Studebaker - Knowledge

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coupe. The car was later modified to 1954-model specifications, and was occasionally driven around South Bend by engineers. Additional structural reinforcements were needed to reduce body flexure. Even though the car was equipped with the 232 cu. in. V-8, the added structural weight increased the car's 0-60 mph acceleration time to an unacceptable level. In addition, the company did not have the financial resources to add another body type to the model line. The company's leadership mistakenly thought the 2-door sedans, 4-door sedans, and 1954 Conestoga wagon would sell better than the 2-door coupes, so the company's resources were focused on production of the sedans and the wagon. When the prototype convertible was no longer needed, engineer E. T. Reynolds ordered the car to be stripped and the body sent to the secret graveyard at the proving grounds. A non-engineering employee requested permission to purchase the complete car, rather than see it rot away with the other prototypes. Chief engineer Gene Hardig discussed the request with E. T. Reynolds. They agreed to let the employee purchase the car on the condition that the employee never sell it. In the 1970s, the car was re-discovered behind a South Bend gas station and no longer owned by the former employee. After eventually passing through several owners, the car is now in a private collection of Studebaker automobiles.

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even on production of about 20,000 cars a year, and Studebaker's announced goal was 30,000–40,000 1965 models. While 1965 production was just shy of the 20,000 figure, the company's directors felt that the small profits were not enough to justify continued investment. Rejecting Grundy's request for funds to tool up for 1967 models, Studebaker left the automobile business on March 17, 1966, after an announcement on March 4. A turquoise and white Cruiser sedan was the last of fewer than 9,000 1966 models manufactured (of which 2,045 were built in the 1966 calendar year). In reality, the move to Canada had been a tactic by which production could be slowly wound down and remaining dealer franchise obligations honored. The 1965 and 1966 Studebaker cars used "McKinnon" engines sourced from

849: 421: 551: 1029: 1037: 444: 1603: 1855:(11 km) of belting, dozens of steam pumps, and 500 arc and incandescent lamps making white light over all". The worldwide economic depression of 1893 caused a dramatic pause in sales and the plant closed down for five weeks, but industrial relations were good and the organized workforce declared faith in their employer. Studebaker would end the nineteenth century as the largest buggy and wagon works in the world, and by 1900, with around 3,000 workers, the plant in South Bend was producing over 100,000 horse-drawn vehicles of all types yearly. 796: 1639: 2332: 47: 997: 1615: 1627: 861: 788: 1666: 596: 1005: 604: 1785: 521:

plants was 100,000 automobiles, 75,000 horse-drawn vehicles, and about $ 10,000,000 worth of automobile and vehicle spare parts ($ 202,566,372 in 2023 dollars ). In the preceding seven years, 466,962 horse-drawn vehicles had been sold, as against 277,035 automobiles, but the trend was all too clear. The regular manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles ended when Erskine ordered the removal of the last wagon gear in 1919. To its range of cars, Studebaker would now add a

7828: 475:.) The first Studebaker wagon factory was built in the same year next to the home. On Bakers Lookout Peter, master of the German Cutler Guild, built the first Studebaker home, the first Studebaker wagon factory where he began forging and tempering steel and seasoning wood in the colonies. Peter Studebaker built the first Studebaker mill and a wagon road. Broadfording Wagon Road was built to run through the property. Peter owned property on both sides of the 7838: 644: 1017: 628: 1298: 636: 1224:(1962), were based on old chassis and engine designs. The Lark, in particular, was based on existing parts to the degree that it even used the central body section of the company's 1953–58 cars, but was a clever enough design to be popular in its first year, selling over 130,000 units and delivering a $ 28.6 million profit to the automaker ($ 298,928,767 in 2023 dollars ). "S-P rose from 56,920 units in 1958 to 153,844 in 1959." 503:

which they built industrious farms with mills and wagon making facilities and wagon selling facilities, each identical to the Bakers Lookout situation, industrious farms, much acreage, on which one finds the necessary resources, lumber, iron ore, oil shale and land selected with stream, spring, or river to hydropower factories, mills and equipment. Peter's technology-enabled expansion of the family business through the famous

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government contracts, production of military trucks and Zip Vans for the United States Postal Service continued into early 1964. The engine foundry remained open until the union contract expired in May 1964. The supply of engines produced in the first half of 1964 supported Zip Van assembly until the government contract was fulfilled, and automobile production at the Canadian plant until the end of the 1964 model year. The

612: 2065: 620: 840:(left-hand drive) and British Empire (right-hand drive) trade. By locating it there, Studebaker could advertise the cars as "British-built" and qualify for reduced tariffs. This manufacturing facility had been acquired from E-M-F in 1910 (see above). By 1929, it had been the subject of $ 1.25 million investment and was providing employment that supported 500 families. 1654: 1978:, made in September 1908, was a different relationship, one John Studebaker had hoped would give Studebaker a quality product without the entanglements found in the Garford relationship, but this was not to be. Under the terms of the agreement, E-M-F would manufacture vehicles and Studebaker would distribute them exclusively through its wagon dealers. 479:, so he built a bridge over the creek in 1747. Peter began the family business on the Bakers Lookout property where he made his home and built the first Studebaker wagon factory. In this factory, Peter manufactured everything, all necessities including products he made in Solingen, Germany, and naturally wagons. Bakers Lookout, the 1740, 100-acre 1090:, which began with Ford's massive increase in production in the spring of 1953—part of Ford's postwar expansion program aimed at restoring it to the position of the largest car maker which GM had held since 1931—could not be equalled by the independent carmakers, for whom the only hope was seen as a merger of Studebaker, 389:, Studebaker Corporation president, wrote the book, "History of the Studebaker Corporation", including the 1918 annual report, "Written for the information of the 3,000 stockholders of the Studebaker Corporation, the 12,000 dealers in its products living throughout the world, its 15,000 employees and numberless friends." 1945:

known as the Studebaker-built R-1820. The plant's main building, just west of Midway Airport, contained 782,988 square feet and sat on a 50-acre site. Although, engine items were fabricated and produced in the Chicago plant, they were sent to South Bend, Indiana for final assembly. The plant was acquired by

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Limited automotive production was consolidated at the company's last remaining production facility in Hamilton, Ontario, which had always been profitable and where Studebaker produced cars until March 1966 under the leadership of Gordon Grundy. It was projected that the Canadian operation could break

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Plant 3 at Detroit made complete chassis for Special and Big Six models in over 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m) of floor space and was located between Clark Avenue and Scotten Avenue south of Fort Street. Plant 5 was the service parts store and shipping facility, plus the executive offices of

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after his marriage to John M's daughter Grace in 1891. "Col. George M Studebaker, Clement Studebaker Jr, J M Studebaker Jr, and Frederick Studebaker Fish served apprenticeships in different departments and rose to important official positions, with membership on the board." Erskine adds sons-in-law

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in 1956 with the aim of improving finances due to Studebaker's experience building aircraft engines during the war and military grade trucks. C-W's president, Roy T. Hurley, attempted to reduce labor costs. Under C-W's guidance, Studebaker-Packard also sold the old Detroit Packard plant and returned

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coupé, which introduced innovative styling features that influenced later cars, including the flatback "trunk" instead of the tapered look of the time, and a wrap-around rear window. For 1950 and 1951, the Champion and Commander adopted a polarizing appearance from Exner's concepts, and were applied

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The original South Bend vehicle plant continued to be used for small forgings, springs, and making some body parts. Separate buildings totaling over one million square feet were added in 1922–1923 for the Light, Special, and Big Six models. At any one time, 5,200 bodies were in process. South Bend's

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and apprentices expanded the vast land holdings enlarging the Studebaker family business and its industrious wagon-making region. Peter's trade secrets were passed from father to son, generation to generation. The Studebaker family business plan, purchasing, again and again, vast amounts of land, on

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During World War II, the plant produced aircraft engines for the B-17 Flying Fortress starting in January 1944 until the August 9, 1945 announcement for the building sale. Studebaker built 63,789 engines at the plant and each had nearly 8,000 finished parts. The aircraft were equipped with engines

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was launched in Paris, resulting in 26,000 sales abroad and many more in America. By 1929, the sales list had been expanded to 50 models and business was so good that 90% of earnings were being paid out as dividends to shareholders in a highly competitive environment. However, the end of that year

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In 1747 Peter Studebaker built a road through his owned properties known as Broadfording Wagon Road. The road he built carried heavy traffic to Bakers Lookout's wagon and forging services that were instrumental to expand the west. The Maryland Historical Trust WA-I-306 writes 04/03/2001, that this

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However, Lark sales began to drop precipitously after the Big Three manufacturers introduced their own compact models in 1960, and the situation became critical once the so-called "senior compacts" debuted for 1961. The Lark had provided a temporary reprieve, but nothing proved enough to stop the

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John M. Studebaker had always viewed the automobile as complementary to the horse-drawn wagon, pointing out that the expense of maintaining a car might be beyond the resources of a small farmer. In 1918, when Erskine's history of the firm was published, the annual capacity of the seven Studebaker

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Another prototype initially slated for disposal at the proving grounds escaped the fate of the others. In late 1952 Studebaker produced one 1953 Commander convertible as an engineering study to determine if the model could be profitably mass-produced. The car was based on the 1953 2-door hardtop

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began to carry the Studebaker name. Garford also built cars under its own name, and by 1907, attempted to increase production at the expense of Studebaker. Once the Studebakers discovered this, John Mohler Studebaker enforced a primacy clause, forcing Garford back on to the scheduled production

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that began in 1849. From his wheelbarrow enterprise at Placerville, John M. had amassed $ 8,000 ($ 292,992 in 2023 dollars ). In April 1858, he quit and moved out to apply this to financing the vehicle manufacturing of H & C Studebaker, which was already booming because of an order to build

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Corporation, which today is the world’s largest producer of tactical wheeled vehicles. Nevertheless, as Newman and Altman decided not to progress with any Studebaker truck production, the tooling was then sold off again to Kaiser Jeep in late 1965, which continued producing parts for Studebaker

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ordered a full set of Studebaker carriages and harnesses for the White House. As the 20th century approached, the South Bend plant "covered nearly 100 acres (0.40 km) with 20 big boilers, 16 dynamos, 16 large stationary engines, 1000 pulleys, 600 wood- and iron-working machines, 7 mi

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After insufficient initial sales of the 1964 models and the ousting of president Sherwood Egbert, on December 9, 1963, the company announced the closure of the South Bend plant. The last Larks and Hawks were assembled on December 20, and the last Avanti was assembled on December 26. To fulfill

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In 1895, John M. Studebaker's son-in-law Fred Fish urged for development of 'a practical horseless carriage'. When, on Peter Studebaker's death, Fish became chairman of the executive committee in 1897, the firm had an engineer working on a motor vehicle. At first, Studebaker opted for electric

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For many years a rumor persisted of the existence of a Studebaker graveyard. The rumor was later confirmed to be true when the remains of many prototype automobiles and a few trucks were discovered at a remote, heavily wooded site bounded by the proving grounds' high-speed oval. Most of the

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Plant 7 was at Walkerville, Ontario, Canada, where complete cars were assembled from components that had been shipped from South Bend and Detroit factories or locally made in Canada, and is in close proximity to the current Ford Windsor Engine Factory. Output was designated for the Canadian

1764:(1861–1865). By 1868, annual sales had reached $ 350,000 ($ 11,868,889 in 2023 dollars ). That year, the three older brothers formed the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company—Clem (president), Peter (secretary), and John M. (treasurer). By this time, the factory had a spur line to the 511:

wagon designs. Peter's trade was the stepping-stone that expanded the transportation industry. Thomas E. Bonsall, wrote "Much more than the story of a family business; it is also, in microcosm, the story of the industrial development of America." Peter Studebaker died in the mid-1750s.

435: 463:(1836–1897) and Jacob Franklin (1844–1887). The boys had five sisters. Photographs of the brothers and their parents are reproduced in the 1918 company history, which was written by Erskine after he became president, in memory of John M., whose portrait appears on the front cover. 1847:. The two granite columns at the main entrance, 3 ft 8 in (1.12 m) in diameter and 12 ft 10 in (3.91 m) high, were said to be the largest polished monolithic shafts in the country. Three years later, Jacob died, the first death among the brothers. 1398:

prototypes were left to rot in direct contact with the ground and full exposure to the weather and falling trees. Attempts to remove some of these rusting bodies resulted in the bodies crumbling under their own weight as they were moved, so now they exist only in photographs.

483:, Hagerstown, Maryland, was the first of many land patents to be acquired by Peter Studebaker. Peter purchased approximately 1500 acres in what is now known state of Maryland. The home still stands today and is proof of the advanced technology of Peter Studebaker. 381:, original manuscripts now in the Pennsylvania State Library at Harrisburg). This included Peter Studebaker and his wife Anna Margetha Studebaker, Clement Studebaker (Peter's brother) and his wife, Anna Catherina Studebaker and Heinrich Studebaker (Peter's cousin). 1313:

The closure adversely affected not only the plant's 700 employees, who had developed a sense of collegiality around group benefits such as employee parties and day trips, but the city of Hamilton as a whole; Studebaker had been Hamilton's 10th-largest employer.

412:. John Clement Studebaker (son of Clement Studebaker and Sarah Rensel) was born February 8, 1799, Westmorland, PA, and died in 1877 in South Bend, St. Joseph, IN. John Studebaker (1799–1877) moved to Ohio in 1835 with his wife Rebecca (née Mohler) (1802–1887). 4488: 1239:, president of the UAW. Despite a sales uptick in 1962, continuing media reports that Studebaker was about to leave the auto business became a self-fulfilling prophecy as buyers shied away from the company's products for fear of being stuck with an "orphan". 679:

1 million ($ 15,209,302 in 2023 dollars ). The worst problem was rear-axle failure. Hendry comments that the frenzied testing resulted in Studebaker's aim to design 'for life'—and the consequent emergence of "a series of really rugged cars... the famous

711:. They included 3,000 transport wagons, 20,000 sets of artillery harness, 60,000 artillery saddles, and ambulances, as well as hundreds of cars purchased through the London office. Similar orders were received from the governments of France and Russia. 404:"The tax list of York County, Pennsylvania, in 1798–9 showed among the taxable were Peter Studebaker Sr. and Peter Studebaker Jr. wagon-makers, which trade later became the foundation of the family fortune and the corporation which now bears his name." 2266:

Studebaker had a long history of selling products in Australia, starting in the 1880s when horse-drawn wagons and carts were imported from the South Bend, Indiana factory, and as the company transitioned to automobiles, they were also brought in.

1734:, a religion that viewed war as evil. Longstreet's official company history simply says, "Henry was tired of the business. He wanted to farm. The risks of expanding were not for him". Expansion continued from manufacture of wagons for westward 651:

In 1910, it was decided to refinance and incorporate as the Studebaker Corporation, which was concluded on February 14, 1911, under New Jersey laws. The company discontinued making electric vehicles that same year. The financing was handled by

1804:. Following a great fire in 1874, which destroyed two-thirds of the entire works, they had rebuilt in solid brick, covering 20 acres (81,000 m) and were now "The largest vehicle house in the world". Customers could choose from Studebaker 1073:

Studebaker's strong postwar management team including president Paul G Hoffman and Roy Cole (vice president, engineering) had left by 1949 and was replaced by more cautious executives who failed to meet the competitive challenge brought on by

1342:, asked Grundy to contact Toyota, as well. Toyota was insulted at being Studebaker's second choice, and when word got out to Nissan that Grundy was also speaking with Toyota executives, Nissan ended negotiations, leaving Grundy empty-handed. 344:) and failure to solve chronic postwar cashflow problems, the 'Studebaker Corporation' name was restored in 1962, but the South Bend plant ceased automobile production on December 20, 1963, and the last Studebaker automobile rolled off the 815:

Studebaker's total plant area in Indiana was 225 acres (0.91 km), spread over three locations, with buildings occupying 7.5 million square feet of floor space. Annual production capacity was 180,000 cars, requiring 23,000 employees.

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brand name at premium prices. Prices listed for the Model G were $ 3,700 to $ 5,000 based on the body style used, equal to ($ 125,471 in 2023 dollars ) to ($ 169,556 in 2023 dollars ). Eventually, vehicles with Garford-built

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carrier. Studebaker ranked 28th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. An assembly plant in California, Studebaker Pacific Corporation, built engine assemblies and nacelles for

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The wagon transportation industry boomed. On the property, Broadfording Wagon Road built in 1740 by Peter Studebaker, went directly through the property to allow access from the home to the factory and to the mill.

2129:, which remained in production until 1956. At one time, the facility was averaging 65 cars a day assembled from knock-down kits shipped by rail from the factory in South Bend, Indiana. The factory manufactured the 1448:

By the early 1960s, Studebaker had begun to diversify away from automobiles. Numerous companies were purchased, bringing Studebaker into such diverse fields as the manufacture of tire studs and missile components.

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trucks for a few more years. Some '1965' model Champ trucks were built in South America using completely knocked-down kits and left-over parts. These models used a different grille from all previous Champ models.

1273:.) They likewise purchased the rights and tooling for Studebaker's trucks, along with the company's vast stock of parts and accessories. The plant, alongside Studebaker's General Products Division, was bought by 397:

In the same book, Albert Russel Erskin, accurately wrote that Peter Studebaker was the "wagon-maker, which trade later became the foundation of the family fortune and the corporation which now bears his name."

333:. The first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the company established a reputation for quality, durability and reliability. 5174: 1265:

model name, tooling, and plant space were sold off to Leo Newman and Nate Altman, a longtime South Bend Studebaker-Packard dealership. They revived the car in 1965 under the brand name "Avanti II". (See

1997:. Eventually in mid-1909, Everitt and Metzger left to start a new enterprise. Flanders also quit and joined them in 1912, but the Metzger Motor Car Co could not be saved from failure by renaming it the 1393:

in 1996. After Bosch closed its South Bend operation in 2011, a part of the proving ground was retained and, as of April 2013, has been restored to use under the name "New Carlisle Test Facility".

348:, Canada, assembly line on March 17, 1966. Studebaker continued as an independent manufacturer before merging with Wagner Electric in May 1967 and then Worthington Corporation in November 1967 to form 3944: 884:'s stock at an inflated price and in cash. By 1933, the banks were owed $ 6 million, ($ 141,223,650 in 2023 dollars ) though current assets exceeded that figure. On March 18, 1933, Studebaker entered 3794:

Gloor, Roger (March 13, 1969). Braunschweig, Robert; et al. (eds.). "Die Personenwagen-Weltproduktion 1968/La production mondiale de voitures en 1968" [The world's car production 1968].

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However, there were a few notable exceptions. A few of the prototypes were rescued. The only example of a never-produced 1947 Champion wood-sided station wagon was restored and is on display at the

3305: 1588:, a bore of 8 in (203 mm) and stroke of 7.75 in (197 mm), displacement would have been 9,349 cubic inches (153.20 L), hence the H-9350 designation. It was not completed. 1198:

sold those brands, as well. C-W gained the use of idle car plants and tax relief on their aircraft profits while Studebaker-Packard received further working capital to continue car production.

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the then-new Packard plant on Conner Avenue (where Packard production had moved in 1954, at the same time Packard took its body-making operations in house after its longtime body supplier,

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By December 1933, the company was back in profit with $ 5.75 million working capital and 224 new Studebaker dealers, while the purchase of White was cancelled. With the substantial aid of

7476: 3340: 1161:, though it continued to make and market both Studebaker and Packard cars until 1958. The "Packard" element was retained until 1962, when the name reverted to "Studebaker Corporation". 6133: 4333: 7947: 4011: 3874: 1231:

A labor strike occurred at the South Bend plant starting on January 1, 1962, and lasting 38 days. The strike came to an end after an agreement was reached between company president

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wagons for the US Army. In 1857, they had also built their first carriage—"Fancy, hand-worked iron trim, the kind of courting buggy any boy and girl would be proud to be seen in".

1134:. Professional financial managers stressed short-term earnings rather than long-term vision. Momentum was sufficient to keep going for another 10 years, but stiff competition and 7977: 1839:

In the 1880s, roads started to be surfaced with tar, gravel, and wooden blocks. In 1884, when times were hard, Jacob opened a carriage sales and service operation in a fine new

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Studebaker prepared well in advance for the anticipated postwar market and launched the slogan "First by far with a post-war car". This advertising premise was substantiated by

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The U.S. Air Force project designation MX-232 was allocated to the proposed 5000-hp engine, according to researchers George Cully & Andreas Parsch. See explanation and

7982: 2996: 1061:, particularly by the shortened fuselage with wrap around canopy. During the war the Studebaker Chippewa Factory was the primary location for aircraft engines used in the 3987: 3396: 1584:

under license during World War II, Studebaker also attempted to build what would perhaps have been the largest aircraft piston engine ever built. With 24 cylinders in an

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made a television program called "Studebaker – Fight for Survival" which aired on May 18, 1962. By 1963, all of the company's automobiles and trucks were selling poorly.

1110:. In this scheme, Studebaker had the disadvantage that its South Bend location would make consolidation difficult. Its labor costs were also the highest in the industry. 4873: 4868: 2966: 1475:(home office; other locations also in Minnesota, Iowa, and Ontario). Manufactured private label kitchen and laundry appliances for major retailers until it was sold to 4248: 6746: 1929:

was also manufactured at this location. Ownership of the factory changed hands a few times, but the M35 and M54 stayed in production until they were replaced by the

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dealerships following the closure of the Canadian plant. Studebaker's General Products Division, which built vehicles to fulfill defense contracts, was acquired by

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The five brothers died between 1887 and 1917 (John Mohler was the last to die). Their sons and sons-in-law remained active in the management, most notably lawyer

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That was when John M. bought out Henry's share of the business. Henry was deeply religious and had qualms about building military equipment. The Studebakers were

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and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles, all sold under the name "Studebaker Automobile Company". Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the

3026: 1707:, in February 1852. They first made metal parts for freight wagons and later expanded into the manufacture of complete wagons. At this time, John M. was making 758:

came to South Bend as vice president in charge of sales. In 1926, Studebaker became the first automobile manufacturer in the United States to open a controlled

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From 1950 Studebaker declined rapidly, and by 1954 was losing money. It negotiated a strategic takeover by Packard, a smaller but less financially troubled

4223:"Ex-State Senator Frederick S. Fish will leave Newark to become the general counsel of the Studebaker Brothers' Manufacturing Company at South Bend, Ind." 1310:

Limited, which were based on Chevrolet's 230-cubic-inch six-cylinder and 283 cubic-inch V8 engines when Studebaker-built engines were no longer available.

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National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form. (The heritage research includes details of the early history of the firm at South Bend.)

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in a pattern that spelled "STUDEBAKER" when viewed from the air. Also in 1926, the last of the Detroit plant was moved to South Bend under the control of

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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of October 1929. Though Studebaker's production and sales had been booming, the market collapsed and plans were laid for a new, small, low-cost car—the

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acquired Studebaker-Worthington, except for the still existing Studebaker Leasing, based in Jericho, NY. McGraw-Edison was itself purchased in 1985 by

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In 1875, the youngest brother, 30-year-old Jacob, was brought into the company to take charge of the carriage factory, making sulkies and five-glass

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products were brought in to replace them. Previously, Studebakers were exported to Australia fully assembled beginning in 1948 in limited numbers.

888:. Erskine was pushed out of the presidency in favor of more cost-conscious managers. Erskine committed suicide on July 1, 1933, leaving successors 718:

casting which became associated with a production-economy drive in the years of the war. At that time, a 28-year-old university graduate engineer,

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aircraft engines instead. Retooling of the factory commenced and by January 1944 was the exclusive location of the Wright R-1820 installed in the

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vehicles from 1902 to 1911, the company entered into body-manufacturing and distribution agreements with two makers of gasoline-powered vehicles,

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coupe. The new trunk design prompted a running joke that one could not tell if the car was coming or going, and appeared to be influenced by the

876:. However, times were too bad to sell even inexpensive cars. Within a year, the firm was cutting wages and laying off workers. Company president 4129: 3456: 7789: 4194: 1653: 3591: 3328: 2275:

While Studebaker closed fully its automotive sector in 1969, the company still left a big legacy behind it among classic car enthusiasts. The

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some years later. As detailed above, some vehicles were assembled from left-over parts and identified as Studebakers by the purchasers of the

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manufactured at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada beginning in 1960. The first location was the Canada Cycle and Car Company in the neighborhood of

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Plant 2 made chassis for the Light Six and had a foundry of 575,000 sq ft (53,400 m), producing 600 tons of castings daily.

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Studebaker's president, Fred Fish, had purchased one-third of the E-M-F stock in 1908 and followed up by acquiring all the remainder from

7942: 7927: 4624: 4094: 2937: 2710: 1745:, half of the wagons used were Studebakers. They made about a quarter of them, and manufactured the metal fittings for other builders in 731: 3428: 498:

Although Peter Studebaker's life in the colonies was short, less than 18 years, the family business flourished through his descendants

4411: 4031: 2808: 2255:. In 1964, after the South Bend, Indiana factory closed, Australian assembly was handed off to Continental & General's factory in 7461: 1602: 800: 4463: 4441: 4144: 3748: 1718:

The first major expansion in Henry and Clem's South Bend business came from their being in the right place to meet the needs of the

6396: 6142: 5937: 4381: 2838: 1765: 3783:"The Hamilton Memory Project: Studebaker" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator – Souvenir Edition. June 10, 2006. p. MP45. 3171:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

1338:, which was not introduced until November 1967, and then the attorney representing the board, former United States Vice President 903:, full refinancing and reorganization was achieved on March 9, 1935. A new car was put on the drawing boards under chief engineer 7867: 7306: 5915: 5194: 4512: 2317:

Spectra Merchandising International, Inc. produces a number of "retro" styled audio equipment under the brand name "Studebaker."

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maintained faith in the Rockne and rashly had the directors declare huge dividends in 1930 and 1931. He also acquired 95% of the

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until 1975, nearly a decade after Studebaker had closed, and proceeded to form the basis for all GAZ trucks later, such as the

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area of Detroit, was purchased from Ford in January 1911 to become Studebaker Plant 10, used for assembly work until 1933.

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In 1965, Gordon Grundy of Studebaker Canada was sent by Studebaker management to Japan to investigate potential links with

1139: 2206:, Studebaker settled on Hamilton as a postwar Canadian manufacturing site because of the city's proximity to the Canadian 490:

road was "One of Washington County's earliest thoroughfares, Broadfording (Wagon) Road was already in existence in 1747."

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The five Studebaker brothers—founders of the Studebaker Corporation: Left to right, (standing) Peter and Jacob; (seated)

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After taking over E-M-F's Detroit facilities, Studebaker sought to remedy customer dissatisfaction complaints by paying

7108: 6268: 4608: 3051: 1930: 306:. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868 as the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the firm was originally a 4903: 3018: 1285:

The closure of the South Bend plant hit the community particularly hard, since Studebaker was the largest employer in

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issues, and the new-car sales war between Ford and General Motors in the early 1950s wrought havoc on Studebaker's

3890: 7769: 7632: 6680: 6663: 4404:"Item MM 137690 Negative – Canada Cycle & Motor Company, Pair with Motor Car Brochure, Victoria, 15 Feb 1960" 2179:

On August 18, 1948, surrounded by more than 400 employees and a battery of reporters, the first vehicle, a blue

1330:, to sell their vehicles badged as Studebakers. While Grundy was negotiating with Nissan to possibly import the 848: 7262: 7048: 6878: 5949: 5945: 5057: 5037: 4924: 2435: 1182:, was acquired by Chrysler in late 1953) to its lessor, Chrysler. The company became the American importer for 1150: 341: 183: 155: 3568: 7466: 7247: 7242: 6938: 6327: 5016: 2040: 1149:. However, the cash position was worse than it had led Packard to believe, and by 1956, the company (renamed 330: 3818: 688:" listed at $ 2,350 ($ 35,742 in 2023 dollars ). From that time, Studebaker's own marque was put on all new 7967: 7691: 7565: 7486: 7068: 6651: 6561: 6158: 6080: 5879: 5829: 5159: 4757: 4691: 3178: 3158: 2477: 1903: 1840: 1570: 1476: 1179: 742:

steel, an improved clutch design, and presided over the six-cylinders-only policy favored by new president

550: 471:

In 1740 Peter Studebaker built his home on a property known as “Bakers Lookout”. (The home still stands in

3533: 2740: 908: 420: 7917: 7669: 6789: 6774: 6751: 6646: 6293: 5524: 5133: 4686: 4224: 2326: 1998: 1989:, and the like. Compounding the problems was the infighting between E-M-F's principal partners, Everitt, 1981:

The E-M-F gasoline-powered cars proved disastrously unreliable, causing wags to say that E-M-F stood for

1911: 1062: 904: 31: 4305: 1495:

International – South Bend, Indiana (handled business matters for all divisions doing business overseas)

824:

various technical departments. The Detroit facilities were moved to South Bend in 1926, except that the

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and drivetrains from Ohio and then mate them with Studebaker-built bodies, which were sold under the

1377:

in 1937, spelling out the Studebaker name, still stands and has proven to be a popular topic on such

1350:

Many of Studebaker's dealers either closed, took on other automakers' product lines, or converted to

1065:

and the marketing department attempted to evoke a reference to their contribution to the war effort.

869: 4202: 1665: 7527: 7446: 7336: 7316: 7217: 7190: 6863: 6794: 6641: 5561: 4858: 4659: 3588: 2689: 2604: 2527: 1524: 1331: 1277:

who used it to produce military vehicles. That unit formed the nucleus for what would later become

1095: 1036: 707:

The corporation benefited from enormous orders cabled by the British government at the outbreak of

3644: 2202:, which was built in 1941. Having previously operated its British Empire export assembly plant at 393:

This book was verified by lawyers and accountants and all board members and was a legal document.

7937: 7491: 7368: 7140: 6608: 5746: 5741: 4975: 4827: 4787: 4198: 4062: 3496: 2864: 2715: 2411: 2134: 1836:

for up to a dozen passengers, with red wheels, gold-plated lamps, and yellow trim, could be had.

1833: 1738:, as well as for farming and general transportation. During the height of westward migration and 1712: 1516: 1417: 1274: 1058: 719: 443: 164: 3243: 7257: 7195: 7063: 6965: 6913: 6451: 6278: 6067: 6056: 6043: 6010: 5700: 5011: 4817: 4777: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4039: 3995: 3841: 3169: 3149: 2695: 2459: 2447: 2441: 2375: 2252: 1769: 1565: 1540: 1531: 1502: 1472: 1421: 940: 696: 685: 349: 249: 187: 168: 4621: 4091: 2934: 2632:: Independent auto manufacturer that marketed cars through Studebaker wagon dealers, 1909–1912 927:

From the 1920s to the 1930s, the South Bend company had originated many style and engineering

695:

In 1913, the company experienced the first major labor strike in the automotive industry, the

7722: 7649: 7155: 7098: 6978: 6529: 6357: 6315: 6263: 6243: 6021: 5529: 5098: 5088: 4797: 4772: 4590: 4373: 3421: 2548: 2465: 2363: 2110: 1907: 1875: 1859: 1789: 1715:. The site of his business is California Historic Landmark #142 at 543 Main St, Placerville. 1520: 1486: 1378: 1307: 932: 877: 743: 386: 318: 244: 172:

Some naming and production rights, along with Studebaker's South Bend plant, acquired by the

2217:

plant shut, Hamilton was Studebaker's sole factory. Studebaker briefly manufactured cars in

2089:

quotas. The decision to drop the Garford name was made and the final product rolled off the

7737: 7560: 7282: 7185: 7145: 7125: 7083: 7058: 7023: 7005: 6816: 6473: 6320: 6111: 5884: 5874: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5790: 5777: 5772: 5719: 5710: 5705: 5667: 5662: 5646: 5637: 5001: 4991: 4970: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4807: 4802: 4727: 4722: 4556:

Virgil Exner: Visioneer: The official biography of Virgil M. Exner, designer extraordinaire

4403: 4028: 2800: 2635: 2595: 2497: 2423: 2417: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2203: 2138: 2013: 2005: 1731: 1719: 1054: 1049: 1021: 956: 952: 936: 829: 771: 692:

produced at the former E-M-F facilities as an assurance that the vehicles were well built.

584: 472: 173: 2620:: An early independent builder of luxury cars financed by Studebaker investment, 1903–1909 770:, vice president in charge of production and engineering. That year, a new small car, the 722:, was appointed chief engineer. He was the first of a trio of brilliant technicians, with 8: 7922: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7346: 7341: 7331: 7294: 7212: 7202: 7160: 7103: 7043: 7013: 6918: 6702: 6517: 6468: 6153: 6032: 5753: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5570: 5482: 4898: 4893: 4812: 4782: 4742: 4717: 4652: 4433: 3756: 3489: 3336: 2674: 2566: 2488:(1959–1966) (Includes the Lark-based 1964–66 Cruiser, Daytona, Commander, and Challenger) 2453: 2429: 2405: 2399: 2240: 2180: 2130: 1926: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1704: 1557: 1550: 1146: 1119: 1009: 960: 948: 919:. The Champion doubled the company's previous-year sales when it was introduced in 1939. 881: 804: 564: 476: 291: 198: 68: 2830: 1949:

to produce telephones that were already in backlog orders because of their war efforts.

714:

The 1913 six-cylinder models were the first cars to employ the important advancement of

623:

1928 Studebaker GB Commander crossing the continent of Australia on unmade roads in 1975

369:. They arrived in America at the port of Philadelphia on September 1, 1736, on the ship 7701: 7676: 7659: 7418: 7321: 7299: 7088: 6973: 6948: 6933: 6799: 6539: 6502: 6310: 6288: 6201: 5768: 5732: 5515: 5103: 5078: 5052: 4712: 4580: 3236: 2679: 2623: 2369: 2354: 2126: 2080: 2021: 1994: 1990: 1817: 1761: 1535: 1498: 1460: 1386: 1083: 944: 767: 681: 568: 452: 425: 106: 4575:

Bodnar, John. "Power and memory in oral history: Workers and managers at Studebaker."

4509: 1898:

production, the Chippewa Factory was built south of the city to initially manufacture

499: 405: 374: 7837: 7804: 7774: 7664: 7612: 7232: 7222: 7000: 6995: 6953: 6893: 6833: 6784: 6736: 6675: 6596: 6566: 6512: 6401: 6347: 5893: 5846: 5047: 4929: 4707: 4277: 3513: 3247: 3107: 2491: 2188: 2166: 2146: 2094: 2028: 1851: 1801: 1544: 1507: 1437: 1429: 1390: 1355: 1262: 1236: 1218: 795: 587:. Studebaker began making gasoline-engined cars in partnership with Garford in 1904. 366: 345: 299: 491: 7408: 7378: 7267: 7053: 6990: 6898: 6714: 6623: 6411: 5609: 5599: 4888: 4853: 3165: 3145: 2720: 2572: 2331: 2248: 2218: 2142: 1946: 1727: 1466: 1079: 808: 779:

that resulted in many layoffs and massive national unemployment for several years.

776: 723: 672: 460: 409: 399: 394: 390: 382: 378: 314: 116: 4519:

Spectra Merchandising International: Studebaker products (Retrieved: 10 June 2021)

1890:

Due to the war effort, and the capacity of the Downtown Facility was dedicated to

7686: 7590: 7550: 7423: 7272: 7135: 7030: 6883: 6534: 6426: 6379: 6253: 6238: 6233: 6218: 6206: 5850: 5687: 5143: 5108: 5093: 5083: 5032: 4960: 4955: 4792: 4737: 4732: 4628: 4540: 4516: 4313: 4271: 4231: 4151: 4133: 4098: 4046: 4035: 4015: 3991: 3948: 3918: 3897: 3878: 3595: 3572: 3114: 3084: 3055: 2941: 2923:. New Albany, Indiana: Automobile Quarterly. pp. 228–75. Vol X, 3rd Q, 1972. 2485: 2471: 2244: 1829: 1753: 1735: 1561: 1490: 1482: 1424:. The Studebaker name disappeared from the American business scene in 1979, when 1413: 1359: 1232: 1214: 1127: 1107: 900: 893: 755: 715: 653: 504: 456: 429: 160: 111: 4634: 4622:

Collection of mid-twentieth-century advertising featuring Studebaker automobiles

2770: 1695:

manufactured conestoga wagons, horse-drawn carriages, electric cars, automobiles

996: 408:"John Studebaker, father of the five brothers was the son of Peter Studebaker. 7732: 7696: 7644: 7607: 7398: 7311: 7120: 6823: 6769: 6618: 6551: 6416: 6384: 6332: 6273: 5148: 5138: 3422:"National Historic Landmark Nomination – Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, pp. 22–23" 3270: 2705: 2542: 2276: 2207: 1574: 1374: 1335: 1174: 1154: 1087: 988:. After cessation of hostilities, Studebaker returned to building automobiles. 968: 7820:

Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business

860: 787: 7856: 7585: 7388: 7373: 7326: 7150: 7093: 6928: 6853: 6838: 6571: 6544: 6421: 6303: 6248: 5520: 5118: 5021: 4996: 3796:

Automobil Revue – Katalognummer 1969/Revue Automobile – Numéro catalogue 1969

3266: 2659: 2629: 2125:

In 1938, the company built an assembly location at 4530 Loma Vista Avenue in

2090: 2036: 1975: 1581: 1433: 1425: 1351: 1339: 1183: 1131: 1075: 916: 738:

Engineering. The replacement chief engineer was Guy P. Henry, who introduced

661: 657: 576: 508: 326: 303: 274: 219: 206: 72: 6668: 5189: 4487:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. August 11, 1998. Archived from 3048: 1016: 595: 7622: 7413: 7180: 7115: 6848: 6446: 6431: 6362: 6228: 6094: 5495: 5128: 5123: 4939: 3952: 2641: 2284: 2259:

until 1968 when the last car was built. When the factory ceased operations

2154: 1511: 1382: 1370: 1270: 1244: 1045: 985: 964: 912: 889: 885: 759: 734:". They left in 1920 to form a consultancy, later to become the nucleus of 572: 522: 322: 307: 295: 7817:

Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S.

1004: 603: 7841: 7727: 7393: 6943: 6908: 6811: 6779: 6697: 6576: 6436: 4965: 3971: 3957: 2184: 1784: 1739: 1708: 1211: 1099: 708: 530: 480: 262: 4639: 3510:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,

3108:

Exhibits are evidence of the historical significance of Peter Studebaker

7580: 7575: 7403: 7078: 6923: 6903: 6804: 6729: 6685: 6613: 6603: 6586: 6406: 6298: 6213: 4883: 4584: 4356:"L.A.T.E: Who Knew #8 L.A.'s Booming Auto Industry a Thing of the Past" 2307: 2300: 2214: 1918: 1895: 1757: 1752:

The fourth brother, Peter E, was running a successful general store in

1363: 1278: 1221: 1195: 1187: 1158: 972: 739: 727: 689: 534: 287: 2213:

Studebaker manufactured cars in Hamilton from 1948 to 1966. After the

1879:

Nelson J Riley, Charles A Carlisle, H D Johnson, and William R Innis.

1862:

are Studebaker wagons modified to carry beer, originally manufactured

1289:. Nearly a quarter of the South Bend work force was African-American. 643: 7227: 7038: 6960: 6524: 6490: 6352: 4057: 4055: 2075:

Under the agreement with Studebaker, Garford would receive completed

2069: 2032: 1793: 1773: 976: 928: 763: 627: 1297: 635: 6985: 6843: 6709: 6690: 6485: 6456: 6389: 6342: 6223: 3565: 2236: 2192: 1746: 1585: 1412:

In May 1967, Studebaker and its diversified units were merged with

1358:, which built military and postal vehicles in South Bend. In 1970, 1170: 1103: 735: 668: 560: 270: 4563:

A Century on Wheels: The Story of Studebaker, A History, 1852–1952

4052: 2235:

Studebakers were assembled in Melbourne in RHD configuration from

2043:

Sales of these rebadged models continued through the end of 1912.

754:

In 1925, the corporation's most successful distributor and dealer

537:-kits were produced using the same powerful six-cylinder engines. 447:

Share certificate of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company

7706: 7595: 7252: 7165: 7130: 6581: 6258: 6087: 5062: 5027: 5006: 4326:"Copy of Advertisement from "Cosmopolitan Magazine" unknown date" 3999:

November 16, 1967, p. 14. At Google News, accessed March 24, 2013

3814: 3528: 3526: 2653: 2617: 2260: 2076: 2009: 1844: 1742: 1700: 1645: 1452:

The company's 1963 annual report listed the following divisions:

1123: 1091: 1024:

Starliner, showing the streamlined design of the 1950s Studebaker

611: 580: 337: 151: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4245:"Connecting the Windy City- Studebaker Engine Plant Up for Sale" 3457:"Studebaker Factory Supports 500 Families Living in Border Area" 2064: 1301:

A 1966 Cruiser four-door sedan, the last Studebaker manufactured

484: 7681: 7600: 7287: 7207: 7173: 6591: 6556: 6480: 6461: 6369: 5781: 5042: 3463:. Western Libraries (Ontario). October 31, 1929. Archived from 3184: 2647: 2288: 2280: 2195: 2109:

The Studebaker and Douglas factories were both featured in the

2085: 1327: 1323: 873: 833: 4464:"drakony-s-zdanovich-a-m-gaz-51-osobennosti-raboty-dvigatelya" 3523: 2020:, located across Brush Street from the old E-M-F plant in the 1118:

Ballooning labor costs (the company had never had an official

730:, who launched the successful 1918 models, and were known as " 639:

A UK-imported right-hand-drive 1936 Studebaker four-door sedan

7570: 7383: 7237: 7018: 6719: 6656: 6497: 6337: 4644: 4290: 2296: 2292: 1805: 1135: 266: 6141: 3566:

Virgil M. Exner’s Striking Studebaker Starlight Coupe Design

3393:"What Makes Detroit A Great City? "Industry and Henry Ford"" 3329:"Studebaker's tree sign to be restored for 75th anniversary" 1456: 1169:

A three-year management contract was made by CEO Nance with

811:

in 1937, and now houses the university's finance department.

807:. Formerly a Studebaker finishing plant, it was sold to the 6724: 6196: 4549:

Studebaker: America's Most Successful Independent Automaker

3881:(2012) at St Joseph County Indiana. Accessed April 12, 2013 2150: 1659:

Studebaker "turning wheel" badge on cars produced 1912–1934

981: 676: 1644:

1924 illuminated tiled display for Big Six touring car in

1440:

brand and surplus material from Studebaker at South Bend.

1362:(AMC) purchased the division, which still exists today as 619: 451:

The five sons were, in order of birth: Henry (1826–1895),

310:, manufacturing wagons, buggies, carriages and harnesses. 4101:

California Historic Landmark Project Collection 1936–1940

2921:

Studebaker: One can do a lot of remembering in South Bend

1699:

Clement and Henry Studebaker Jr., became blacksmiths and

1620:

1905 advertisement for electric and gasoline-powered cars

1240: 1191: 615:

Studebaker's Big Six Touring Car, from a 1920 magazine ad

526: 7948:

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States

2141:. During the war, the factory was in close proximity to 2093:

by 1911, leaving Garford alone until it was acquired by

1317: 852:

Studebaker dealer, 600 Saginaw St., Bay City, Michigan,

590: 485:(see Bakers Lookout Peter Studebakers 1740 home website) 466: 313:

Studebaker entered the automotive business in 1902 with

4609:

The Studebaker Company: A Journey from Wagons to Wheels

4485:"U.S. Patent D396,828 – Body Styling of 1994 Dodge Ram" 2650:: Brand of automobile produced by Studebaker, 1932–1933 2638:: Brand of automobile produced by Studebaker, 1926–1930 7978:

Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967

2685:

List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers

2016:, Canada, and across the river in Detroit. The former 1772:

finished, most wagons were now dispatched by rail and

1068: 671:

to visit each disgruntled owner and replace defective

7953:

Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average

7785:

List of automobiles manufactured in the United States

3985:

Studebaker, Worthington Vote Merger Despite Antitrust

3493:

The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis

1917:

After the war ended, the factory was idled until the

3815:"The Link Between Studebaker and Nissan – Revealed!" 2191:. The company was located in the former Otis-Fenson 2046: 1255: 365:

The ancestors of the Studebaker family descend from

7983:

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1852

4510:

https://spectraintl.com/index.php/brands/studebaker

3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 2662:: Distributed through Studebaker dealers, 1958–1966 1416:. In November 1967, Studebaker was merged with the 540: 3666:Studebaker-Packard Corporation Annual Report, 1961 3561: 3559: 3235: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 2314:pickup was their main inspiration for the design. 1292: 5962: 4067:The American Automobile Industry in World War Two 3288:Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 2360:Studebaker Six monobloc-engine models (1911–1918) 2224: 2027:E-M-F was bought out by Studebaker, which formed 843: 7854: 4598:Lark and Super Lark: The Last Days of Studebaker 3942:Wagner Electric, Studebaker Vote To Merger Firms 3579:, September 26, 2016. Accessed November 19, 2016 2861:"German heritage biography: Studebaker Brothers" 2610: 2187:, rolled off of the Studebaker assembly line in 1779: 702: 3556: 3200: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2341: 1869: 1164: 647:1938 Studebaker Bus on a K-series truck chassis 7790:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 3867: 3865: 3863: 3703:"A look at Studebaker's last trucks, 1960-'64" 2989:"Worthington Completes Merger With Studebaker" 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 1530:Schaefer – Commercial Refrigeration Division, 1126:were among the highest paid in the industry), 7933:Companies based in St. Joseph County, Indiana 6127: 5923: 5175: 4660: 4533:More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story 3512:pp. 81, 215–18, 312, Random House, New York. 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2149:and built engine assemblies and nacelles for 1432:, which sold off its auto-parts divisions to 1082:. Massive discounting in a price war between 660:who provided board representatives including 7963:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana 6747:Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing 5113: 4631:from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design. 4611:at "Classic Cars Online US" December 1, 2023 3778: 3776: 3774: 3242:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 3238:A Century on Wheels: The Story of Studebaker 3120: 3061: 2959:"Studebaker Corporation And Wagner Electric" 2160: 1201: 1106:. This had been unsuccessfully attempted by 1032:1960 Studebaker Lark VIII Deluxe Convertible 828:(Plant 10) was retained for assembly of the 749: 664:whose contribution was especially esteemed. 3860: 2711:The Three Musketeers (Studebaker engineers) 1608:1902 advertisement for horse-drawn vehicles 1591: 1549:SASCO – Studebaker Automotive Sales Corp., 1345: 1334:, the Studebaker board found out about the 1207: 6134: 6120: 5930: 5916: 5182: 5168: 4667: 4653: 4591:Clement Studebaker House, Tippecanoe Place 3900:at Britton Management Group, November 2011 3732:"Negroes Lose 1,500 Posts in South Bend". 3451: 3449: 3233: 3019:"A brief history of Studebaker, 1852–1966" 2879: 2113:produced in the late 1930s for Los Angeles 1250: 782: 762:on which, in 1937, would be planted 5,000 7908:American companies disestablished in 1967 3930:History of the New Carlisle Test Facility 3872:Brochure: South Bend's Titans of Industry 3771: 3299: 2589: 2384:(includes Standard Six model) (1918–1927) 2171:391 Victoria Ave N, Hamilton, ON L8L 5G7 2008:in 1910 and buying E-M-F's manufacturing 1465:CTL – Missile/Space Technology Division, 1443: 868:Few industrialists were prepared for the 515: 60:Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company 7973:Truck manufacturers of the United States 6143:Automotive industry in the United States 5494: 4544:, South Bend (1918) (via – Google Books) 3839: 3363:"Discuss Detroit: Old Car Factories – 6" 3290:(New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 178. 3164: 3144: 2741:"Out of the Inkwell Films, Incorporated" 2330: 2104: 2063: 1902:aircraft engines to be installed in the 1783: 1632:1909 advertisement for new and used cars 1296: 1122:(UAW) strike and Studebaker workers and 1035: 1027: 1015: 1003: 995: 859: 847: 794: 786: 642: 634: 626: 618: 610: 602: 594: 563:propulsion. While manufacturing its own 549: 525:line to replace the horse-drawn wagons. 442: 434: 419: 5193:passenger vehicle timeline, 1897–1967— 4040:Designations Of U.S. Air Force Projects 3746: 3446: 3416: 3414: 3187:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3082: 1691:635 S. Lafayette Blvd., South Bend, IN 1676: 1527:. Produced automotive engine additives. 1385:. The proving grounds were acquired by 1208:after the diversification process began 971:truck in great quantity and the unique 746:, who replaced Fred Fish in July 1915. 336:After an unsuccessful 1954 merger with 14: 7913:American companies established in 1852 7855: 7800:North American International Auto Show 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 4384:from the original on February 28, 2021 4374:"Australian Motor Vehicle Manufacture" 4336:from the original on February 25, 2021 3891:Bosch Complete Plant Closure (Auction) 3821:from the original on December 27, 2016 3802:. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG: 526. 3544:from the original on November 26, 2019 3434:from the original on February 22, 2017 2918: 2283:Soviet truck that was produced in the 2279:truck was the basis for the legendary 1681: 1113: 675:in their vehicles, at a total cost of 6375:Growler Manufacturing and Engineering 6115: 6004: 5970: 5967: 5911: 5233: 5163: 4648: 4541:History of the Studebaker Corporation 4269: 3300:Magazines, Hearst (October 7, 1930). 3274:, Western Australia, May 3, 1919, at 3185:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3086:History of the Studebaker corporation 3029:from the original on December 1, 2022 2811:from the original on January 21, 2022 2781:from the original on January 21, 2022 2751:from the original on January 21, 2022 2100: 1969: 1318:Potential link with Nissan and Toyota 591:Studebaker marque established in 1911 467:18th-century colonial family business 439:Studebaker Brothers Mfg. Co. 1894 ad 5210: 4565:, New York: Henry Holt and Co (1952) 4438:The Studebaker Car Club of Australia 4145:The Presidential Carriage Collection 4127:Looking West from Michigan Boulevard 4063:"Studebaker South Bend Plant Photos" 3913:at wsbt.com news, November 16, 2010 3812: 3624:The Washington Post and Times-Herald 3411: 2505: 1961:6230 John R St, Detroit, MI (E-M-F) 1952: 1936: 1686: 991: 911:. Its final styling was designed by 415: 294:, with a building at 1600 Broadway, 6164:Transportation in the United States 4414:from the original on August 8, 2020 4110: 3840:Turnbull, Alex (October 26, 2005). 3589:Studebaker Champion Starlight coupe 3373:from the original on April 14, 2021 3343:from the original on August 3, 2013 2656:: 1954 merger partner of Studebaker 2626:: Studebaker-bodied cars, 1904–1911 2035:E-M-F's products: the E-M-F as the 1887:701 W Chippewa Ave, South Bend, IN 1882: 1069:Industry price war brings on crisis 545: 360: 24: 7943:Defunct companies based in Indiana 7928:Coachbuilders of the United States 6269:Environmental Performance Vehicles 4569: 4444:from the original on March 3, 2021 4358:. January 13, 2015. Archived from 4251:from the original on June 27, 2022 4125:See building No.3 on illustration 4111:Guttman, Jon. "Studebaker Wagon". 4073:from the original on June 10, 2021 3911:Bosch plant to close in South Bend 3713:from the original on June 11, 2023 3643:. January 26, 1962. Archived from 3399:from the original on March 3, 2022 3367:Discuss Detroit: Old car Factories 3326: 2999:from the original on March 4, 2022 2969:from the original on March 3, 2022 2841:from the original on April 4, 2023 1102:into a fourth giant combine after 25: 7999: 4615: 3813:Arlt, Glenn (December 27, 2015). 3308:from the original on June 3, 2023 3267:Petrol Motor Vehicles on Railways 2390:(1927–1935, 1937–1958, 1964–1966) 2198:factory off Burlington Street on 2047:Elyria, Ohio (Studebaker-Garford) 1923:M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck 1788:Studebaker wagon hauled by eight 1256:Closure of South Bend plant, 1963 631:1930 Studebaker President Phaeton 51:Badge used in the 1950s and 1960s 7836: 7827: 7826: 7795:New York International Auto Show 7633:Cooper Tire & Rubber Company 7477:Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia 4535:Stanford University Press (2000) 3848:from the original on May 2, 2010 3637:"The President & the Picket" 3534:"Studebaker Pacific Corporation" 2554:Studebaker 2R Series (1949–1953) 2512:Studebaker GN series (1929–1930) 2231:Automotive industry in Australia 2117:4530 Loma Vista Ave, Vernon, CA 1974:Studebaker's agreement with the 1959:461 Piquette Street, Detroit, MI 1941:5555 S. Archer Ave, Chicago, IL 1664: 1652: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1556:Studegrip – Tire Stud Division, 1194:automobiles and many Studebaker 541:Studebaker automobiles 1897–1966 45: 4503: 4477: 4456: 4426: 4396: 4366: 4348: 4318: 4263: 4237: 4217: 4187: 4161: 4138: 4119: 4104: 4085: 4021: 4002: 3978: 3963: 3935: 3923: 3903: 3884: 3833: 3806: 3787: 3747:Johnson, Dale (March 4, 2006). 3740: 3725: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3629: 3617: 3614:, August 9, 1956, Part 3, p. 5. 3605: 3582: 3502: 3479: 3385: 3355: 3320: 3293: 3280: 3260: 3100: 3083:Erskine, Albert Russel (1918). 3041: 3011: 2644:: owned by Studebaker 1928–1934 2533:Studebaker K series (1938–1940) 2521:Studebaker W series (1934–1936) 2518:Studebaker T series (1934–1936) 2515:Studebaker S series (1930–1934) 2247:sedans and station wagons, the 1519:– Chemical Compounds Division, 1471:Franklin – Appliance Division, 1293:Closure of Hamilton plant, 1966 922: 7868:1852 establishments in Indiana 6879:Clydesdale Motor Truck Company 5950:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 5946:Studebaker-Packard Hawk series 5058:Studebaker-Packard Hawk series 4925:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 4674: 3395:. Detroit Historical Society. 2981: 2951: 2927: 2853: 2823: 2793: 2763: 2733: 2225:Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1153:and under the guidance of CEO 1151:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 844:Impact of the 1930s depression 832:between 1927 and 1929 and the 342:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 184:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 156:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 13: 1: 7243:North American Bus Industries 6328:General Dynamics Land Systems 4525: 4306:Windsor Public Library online 3749:"The last days of Studebaker" 3538:usautoindustryworldwartwo.com 2831:"1600 Broadway on The Square" 2692:(maker of Studebaker watches) 2611:Affiliated automobile marques 1780:World's largest vehicle house 1749:for another quarter-century. 1501:– Engine/Generator Division, 1477:White Consolidated Industries 1048:'s designs, notably the 1947 1000:1948 Studebaker M16 52A truck 703:Engineering advances from WWI 377:from Rotterdam, Netherlands, 7958:History of Hamilton, Ontario 7566:American Expedition Vehicles 6562:Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus 6159:Economy of the United States 4985:Affiliated automotive brands 4635:1963 model range at RitzSite 4225:NYT City & Suburban News 3234:Longstreet, Stephen (1952). 3179:American Antiquarian Society 3159:American Antiquarian Society 2745:Progressive Silent Film List 2539:(1941–1942, 1945, 1946–1948) 2478:Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk 2342:Studebaker automobile models 1904:North American B-25 Mitchell 1870:Family association continues 1571:Trans International Airlines 1543:– Automotive Manufacturing, 1180:Briggs Manufacturing Company 1165:Contract with Curtiss-Wright 84:; 172 years ago 7: 7670:Proterra (bus manufacturer) 5017:Flanders Automobile Company 4640:The Studebaker Drivers Club 4577:Journal of American History 4408:Museum Victoria Collections 4312:September 19, 2017, at the 4158:. Accessed February 7, 2016 4014:September 29, 2007, at the 2933:E.g., see motoring review " 2667: 2557:Studebaker 3R Series (1954) 2327:List of Studebaker vehicles 2320: 1999:Flanders Automobile Company 1957:4333 W Fort St, Detroit, MI 1912:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 1210:, including the redesigned 1063:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 896:to deal with the problems. 791:1929 Studebaker Fire engine 607:Studebaker-EMF Touring 1916 331:Flanders Automobile Company 134:; 56 years ago 32:Studebaker (disambiguation) 10: 8004: 7733:Rezvani Automotive Designs 6874:Checker Motors Corporation 5948:timeline, produced by the 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5820: 5811: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5796: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5657: 5655: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5510: 5501: 5490: 5488: 5481: 5477: 4940:Studebaker Proving Grounds 4935:Studebaker National Museum 4380:. Australia For Everyone. 4308:(retrieved June 13, 2017) 4270:Yanik, Anthony J. (2001). 4230:February 10, 2022, at the 4156:Studebaker National Museum 3571:November 19, 2016, at the 2919:Hendry, Maurice M (1972). 2701:Studebaker National Museum 2524:Studebaker J series (1937) 2336:Studebaker National Museum 2324: 2306:The designers of the 1993 2228: 2164: 2068:1908 Studebaker-Garford B 2059: 2018:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant 1900:Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone 1459:– Floor Machine Division, 1403:Studebaker National Museum 1287:St. Joseph County, Indiana 1206:The automobiles that came 967:, Studebaker produced the 355: 325:, and after 1909 with the 286:was an American wagon and 29: 7813: 7780:Interstate Highway System 7762: 7746: 7715: 7545: 7533:Volkswagen (Westmoreland) 7505: 7439: 7432: 7359: 6869:Carbon Motors Corporation 6760: 6632: 6508:Global Electric Motorcars 6442:Millennium Luxury Coaches 6183: 6172: 6149: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6009: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5957: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5856: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5765: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5729: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5697: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5547: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5204: 5071: 4984: 4948: 4912: 4846: 4700: 4682: 4627:October 24, 2020, at the 4434:"Studebaker in Australia" 4132:January 14, 2009, at the 3960:, accessed March 24, 2013 3793: 3767:– via Hemmings.com. 3680:, February 8, 1962, p. 7. 3626:, January 6, 1960, p. 21. 3316:– via Google Books. 2940:October 21, 2020, at the 2582:M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck 2578:Studebaker Zip Van (1964) 2270: 2161:Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 2051:400 Clark St, Elyria, OH 1925:resumed in 1950, and the 1858:The wagons pulled by the 1202:Last automobiles produced 750:First auto proving ground 599:Studebaker Speedster 1916 258: 235: 193: 179: 146: 128: 96: 78: 64: 56: 44: 7497:Volkswagen (Chattanooga) 6864:Boulder Electric Vehicle 6264:Chenowth Racing Products 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 4579:75.4 (1989): 1201–1221. 4195:"John Mohler Studebaker" 4150:August 29, 2016, at the 3896:January 7, 2012, at the 3798:(in German and French). 3594:August 26, 2011, at the 3113:August 16, 2017, at the 3058:—John Clement Studebaker 3054:October 5, 2011, at the 2727: 2690:South Bend Watch Company 2528:Studebaker Coupe Express 2175:Manufactured automobiles 2121:Manufactured automobiles 2055:Manufactured automobiles 1965:Manufactured automobiles 1597:Advertisements and Logos 1592:Advertisements and logos 1525:Santa Monica, California 1346:Network and other assets 864:1939 Studebaker Champion 577:Everitt-Metzger-Flanders 27:Defunct car manufacturer 7482:Mercedes-Benz (Alabama) 7369:Alpha Motor Corporation 7141:International Harvester 4440:. Studebaker car club. 4199:Automotive Hall of Fame 3956:May 10, 1967, p 70. At 3508:Herman, Arthur (2012). 3497:Harvard Business School 2716:Turning Wheels magazine 2412:Studebaker Land Cruiser 2031:. This was followed by 1713:Placerville, California 1418:Worthington Corporation 1275:Kaiser Jeep Corporation 1251:Exit from auto business 1142:doomed the enterprise. 1059:Lockheed P-38 Lightning 959:, followed by the 1939 783:Facilities in the 1920s 559:(battery-powered) over 165:Worthington Corporation 6452:Motor Coach Industries 4515:June 10, 2021, at the 4234:, March 26, 1891 (PDF) 4045:June 16, 2016, at the 4034:July 25, 2010, at the 4018:at fundinguniverse.com 3990:March 3, 2022, at the 3947:March 3, 2022, at the 3917:July 23, 2011, at the 3844:. Google Sightseeing. 2696:Studebaker Canada Ltd. 2590:Studebaker body styles 2569:(1956–1958, 1960–1964) 2460:Studebaker Flight Hawk 2448:Studebaker Silver Hawk 2442:Studebaker Golden Hawk 2396:(1928–1942, 1955–1958) 2376:Studebaker Special Six 2338: 2253:Studebaker Silver Hawk 2114: 2072: 2039:, the Flanders as the 1797: 1770:Union Pacific Railroad 1566:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1532:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1503:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1473:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1444:Diversified activities 1422:Studebaker-Worthington 1302: 1041: 1040:1963 Studebaker Avanti 1033: 1025: 1013: 1001: 951:, the record-breaking 865: 857: 812: 792: 760:outdoor proving ground 697:1913 Studebaker strike 648: 640: 632: 624: 616: 608: 600: 555: 533:, and even small rail 516:End of horse-drawn era 448: 440: 432: 410:(see Exhibit A, p. 13) 400:(see Exhibit A, p. 11) 383:(see Exhibit A, p. 11) 379:(see Exhibit A, p. 11) 350:Studebaker-Worthington 290:manufacturer based in 250:Clement Studebaker Jr. 188:Studebaker-Worthington 169:Studebaker-Worthington 40:Studebaker Corporation 18:Studebaker Corporation 7723:Calty Design Research 7523:General Motors (list) 7462:General Motors (list) 7248:Oliver Farm Equipment 6358:Chevrolet Performance 6219:Amp Electric Vehicles 5099:Albert Russel Erskine 5089:Frederick Samuel Fish 4971:Starlight (body type) 4949:Associated tradenames 4115:(July 2013). WHG: 23. 4097:June 4, 2011, at the 4009:White company history 3975:July 31, 1967 page 64 3969:Worthington to merge 3877:May 22, 2013, at the 3842:"Arboreal typography" 3692:, May 18, 1962, p. 25 2995:. November 28, 1967. 2965:. December 17, 1966. 2948:, April 25, 1928, p.8 2549:Studebaker M29 Weasel 2466:Studebaker Power Hawk 2402:/Director (1927–1937) 2364:Studebaker Light Four 2334: 2251:pickup truck and the 2221:, from 1912 to 1936. 2200:Victoria Avenue North 2108: 2067: 2006:J.P. Morgan & Co. 1908:Wright R-1820 Cyclone 1860:Budweiser Clydesdales 1790:Budweiser Clydesdales 1787: 1521:Des Plaines, Illinois 1487:Dunbar, West Virginia 1485:– Tractors Division, 1379:satellite photography 1308:General Motors Canada 1300: 1039: 1031: 1019: 1007: 999: 878:Albert Russel Erskine 863: 851: 826:Piquette Avenue Plant 798: 790: 744:Albert Russel Erskine 646: 638: 630: 622: 614: 606: 598: 553: 446: 438: 423: 395:(see Exhibit A, p. 7) 391:(see Exhibit A, p. 9) 387:Albert Russel Erskine 245:Frederick Samuel Fish 220:41.66861°N 86.25500°W 7738:Wheego Electric Cars 5134:Delmar "Barney" Roos 4561:Longstreet, Stephen 4491:on February 24, 2021 4410:. Museums Victoria. 4362:on January 13, 2015. 3736:. December 21, 1963. 3490:Scherer, Frederic M. 3304:. Hearst Magazines. 2946:The Brisbane Courier 2601:Studebaker Starliner 2596:Studebaker Starlight 2584:(1950s through 1964) 2498:Studebaker Wagonaire 2424:Studebaker Speedster 2418:Studebaker Conestoga 2394:Studebaker President 2388:Studebaker Commander 2382:Studebaker Light Six 2204:Walkerville, Ontario 2014:Walkerville, Ontario 1987:Easy Mark's Favorite 1983:Every Morning Fix-it 1892:Studebaker US6 truck 1843:on Michigan Avenue, 1720:California Gold Rush 1677:Studebaker factories 1671:1917 Studebaker logo 1541:Studebaker of Canada 1371:grove of 5,000 trees 1228:financial bleeding. 1055:Studebaker Starlight 1050:Studebaker Starlight 1022:Studebaker Commander 905:Delmar "Barney" Roos 732:The Three Musketeers 585:Walkerville, Ontario 473:Hagerstown, Maryland 174:Avanti Motor Company 30:For other uses, see 7968:South Bend, Indiana 6154:Automotive industry 5483:Studebaker Electric 4378:All about Australia 3932:at Bosch US website 3678:Aberdeen Daily News 3612:Dallas Morning News 3600:America on the Move 3337:Hemmings Motor News 3302:"Popular Mechanics" 3049:Conway's of Ireland 2867:on October 17, 2006 2675:Automotive industry 2567:Studebaker Transtar 2561:Studebaker E series 2537:Studebaker M series 2454:Studebaker Sky Hawk 2430:Studebaker Scotsman 2406:Studebaker Champion 2400:Studebaker Dictator 2349:Studebaker Electric 2312:Studebaker E series 1927:M54 5-ton 6x6 truck 1841:Studebaker Building 1766:Lake Shore railroad 1705:South Bend, Indiana 1682:South Bend, Indiana 1558:South Bend, Indiana 1551:South Bend, Indiana 1120:United Auto Workers 1114:Merger with Packard 1010:Studebaker Champion 882:White Motor Company 809:Borden Milk Company 805:Columbia University 801:Studebaker Building 579:(E-M-F) Company of 565:Studebaker Electric 554:1912 Studebaker bus 477:Conococheague Creek 292:South Bend, Indiana 225:41.66861; -86.25500 216: / 199:South Bend, Indiana 41: 7918:Brass Era vehicles 7677:Remy International 6503:Polaris Industries 6202:Challenger Tractor 5104:Harold Sines Vance 5079:Clement Studebaker 5053:Studebaker-Garford 4531:Bonsall, Thomas E 4330:Myn Transport Blog 4247:. August 9, 2019. 3909:Ferreira, Colleen 3734:Pittsburgh Courier 2993:The New York Times 2963:The New York Times 2680:Charles Brady King 2624:Studebaker-Garford 2370:Studebaker Big Six 2355:Studebaker-Garford 2339: 2243:, which assembled 2127:Vernon, California 2115: 2101:Vernon, California 2081:Studebaker-Garford 2073: 2022:Milwaukee Junction 1970:E-M-F and Flanders 1852:President Harrison 1850:In 1889, incoming 1832:. For $ 20,000, a 1798: 1536:Aberdeen, Maryland 1461:Muskegon, Michigan 1303: 1233:Sherwood H. Egbert 1042: 1034: 1026: 1014: 1002: 866: 858: 813: 793: 649: 641: 633: 625: 617: 609: 601: 556: 449: 441: 433: 132:November 1967 107:Clement Studebaker 82:February 1852 39: 7850: 7849: 7805:SAE International 7775:Chicago Auto Show 7665:Phoenix Motorcars 7541: 7540: 7472:Hyundai (Alabama) 7355: 7354: 7307:Twentieth Century 7001:Fisker Coachbuild 6996:Fisker Automotive 6785:American LaFrance 6780:American Electric 6567:SSC North America 6348:Cadillac V series 6294:ElDorado National 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6081:Gran Turismo Hawk 5942: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5197: 5157: 5156: 5048:SPA Truck Company 4997:E-M-F Automobiles 4930:Studebaker Canada 4758:Gran Turismo Hawk 4602:Ate Up With Motor 4273:The E-M-F Company 3759:on March 15, 2007 3518:978-1-4000-6964-4 3256:. 1st edn., 1952. 3253:978-0-8371-3978-4 2775:Fleischer Studios 2598:(1947–1955, 1958) 2506:Studebaker trucks 2492:Studebaker Avanti 2189:Hamilton, Ontario 2167:Studebaker Canada 2147:Lockheed Aircraft 2095:John North Willys 2029:Studebaker Canada 1953:Detroit, Michigan 1937:Chicago, Illinois 1687:Downtown location 1586:"H" configuration 1580:Having built the 1545:Hamilton, Ontario 1508:Paxton Automotive 1430:Cooper Industries 1356:Kaiser Industries 1237:Walter P. Reuther 992:Post-WWII styling 870:Wall Street Crash 416:The five brothers 367:Solingen, Germany 346:Hamilton, Ontario 315:electric vehicles 300:Midtown Manhattan 281: 280: 197:635 S. Main St., 16:(Redirected from 7995: 7988:Vintage vehicles 7840: 7830: 7829: 7487:Subaru (Indiana) 7437: 7436: 7409:Lordstown Motors 7379:Bollinger Motors 7268:Sebring Vanguard 7006:Force Protection 6991:Fitch Four Drive 6624:Zero Motorcycles 6422:Lenco Industries 6412:Karma Automotive 6274:Equus Automotive 6181: 6180: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6112: 5960: 5959: 5940: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5208: 5207: 5195: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5161: 5160: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4604:October 17, 2009 4547:Foster, Patrick 4520: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4288: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4205:on March 4, 2016 4201:. Archived from 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4171:. 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Archived from 3753:The Toronto Star 3744: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3586: 3580: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3530: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3467:on July 25, 2011 3453: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3327:Strohl, Daniel. 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3241: 3231: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3141: 3118: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2955: 2949: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2863:. Archived from 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2737: 2721:Tippecanoe Place 2573:Studebaker Champ 2310:stated that the 2249:Studebaker Champ 2219:Windsor, Ontario 2143:Douglas Aircraft 1947:Western Electric 1883:Chippewa Factory 1728:Dunkard Brethren 1668: 1656: 1641: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1467:Cincinnati, Ohio 1147:car manufacturer 1138:-cutting by the 931:, including the 777:Great Depression 546:In the beginning 509:Prairie Schooner 361:German forebears 231: 230: 228: 227: 226: 221: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 142: 140: 135: 121:Jacob Studebaker 117:Peter Studebaker 103:Henry Studebaker 92: 90: 85: 49: 42: 38: 21: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7823: 7809: 7758: 7742: 7711: 7687:Shelby American 7553: 7551:performance car 7549: 7547: 7546:Auto component 7537: 7513:Chrysler (list) 7501: 7452:Chrysler (list) 7447:BMW Spartanburg 7428: 7424:Trion Supercars 7361: 7351: 7035:General Motors 6790:American Motors 6775:American Austin 6762: 6756: 6634: 6628: 6535:Holiday Rambler 6427:Lockheed Martin 6380:Harley-Davidson 6234:ATK motorcycles 6207:Massey Ferguson 6185: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6145: 6140: 6110: 6105: 5953: 5936: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5200: 5188: 5158: 5153: 5144:Sherwood Egbert 5094:Walter Flanders 5084:John Studebaker 5067: 5033:Packard Clipper 4980: 4961:Gravely Tractor 4956:Automatic Drive 4944: 4908: 4842: 4696: 4678: 4673: 4629:Wayback Machine 4618: 4572: 4570:Further reading 4528: 4523: 4517:Wayback Machine 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4314:Wayback Machine 4304: 4291: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4232:Wayback Machine 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152:Wayback Machine 4143: 4139: 4134:Wayback Machine 4124: 4120: 4109: 4105: 4099:Wayback Machine 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4047:Wayback Machine 4036:Wayback Machine 4026: 4022: 4016:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3992:Wayback Machine 3983: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3949:Wayback Machine 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919:Wayback Machine 3908: 3904: 3898:Wayback Machine 3889: 3885: 3879:Wayback Machine 3870: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3811: 3807: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3647:on May 10, 2008 3635: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3602:history website 3596:Wayback Machine 3587: 3583: 3573:Wayback Machine 3564: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3507: 3503: 3486:Peck, Merton J. 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3294: 3286:Clymer, Floyd. 3285: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3232: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3166:McCusker, J. J. 3154: 3146:McCusker, J. J. 3142: 3121: 3115:Wayback Machine 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3062: 3056:Wayback Machine 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942:Wayback Machine 2932: 2928: 2917: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2801:"1600 broadway" 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2670: 2665: 2613: 2592: 2587: 2508: 2503: 2486:Studebaker Lark 2472:Studebaker Hawk 2344: 2329: 2323: 2273: 2257:West Heidelberg 2245:Studebaker Lark 2233: 2227: 2169: 2163: 2103: 2062: 2049: 1972: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1939: 1921:began, and the 1885: 1872: 1782: 1754:Goshen, Indiana 1732:German Baptists 1730:, conservative 1689: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1621: 1618: 1609: 1606: 1594: 1562:Jefferson, Iowa 1491:Albany, Georgia 1483:Gravely Tractor 1446: 1414:Wagner Electric 1375:proving grounds 1373:planted on the 1360:American Motors 1348: 1320: 1295: 1258: 1253: 1217:(1959) and the 1204: 1167: 1128:quality control 1116: 1108:George W. Mason 1071: 1012:four-door sedan 994: 925: 901:Lehman Brothers 846: 785: 775:ushered in the 756:Paul G. Hoffman 752: 724:Owen R. Skelton 716:monobloc engine 705: 654:Lehman Brothers 593: 548: 543: 518: 500:(see Exhibit M) 492:(see Exhibit I) 469: 418: 406:(see Exhibit D) 375:(see Exhibit B) 363: 358: 319:Garford Company 254: 238: 224: 222: 218: 215: 210: 207: 205: 203: 202: 186: 171: 161:Wagner Electric 158: 138: 136: 133: 124: 112:John Studebaker 88: 86: 83: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8001: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7938:Defunct brands 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7834: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7763:Related topics 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7716:Design studios 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Ingersoll Rand 7642: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7608:Detroit Diesel 7605: 7604: 7603: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7441: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399:Faraday Future 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7362:pre-production 7357: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7312:United Defense 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6770:Allis-Chalmers 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6619:VLF Automotive 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Rezvani Motors 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6385:Ingersoll Rand 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6333:General Motors 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6178: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5819: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5149:Brooks Stevens 5146: 5141: 5139:James J. Nance 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:Paul G Hoffman 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879:M-series truck 4876: 4874:K-series truck 4871: 4869:J-series truck 4866: 4864:E-series truck 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4617: 4616:External links 4614: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4502: 4476: 4455: 4425: 4395: 4365: 4347: 4317: 4289: 4282: 4262: 4236: 4216: 4186: 4175:on May 9, 2009 4160: 4137: 4118: 4103: 4084: 4051: 4020: 4001: 3977: 3962: 3934: 3922: 3902: 3883: 3859: 3832: 3805: 3786: 3770: 3739: 3724: 3709:. Pat Foster. 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3581: 3555: 3522: 3501: 3478: 3461:Financial Post 3445: 3410: 3384: 3354: 3333:Hemmings Daily 3319: 3292: 3279: 3271:Bunbury Herald 3259: 3252: 3199: 3183:1800–present: 3119: 3099: 3060: 3040: 3010: 2980: 2950: 2926: 2878: 2852: 2822: 2792: 2762: 2747:. Silent Era. 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2706:Story Monument 2703: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543:Studebaker US6 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2322: 2319: 2277:Studebaker US6 2272: 2269: 2226: 2223: 2208:steel industry 2177: 2176: 2162: 2159: 2123: 2122: 2111:American Guide 2102: 2099: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2045: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1954: 1951: 1938: 1935: 1884: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1781: 1778: 1768:and, with the 1697: 1696: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1578: 1577: 1575:Kirk Kerkorian 1568: 1554: 1547: 1538: 1528: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1480: 1469: 1463: 1445: 1442: 1347: 1344: 1336:Toyota Century 1319: 1316: 1294: 1291: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1203: 1200: 1175:Curtiss-Wright 1166: 1163: 1155:James J. Nance 1115: 1112: 1088:General Motors 1070: 1067: 993: 990: 969:Studebaker US6 924: 921: 845: 842: 784: 781: 768:Harold S Vance 751: 748: 704: 701: 592: 589: 547: 544: 542: 539: 517: 514: 468: 465: 417: 414: 362: 359: 357: 354: 279: 278: 260: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 241: 239: 236: 233: 232: 195: 191: 190: 181: 177: 176: 148: 144: 143: 130: 126: 125: 123: 122: 119: 114: 109: 104: 100: 98: 94: 93: 80: 76: 75: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8000: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7754:Massachusetts 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586:Callaway Cars 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7389:Commuter Cars 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Aptera Motors 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7358: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7151:Kaiser-Frazer 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094:Scripps-Booth 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 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6527: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304:Starcraft Bus 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6249:Callaway Cars 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6182: 6179: 6175:manufacturers 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5974: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5895: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5734: 5724: 5721: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5651: 5648: 5639: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5562:Coupe Express 5546: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5506: 5497: 5484: 5473: 5237: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Raymond Loewy 5117: 5115: 5114:Gordon Grundy 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022:Mercedes-Benz 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Coupe Express 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554:Grist, Peter 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4538:Erskine, A R 4537: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4283:0-7680-0716-X 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4169:"Clydesdales" 4164: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3577:The Old Motor 3574: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3188: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047:Genealogy at 3044: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2866: 2862: 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2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2155:PV-2 Harpoons 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091:assembly line 2087: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2041:Studebaker 20 2038: 2037:Studebaker 30 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1976:E-M-F Company 1964: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:Wright R-1820 1576: 1573:– founded by 1572: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1512:superchargers 1510:– automobile 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434:Federal-Mogul 1431: 1427: 1426:McGraw-Edison 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Mercedes-Benz 1343: 1341: 1340:Richard Nixon 1337: 1333: 1332:Nissan Cedric 1329: 1325: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Mercedes-Benz 1181: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1157:) was nearly 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:balance sheet 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Henry Ford II 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1006: 998: 989: 987: 986:PV-2 Harpoons 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 920: 918: 917:Raymond Loewy 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 862: 855: 850: 841: 837: 836:(1931–1933). 835: 831: 827: 821: 817: 810: 806: 802: 797: 789: 780: 778: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:Fred M. Zeder 717: 712: 710: 700: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 662:Henry Goldman 659: 658:Goldman Sachs 655: 645: 637: 629: 621: 613: 605: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 552: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 513: 510: 506: 501: 496: 493: 487: 486: 482: 478: 474: 464: 462: 459:(1833–1917), 458: 455:(1831–1901), 454: 445: 437: 431: 428:, Henry, and 427: 422: 413: 411: 407: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 329:and with the 328: 327:E-M-F Company 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 304:New York City 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 257: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 240: 234: 229: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 131: 127: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 102: 101: 99: 95: 81: 77: 74: 73:manufacturing 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 7655:Lingenfelter 7623:General Tire 7492:Tesla (list) 7467:Honda (list) 7414:Myers Motors 7360:Concept and 7277: 7263:Pierce-Arrow 7218:Monaco Coach 7116:Goshen Coach 7109:Yellow Coach 6919:Diamond-Star 6889:Commonwealth 6635:subsidiaries 6447:Morgan Olson 6432:Lucid Motors 6284:Champion Bus 6279:Forest River 6229:Armour Group 6005: 5963: 5747:Land Cruiser 5742:Land Cruiser 5668:Standard Six 5190: 5129:Virgil Exner 5124:Helen Dryden 5038:Pierce-Arrow 4919: 4889:2R/3R trucks 4828:Standard Six 4788:Land Cruiser 4748:Electric car 4675: 4601: 4596:Severson A. 4576: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4539: 4532: 4505: 4495:November 22, 4493:. Retrieved 4489:the original 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4437: 4428: 4416:. Retrieved 4407: 4398: 4386:. Retrieved 4377: 4368: 4360:the original 4350: 4340:February 11, 4338:. Retrieved 4329: 4320: 4272: 4265: 4253:. Retrieved 4239: 4219: 4207:. Retrieved 4203:the original 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173:the original 4163: 4140: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4066: 4023: 4004: 3994: 3980: 3970: 3965: 3953:Toledo Blade 3951: 3937: 3925: 3905: 3886: 3850:. Retrieved 3835: 3825:December 26, 3823:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3761:. Retrieved 3757:the original 3752: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3690:Plain Dealer 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3645:the original 3640: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3584: 3576: 3546:. Retrieved 3537: 3509: 3504: 3492: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3465:the original 3460: 3438:November 20, 3436:. Retrieved 3403:February 25, 3401:. Retrieved 3387: 3377:February 25, 3375:. 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