order Carnivora"
6504:Wozencraft, W. C.
6142:978-0-8018-8221-0
6123:"Order Carnivora"
6119:Wozencraft, W. C.
5988:978-0-226-51696-7
5806:978-0-8018-8221-0
5787:"Order Carnivora"
5783:Wozencraft, W. C.
5740:Canis lupus lupus
5715:978-0-8018-8221-0
5696:"Order Carnivora"
5692:Wozencraft, W. C.
5412:978-0-8018-8221-0
5393:"Order Carnivora"
5389:Wozencraft, W. C.
5278:"The Common Wolf"
5233:10.1111/jbi.13824
5133:978-0-8018-8221-0
5114:"Order Carnivora"
5110:Wozencraft, W. C.
5069:978-0-8155-0905-9
5040:978-0-7432-4936-2
5031:Of wolves and men
5010:Canis lupus arabs
4985:978-0-8018-8221-0
4966:"Order Carnivora"
4962:Wozencraft, W. C.
4916:Canis lupus albus
4755:978-0-8018-8221-0
4728:Wozencraft, W. C.
4594:Harper, Douglas.
4433:Wolf distribution
4418:a valid species.
4371:a valid species.
4316:, synonymized as
4165:mitochondrial DNA
4157:mitochondrial DNA
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4110:
4109:
4081:
4080:
4051:
4050:
3964:Phylogenetic tree
3852:mitochondrial DNA
3706:
3705:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3618:and northwestern
3559:
3552:
3500:
3448:
3383:
3374:Kuril Archipelago
3319:
3312:
3273:C. l. griseoalbus
3264:
3249:Mississippi River
3236:
3217:
3210:
3185:Richardson, 1839
3161:
3126:
3107:
3100:
3067:Banks Island wolf
3054:
3039:C. l. labradorius
3019:Newfoundland wolf
3006:
2925:
2924:
2889:
2833:C. l. lunellensis
2770:
2769:
2766:
2695:Canis niger niger
2683:Canis niger rufus
2678:Canis rufus rufus
2614:
2598:
2554:
2550:
2510:Great Plains wolf
2500:
2455:C. l. pambasileus
2449:
2408:
2376:
2332:Richardson, 1829
2321:Northwestern wolf
2311:
2274:
2228:
2219:
2179:and southwestern
2155:
2140:
2097:
2058:C. l. labradorius
2052:
2014:
1967:
1724:
1693:
1678:
1675:C. l. columbianus
1665:Currently (2023)
1624:
1583:C. l. columbianus
1564:and southeastern
1533:
1384:C. l. griseoalbus
1371:
1370:
1367:
1350:Iberian Peninsula
1348:Northwest of the
1261:
1211:Dwigubski, 1804,
1114:
1102:and southeastern
1096:Italian Peninsula
831:
794:
778:
770:
763:Troughton, 1957,
729:Desmarest, 1820,
676:
600:
550:
431:
177:Canis lupus lupus
161:taxonomic synonym
123:mitochondrial DNA
78:published in his
64:Canis lupus lupus
10266:
10079:Phalangeriformes
9894:
9893:
9810: (opossums)
9703:recently extinct
9665:
9658:
9651:
9642:
9641:
9598:Greenland wolf (
9528:C. l. hudsonicus
9448:C. l. familiaris
9428:Himalayan wolf (
9419:Mongolian wolf (
9412:C. l. campestris
9311:
9304:
9297:
9288:
9287:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9151:
9119:
9110:
9109:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9012:
9006:
9005:
8995:
8985:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8936:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8879:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8830:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8754:(6): 1272â1285.
8738:
8732:
8731:
8721:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8656:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8627:
8591:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8555:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8453:
8421:
8415:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8283:
8274:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8238:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8189:
8182:
8165:
8156:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8116:
8110:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8022:
8016:
8009:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7976:
7970:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7892:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7794:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7574:
7568:
7561:
7555:
7544:
7538:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7449:
7443:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7357:
7351:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7254:
7248:
7239:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7169:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7112:
7106:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7053:. Archived from
7048:
7040:
7034:
7033:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6919:
6913:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6873:
6867:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6833:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6736:
6730:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6690:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6500:
6494:
6487:
6481:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6397:
6391:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6351:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6269:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6187:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6115:
6109:
6102:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6034:
6028:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5887:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5779:
5773:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5667:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5541:(#6160): 871â4.
5529:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5490:(#1): e1004016.
5474:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5444:Canis familiaris
5438:
5425:
5424:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:on 24 April 2009
5354:
5343:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5218:(6): 1272â1285.
5202:
5196:
5195:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5106:
5100:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4958:
4952:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4853:
4842:
4841:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4779:
4768:
4767:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4529:
4465:
4459:
4443:Pleistocene wolf
4414:also considered
4367:also considered
4264:Himalayan wolves
4130:
4101:
4072:
4042:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3960:
3959:
3766:Canis familiaris
3754:Canis familiaris
3733:
3721:
3689:
3650:
3643:
3624:
3581:
3554:
3547:
3521:
3495:
3469:
3443:
3404:
3392:C. l. hodophilax
3378:
3341:
3314:
3307:
3285:
3254:
3234:
3212:
3205:
3182:
3151:
3133:
3124:
3117:C. l. floridanus
3102:
3095:
3090:Victoria Islands
3075:
3049:
3027:
3001:
2981:
2942:
2935:
2884:
2864:
2783:
2776:
2761:
2751:eastward toward
2730:
2685:(Texas red wolf)
2621:
2612:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2518:
2495:
2482:Alaskan Interior
2467:
2444:
2427:
2378:
2375:Richardson, 1829
2367:
2351:British Columbia
2329:
2306:
2292:
2269:
2246:
2222:
2210:
2170:Great Lakes wolf
2162:
2153:
2134:
2115:
2092:
2070:
2047:
2032:
2009:
1986:
1974:C. l. hudsonicus
1964:Canis familiaris
1961:
1917:Linnaeus, 1758,
1885:Linnaeus, 1758,
1873:Linnaeus, 1758,
1865:Linnaeus, 1758,
1813:Linnaeus, 1758,
1797:Linnaeus, 1758,
1781:Linnaeus, 1758,
1757:Linnaeus, 1758,
1732:Linnaeus, 1758,
1710:
1700:
1691:
1684:C. l. familiaris
1664:
1660:British Columbia
1656:Vancouver Island
1642:
1618:
1610:British Columbia
1595:
1551:
1519:
1515:Ellesmere Island
1501:
1465:
1458:
1362:
1335:
1279:
1228:SĂ©lys Longchamps
1219:Bogdanov, 1882,
1203:SĂ©lys Longchamps
1198:Dybowski, 1922,
1190:
1138:
1109:
1087:Altobello, 1921
1084:
1024:Linnaeus, 1758,
992:Linnaeus, 1758,
980:Linnaeus, 1758,
972:Linnaeus, 1758,
920:Linnaeus, 1758,
904:Linnaeus, 1758,
888:Linnaeus, 1758,
864:Linnaeus, 1758,
839:Linnaeus, 1758,
828:Canis familiaris
825:
801:
792:
785:C. l. familiaris
775:Canis familiaris
772:
741:Matschie, 1915,
737:Matschie, 1915,
719:
700:
664:Matschie, 1907,
652:
618:
592:
568:
534:
513:Dwigubski, 1804
510:
498:C. l. campestris
449:
426:Dybowski, 1922,
418:
386:
350:
339:
312:C. l. hodophilax
260:C. l. hodophilax
249:C. l. desortorum
239:C. l. campestris
234:C. l. cubanensis
104:Canis familiaris
10274:
10273:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10206:
10171:Cercopithecoids
10157:
10132:
10084:
10073:Macropodiformes
10059:
10016:
9941:
9885:
9760:
9739:
9723:near threatened
9676:
9669:
9639:
9634:
9628:C. l. tundrarum
9573:C. l. mackenzii
9544:Labrador wolf (
9537:C. l. irremotus
9519:C. l. crassodon
9482:
9476:
9459:Eurasian wolf (
9384:
9378:
9324:
9315:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9257:
9255:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9225:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9208:
9192:
9191:
9187:
9178:
9177:
9173:
9134:(#11): 2680â9.
9120:
9113:
9065:
9061:
9024:(#1): 380â402.
9013:
9009:
8954:
8950:
8897:
8893:
8848:
8844:
8795:
8791:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8739:
8735:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8659:Current Science
8654:
8648:
8641:
8592:
8585:
8570:(#2): 163â172.
8556:
8549:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8522:(#4): 457â462.
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8422:
8418:
8413:abstract online
8406:
8402:
8373:(#2): 464â473.
8362:
8358:
8337:(#4): 559â569.
8327:
8323:
8294:(#3): 333â338.
8284:
8277:
8270:Wayback Machine
8257:
8256:
8252:
8207:
8203:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8166:
8159:
8150:
8146:
8117:
8113:
8102:
8098:
8069:
8065:
8050:
8023:
8019:
8010:
8006:
7977:
7973:
7964:
7960:
7945:
7918:
7914:
7883:(#11): 765â70.
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7837:
7810:
7806:
7795:
7786:
7777:
7773:
7733:
7729:
7700:
7696:
7681:
7654:
7650:
7621:
7617:
7602:
7575:
7571:
7562:
7558:
7545:
7541:
7529:
7525:
7496:
7492:
7477:
7450:
7446:
7437:
7433:
7404:
7400:
7391:
7387:
7358:
7354:
7345:
7341:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7296:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7255:
7251:
7236:
7220:
7216:
7201:
7197:
7170:
7161:
7132:
7128:
7113:
7109:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7022:
6998:
6994:
6979:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6920:
6916:
6907:
6903:
6874:
6870:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6764:
6737:
6733:
6724:
6720:
6691:
6687:
6678:
6674:
6645:
6641:
6632:
6628:
6575:
6571:
6564:10.1139/z00-158
6547:
6543:
6528:
6501:
6497:
6488:
6484:
6475:
6471:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6381:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6335:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6290:10.2307/1374306
6270:
6251:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6189:
6188:
6176:
6162:
6158:
6143:
6116:
6112:
6103:
6099:
6090:
6086:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6035:
6031:
6022:
6018:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5971:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5909:
5905:
5889:
5888:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5807:
5780:
5776:
5757:
5753:
5742:Linnaeus, 1758"
5736:
5735:
5731:
5716:
5689:
5685:
5669:
5668:
5656:
5642:
5638:
5593:
5586:
5530:
5523:
5475:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5440:
5439:
5428:
5413:
5386:
5382:
5371:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5312:
5308:
5293:
5289:
5271:
5267:
5248:
5241:
5203:
5199:
5172:
5168:
5153:
5149:
5134:
5107:
5103:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5027:
5023:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4986:
4959:
4955:
4936:
4929:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4886:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4789:Genome Research
4780:
4771:
4756:
4725:
4712:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4609:
4592:
4588:
4559:
4548:
4536:
4530:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4424:
4383:
4377:
4336:
4330:
4286:
4281:
4255:
4211:
4205:
4149:
4140:
4111:
4082:
4052:
3958:
3952:
3923:Eurasian wolves
3919:morphologically
3903:
3897:
3854:control-region
3846:of a sample in
3813:
3807:
3774:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3711:
3679:
3614:, northwestern
3602:, northeastern
3598:, southwestern
3571:
3541:, and northern
3511:
3459:
3394:
3331:
3275:
3233:
3229:
3172:
3123:
3119:
3078:Anderson, 1943
3065:
3017:
3015:C. l. beothucus
2996:Kenai Peninsula
2971:
2867:Goldfuss, 1823
2854:
2775:
2720:
2718:C. l. tundrarum
2712:
2611:
2607:
2527:Throughout the
2508:
2488:, save for the
2457:
2417:
2319:
2295:Anderson, 1943
2282:
2249:Anderson, 1943
2236:
2234:C. l. mackenzii
2221:
2220:
2165:Schreber, 1775
2152:
2148:
2137:C. l. crassodon
2105:
2060:
2043:Rocky Mountains
2022:
2020:C. l. irremotus
1996:, but smaller.
1978:Hudson Bay wolf
1976:
1959:
1726:
1690:
1686:
1667:C. l. crassodon
1632:
1630:C. l. crassodon
1621:C. l. crassodon
1585:
1541:
1491:
1386:from Goldman's
1376:
1325:
1312:, and northern
1269:
1252:Hermann, 1804,
1248:Ogerien, 1863,
1242:Ogérien, 1863,
1215:Cabrera, 1907,
1141:Linnaeus, 1758
1126:
1122:
1074:
1066:
833:
804:Linnaeus, 1758
791:
787:
743:novaehollandiae
739:macdonnellensis
686:
608:
587:Tibetan Plateau
558:
500:
489:Sinai Peninsula
439:
376:
335:C. l. filchneri
322:C. l. filchneri
211:
197:
189:been challenged
179:) based on the
112:cauda recurvata
81:Systema Naturae
72:
12:
11:
5:
10272:
10262:
10261:
10256:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10227:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10174:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10149:
10142:
10140:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10124:
10118:
10117:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10094:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10076:
10069:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10051:
10045:
10039:
10036:Megachiroptera
10033:
10026:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9951:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9915:
9909:
9902:
9900:
9891:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9853:
9847:
9844:Perissodactyls
9841:
9838:Peramelemorphs
9835:
9829:
9823:
9820:Eulipotyphlans
9817:
9811:
9808:Didelphimorphs
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9733:data deficient
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9645:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9623:
9613:
9604:
9595:
9586:
9582:C. l. manningi
9577:
9568:
9562:Eastern wolf (
9559:
9550:
9541:
9532:
9523:
9514:
9505:
9499:Mexican wolf (
9496:
9486:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9470:C. l. pallipes
9465:
9456:
9446:Domestic dog (
9443:
9434:
9425:
9416:
9407:
9401:Arabian wolf (
9398:
9388:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9368:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9336:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9314:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9272:
9271:External links
9269:
9266:
9265:
9232:
9218:
9185:
9180:"Canis lycaon"
9171:
9111:
9076:(#1): 357â79.
9059:
9007:
8968:(#5): e19582.
8948:
8891:
8862:(3): 115â116.
8842:
8813:(6): 315â326.
8789:
8775:
8733:
8696:(#6): 170186.
8676:
8639:
8583:
8547:
8533:
8506:
8489:
8475:
8416:
8400:
8356:
8321:
8275:
8250:
8221:(2): 125â136.
8201:
8157:
8144:
8111:
8096:
8063:
8048:
8017:
8004:
7971:
7958:
7943:
7912:
7859:
7850:
7835:
7804:
7784:
7771:
7727:
7694:
7679:
7648:
7615:
7600:
7569:
7556:
7539:
7523:
7490:
7475:
7444:
7431:
7398:
7385:
7352:
7339:
7330:Goldman, 1941"
7317:
7287:
7269:(2): 107â113.
7249:
7234:
7214:
7195:
7159:
7126:
7107:
7087:
7063:
7060:on 2008-12-17.
7035:
7020:
6992:
6977:
6946:
6936:
6914:
6901:
6868:
6848:
6819:
6786:
6777:
6762:
6731:
6718:
6685:
6672:
6639:
6626:
6569:
6541:
6526:
6495:
6482:
6469:
6436:
6414:
6392:
6379:
6346:
6333:
6324:Goldman, 1937"
6311:
6249:
6216:
6203:
6174:
6156:
6141:
6110:
6097:
6084:
6062:
6029:
6016:
5994:
5987:
5965:
5953:
5940:
5928:
5922:978-0486211930
5921:
5903:
5850:
5838:
5820:
5805:
5774:
5751:
5729:
5714:
5683:
5654:
5636:
5584:
5521:
5466:
5426:
5411:
5380:
5365:
5329:
5306:
5287:
5265:
5239:
5197:
5178:Asinus polydon
5166:
5147:
5132:
5101:
5075:
5068:
5056:Paul C. Paquet
5046:
5039:
5021:
4999:
4984:
4953:
4927:
4905:
4899:978-7503831317
4898:
4875:
4869:978-0691099842
4868:
4843:
4824:
4795:(#2): 163â73.
4769:
4754:
4710:
4683:(3): 247â257.
4667:
4660:
4632:
4607:
4586:
4546:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4376:
4373:
4329:
4326:
4285:
4284:Coastal wolves
4282:
4280:
4277:
4254:
4251:
4204:
4201:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4124:Himalayan wolf
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3956:Himalayan wolf
3951:
3950:Himalayan wolf
3948:
3946:does list it.
3896:
3893:
3864:heterozygosity
3832:C. l. italicus
3806:
3803:
3793:C. l. italicus
3773:
3770:
3768:) population.
3745:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3592:
3585:
3584:Goldman, 1937
3582:
3575:
3562:
3561:
3545:
3532:
3525:
3524:Goldman, 1937
3522:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3473:
3472:Goldman, 1937
3470:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3311:Anderson, 1945
3305:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3241:Goldman, 1937
3239:
3237:
3227:C. l. gregoryi
3220:
3219:
3209:Townsend, 1850
3203:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3127:
3110:
3109:
3099:Anderson, 1943
3093:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3069:
3063:C. l. bernardi
3056:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3031:
3028:
3021:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2984:Goldman, 1941
2982:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:Across Europe
2879:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2852:C. l. spelaeus
2845:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2825:Western Europe
2817:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2745:Barren Grounds
2741:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2668:
2666:
2663:North Carolina
2632:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2543:
2531:from southern
2525:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2419:Greenland wolf
2411:
2410:
2365:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2280:C. l. manningi
2276:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2208:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2118:Goldman, 1937
2116:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2077:
2074:
2073:Goldman, 1937
2071:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:Goldman, 1937
2033:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1997:
1990:
1989:Goldman, 1941
1987:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1953:Gmelin, 1792,
1949:Gmelin, 1792,
1941:Gmelin, 1792,
1925:Gmelin, 1792,
1921:Gmelin, 1792,
1905:Gmelin, 1792,
1901:Gmelin, 1792,
1893:Gmelin, 1792,
1889:Gmelin, 1792,
1881:Gmelin, 1792,
1877:Gmelin, 1792,
1869:Gmelin, 1792,
1861:Gmelin, 1792,
1853:Gmelin, 1792,
1849:Gmelin, 1792,
1845:Gmelin, 1792,
1841:Gmelin, 1792,
1837:Gmelin, 1792,
1833:Gmelin, 1792,
1829:Gmelin, 1792,
1817:Gmelin, 1792,
1805:Gmelin, 1792,
1801:Gmelin, 1792,
1793:Gmelin, 1792,
1785:Gmelin, 1792,
1777:Gmelin, 1792,
1773:Gmelin, 1792,
1765:Gmelin, 1792,
1761:Gmelin, 1792,
1753:Gmelin, 1792,
1749:Gmelin, 1792,
1745:Gmelin, 1792,
1741:Gmelin, 1792,
1728:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1598:Goldman, 1941
1596:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1530:C. l. bernardi
1517:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1402:Edward Goldman
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:Linnaeus, 1758
1360:
1346:
1339:
1338:Cabrera, 1907
1336:
1329:
1323:C. l. signatus
1319:
1318:
1316:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1267:C. l. pallipes
1263:
1262:
1260:Dybowski, 1922
1256:Wagner, 1841,
1234:Bolkay, 1925,
1188:
1157:Western Europe
1145:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1116:
1115:
1113:Linnaeus, 1758
1107:
1094:Native to the
1092:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1072:C. l. italicus
1068:
1067:
1060:Gmelin, 1792,
1056:Gmelin, 1792,
1048:Gmelin, 1792,
1032:Gmelin, 1792,
1028:Gmelin, 1792,
1012:Gmelin, 1792,
1008:Gmelin, 1792,
1000:Gmelin, 1792,
996:Gmelin, 1792,
988:Gmelin, 1792,
984:Gmelin, 1792,
976:Gmelin, 1792,
968:Gmelin, 1792,
960:Gmelin, 1792,
956:Gmelin, 1792,
952:Gmelin, 1792,
948:Gmelin, 1792,
944:Gmelin, 1792,
940:Gmelin, 1792,
936:Gmelin, 1792,
924:Gmelin, 1792,
912:Gmelin, 1792,
908:Gmelin, 1792,
900:Gmelin, 1792,
892:Gmelin, 1792,
884:Gmelin, 1792,
880:Gmelin, 1792,
872:Gmelin, 1792,
868:Gmelin, 1792,
860:Gmelin, 1792,
856:Gmelin, 1792,
852:Gmelin, 1792,
848:Gmelin, 1792,
835:
823:
820:
805:
802:
795:
781:
780:
751:Ramsay, 1879,
717:
708:
704:
701:
694:
678:
677:
675:Matschie, 1907
660:Skalon, 1936,
658:dorogostaiskii
650:
632:
625:
619:
612:
610:Mongolian wolf
602:
601:
590:
579:
575:
569:
562:
560:Himalayan wolf
552:
551:
538:Laptev, 1929,
532:
517:
514:
511:
504:
494:
493:
491:
457:
453:
450:
443:
433:
432:
416:
393:
390:
387:
380:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
345:subspecies of
327:Inner Mongolia
306:C. l. italicus
285:C. l. communis
228:C. l. pallipes
210:
207:
196:
193:
71:
68:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10271:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10233:
10232:
10228:
10225:
10224:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10184:
10181:
10178:
10175:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10154: (pikas)
10153:
10150:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10119:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10105:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10087:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10065:Diprotodontia
10062:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10030:Hipposiderids
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10012:
10009:
10007: (bears)
10006:
10003:
10000:
9997:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9944:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9888:
9881:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9803:
9802:Dasyuromorphs
9800:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9728:least concern
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9679:
9674:
9666:
9661:
9659:
9654:
9652:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9631:
9629:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9501:C. l. baileyi
9497:
9495:
9493:
9490:Arctic wolf (
9488:
9487:
9485:
9479:
9473:
9471:
9468:Indian wolf (
9466:
9464:
9462:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9452:C. familiaris
9449:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9410:Steppe wolf (
9408:
9406:
9404:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9392:Tundra wolf (
9390:
9389:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9312:
9307:
9305:
9300:
9298:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9244:
9236:
9228:
9227:"Canis rufus"
9222:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9189:
9181:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9116:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9011:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8802:
8793:
8785:
8779:
8770:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8644:
8635:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8554:
8552:
8543:
8537:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8510:
8499:
8493:
8485:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8282:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8205:
8186:
8179:
8177:
8171:
8164:
8162:
8154:
8148:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8107:
8100:
8091:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8034:Wilson, D. E.
8031:
8027:
8021:
8014:
8008:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7929:Wilson, D. E.
7926:
7922:
7916:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7872:
7863:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7821:Wilson, D. E.
7818:
7814:
7808:
7800:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7781:
7775:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7744:(#4): 320â4.
7743:
7739:
7731:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7665:Wilson, D. E.
7662:
7658:
7652:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7619:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7586:Wilson, D. E.
7583:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7560:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7461:Wilson, D. E.
7458:
7454:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7389:
7380:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7329:
7321:
7314:(3): 367â379.
7313:
7309:
7305:
7303:
7294:
7292:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7105:
7104:0-8166-1026-6
7101:
7097:
7091:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6963:Wilson, D. E.
6960:
6956:
6950:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:. Doubleday.
6929:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6905:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6866:
6865:0-8166-1026-6
6862:
6858:
6852:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6781:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6748:Wilson, D. E.
6745:
6741:
6735:
6728:
6722:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6561:
6558:(#12): 2156.
6557:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6512:Wilson, D. E.
6509:
6505:
6499:
6492:
6486:
6479:
6473:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6424:
6418:
6402:
6396:
6389:
6383:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6175:9781107024144
6171:
6167:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6127:Wilson, D. E.
6124:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6101:
6094:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6066:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6007:Pocock, 1935"
6006:
5998:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5944:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5899:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:(2): 87â133.
5869:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5791:Wilson, D. E.
5788:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5771:1-886106-81-9
5768:
5764:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5700:Wilson, D. E.
5697:
5693:
5687:
5679:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5655:9781107024144
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5526:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:PLOS Genetics
5481:
5473:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5397:Wilson, D. E.
5394:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5369:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5274:Mivart, S. G.
5269:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:Lupus laniger
5179:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5118:Wilson, D. E.
5115:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5098:1-886106-81-9
5095:
5091:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5012:Pocock, 1934"
5011:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4970:Wilson, D. E.
4967:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4950:1-886106-81-9
4947:
4943:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4833:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:Wilson, D. E.
4737:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4279:North America
4276:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4197:IUCN Red List
4193:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:Ăngel Cabrera
3912:
3908:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3732:
3720:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:Sicilian wolf
3678:
3675:
3671:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3627:C. l. nubilus
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3594:Southeastern
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:C. l. nubilus
3551:Bartram, 1791
3550:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:mogollonensis
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:C. l. nubilus
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3447:Nehring, 1885
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:Japanese wolf
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:HokkaidĆ wolf
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:Manitoba wolf
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:, but debated
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:C. l. nubilus
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:Cascade Range
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:, but debated
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3136:Miller, 1912
3135:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:C. l. nubilus
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:Labrador wolf
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:C. l. maximus
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:Kuzmina, 1994
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:European wolf
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2810:C. l. maximus
2808:
2804:
2784:
2781:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2733:Miller, 1912
2732:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:United States
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:mogollonensis
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:C. l. nubilus
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:C. l. nubilus
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2470:Miller, 1912
2469:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2430:Pocock, 1935
2429:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:C. l. nubilus
2305:
2303:
2302:Baffin Island
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2263:The southern
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:and southern
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:C. l. nubilus
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:and northern
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:Labrador wolf
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2041:The northern
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:C. l. nubilus
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:C. l. baileyi
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:Pocock, 1935
1503:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:C. l. nubilus
1432:
1431:C. l. baileyi
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:L. David Mech
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1374:North America
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:and northern
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:Noack, 1911,
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1124:Eurasian wolf
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
824:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
800:
796:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
769:Prashad, 1936
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
755:
750:
749:
745:Voigt, 1831,
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:Kerr, 1792 ,
724:
723:
718:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
542:Ognev, 1923,
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:Pocock, 1934
451:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
428:turuchanensis
425:
424:kamtschaticus
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
379:
375:
371:
351:
348:
344:
341:Eurasian and
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:morphometrics
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
217:
206:
204:
203:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:type specimen
178:
174:
173:Eurasian wolf
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
76:Carl Linnaeus
67:
65:
61:
60:Eurasian wolf
57:
53:
52:
47:
46:
41:
38:There are 38
33:
28:
20:
16:
10231:Ursus arctos
10229:
10226: (wolf)
10222:
10221:
10201:Tarsiiformes
10195:Platyrrhines
10107:Myosoricines
10101:Crocidurines
10090:Eulipotyphla
10054:Rhinolophids
10042:Miniopterids
9963: (cats)
9914: (deer)
9898:Artiodactyla
9880:Scandentians
9832:Macroscelids
9814:Diprotodonts
9792: (bats)
9790:Chiropterans
9778:Artiodactyls
9772:Afrosoricids
9627:
9617:
9608:
9599:
9590:
9581:
9572:
9564:C. l. lycaon
9563:
9555:C. l. ligoni
9554:
9545:
9536:
9527:
9518:
9509:
9500:
9492:C. l. arctos
9491:
9469:
9460:
9451:
9447:
9438:
9430:C. l. chanco
9429:
9421:C. l. chanco
9420:
9411:
9402:
9393:
9372:
9363:
9321:
9258:17 September
9256:. Retrieved
9248:
9242:
9235:
9221:
9211:17 September
9209:. Retrieved
9201:
9196:Canis lycaon
9195:
9188:
9174:
9131:
9127:
9073:
9069:
9062:
9021:
9017:
9010:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8908:
8904:
8894:
8859:
8855:
8845:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8792:
8778:
8751:
8747:
8736:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8662:
8658:
8607:
8603:
8596:Jhala, Y. V.
8567:
8563:
8536:
8519:
8515:
8509:
8492:
8478:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8408:
8403:
8370:
8366:
8359:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8291:
8287:
8261:
8258:(in Italian)
8253:
8218:
8214:
8204:
8192:. Retrieved
8175:
8147:
8128:
8124:
8114:
8105:
8099:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8038:
8020:
8012:
8007:
7988:
7984:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7933:
7915:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7862:
7853:
7825:
7807:
7798:
7774:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7711:
7707:
7697:
7669:
7651:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7590:
7572:
7564:
7559:
7542:
7534:
7526:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7465:
7447:
7439:
7434:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7369:
7365:
7355:
7347:
7342:
7327:
7320:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7280:September 7,
7278:. Retrieved
7266:
7262:
7252:
7224:
7217:
7208:
7198:
7181:
7177:
7143:
7139:
7129:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7095:
7090:
7079:. Retrieved
7075:
7066:
7055:the original
7050:
7038:
7002:
6995:
6967:
6949:
6941:
6927:
6917:
6909:
6904:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6856:
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6835:
6822:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6780:
6752:
6734:
6726:
6721:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6680:
6675:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6634:
6629:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6516:
6498:
6490:
6485:
6477:
6472:
6453:
6449:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6395:
6387:
6382:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6341:
6336:
6321:
6314:
6284:(1): 37â45.
6281:
6277:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6211:
6206:
6165:
6159:
6131:
6113:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6087:
6072:
6065:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6024:
6019:
6004:
5997:
5978:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5943:
5935:
5931:
5912:
5906:
5892:cite journal
5867:
5863:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5830:
5823:
5795:
5777:
5760:
5754:
5739:
5732:
5704:
5686:
5645:
5639:
5607:(#1): 10â8.
5604:
5600:
5538:
5534:
5487:
5483:
5459:17 September
5457:. Retrieved
5449:
5443:
5401:
5383:
5374:
5368:
5357:. Retrieved
5350:the original
5345:
5332:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5281:
5268:
5259:
5254:Canis chanco
5253:
5215:
5211:
5200:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5160:
5150:
5122:
5104:
5087:
5059:
5049:
5030:
5024:
5009:
5002:
4974:
4956:
4939:
4915:
4908:
4889:
4858:
4827:
4792:
4788:
4744:
4733:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4646:
4635:
4625:November 23,
4623:. Retrieved
4617:
4610:
4599:
4589:
4570:
4566:
4540:
4457:
4415:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4369:Canis lycaon
4368:
4353:Canis lycaon
4352:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4334:Eastern wolf
4328:Eastern wolf
4317:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4235:Canis indica
4234:
4230:
4228:
4223:Canis indica
4222:
4218:
4212:
4191:
4185:
4173:Y-chromosome
4169:X-chromosome
4160:
4154:
4122:
4093:
4063:
4033:
4015:Domestic dog
4013:
3967:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3910:
3907:Iberian wolf
3904:
3901:Iberian wolf
3895:Iberian wolf
3880:
3874:
3872:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3820:
3817:Italian wolf
3814:
3811:Italian wolf
3805:Italian wolf
3797:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3676:
3662:Description
3646:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3588:
3569:C. l. youngi
3568:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3528:
3508:
3497:
3480:
3476:
3456:
3444:
3418:
3415:Arabian wolf
3391:
3382:Pocock, 1935
3379:
3329:C. l. hattai
3328:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3299:Saskatchewan
3288:Baird, 1858
3272:
3260:
3256:
3226:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3170:C. l. fuscus
3169:
3157:
3153:
3116:
3105:C. l. arctos
3104:
3101:
3096:
3062:
3051:
3045:Newfoundland
3038:
3014:
3003:
2988:
2968:
2954:Description
2938:
2928:
2926:
2906:
2885:
2851:
2832:
2828:
2809:
2795:Description
2779:
2763:
2749:Point Barrow
2737:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2657:and west to
2604:
2594:
2591:monstrabilis
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2546:
2537:Saskatchewan
2529:Great Plains
2505:
2497:
2475:occidentalis
2474:
2454:
2447:C. l. arctos
2446:
2414:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2359:Saskatchewan
2316:
2308:
2279:
2271:
2257:
2254:occidentalis
2253:
2233:
2225:Canis lycaon
2224:
2218:Comeau, 1940
2215:
2211:
2150:Eastern wolf
2146:C. l. lycaon
2145:
2136:
2103:C. l. ligoni
2102:
2094:
2088:Newfoundland
2057:
2049:
2019:
2011:
1994:occidentalis
1993:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1958:Gmelin, 1792
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:sanguinarius
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1688:Domestic dog
1683:
1674:
1671:C. l. ligoni
1670:
1669:synonymizes
1666:
1649:
1629:
1620:
1612:and coastal
1602:
1582:
1543:Mexican wolf
1538:
1529:
1525:
1522:C. l. arctos
1521:
1489:C. l. arctos
1488:
1477:Description
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:C. l. lycaon
1426:
1422:
1419:C. l. arctos
1418:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1363:
1342:
1327:Iberian wolf
1322:
1306:Saudi Arabia
1282:Sykes, 1831
1266:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1223:Kerr, 1792,
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1119:
1110:
1076:Italian wolf
1071:
1065:Gmelin, 1792
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:sanguinarius
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
836:
832:
827:
789:Domestic dog
784:
774:
771:
764:
758:
752:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Gray, 1826,
730:
727:australasiae
726:
720:
703:Meyer, 1793
682:
673:tschiliensis
672:
665:
662:karanorensis
661:
657:
653:
606:C. l. chanco
605:
593:
556:C. l. chanco
555:
543:
539:
535:
497:
485:Saudi Arabia
441:Arabian wolf
436:
427:
423:
419:
373:
362:Description
346:
343:Australasian
334:
331:C. l. chanco
330:
321:
316:
310:
304:
300:C. l. hattai
298:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
254:C. l. hattai
252:
248:
244:C. l. chanco
242:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
212:
200:
198:
176:
156:
152:
148:
144:
134:
120:
111:
107:
103:
93:
79:
73:
63:
49:
44:
37:
31:
15:
10223:Canis lupus
9784:Carnivorans
9698:prehistoric
9618:C. l. rufus
9600:C. l. orion
9461:C. l. lupus
9439:C. l. dingo
9403:C. l. arabs
9394:C. l. albus
9243:Canis rufus
8911:: 110â118.
8801:Canis lupus
8170:Jhala, Y.V.
7302:Canis lupus
5563:10261/88173
4918:Kerr, 1792"
4734:Canis lupus
4416:Canis rufus
4402:; however,
4400:Canis rufus
4355:; however,
4314:Canis lupus
4237:; however,
3968:Canis lupus
3938:; however,
3883:; however,
3836:C. l. lupus
3829:synonymised
3783:C. l. lupus
3653:Subspecies
3647:Canis lupus
3419:C. l. arabs
3257:Canis rufus
3190:columbianus
3154:Canis rufus
3084:Limited to
2989:pambasileus
2969:C. l. alces
2945:Subspecies
2939:Canis lupus
2786:Subspecies
2780:Canis lupus
2738:pambasileus
2705:, formerly
2693:, formerly
2681:, formerly
2671:Canis rufus
2605:C. l. rufus
2579:labridorius
2415:C. l. orion
2401:pambasileus
2393:griseoalbus
2389:columbianus
1966:but debated
1931:terraenovae
1747:antarcticus
1650:columbianus
1645:Hall, 1932
1526:C. l. orion
1493:Arctic wolf
1468:Subspecies
1462:Canis lupus
1454:Canis rufus
1450:Canis lupus
1442:Canis lupus
1343:C. l. lupus
1308:, northern
1271:Indian wolf
1181:Indian wolf
1161:Scandinavia
1120:C. l. lupus
1100:Switzerland
1038:terraenovae
854:antarcticus
830:but debated
766:harappensis
683:C. l. dingo
656:Abe, 1923,
627:The fur is
540:cubanenesis
523:, southern
502:Steppe wolf
463:, southern
437:C. l. arabs
430:Ognev, 1923
413:Scandinavia
389:Kerr, 1792
378:Tundra wolf
374:C. l. albus
353:Subspecies
347:Canis lupus
315:. In 2005,
294:C. l. arabs
289:C. l. lupus
281:C. l. lupus
222:C. l. albus
216:C. l. lupus
165:common name
145:Canis lupus
108:Canis lupus
45:Canis lupus
10248:Categories
10215:By species
10203:(tarsiers)
10152:Ochotonids
10138:Lagomorpha
10121:Erinaceids
10022:Chiroptera
9999:Procyonids
9967:Herpestids
9826:Lagomorphs
9796:Cingulates
9718:vulnerable
9713:endangered
9616:Red wolf (
9483:subspecies
9385:subspecies
9322:subspecies
8436:(1): 104.
8174:Old World
7531:"The Wolf"
7184:(7): 475.
7081:2019-05-10
7072:"Red wolf"
7051:canids.org
7044:"Red Wolf"
6841:26 October
5359:2009-04-29
5303:: 320â386.
5194:: 469â477.
4661:0521415292
4472:References
4034:Holarctic
3862:and lower
3659:Authority
3620:New Mexico
3539:New Mexico
3513:Texas wolf
3491:New Mexico
3097:banksianus
2951:Authority
2792:Authority
2753:Hudson Bay
2644:Midwestern
2571:hudsonicus
2547:variabilis
2521:Say, 1823
2361:, and the
2216:ungavensis
2212:canadensis
1947:variegatus
1891:orientalis
1883:mustelinus
1855:leporarius
1839:islandicus
1827:hibernicus
1819:hagenbecki
1779:domesticus
1771:brevipilis
1763:avicularis
1739:americanus
1707:worldwide
1562:New Mexico
1474:Authority
1406:morphology
1258:orientalis
1254:orientalis
1217:desertorum
1196:argunensis
1054:variegatus
998:orientalis
990:mustelinus
962:leporarius
946:islandicus
934:hibernicus
926:hagenbecki
886:domesticus
878:brevipilis
870:avicularis
846:americanus
760:hallstromi
754:tenggerana
731:australiae
722:antarticus
715:New Guinea
649:of Russia
645:, and the
544:desertorum
536:bactrianus
525:Kazakhstan
359:Authority
277:desortorum
269:campestris
171:being the
157:hallstromi
149:familiaris
40:subspecies
10189:Lorisoids
10183:Lemuroids
10177:Hominoids
10113:Soricines
10097:Soricids
10048:Molossids
10011:Viverrids
9985:Pinnipeds
9979:Mustelids
9973:Mephitids
9947:Carnivora
9918:Cetaceans
9671:Lists of
9481:New World
9383:Old World
9370:Species:
9352:Carnivora
9332:Kingdom:
9319:gray wolf
7240:ebook - e
7030:132793403
6429:26 August
6407:26 August
6298:0022-2372
6192:cite book
6184:957339355
5884:0021-2210
5672:cite book
5664:957339355
4677:BioEssays
4438:Cave wolf
4340:C. lycaon
4036:gray wolf
3856:haplotype
3844:genotypes
3445:japonicus
3436:(but not
3293:Northern
3194:irremotus
2998:, Alaska
2856:Cave wolf
2653:south to
2575:irremotus
2563:beothucus
2436:Greenland
2405:tundrarum
2397:mackenzii
2197:Minnesota
2193:Wisconsin
1999:Northern
1951:venaticus
1935:terrarius
1923:sibiricus
1903:pomeranus
1895:pacificus
1871:melitaeus
1867:melitacus
1847:laniarius
1823:haitensis
1795:fricatrix
1783:extrarius
1775:cursorius
1759:aquatilis
1755:aquaticus
1730:aegyptius
1603:crassodon
1314:Palestine
1058:venaticus
1042:terrarius
1030:sibiricus
1010:pomeranus
1002:pacificus
978:melitaeus
974:melitacus
954:laniarius
930:haitensis
902:fricatrix
890:extrarius
882:cursorius
866:aquatilis
862:aquaticus
837:aegyptius
748:papuensis
735:dingoides
711:Australia
583:Himalayas
519:Northern
461:Palestine
459:Southern
420:dybowskii
409:Kamchatka
395:Northern
319:included
10185:(lemurs)
10163:Primates
10146:Leporids
9856:Primates
9850:Pilosans
9765:By order
9681:By class
9356:Family:
9346:Mammalia
9340:Chordata
9338:Phylum:
9334:Animalia
9166:15939116
9158:27064931
9106:17798894
9098:26562361
9046:26333947
9002:21573241
8962:PLOS ONE
8943:31563851
8905:iScience
8886:28585433
8837:28105796
8728:28680672
8669:June 27,
8634:15101402
8470:20409299
8395:86614655
8266:Archived
8245:31810775
8185:Archived
8058:62265494
8028:(2005).
7953:62265494
7923:(2005).
7907:27005517
7899:19877836
7871:Temminck
7845:62265494
7815:(2005).
7766:11569628
7758:20377350
7689:62265494
7659:(2005).
7610:62265494
7580:(2005).
7485:62265494
7455:(2005).
6987:62265494
6957:(2005).
6772:62265494
6742:(2005).
6621:34257949
6536:62265494
6506:(2005).
6151:62265494
6121:(2005).
5815:62265494
5785:(2005).
5724:62265494
5694:(2005).
5631:18179880
5571:24233726
5516:24453982
5421:62265494
5391:(2005).
5276:(1890).
5142:62265494
5112:(2005).
5058:(1982).
4994:62265494
4964:(2005).
4819:26680994
4764:62265494
4730:(2005).
4697:10333734
4596:"canine"
4573:: 1â67.
4422:See also
4387:C. rufus
4381:Red wolf
4375:Red wolf
4322:ecotypes
4268:Zhejiang
3987:120,000
3979:250,000
3612:Colorado
3438:Hokkaido
3408:Temminck
3370:Kunashir
3358:Sakhalin
3354:Hokkaido
3309:knightii
3303:Manitoba
3141:red wolf
2913:Avetrana
2651:New York
2640:Southern
2609:Red wolf
2583:manningi
2533:Manitoba
2438:and the
2258:manningi
2205:Manitoba
2201:Michigan
2080:Labrador
2003:and the
2001:Manitoba
1956:vertegus
1939:turcicus
1919:scoticus
1879:molossus
1863:mastinus
1851:leoninus
1843:italicus
1835:hybridus
1831:hirsutus
1803:gallicus
1791:fricator
1767:borealis
1743:anglicus
1608:Coastal
1358:Portugal
1294:Pakistan
1230:, 1839,
1213:deitanus
1208:communis
1205:, 1839,
1192:altaicus
1177:Mongolia
1165:Caucasus
1063:vertegus
1046:turcicus
1026:scoticus
986:molossus
970:mastinus
958:leoninus
950:italicus
942:hybridus
938:hirsutus
910:gallicus
898:fricator
874:borealis
850:anglicus
671:, 1874,
654:coreanus
635:Mongolia
585:and the
572:Matschie
547:Bogdanov
529:Caucasus
70:Taxonomy
32:C. lupus
10127:Talpids
9929:extinct
9912:Cervids
9873:extinct
9868:Rodents
9688:Mammals
9675:species
9437:Dingo (
9362:Genus:
9358:Canidae
9350:Order:
9344:Class:
9317:Extant
9251:. 1.5.
9204:. 1.5.
9136:Bibcode
9078:Bibcode
9054:7808556
9026:Bibcode
8993:3087762
8970:Bibcode
8934:6817678
8913:Bibcode
8877:5460078
8828:5359319
8756:Bibcode
8719:5493914
8698:Bibcode
8625:1809981
8461:2873414
8438:Bibcode
8375:Bibcode
8339:Bibcode
8296:Bibcode
8223:Bibcode
8194:6 March
7779:Canada.
6612:8258226
6591:Bibcode
6306:1374306
5622:2253978
5579:1526260
5543:Bibcode
5535:Science
5507:3894170
5452:. 1.5.
5220:Bibcode
4810:4728369
4705:5547543
4408:Genbank
4361:Genbank
4304:), and
4243:Genbank
4003:31,000
3995:80,000
3944:Genbank
3889:Genbank
3860:alleles
3772:Eurasia
3616:Arizona
3600:Wyoming
3589:nubilus
3487:Arizona
3481:baileyi
3430:Shikoku
3410:, 1839
3347:, 1931
3345:Kishida
3295:Alberta
3147:Florida
2821:largest
2655:Florida
2636:Eastern
2355:Alberta
2189:Ontario
2177:Ontario
1927:suillus
1907:sagaces
1899:plancus
1807:glaucus
1799:fuillus
1751:aprinus
1566:Arizona
1286:white.
1034:suillus
1014:sagaces
1006:plancus
914:glaucus
906:fuillus
858:aprinus
669:Sclater
629:fulvous
624:, 1863
597:Hodgson
594:laniger
574:, 1907
521:Ukraine
185:canines
90:species
58:is the
10179:(apes)
10005:Ursids
9961:Felids
9955:Canids
9936:Suines
9924:Arctic
9906:Bovids
9861:fossil
9693:marine
9673:mammal
9164:
9156:
9104:
9096:
9052:
9044:
9000:
8990:
8941:
8931:
8884:
8874:
8835:
8825:
8726:
8716:
8632:
8622:
8468:
8458:
8393:
8316:366077
8314:
8243:
8056:
8046:
7951:
7941:
7905:
7897:
7843:
7833:
7764:
7756:
7687:
7677:
7608:
7598:
7483:
7473:
7244:
7232:
7123:(#15).
7102:
7028:
7018:
6985:
6975:
6934:
6863:
6770:
6760:
6619:
6609:
6534:
6524:
6304:
6296:
6182:
6172:
6149:
6139:
5985:
5919:
5882:
5813:
5803:
5769:
5722:
5712:
5662:
5652:
5629:
5619:
5577:
5569:
5514:
5504:
5419:
5409:
5316:"Wolf"
5140:
5130:
5096:
5066:
5037:
4992:
4982:
4948:
4896:
4866:
4817:
4807:
4762:
4752:
4703:
4695:
4658:
3827:, who
3790:) and
3744:Global
3699:Sicily
3665:Range
3656:Image
3604:Nevada
3543:Mexico
3477:youngi
3434:Kyƫshƫ
3432:, and
3426:Honshƫ
3366:Iturup
3364:, and
3360:, the
3301:, and
3251:basin
2957:Range
2948:Image
2886:brevis
2840:France
2798:Range
2789:Image
2642:, and
2629:coyote
2595:youngi
2567:fuscus
2490:tundra
2373:sticte
2345:, the
2339:Alaska
2181:Quebec
2130:Alaska
2084:Quebec
1943:urcani
1887:obesus
1815:grajus
1811:graius
1721:breeds
1570:Mexico
1480:Range
1471:Image
1310:Israel
1302:Turkey
1236:lycaon
1232:kurjak
1225:fulvus
1221:flavus
1185:Turkey
1175:, and
1169:Russia
1163:, the
1149:Europe
1104:France
1050:urcani
994:obesus
922:grajus
918:graius
817:breeds
599:, 1847
549:, 1882
527:, the
481:Jordan
465:Israel
405:Russia
401:forest
397:tundra
365:Range
356:Image
309:, and
273:chanco
257:, and
9373:lupus
9365:Canis
9162:S2CID
9102:S2CID
9050:S2CID
8655:(PDF)
8501:(PDF)
8391:S2CID
8312:S2CID
8188:(PDF)
8181:(PDF)
8176:Canis
8032:. In
7927:. In
7903:S2CID
7819:. In
7762:S2CID
7663:. In
7584:. In
7459:. In
7058:(PDF)
7047:(PDF)
7026:S2CID
6961:. In
6832:(PDF)
6746:. In
6510:. In
6302:JSTOR
6125:. In
5789:. In
5698:. In
5575:S2CID
5395:. In
5353:(PDF)
5342:(PDF)
5322:[
5262:: 94.
5116:. In
4968:. In
4738:. In
4701:S2CID
4537:(PDF)
4449:Notes
4308:(the
4300:(the
4292:(the
4273:dhole
4177:basal
3848:Italy
3834:with
3758:Canis
3596:Idaho
3549:niger
3535:Texas
3207:gigas
3086:Banks
2917:Italy
2659:Texas
2541:Texas
2486:Yukon
2385:alces
2343:Yukon
1915:sagax
1875:minor
1859:major
1787:ferus
1614:Yukon
1574:Texas
1410:lupus
1396:2005.
1364:lupus
1354:Spain
1290:India
1250:niger
1245:minor
1240:major
1200:canus
1173:China
1111:lupus
1022:sagax
982:minor
966:major
894:ferus
688:Dingo
666:niger
643:Korea
639:China
477:Yemen
279:with
153:dingo
127:dingo
116:canid
100:genus
95:Canis
9260:2021
9213:2021
9154:PMID
9094:PMID
9042:PMID
8998:PMID
8939:PMID
8882:PMID
8833:PMID
8724:PMID
8671:2014
8665:(#8)
8630:PMID
8466:PMID
8241:PMID
8196:2020
8054:OCLC
8044:ISBN
7949:OCLC
7939:ISBN
7895:PMID
7841:OCLC
7831:ISBN
7754:PMID
7685:OCLC
7675:ISBN
7606:OCLC
7596:ISBN
7481:OCLC
7471:ISBN
7282:2022
7242:ISBN
7230:ISBN
7100:ISBN
7016:ISBN
6983:OCLC
6973:ISBN
6932:ISBN
6861:ISBN
6843:2022
6768:OCLC
6758:ISBN
6617:PMID
6532:OCLC
6522:ISBN
6431:2012
6409:2012
6294:ISSN
6198:link
6180:OCLC
6170:ISBN
6147:OCLC
6137:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5917:ISBN
5898:link
5880:ISSN
5811:OCLC
5801:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5720:OCLC
5710:ISBN
5678:link
5660:OCLC
5650:ISBN
5627:PMID
5567:PMID
5512:PMID
5461:2021
5417:OCLC
5407:ISBN
5138:OCLC
5128:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5035:ISBN
4990:OCLC
4980:ISBN
4946:ISBN
4894:ISBN
4864:ISBN
4838:help
4815:PMID
4760:OCLC
4750:ISBN
4693:PMID
4656:ISBN
4652:7â20
4627:2012
4404:NCBI
4357:NCBI
4239:NCBI
4213:The
4188:IUCN
3940:NCBI
3905:The
3885:NCBI
3868:loci
3815:The
3750:IUCN
3638:MSW3
3608:Utah
3489:and
3479:and
3368:and
3199:The
3192:and
3088:and
2994:The
2930:MSW3
2819:The
2743:The
2593:and
2535:and
2484:and
2480:The
2403:and
2379:The
2369:ater
2256:and
2195:and
2124:The
1735:alco
1715:and
1673:and
1528:and
1393:MSW3
1298:Iran
1153:Asia
1151:and
842:alco
811:and
713:and
690:and
622:Gray
581:The
473:Oman
469:Iraq
407:and
399:and
333:and
317:MSW3
275:and
202:MSW3
129:and
84:the
9450:or
9144:doi
9086:doi
9034:doi
8988:PMC
8978:doi
8929:PMC
8921:doi
8872:PMC
8864:doi
8823:PMC
8815:doi
8764:doi
8714:PMC
8706:doi
8663:103
8620:PMC
8612:doi
8608:271
8572:doi
8524:doi
8520:251
8456:PMC
8446:doi
8383:doi
8347:doi
8304:doi
8231:doi
8133:doi
8085:doi
7993:doi
7885:doi
7746:doi
7716:doi
7637:doi
7512:doi
7420:doi
7374:doi
7312:120
7271:doi
7186:doi
7148:doi
7008:doi
6890:doi
6808:doi
6707:doi
6661:doi
6607:PMC
6599:doi
6560:doi
6458:doi
6368:doi
6286:doi
6238:doi
6051:doi
5872:doi
5617:PMC
5609:doi
5559:hdl
5551:doi
5539:342
5502:PMC
5492:doi
5228:doi
4805:PMC
4797:doi
4685:doi
4575:doi
4296:),
3421:).
3380:rex
3259:as
3156:as
3041:).
2187:in
1444:in
66:).
42:of
10250::
9247:.
9200:.
9160:.
9152:.
9142:.
9132:25
9130:.
9126:.
9114:^
9100:.
9092:.
9084:.
9074:25
9072:.
9048:.
9040:.
9032:.
9022:25
9020:.
8996:.
8986:.
8976:.
8964:.
8960:.
8937:.
8927:.
8919:.
8909:20
8907:.
8903:.
8880:.
8870:.
8860:38
8858:.
8854:.
8831:.
8821:.
8811:37
8809:.
8805:.
8762:.
8752:47
8750:.
8746:.
8722:.
8712:.
8704:.
8692:.
8688:.
8661:.
8657:.
8642:^
8628:.
8618:.
8606:.
8602:.
8586:^
8568:45
8566:.
8562:.
8550:^
8518:.
8464:.
8454:.
8444:.
8434:10
8432:.
8428:.
8389:.
8381:.
8371:14
8369:.
8345:.
8333:.
8310:.
8302:.
8292:47
8290:.
8278:^
8239:.
8229:.
8219:35
8217:.
8213:.
8160:^
8129:77
8127:.
8123:.
8081:77
8079:.
8075:.
8052:.
7989:77
7987:.
7983:.
7947:.
7901:.
7893:.
7881:26
7879:.
7875:.
7839:.
7787:^
7760:.
7752:.
7742:27
7740:.
7712:77
7710:.
7706:.
7683:.
7633:77
7631:.
7627:.
7604:.
7550:,
7533:,
7508:77
7506:.
7502:.
7479:.
7416:77
7414:.
7410:.
7370:77
7368:.
7364:.
7332:.
7310:.
7306:.
7290:^
7265:.
7261:.
7207:.
7182:11
7180:.
7176:.
7162:^
7144:77
7142:.
7138:.
7121:59
7119:.
7074:.
7049:.
7024:.
7014:.
6981:.
6940:.
6926:.
6886:77
6884:.
6880:.
6834:.
6804:77
6802:.
6798:.
6766:.
6703:77
6701:.
6697:.
6657:77
6655:.
6651:.
6615:.
6605:.
6597:.
6587:11
6585:.
6581:.
6556:78
6554:.
6530:.
6454:77
6452:.
6448:.
6364:77
6362:.
6358:.
6326:.
6300:.
6292:.
6282:18
6280:.
6276:.
6252:^
6234:77
6232:.
6228:.
6194:}}
6190:{{
6178:.
6145:.
6077:.
6047:77
6045:.
6041:.
6009:.
5894:}}
5890:{{
5868:51
5866:.
5862:.
5809:.
5744:.
5718:.
5674:}}
5670:{{
5658:.
5625:.
5615:.
5605:82
5603:.
5599:.
5587:^
5573:.
5565:.
5557:.
5549:.
5537:.
5524:^
5510:.
5500:.
5488:10
5486:.
5482:.
5469:^
5448:.
5429:^
5415:.
5344:.
5318:.
5301:35
5299:.
5280:.
5258:.
5242:^
5226:.
5216:47
5214:.
5210:.
5190:.
5186:.
5184:)"
5136:.
5078:^
5014:.
4988:.
4930:^
4920:.
4878:^
4846:^
4813:.
4803:.
4793:26
4791:.
4787:.
4772:^
4758:.
4713:^
4699:.
4691:.
4681:21
4679:.
4654:.
4598:.
4571:77
4569:.
4565:.
4549:^
4480:^
4249:.
4183:.
4167:,
4067:â
3606:,
3537:,
3483:.
3440:)
3428:,
3356:,
3297:,
2919:)
2909:.
2878:.
2665:.
2638:,
2589:,
2585:,
2581:,
2577:,
2573:,
2569:,
2565:,
2551:.
2399:,
2395:,
2391:,
2387:,
2357:,
2353:,
2349:,
2341:,
2260:.
2128:,
1658:,
1652:.
1605:.
1513:,
1437:.
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1187:.
1171:,
1167:,
1159:,
1131:)
1106:.
641:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
415:.
303:,
297:,
271:,
251:,
247:,
241:,
237:,
231:,
225:,
219:,
191:.
118:.
92:.
9664:e
9657:t
9650:v
9630:)
9620:)
9611:)
9602:)
9593:)
9584:)
9575:)
9566:)
9557:)
9548:)
9539:)
9530:)
9521:)
9512:)
9503:)
9494:)
9472:)
9463:)
9454:)
9441:)
9432:)
9423:)
9414:)
9405:)
9396:)
9310:e
9303:t
9296:v
9283:)
9279:(
9262:.
9245:"
9241:"
9229:.
9215:.
9198:"
9194:"
9182:.
9168:.
9146::
9138::
9108:.
9088::
9080::
9056:.
9036::
9028::
9004:.
8980::
8972::
8966:6
8945:.
8923::
8915::
8888:.
8866::
8839:.
8817::
8786:.
8772:.
8766::
8758::
8730:.
8708::
8700::
8694:4
8673:.
8636:.
8614::
8580:.
8574::
8544:.
8530:.
8526::
8503:.
8486:.
8472:.
8448::
8440::
8397:.
8385::
8377::
8353:.
8349::
8341::
8335:6
8318:.
8306::
8298::
8247:.
8233::
8225::
8198:.
8141:.
8135::
8093:.
8087::
8060:.
8001:.
7995::
7955:.
7909:.
7887::
7847:.
7768:.
7748::
7724:.
7718::
7691:.
7645:.
7639::
7612:.
7520:.
7514::
7487:.
7428:.
7422::
7382:.
7376::
7336:.
7326:"
7300:"
7284:.
7273::
7267:8
7238:.
7192:.
7188::
7156:.
7150::
7084:.
7032:.
7010::
6989:.
6898:.
6892::
6845:.
6816:.
6810::
6774:.
6715:.
6709::
6669:.
6663::
6623:.
6601::
6593::
6566:.
6562::
6538:.
6466:.
6460::
6433:.
6411:.
6376:.
6370::
6330:.
6320:"
6308:.
6288::
6246:.
6240::
6200:)
6186:.
6153:.
6081:.
6071:"
6059:.
6053::
6013:.
6003:"
5991:.
5925:.
5900:)
5886:.
5874::
5835:.
5829:"
5817:.
5748:.
5738:"
5726:.
5680:)
5666:.
5633:.
5611::
5581:.
5561::
5553::
5545::
5518:.
5494::
5463:.
5446:"
5442:"
5423:.
5362:.
5236:.
5230::
5222::
5192:7
5144:.
5072:.
5043:.
5018:.
5008:"
4996:.
4924:.
4914:"
4902:.
4872:.
4840:)
4821:.
4799::
4766:.
4736:"
4732:"
4707:.
4687::
4664:.
4629:.
4604:.
4583:.
4577::
4406:/
4359:/
4241:/
3942:/
3887:/
3798:b
3796:(
3788:a
3786:(
3674:â
3566:â
3506:â
3454:â
3417:(
3389:â
3326:â
3270:â
3224:â
3167:â
3114:â
3060:â
3037:(
3012:â
2966:â
2915:(
2895:â
2849:â
2807:â
2139:.
1677:.
1623:.
1532:.
1127:(
175:(
62:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_C._lupus_subspecies_skulls.jpg)
_subspecies-en.png)