20:
1775:
103:
250:
the core is surrounded by concentric armoring. In three-core cables, three cable cores are laid-up in a spiral configuration before the armoring is applied. The armoring consists most often of steel wires, soaked in bitumen for corrosion protection. Since the alternating magnetic field in AC cables causes losses in the armoring, those cables are sometimes equipped with non-magnetic metallic materials (stainless steel, copper, brass).
32:
1809:(AAPL), or the Australia–Singapore Power Link (ASPL), is a proposed electricity infrastructure project that is planned to include the world's longest submarine power cable. A solar farm in Northern Territory, Australia, will produce 10 gigawatts of electricity, most of which will be exported to Singapore by a 4,500 km (2,800 mi) 3 GW HVDC transmission line.
224:, with an insulation thickness of up to about 30 mm; 36 kV class cables have only 5.5 – 8 mm insulation thickness. Certain formulations of XLPE insulation can also be used for DC. Low-pressure oil-filled cables have an insulation lapped from paper strips. The entire cable core is impregnated with a low-
249:
Cables ≥ 52 kV are equipped with an extruded lead sheath to prevent water intrusion. No other materials have been accepted so far. The lead alloy is extruded onto the insulation in long lengths (over 50 km is possible). In this stage the product is called cable core. In single-core cables
306:
For larger amounts of transmitted power, the AC systems are composed of three separate single-core underwater cables, each containing just one insulated conductor and carrying one phase of the three phase electric current. A fourth identical cable is often added in parallel with the other three,
283:, and if the cable is long (on the order of tens of kilometres), the current that flows through this capacitance may be significant compared to the load current. This would require larger, therefore more costly, conductors for a given quantity of usable power to be transmitted.
199:
or aluminum wires, the latter material having a small but increasing market share. Conductor sizes ≤ 1200 mm are most common, but sizes ≥ 2400 mm have been made occasionally. For voltages ≥ 12 kV the conductors are round so that the insulation is exposed to a uniform
1759:
Black Sea submarine electric cable with a capacity of 1 GW and voltage of 500 kV will transfer green electricity from
Azerbaijan through Georgia, Romania, Moldova to the EU. It is estimated to be approximately 1100 km in length and to be built in late
2087:
372:
Two 3-core XLPE cables with total capacity of 2x200MVA. 174 km total length including the underground segments. Maximum depth 1000m. Total cost 380 million EUR. It is the longest submarine/underground AC cable interconnection in the world.
274:
at each end of a direct current line to interface to an alternating current grid. A system using submarine power cables may be less costly overall if using high-voltage direct current transmission, especially on a long link where the
236:
risk with cable damage. Mass-impregnated cables have also a paper-lapped insulation but the impregnation compound is highly viscous and does not exit when the cable is damaged. Mass-impregnated insulation can be used for massive
204:. The conductor can be stranded from individual round wires or can be a single solid wire. In some designs, profiled wires (keystone wires) are laid up to form a round conductor with very small interstices between the wires.
1961:, a 1,707 km submarine power cable, reaching depths of up to 3 km (1.9 mi) under sea level, with the capacity to transmit 2,000 megawatts of electricity connecting Africa and Europe (Egypt–Cyprus–Greece)
1815:, a 1,520 km submarine power cable, reaching depths of up to 3 km (1.9 mi) under sea level, with the capacity to transmit 2,000 megawatts of electricity connecting Asia and Europe (Israel–Cyprus–Greece)
2155:
2095:
2212:
2579:
303:
can be constructed with three-core cables in which all three insulated conductors are placed into a single underwater cable. Most offshore-to-shore wind-farm cables are constructed this way.
1936:
to
Scotland. It would be 1,000 to 1,500 km long "and by far the longest in the world." assuming a longer cable not yet built like the proposed 4,200 km Australia–Singapore cable
2784:
3009:
Subsea Cables UK - An organisation of submarine cable owners, operators and suppliers aimed at promoting marine safety and protecting cable installations on the UK continental shelf
2805:
2980:
232:
or synthetic). A central oil channel in the conductor facilitates oil flow in cables up to 525 kV for when the cable gets warm but rarely used in submarine cables due to
2130:
2486:
2608:
2148:
2284:
2191:
2149:"British Columbia Transmission Corporation Application for Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity For Vancouver Island Transmission Reinforcement Project"
2220:
2695:
2006:
2838:
1969:
2639:
2088:"Crete – Peloponnese Interconnection. Selection of tenderers for the cables of one of the most important submarine interconnection projects globally"
2263:
2587:
307:
simply as a spare in case one of the three primary cables is damaged and needs to be replaced. This damage can happen, for example, from a ship's
2739:
2435:
1965:
2358:
2887:
2918:
2291:(in Russian) to Russian federal program "Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020 ".
2264:"P.E.I.'s underwater electric cable project officially plugged in - New underwater cables supply about 75% of the Island's electricity"
2931:
2069:
2967:
2554:
2507:
2131:"The 132,000 volt submarine cable in the Mainland - Vancouver Island interconnection : part 3, cable laying - RBCM Archives"
279:
of the cable would require too much additional charging current. The inner and outer conductors of a cable form the plates of a
2820:
2618:
120:
2059:"Submarine Power Cables - Design, Installation, Repair, Environmental aspects", by T Worzyk, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2009
1639:
662:
3054:
2188:
2882:
2792:
142:
584:
2861:
3049:
1880:
1581:
532:
2017:
1818:
1806:
1401:
703:
124:
57:
below the surface of the water. These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath
2187:"Energy Infrastructures in the Mediterranean: Fine Accomplishments but No Global Vision", Abdelnour Keramane,
2041:
2613:
1745:
456:
311:
carelessly dropped onto it. The fourth cable can substitute for any one of the other three, given the proper
2846:
2643:
1904:
956:
2764:
Application for
Authority to Sell Transmission Rights at Negotiated Rates and Request for Expedited Action
1102:
1954, the first HVDC submarine power cable (non-experimental) Gotland 2 and 3 installed in 1983 and 1987.
1991:
1146:
726:
267:
2664:
300:
2762:
2747:
2462:
2380:
2171:
2011:
1958:
1730:
695:
217:
3018:
1996:
1615:
2366:
19:
2975:
2968:"Proposed 11kV Submarine Cables Replacement Connecting Liu Ko Ngam and Pak Sha Tau Tsui at Kat O"
2950:"EEHC, Euro Africa Company sign MoU to conduct a feasibility study to link Egypt, Cyprus, Greece"
2399:
1812:
1726:
1313:
213:
201:
168:
113:
2288:
675:
670:
271:
24:
2508:"Skagerrak An excellent example of the benefits that can be achieved through interconnections"
1920:
The
British and Icelandic Governments are supposedly in "active discussion" to build a cable (
2001:
1593:
1477:
1344:
1282:
932:
767:
2712:
2344:
2301:
183:
for data transmission or temperature measurement, in addition to the electrical conductors.
2234:
1899:
942:
712:
487:
192:
164:
2558:
2326:
8:
3028:
1986:
1514:
Operations started on
February 1, 2016 with an initial power transmission at 30 MW.
1467:
1266:
1134:
493:
468:
296:
259:
176:
3023:
1788:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1339:
in 2010 the world's highest-capacity long-distance submarine power cable (rated at 1400
2515:
1211:
1046:
646:
86:
1756:, a 740 km cable to provide the two countries with 1,400 MW transmission by 2022.
2672:
2536:
2116:
1902:(Taipower) at this level, scheduled for completion in 2014. On 24 December 2010, the
1691:
1292:
1181:
1155:
1107:
937:
927:
837:
680:
588:
389:
312:
3033:
2665:"Australia Fast Tracks Approval Process for $ 16 Billion Solar Power Export Project"
85:). Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the
2717:
1933:
1297:
1287:
1258:
427:
417:
398:
378:
196:
156:
2195:
1952:
1914:
1056:
1001:
738:
733:
708:
2949:
2046:
1884:
1864:
1855:
1834:
1829:
for the most ambitious underwater transmission project yet. Beginning south of
1576:
1472:
1411:
1262:
558:
393:
385:
54:
3043:
2901:
2676:
1940:
1898:
submarine power cable system (T–P-cable), the first submarine project of the
1842:
1462:
1221:
1061:
881:
618:
421:
233:
180:
172:
1838:
1826:
1749:
1560:
1428:
1406:
1216:
1189:
1122:
1112:
1077:
801:
640:
623:
442:
Twelve, separate, oil filled single-phase cables. Nominal rating 1200 MW.
160:
1860:
1753:
1734:
1427:
500 MW link went online in 2017 with two subsea HVdc cables spanning the
1416:
1323:
1230:
1138:
1117:
901:
871:
842:
382:
345:
276:
263:
229:
74:
50:
3034:
History of the
Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications—Power Cables
2199:
1373:
1243:
1022:
896:
811:
601:
127: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
73:, etc.) but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath
2070:"Crete-Peloponnese: The record-breaking interconnection is completed"
1874:
1647:
1552:
1503:
1436:
1253:
967:
906:
876:
851:
280:
225:
221:
102:
1948:
1925:
1910:
1830:
1696:
1519:
1492:
1381:
1340:
1248:
1161:
847:
831:
787:
544:
328:
220:(XLPE) is used up to 420 kV system voltage. It is produced by
58:
1530:
482:
A second one from 2006 Maximum depth: 660 m (2,170 ft).
2440:
1929:
1921:
1822:
1741:
1589:
1441:
1386:
1328:
1165:
1091:
1007:
996:
990:
962:
911:
866:
806:
596:
463:
2640:"Quadrilateral agreement inked on Black Sea electric cable Link"
1944:
1895:
1891:
1849:
1671:
1666:
1585:
1547:
1351:
1318:
1194:
1082:
1051:
816:
742:
570:
539:
512:
447:
358:
349:
308:
299:(AC) submarine cable systems for transmitting lower amounts of
70:
3024:
Export cables from
Offshore Wind farms to Offshore substations
31:
2327:"European Subsea Cables Association - Submarine Power Cables"
1973:
1870:
1226:
973:
565:
517:
451:
354:
82:
62:
2760:
1719:
2932:"ENERGY: EuroAfrica 2,000MW cable boosts Egypt-Cyprus ties"
1571:
700 MW in 2012 previously the longest undersea power cable
238:
78:
3008:
2878:
2417:
1976:, Northeast Hong Kong, approximately 880 m in length.
1141:
and the more-populous North Island. Commissioned in 1965.
155:
The purpose of submarine power cables is the transport of
2400:"New UK-Belgium power link to start operating on Jan. 31"
66:
3013:
1821:, 335-mile line. The Transmission Developers Company of
175:). Modern three-core cables (e.g. for the connection of
2436:"Power successfully transmitted through NordBalt cable"
2785:"Territory to Study Linking Power Grid to Puerto Rico"
1343:). This power cable connects two large islands in the
1206:
Total length of the line is 313 km (194 mi)
163:. The electric core is a concentric assembly of inner
2007:
List of high voltage underground and submarine cables
412:"The cable became operational on 25 September 1956"
286:
16:
Transoceanic electric power line placed on the seabed
3029:
Transmission cables from
Offshore converter to shore
2919:
Electricity Cable Aims to Link Cyprus, Egypt, Greece
2713:"ENERGY: End to electricity isolation a step closer"
2042:
171:, and protective layers (resembling the design of a
2740:"Cyprus group plans Greece-Israel electricity link"
23:Cross section of the submarine power cable used in
3019:Subsea Cables UK article on Submarine Power Cables
2821:"Malta signs €182 million interconnector contract"
2807:HVDC Transmission & India-Sri Lanka Power Link
1764:
1713:Longest 2200 MW cable, first 600kV undersea cable
2767:, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, p. 7
591:". A second 380 kV cable began operation in 2016
3041:
2754:
1833:, a 335-mile line would run along the bottom of
1186:Italian mainland - Galatina HVDC Static Inverter
258:Most electrical power transmission systems use
2202:), under publication. Consulted 28 March 2014.
2117:"Crete – Peloponnese 150kV AC Interconnection"
1964:11 kV submarine replacement cables connecting
1308:In operation in 1968 and was extended in 1977
2345:"Sardinia's electricity transmission network"
2037:
2035:
2033:
291:
3014:The International Cable Protection Committee
2883:Interconnexion France Aurigny Grand-Bretagne
1298:mainland of the Province of British Columbia
216:around the conductor are mainly used today.
2761:Transmission Developers Inc. (2010-05-03),
2705:
2285:The corresponding page on Russian Knowledge
2859:
2256:
2030:
1133:between the power-rich South Island (much
3036:(Cross sections of historic power cables)
1720:Submarine power cables under construction
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
2397:
2178:, May 1, 2007. Consulted March 28, 2014.
1879:220 kV HVAC, 225 megawatts, 117 km
1610:1.4 GW the longest undersea power cable
761:
30:
18:
2455:
2200:European Institute of the Mediterranean
2174:, Ramón Granadino and Fatima Mansouri,
1917:in Taiwan Island to the Penghu Islands.
1164:, and its neighboring French island of
3042:
2839:"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events"
2213:"Mit der Zukunft Geschichte schreiben"
266:can easily change voltages as needed.
92:
2881:website fablink.net, as well as (fr)
2176:Transmission & Distribution World
2135:search-bcarchives.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca
663:Isle of Man to England Interconnector
2696:The EuroAsia Interconnector document
2422:Neptune Regional Transmission System
1768:
125:adding citations to reliable sources
96:
2398:Chestney, Nina (January 14, 2019).
13:
2986:from the original on 13 March 2022
2862:"Iceland's volcanoes may power UK"
2689:
2657:
2050:, 2010-03-16, accessed 2010-03-18.
287:Operational submarine power cables
14:
3066:
3002:
2906:www.euroafrica-interconnector.com
2888:Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
2860:Carrington, Damian (2012-04-11).
2580:"Kabel til England - Viking Link"
2172:"A Bridge Between Two Continents"
2119:– via www.researchgate.net.
1729:between the Canadian province of
2885:website rte-france.com, site of
2161:from the original on 2021-05-26.
1773:
1725:500 MW capacity, 165 km DC
1197:- Arachthos HVDC Static Inverter
1072:very high power cable (2000 MW)
734:Taman Peninsula, Mainland Russia
101:
39:Green=decided/under construction
2960:
2942:
2924:
2912:
2894:
2872:
2853:
2831:
2813:
2799:
2791:. June 29, 2010. Archived from
2777:
2732:
2700:www.euroasia-interconnector.com
2632:
2601:
2572:
2557:. Nalcor Energy. Archived from
2547:
2529:
2500:
2479:
2428:
2410:
2391:
2385:Emera Newfoundland and Labrador
2373:
2351:
2337:
2319:
2294:
2278:
2227:
2205:
1837:, and then down the bed of the
1765:Proposed submarine power cables
507:A 3 core, XLPE insulated cable
112:needs additional citations for
2381:"Maritime Link Infrastructure"
2181:
2165:
2141:
2123:
2109:
2080:
2062:
2053:
2018:Submarine communications cable
1819:Champlain Hudson Power Express
985:Inaugurated 20 September 2012
704:Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick
585:Messina Strait submarine cable
35:HVDC connections around Europe
1:
2023:
1752:, respectively) are building
457:Spain-Morocco interconnection
207:
2746:. 2012-01-23. Archived from
2487:"The Norned HVDC Cable Link"
2406:– via www.reuters.com.
2359:"THE KONTI-SKAN HVDC SCHEME"
1913:was approved to connect the
1905:Taiwan-Penghu Undersea Cable
1883:between Magħtab, Malta, and
1485:104.6 km (65.0 mi)
922:Commissioned September 2019
186:
7:
3055:Electric power transmission
2921:Bloomberg, February 8, 2017
2902:"EuroAfrica Interconnector"
2235:"Wolfe Island Wind Project"
2219:(in German). Archived from
1992:Electric power transmission
1980:
1881:Malta–Sicily interconnector
1825:, is proposing "to use the
1274:63.5 km (39.5 mi)
1176:3 cables, 1967, 1988, 1992
1147:HVDC Italy-Corsica-Sardinia
727:Prince Edward Island Cables
698:submarine cable for 245 kV
533:Malta–Sicily interconnector
268:High-voltage direct current
253:
244:
10:
3071:
1807:Australia–ASEAN Power Link
1727:Maritime Transmission Link
1661:4 cables - 1700 MW in all
765:
301:three-phase electric power
292:Alternating current cables
241:cables up to 525 kV.
2609:"Denmark - National Grid"
2555:"Lower Churchill Project"
2541:www.westernhvdclink.co.uk
2289:the June 15, 2015 changes
2217:Dithmarscher Kreiszeitung
2012:Electrical interconnector
1959:EuroAfrica Interconnector
1782:This section needs to be
1731:Newfoundland and Labrador
1710:422 km (262 mi)
1658:240 km (150 mi)
1632:260 km (160 mi)
1607:720 km (450 mi)
1568:580 km (360 mi)
1539:623 km (387 mi)
1511:400 km (250 mi)
1424:170 km (110 mi)
1173:385 km (239 mi)
1039:233 km (145 mi)
982:186 km (116 mi)
976:and thus the British grid
919:325 km (202 mi)
889:260 km (160 mi)
859:290 km (180 mi)
824:250 km (160 mi)
418:Mainland British Columbia
379:Mainland British Columbia
218:Cross-linked polyethylene
212:Three different types of
2363:www.transmission.bpa.gov
2266:. CBC News. Aug 29, 2017
1997:Single-wire earth return
1616:Shetland HVDC Connection
1455:140 km (87 mi)
1394:149 km (93 mi)
1203:160 km (99 mi)
1015:105 km (65 mi)
957:East–West Interconnector
848:island State of Tasmania
545:Bornholm Island, Denmark
270:transmission requires a
260:alternating current (AC)
2976:Government of Hong Kong
1813:EuroAsia Interconnector
1336:50 km (31 mi)
1314:Kii Channel HVDC system
1130:40 km (25 mi)
1099:98 km (61 mi)
1069:73 km (45 mi)
202:electric field gradient
3050:Submarine power cables
1601:United Kingdom, Norway
1160:the Italian island of
676:Wolfe Island Wind Farm
424:to Nile Creek Terminal
177:offshore wind turbines
42:
28:
25:Wolfe Island Wind Farm
2242:Canadian Copper CCBDA
2002:List of HVDC projects
1542:Operational May 2021
1478:Long Island, New York
1345:Japanese Home Islands
1283:HVDC Vancouver Island
933:Long Island, New York
768:List of HVDC projects
762:Direct current cables
694:The first three-core
430:/ Dunsmuir Substation
388:, Parker Island, and
47:submarine power cable
34:
22:
2014:, e.g. between grids
1900:Taiwan Power Company
1890:The 58.9-km, 161-kV
1733:and the province of
1265:, and thence to the
943:State of Connecticut
671:Wolfe Island, Canada
313:electrical switching
121:improve this article
2979:. 22 January 2016.
2956:. February 6, 2017.
2938:. February 8, 2017.
2843:www.taipower.com.tw
2463:"NordLink - TenneT"
2306:www.basslink.com.au
2044:, Matthew L. Wald,
1987:Cable landing point
1468:State of New Jersey
1267:Republic of Ireland
1135:hydroelectric power
469:Strait of Gibraltar
297:Alternating-current
214:electric insulation
169:electric insulation
93:Design technologies
2954:dailynewsegypt.com
2302:"Basslink - About"
2194:2020-10-20 at the
1212:HVDC Leyte - Luzon
1090:Swedish island of
1047:HVDC Cross-Channel
647:Bispham, Blackpool
228:insulation fluid (
87:St. Lawrence River
51:transmission cable
43:
29:
2809:www.geni.org 2010
2795:on July 16, 2011.
2789:stcroixsource.com
1803:
1802:
1744:power companies (
1717:
1716:
1692:Western HVDC Link
1652:Denmark (Jutland)
1293:Strait of Georgia
1182:HVDC Italy-Greece
1156:Mediterranean Sea
1108:HVDC Inter-Island
938:Long Island Sound
928:Cross Sound Cable
838:State of Victoria
793:Undersea distance
759:
758:
665:, a 3 core cable
626:, the Philippines
589:Pylons of Messina
390:Saltspring Island
153:
152:
145:
3062:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2936:Financial Mirror
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2845:. Archived from
2835:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2718:Financial Mirror
2709:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2642:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2617:. Archived from
2614:nationalgrid.com
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:. Archived from
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2514:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2223:on 19 July 2011.
2209:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2094:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2039:
1970:Pak Sha Tau Tsui
1934:geothermal power
1823:Toronto, Ontario
1798:
1795:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1620:Shetland islands
1524:Ertsmyra, Norway
1288:Vancouver Island
1259:Northern Ireland
1152:Italian mainland
1083:Swedish mainland
772:
771:
681:Kingston, Canada
428:Vancouver Island
399:Vancouver Island
318:
317:
157:electric current
148:
141:
137:
134:
128:
105:
97:
37:Red=in operation
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3040:
3039:
3005:
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1949:Alderney Island
1915:electrical grid
1841:all the way to
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1057:English Channel
1052:French mainland
1002:Gulf of Finland
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709:Borden-Carleton
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2646:on 2022-12-17
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61:(arms of the
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33:
26:
21:
2988:. Retrieved
2974:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2886:
2874:
2866:The Guardian
2865:
2855:
2847:the original
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2793:the original
2788:
2779:
2769:, retrieved
2763:
2756:
2748:the original
2743:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2721:. 2017-10-19
2716:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2634:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2612:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2584:energinet.dk
2583:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2549:
2540:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:the original
2511:
2502:
2493:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2444:. 2016-02-01
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2367:the original
2362:
2353:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:
2229:
2221:the original
2216:
2207:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2045:
1939:FAB between
1903:
1869:400 kV HVDC
1827:Hudson River
1791:
1783:
1750:Energinet.dk
1740:British and
1561:Feda, Norway
1429:Cabot Strait
1407:Newfoundland
1217:Leyte Island
1190:Adriatic Sea
1123:North Island
1113:South Island
1078:HVDC Gotland
802:Baltic Cable
641:Douglas Head
624:Panay Island
467:through the
383:Gulf Islands
305:
295:
264:transformers
257:
248:
211:
190:
161:high voltage
154:
139:
130:
119:Please help
114:verification
111:
46:
44:
41:Blue=planned
2512:new.abb.com
2311:11 February
2248:3 September
2244:(156). 2008
1966:Liu Ko Ngam
1861:Puerto Rico
1754:Viking Link
1735:Nova Scotia
1417:Nova Scotia
1324:Kii Channel
1261:within the
1231:Philippines
1139:New Zealand
1118:Cook Strait
902:Netherlands
872:Netherlands
843:Bass Strait
488:Norwalk, CT
346:Peloponnese
277:capacitance
230:mineral oil
75:fresh water
3044:Categories
2771:2010-08-02
2725:2017-01-04
2682:2020-11-03
2650:2022-12-17
2625:2016-02-03
2594:2015-11-12
2565:2013-06-08
2522:2016-01-21
2472:2021-10-17
2448:2016-02-02
2441:litgrid.eu
2102:2020-03-05
2024:References
1924:) between
1794:April 2020
1676:Baltic Sea
1500:Baltic Sea
1374:Konti-Skan
1359:Baltic Sea
1305:33 km
1244:HVDC Moyle
1087:Baltic Sea
1030:Baltic Sea
1023:Fenno-Skan
897:COBRAcable
812:Baltic Sea
784:Connecting
778:Connecting
766:See also:
602:Heligoland
462:Fardioua,
392:thence to
334:Length(km)
324:Connecting
321:Connecting
262:, because
208:Insulation
59:salt water
2868:. London.
2677:0362-4331
1932:to carry
1875:Sri Lanka
1701:Irish Sea
1648:Skagerrak
1623:North Sea
1598:North Sea
1553:Eemshaven
1533:, Germany
1527:North Sea
1504:Lithuania
1446:North Sea
1437:Nemo-Link
1341:megawatts
1254:Irish Sea
1006:southern
995:northern
968:Irish Sea
907:North Sea
877:North Sea
852:Australia
836:mainland
788:kilovolts
649:, England
327:Voltage (
281:capacitor
272:converter
226:viscosity
222:extrusion
193:conductor
187:Conductor
165:conductor
2990:13 March
2981:Archived
2270:1 August
2192:Archived
2156:Archived
1981:See also
1926:Scotland
1911:Taipower
1831:Montreal
1697:Scotland
1626:Scotland
1582:Kvilldal
1520:NordLink
1493:NordBalt
1382:Kattegat
1249:Scotland
1162:Sardinia
961:Dublin,
832:Basslink
674:for the
315:system.
254:AC or DC
245:Armoring
133:May 2022
2744:Reuters
2669:Reuters
2404:Reuters
2347:. 2009.
1951:in the
1930:Iceland
1922:Icelink
1907:Project
1863:to the
1784:updated
1590:Cambois
1442:Belgium
1387:Denmark
1362:Denmark
1356:Germany
1329:Shikoku
1229:in the
1166:Corsica
1149:(SACOI)
1092:Gotland
1062:England
1033:Finland
1008:Finland
997:Estonia
991:Estlink
963:Ireland
912:Denmark
867:BritNed
807:Germany
597:Germany
464:Morocco
77:(large
71:straits
2675:
2537:"None"
2418:"Home"
2287:cites
2198:2014 (
1945:France
1892:Taiwan
1850:Hawaii
1839:Hudson
1742:Danish
1679:Sweden
1672:Poland
1667:SwePol
1644:Norway
1586:Suldal
1548:NorNed
1497:Sweden
1378:Sweden
1352:Kontek
1319:Honshu
1277:500MW
1027:Sweden
972:North
817:Sweden
796:Notes
743:Crimea
571:Sicily
513:Sicily
496:, USA
490:, USA
448:Tarifa
359:Greece
350:Greece
340:Notes
309:anchor
197:copper
83:rivers
2984:(PDF)
2971:(PDF)
2490:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2159:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
1974:Kat O
1871:India
1760:2029.
1704:Wales
1594:Blyth
1592:near
1531:Büsum
1227:Luzon
1137:) of
974:Wales
518:Malta
452:Spain
355:Crete
79:lakes
63:ocean
49:is a
2992:2022
2673:ISSN
2313:2018
2272:2020
2250:2013
2074:IPTO
1968:and
1947:via
1943:and
1928:and
1748:and
790:(kV)
775:Name
753:2015
723:2017
696:XLPE
691:2008
661:The
658:1999
581:1985
557:The
552:43.5
531:The
528:2015
479:1998
439:1985
409:1956
369:2021
337:Year
239:HVDC
191:The
81:and
67:seas
2879:FAB
1972:at
1909:of
1873:to
1707:600
1682:450
1655:500
1629:600
1604:515
1565:450
1536:500
1508:300
1482:500
1452:400
1421:200
1391:400
1333:250
1302:280
1271:250
1200:400
1170:200
1127:350
1096:150
1066:270
1036:400
1012:330
979:200
947:150
916:320
886:450
856:500
821:450
747:220
717:138
713:PEI
688:7.8
685:245
655:104
629:138
575:380
522:220
499:138
473:400
433:525
420:to
403:138
381:to
366:135
363:150
159:at
123:by
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711:,
652:90
609:53
606:30
578:38
549:60
525:95
502:18
476:26
450:,
436:35
406:33
357:,
348:,
329:kV
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