953:"The fact that we put 'form' in a central position with respect to such notions as 'space' or 'architecture', means in itself no more than a shifting of accent. What we are talking about is in fact another notion of form than that, which premises a formal and unchanging relationship between object and viewer, and maintains this. It is not an outward form wrapped around the object that matters to us, but form in the sense of inbuilt capacity and potential vehicle of significance. Form can be filled-in with significance, but can also be deprived of it again, depending on the use that's made of it, through the values we attach to, or add to it, or which we even deprive it of, - all this dependent on the way in which the users and the form react to, and play on each other. The case we want to put is, that it is this capacity to absorb, carry and convey significance that defines what form can bring about in the users - and conversely - what the users can bring about in the form. What matters is the interaction of form and users, what they convey to each other and bring about in each other, and how they mutually take possession of each other. What we have to aim for, is, to form the material (of the things we make) in such a way that - as well as answering to the function in the narrower sense - it will be suitable for more purposes. And thus, it will be able to play as many roles as possible in the service of the various, individual users, - so that everyone will then be able to react to it for himself, interpreting it in his own way, annexing it to his familiar environment, to which it will then make a contribution."
103:
1053:"In the new architectural movement there is often a tendency to call everything Structuralist that resembles a woven texture and has a grid. This would be a superficial way of looking at things. By nature Structuralism is concerned with the configuration of conditioned and polyvalent units of form (spatial, communicational, constructional or other units) at all urban scales. Only when the users have taken possession of the structures through contact, interpretation or filling-in the details, do the structures achieve their full status. Any architecture that has a tendency to formalism is thus excluded. Flexible form, which has been much discussed, is also rejected as a neutral enclosing system, since it does not offer the appropriate solution for any spatial programme. In the architecture of Herman Hertzberger Structuralist form can be found from the smallest detail up to the most complicated structure, whether it is in terms of spatial, facade or environmental design."
88:
1937:
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927:
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1704:
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50:
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20:
2006:
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2026:
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1897:
997:
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1529:
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1986:
562:
39:
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546:
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318:
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1309:
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337:
1599:
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353:
2560:
2614:
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2359:
1505:
978:
2181:
1013:
1060:"Many Structuralists would describe a structure roughly in the following terms: it is a complete set of relationships, in which the elements can change, but in such a way that these remain dependent on the whole and retain their meaning. The whole is independent of its relationship to the elements. The relationships between the elements are more important than the elements themselves. The elements are interchangeable, but not the relationships."
3084:
2575:
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391:
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916:
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1962:
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69:
376:
1817:
In the 1960s the Dutch structuralists criticised the narrowness of the functional principle "Form
Follows Function". In historic cities they found solutions for a more relevant form principle: an interpretable, adaptable and expandable architecture (see below "Historic cities - Reciprocity of form").
630:
created several early projects and built prototypes in a
Structuralist mode, some of them dating back to the 1920s. Although he was criticized by the members of Team 10 in the 1950s for certain aspects of his work (urban concept without a "sense of place" and the dark interior streets of the Unité),
659:
who were responsible for the reconstruction work after World War II, (for tactical reasons, planners like van Tijen, van
Eesteren, Merkelbach and others were not mentioned). The magazine contains many examples of and statements in favour of a more human form of urban planning. This congress in 1959
142:
in a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century, which originated in linguistics. Other disciplines like anthropology, psychology, economy, philosophy and also art took on structuralist ideas and developed them further. An important role in the development of structuralism was played by
3576:, Stuttgart-London-New York 1961. 30 articles by Louis Kahn, Kenzo Tange, Georges Candilis, Jacob Bakema, Aldo van Eyck, Alison and Peter Smithson et al., (English+German supplement). Since the 1970s the Otterlo congress is considered the official start of the international structuralist movement.
469:
after World War II. Between 1928 and 1959, the CIAM was an important platform for the discussion of architecture and urbanism. Various groups with often conflicting views were active in this organization; for example, members with a scientific approach to architecture without aesthetic premises
269:
In the 2010s, a new interest in structuralism in architecture can be detected, although it can be established that it is not paralleled by a revival of structuralism in the humanities. In 2011, a comprehensive scientific compilation of "structuralist activity" appeared in a publication called
405:
This diversity can also be found in architecture. However, architectural structuralism has an autonomy that does not comply with all the principles of structuralism in human sciences. In architecture, the different directions have created different images. In this article two directions are
419:
in 1959. This concept can be compared to cellular tissue. The most influential prototype of this direction is the orphanage in
Amsterdam by Aldo van Eyck, completed in 1960. The "Aesthetics of Number" can also be described as "Spatial Configurations in Architecture" or "Mat-Building"
3082:
3928:
9/1958, Zurich, pp. 243–244, without illustrations. The US-Pavilion is described as 'Structuralism' and the Swiss
Pavilion like a 'honeycomb'. Today the Swiss Pavilion by Werner Gantenbein is seen as an important early work of structuralism, (see External link
212:. By 1975, structuralist philosophy lost its predominant position in the humanities due to important social and political changes. In architecture, its position was undermined by the increasing popularity of postmodern architecture promoted by authors such as
1214:
provided with aerial photos of his orphanage in
Amsterdam (1960). Later he built another inspiring configuration for the Space Centre Estec in Noordwijk (1989). These two compositions can be counted among the most beautiful "icons" of structuralism.
1849:
is working with similar principles of participation. In relation to his social housing projects
Aravena is talking about "Participatory design process", "Half-houses for participation" and "Incremental housing". Although Aravena was awarded the
196:
Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract
2648:
New cities in the twentieth century. The term "Urban
Structuring" is introduced by Alison and Peter Smithson, the term "Articulations" (of the built volume) by Herman Hertzberger. Both terms are used as a title of an architectural book.
1854:
in 2016 for his architectural work, there are no photos on
Knowledge of his housing projects. In place of the missing photos, there are photos of the cities in this article. Illustrations of his housing projects can be found on Google
274:. In this extensive book, articles by 47 international authors were published about philosophical, historical, artistic and other relevant aspects. The following parts of this article are based on the current state of the publication
619:
Tange also wrote the article "Function, Structure and Symbol, 1966", in which he describes the transition from a functional to a structural approach in thinking. Tange considers the period from 1920 to 1960 under the heading of
1200:. In general, instruments for urban structuring are: traffic lines (e.g. gridiron plans), symmetries, squares, remarkable buildings, rivers, seashore, green areas, hills etc. These methods were also used in previous cities.
3726:, essays and interviews by 23 international authors, Rotterdam 2005. Editor Dirk van den Heuvel about structuralism in the Netherlands on page 208: "Structuralism never turned into a real movement or an organized group."
1639:(Bakuba tissue) by an African artist of the "primitive" culture. The combination of these two cultures has a symbolic meaning in the structuralist movement. The outward appearance of this architecture is unchangeable.
3553:
July/1967. Herein one of the articles by Herman
Hertzberger was named "A Study of Configuration". Dutch Structuralism developed from "Configurative discipline" to "Overarching system or structure" and "Structuralism".
660:
marks the official start of Structuralism, although earlier projects and buildings did exist. The term structuralism in architecture was published incidentally in different countries since the 1950s (see literature).
486:), members of the old guard and so on. Individual members of the small splinter group Team 10 laid the foundations for Structuralism. The influence of this team was later interpreted by second generation protagonist
3828:
1/1969, Heerlen. In the Netherlands the architectural terms "Structuralism" and "Structuralists" are published the first time in this magazine, according to the "Configurative Discipline" with equal building
1209:
proved to be less useful for structuring an entire city. However, exemplary articulated configurations did arise, both in architecture and housing schemes. The first influential images for this direction
1167:
remains relevant until now, both for housing schemes and urban planning. For housing schemes the following images were influential: the perspective drawing of the project "Fort l'Empereur" in Algiers by
207:
In Europe, structuralism had a strong influence on the theoretical debate up to the end of the late 1960s. In its endeavor to offer an alternative to classical modern architecture, it was paralleled by
441:
in 1961. Also, in the 1960s, many well-known utopian projects were based on the principle of "Structure and infill". An influential prototype of this direction is the Yamanashi Culture Chamber in
301:
the prize for his structuralist architecture and theoretical contributions. The times had changed and a shift in emphasis had occurred. The comment of the former RIBA president Jack Pringle was:
3309:, Stuttgart 1980. Structuralism as an international movement. Including original texts by Herman Hertzberger, Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, Kenzo Tange, Aldo van Eyck and other members of Team 10.
2071:
1665:
3483:, Rotterdam 2005. Essays by 23 authors. Interviews with Georges Candilis, Giancarlo De Carlo, Balkrishna Doshi, Ralph Erskine, Herman Hertzberger, Alison and Peter Smithson, Aldo van Eyck.
2867:
1936:
3881:, Stuttgart-London-New York 1961. 30 articles by Louis Kahn, Kenzo Tange, Georges Candilis, Jacob Bakema, Aldo van Eyck, Alison and Peter Smithson et al. (English+German supplement).
671:
is the beginning of participation in architecture, as part of the structuralist movement. This manifesto is published in the languages Dutch, English, Italian, Spanish and German.
2263:
1896:
1703:
1916:
1572:
1094:). Different Rationalist architects had contacts with groups of the Russian Avant-Garde after World War I. They believed in the idea that man and society could be manipulated.
3867:. Participation in housing, structure and infill. Editions in Dutch 1961, English 1972, Italian 1974, Spanish 1975 and German 2000 (with illustrations). The third edition of
1645:
2232:
1985:
3857:
3/1964, Lausanne, pp. 44–50, without illustrations, (see External link ETH). In 1960 Candela built the structuralist Bacardi-Factory in Cuautitlán near Mexico-City.
2738:
2907:
Two years later, the themes for the new "Working group for the investigation of interrelationships between social and built structures" were published in the magazine
2700:
897:
2320:"I was labelled a revolutionary, whereas my greatest teacher was the Past. My so-called revolutionary ideas are straight out of the history of architecture itself."
3545:
quotation (see: External links, Francis Strauven Structuralisme, video 04:20-05:00). It is remarkable that the term "Structuralism" was never used in the magazine
2655:
1480:
102:
2388:
1773:
2093:
713:
886:
724:
947:
A more detailed description by Hertzberger was published in 1973. It is a structuralist definition in a general sense, but also the basis concept for user
3895:, without using the term structuralism. Since the 1970s the Otterlo congress is considered the official start of the international structuralist movement.
2051:
256:
2896:
1432:
A characteristic of structuralist architecture and urbanism is the configuration with units of structure and grid, in different variations. In the book
466:
224:. Structuralist ideas kept up to inform the work of important architects during and after the postmodern era, which is estimated to have ended by 1995.
2681:
680:
648:
621:
133:
2598:
2290:
782:
735:
3543:"Dutch Structuralism as an architectural movement was recognized and launched internationally by the Swiss architect Arnulf Lüchinger, since 1974,"
2795:
2520:
1733:
3539:"It was Arnaud Beerends who used the term structuralism for the first time in the magazine TABK 1/1969... I have expanded the term structuralism,"
2005:
1552:
1528:
2851:
1157:
in housing. Integration of "high" and "low" culture in architecture (fine architecture and everyday forms of building). Pluralistic architecture.
825:
2547:
2025:
2037:
871:
856:
690:
3821:, Zurich 1970. The term "Structurism" is mentioned by Udo Kultermann as one of the themes, "characterizing the present phase in architecture".
2839:
3980:
2150:
2811:
1671:
1394:: Orphanage in Amsterdam, 1960 / European Space Research and Technology Centre Estec, restaurant conference-hall library in Noordwijk, 1989
3841:"It was, I believe, around 1959 or in the beginning of the Sixties, that I started to think about what I was later to call structuralism,"
3505:"It was, I believe, around 1959 or in the beginning of the Sixties, that I started to think about what I was later to call structuralism,"
2823:
2210:
3712:, Ostfildern near Stuttgart 2008. 25 articles about Archigram, Yona Friedman, Eckhard Schulze-Fielitz, Constant et al., (German+English).
1753:
1400:: Jewish Community Center in Trenton, project 1954 / Salk Institute in La Jolla California, 1965 / Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, 1972
683:
are seen as the beginning of Structuralism in architecture and urbanism. These presentations had an international influence. In the book
2318:
Examples of urban planning and urban structuring. About the relation between historic and contemporary architecture Le Corbusier wrote:
1406:: Golden Lane housing estate in London, project 1952 / Urban-planning scheme 1953: Hierarchy of Association "house-street-district-city"
4550:
617:"It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call Structuralism."
3501:"In addition to 'functioning' we also need to give spaces structure. The process of 'structuring' is the basic theme of urban design."
251:
introduced structuralism to a wider audience. Important assessments concerning structuralist theory in architecture have been made by
155:, a key figure of structuralist thought, argued that there was no complete structuralist philosophy but only a structuralist method.
1598:
182:
emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.
2625:
1684:
2613:
2165:
1058:
The next quotation is a definition of structuralism in different fields. It also discusses the autonomy of the primary structure:
87:
3945:
2112:
3401:
Aldo van Eyck, "Het Verhaal van een Andere Gedachte" (The Story of Another Idea), with the principle "Aesthetics of Number", in
3321:
The Structural Regionalism of Herman Hertzberger. In: Labour, Work and Architecture. Collected Essays on Architecture and Design
2764:
2535:
1822:
they developed ideas about "Polyvalent form and individual interpretations", "Reciprocity of form", "Structure and infill" and "
403:"I do not believe that we can still speak of one structuralism. There were a lot of movements that claimed to be structuralist."
53:
3227:
1690:
494:
As a group of avant-garde architects, Team 10 was active from 1953 to 1981, and two different movements emerged from it: the
303:"The Royal Gold Medal, Britain's most prestigious award, should go to an architect that has taken us forward, not backwards."
926:
2103:
1224:
306:
128:
is a movement in architecture and urban planning that evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to
3909:
7/1959, Milano, pp. 4−5. Two months later Ernesto Rogers was participant of the Otterlo congress. He was related to
3719:, Structuralist Theory in Architecture and Urbanism 1959-1975, thesis Stuttgart University of Technology, Stuttgart 2007.
2559:
1504:
1357:: Habitat '67 housing estate, World Exposition in Montréal, 1967 / The Children's Monument Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, 2005
4310:
4084:
3164:
2373:
2180:
943:"In Structuralism, one differentiates between a structure with a long life cycle and infills with shorter life cycles."
91:
1793:
3973:
3594:"Structuralism deals with the difference of a structure with a long life-cycle and infills with shorter life-cycles."
3353:
3277:
3252:
2296:
297:
Surprisingly enough, the RIBA-committee did not award the Venturis with their postmodernist view, and instead, gave
3824:
Arnaud Beerends, "Een Structuur voor het Raadhuis van Amsterdam" (A Structure for the Town Hall in Amsterdam), in:
2403:
2246:
3533:
Arnaud Beerends, "Een Structuur voor het Raadhuis van Amsterdam" (A Structure for the Town Hall in Amsterdam), in
2723:
4555:
3710:
Megastructure Reloaded - Visionary Architecture and Urban Design of the Sixties reflected by Contemporary Artists
3694:
and Robert Oxman (guest-eds.), "The New Structuralism - Design, Engineering and Architectural Technologies", in:
3631:. Structuralist pavilions (CH, UK et al.) and Structuralism as a term in architecture magazines, (see Literature)
3541:
interview (in: A+, Architecture in Belgium, 261_Hertzberger, Brussels 4.10.2016). According to Francis Strauven:
3189:
2461:
2418:
1868:
937:
Since structuralism has different directions, there is more than one definition. The theoretical contribution by
580:
Outside Team 10, other ideas developed that furthered the Structuralist movement - influenced by the concepts of
2195:
1718:
136:) perceived lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
4286:
4129:
3328:
3139:"Urban planning can never be determined by aesthetic considerations but exclusively by functional conclusions."
2358:
656:
471:
129:
2433:
1631:
7/1959. In his article van Eyck showed two works of art: a structuralist painting by the contemporary artist
1543:
3141:
This formulation came from architects of the Rationalist movement, written for the CIAM-declaration in 1928.
2783:
4318:
4064:
3966:
2494:
861:
4270:
4034:
1851:
958:
615:
designed his well-known Tokyo Bay Plan. Reflecting later on the initial phase of that project, he said:
4486:
4238:
4119:
4059:
1675:
1491:
1051:
Compared to other directions of structuralism in architecture, the following clarifications are noted:
902:
631:
they nevertheless acknowledged him as a great model and creative personality in architecture and art.
4494:
4422:
4089:
4039:
3767:
3098:
1942:
1579:
1539:
1403:
1301:
1189:
844:
499:
368:
95:
3733:, Amsterdam 1998 (1994). Biography of Aldo van Eyck and his "Configurative Discipline" of designing.
3208:, Amsterdam 1998 (1994). Biography of Aldo van Eyck and his "Configurative Discipline" of designing.
49:
4189:
3924:
Giuseppe Vindigni, "Rundgang durch die Expo 1958" (Walking through the Expo 1958 in Brussels), in:
3874:
3569:
1961:
1258:
Riegler Riewe: Fakultät für Informations- und Elektrotechnik der Technischen Universität Graz, 2000
774:
148:
2343:
1413:, Stokla: New Rotterdam districts: Pendrecht project 1949 / Alexanderpolder projects 1953 and 1956
4430:
4144:
1292:
Verhoeven Klunder Witstok & Brinkman: Housing estate in Berkel-Rodenrijs near Rotterdam, 1973
718:
3537:
1/1969, Heerlen. Herman Hertzberger on the origin of the term structuralism in the Netherlands:
941:
belongs to the most interesting versions. A recent and often cited statement by Hertzberger is:
305:
Today, postmodern architecture can be compared, to some degree with the architectural movement,
4545:
4454:
4406:
4390:
4366:
4169:
4124:
4079:
4024:
3745:
Architecture in the Netherlands - Yearbook 1988/1989 - Dutch Architectural Institute Rotterdam,
2669:
2526:
2465:
2080:
1327:
1312:
891:
797:
209:
3652:
Die vergessenen Alternativen - Strukturalismus und brutalistische Erfahrung in der Architektur
2328:
2216:
1091:
729:
398:
159:
4326:
4069:
3898:
3409:
7/1959-3/1963 and July/1967 existed of Aldo van Eyck, Herman Hertzberger, Jacob Bakema et al.
3220:
Die vergessenen Alternativen. Strukturalismus und brutalistische Erfahrung in der Architektur
2281:
2277:
1146:
852:
770:
321:
163:
3770:, "Mat-Building, mainstream architecture as it has developed towards the mat-building", in:
3379:, Stuttgart-London 2011. 47 articles by Roland Barthes, Herman Hertzberger, Winy Maas et al.
1252:: Social housing projects in Iquique 2004, Santiago 2007, Monterrey 2010, Constitución 2016
261:
4462:
4334:
4302:
4159:
4134:
4044:
3949:
2269:
1833:
The initiator of participation in architecture, as part of the structuralist movement, was
1823:
1152:
1032:
996:
948:
746:
705:
605:
434:
19:
3788:
1/1976, Zurich-Munich (guest-editor for this special issue). – "Dutch Structuralism", in:
8:
4518:
4374:
4246:
4179:
4074:
3990:
3839:, Zurich 1970. Process of structuring in urban design. Kenzo Tange in a lecture in 1981:
2878:
2858:
2156:
1864:
962:
793:
3777:
2308:
244:
4524:
4398:
4382:
4350:
4294:
4194:
4174:
4139:
4094:
3667:
3153:
3070:
2774:
2477:
2016:
1927:
1827:
1764:
1632:
1535:
1487:
1360:
1341:
1298:: Kasbah housing estate in Hengelo, 1973 / Urban district Oude Haven in Rotterdam, 1985
1264:
et al.: New urban district Borneo-Sporenburg Scheepstimmermanstraat in Amsterdam, 1997
1173:
938:
787:
758:
740:
593:
573:
487:
450:
298:
221:
42:
23:
3620:
1427:
1323:
813:
639:
One of the most influential manifestos for the Structuralist movement was compiled by
3657:
3349:
3324:
3273:
3248:
3223:
3185:
3160:
3113:
2802:
2140:
1842:
1249:
1177:
1142:
1036:
601:
454:
144:
1419:: Perspective drawing of new city district Fort l'Empereur in Algiers, project 1934
4470:
4054:
3902:
3860:
2673:
2409:
2058:
1946:
1834:
1709:
1636:
1583:
1184:(1960) and the fascinating images of the model of the Free University of Berlin by
1180:
in the 21st century. At city level, important projects were: the Tokyo Bay Plan of
1001:
830:
805:
778:
766:
762:
664:
589:
457:
the terms "Participatory design process", "Incremental housing" and "Half-houses".
438:
286:
252:
227:
The theoretical concepts of structuralism in architecture were developed mainly in
3850:
3549:(van Eyck, Bakema, Hertzberger et al.). The last issue of this editorial team was
3247:. Frankfurt: Fischer (First edition by Éditions la Découverte). pp. 329–350.
529:
118:
3914:
3803:
3133:
Aldo van Eyck, "Statement Against Rationalism", written for CIAM VI in 1947. In:
2574:
2238:
1812:
1724:
1286:: Students' Centre St. Lambrechts-Woluwe in Louvain-la-Neuve near Brussels, 1976
876:
836:
750:
695:
565:
421:
188:
3958:
922:, integration of two different structures: historic town and gridiron plan, 1859
867:
4230:
4154:
3910:
3592:, Rotterdam 1991-No.1, 2000-No.2, 2008-No.3. Definition by Herman Hertzberger:
2714:
2586:
2565:
2469:
2254:
1952:
1804:
1589:
1369:
1335:
1316:
1277:
1237:
1185:
817:
754:
709:
561:
329:
292:
217:
213:
152:
38:
1867:
Alejandro Aravena built a prototype of a "Half-house" in a similar way as the
344:, Prototype of an interpretable, adaptable and expandable architecture, 1967 (
4539:
4104:
3884:
3757:
2635:
2503:
2499:
1860:
1656:
1624:
1391:
1211:
1197:
1025:
882:
840:
701:
640:
545:
522:
513:
503:
495:
416:
383:
317:
236:
170:
139:
2300:
1308:
336:
110:
4446:
4438:
4109:
4019:
3784:
5/1974, Zurich-Munich. – "Structuralism, a new trend in architecture", in:
3346:
Architektur im Umbruch. Geschichte – Entwicklung – Ausblick. Stuttgart 1980
2892:
2691:
2457:
2062:
1992:
1949:
1876:
1784:
1586:
1519:
1416:
1410:
1379:
1354:
1283:
1228:
1169:
981:
970:
809:
627:
597:
507:
475:
80:
57:
1830:
also used the terms "Architecture as half-product" and "Open structures".
1172:(1934), the isometric drawing of the housing scheme "Diagoon" in Delft by
1071:
Built structures corresponding in form to social structures, according to
162:(anthropology) and were interested in the principle "langue et parole" by
4358:
4278:
4222:
4164:
4149:
4009:
3918:
3887:, "Het Verhaal van een Andere Gedachte" (The Story of Another Idea), in:
3832:
3691:
3495:
Kenzo Tange, "Function, Structure and Symbol, 1966", in: Udo Kultermann,
3103:
2874:
2770:
2710:
2488:. Later, in 1966 the idea of the amphitheatre in Arles was taken over by
2250:
1907:
1856:
1744:
1563:
1385:
1273:
1243:
1181:
1044:
1005:
848:
801:
612:
585:
449:, completed in 1967. In relation to housing projects with participation
446:
360:
345:
114:
3638:
Space for living - The experimental Diagoon Houses of Herman Hertzberger
2607:, Roman amphi- theatre, built in 90 AD, transformed into a town 600-1830
1388:: Tokyo Bay Plan, project 1960 / Yamanashi Culture Chamber in Kofu, 1967
465:
Structuralism in architecture and urban planning had its origins in the
4214:
4099:
3686:
Structuralism Reloaded - Rule-based Design in Architecture and Urbanism
3377:
Structuralism Reloaded - Rule-Based Design in Architecture and Urbanism
2905:"CIAM: Groupe de Recherches des Interrelations Sociales et Plastiques".
2748:
2687:
2489:
1694:
1511:
1495:
1397:
821:
592:
in the Netherlands (with his theory of user participation in housing).
581:
453:
used the terms "Architecture as half-product" or "Open structures" and
72:
61:
31:
27:
3245:
Geschichte des Strukturalismus. Band 2: Die Zeichen der Zeit 1967-1991
1423:/ Weekend house near Paris, 1935 / Centre Le Corbusier in Zurich, 1967
1012:
977:
352:
4478:
4114:
4029:
3939:
3066:
2665:
2661:
2424:
2379:
2349:
2334:
2309:
Urban structuring – the art of town planning – overarching structures
2273:
2201:
2077:
1967:
1923:
1780:
1652:
1605:
1436:
the buildings and projects are published under the following titles:
1375:
1295:
1193:
1017:
989:
930:
919:
649:
International Congress of Architects in Otterlo (7−15 September 1959)
624:
and the time from 1960 onwards under the heading of "Structuralism".
569:
554:
550:
538:
518:
479:
379:
356:
328:, Primary structure: two towers, secondary elements: capsules, 1972 (
3270:
Architektur der Zweiten Moderne. Ein Essay zur Ankündigung des Neuen
4342:
4254:
4049:
4004:
3952:
3628:
2747:, National Parlia- ment Bangladesh, urban plan and architecture by
2729:
2706:
2631:
2507:
2186:
2043:
1515:
1428:
Units of structure - a characteristic of structuralist architecture
1021:
179:
2127:
Participation with "Half-houses", five social housing projects in
158:
Dutch architects of structuralism did studies in a similar way as
4262:
4014:
3624:
3405:
7/1959, Amsterdam-Hilversum. The editorial team for the magazine
2918:
2830:
2171:
1996:
1366:
Stefan Wewerka: New city district Ruhwald in Berlin, project 1965
1072:
534:
483:
390:
386:
1807 and 2007, structure and infill, rule-based and interpretable
106:
76:
915:
839:, Rotterdam / Herman Haan, Rotterdam / J.M. Stokla, Rotterdam /
247:
and his compilation of structuralist projects published in 1980
3662:
Elemental - Incremental Housing and Participatory Design Manual
3418:
Aldo van Eyck, "Steps towards a configurative discipline", in:
2978:─ (against the spatial corridor between functionalistic blocks)
2439:
2132:
2118:
2099:
2084:
1800:
1760:
1740:
1261:
966:
282:
281:
A few months after publishing this book, the RIBA Institute in
240:
228:
4513:
3835:, "Function, Structure and Symbol, 1966", in: Udo Kultermann,
3750:
Anders Ekholm, Nils Ahrbom, Peter Broberg, Poul-Erik Skriver,
3688:, 47 articles by international authors, Stuttgart-London 2011.
1813:
Structure and infill – two-components approach – participation
1065:
679:
Some presentations and discussions that took place during the
478:), members who were proponents of high- or low-rise building (
3375:
Tomas Valena (ed.) with Tom Avermaete and Georg Vrachliotis,
2817:
Bijlmermeer 2012, existing buildings (red), demolished (grey)
2744:
2604:
2485:
2481:
2394:
2242:
2136:
2128:
2012:
1872:
1846:
1304:: McMaster University Medical Centre in Hamilton Canada, 1972
482:), members supporting a course of reform after World War II (
364:
325:
232:
68:
3137:, Amsterdam 2008. Statement against CIAM-formulations like:
2911:
7/1959. This magazine was also the program for the congress
375:
3684:
Tomáš Valena, Tom Avermaete, and Georg Vrachliotis (eds.),
2756:
2364:
1903:
1559:
1040:
985:
604:
made important architectural contributions in the field of
442:
341:
3615:
2619:
Arles, Roman amphi- theatre, reused as an arena since 1830
1218:
3701:
Mark Garcia (guest-ed.), "Patterns of Architecture", in:
2845:
Rozendaal 1973, left part of plan realized (Henk Klunder)
2460:
made a study on the principle "reciprocity of form" and "
1902:"Interpretable, adaptable and expandable" – Yamanashi in
723:, Bruxelles / Ch. Polonyi, Budapest / M. Siegler, Genf /
687:
the names of the 43 participating architects are listed.
3155:
Théorie de la littérature. Textes des Formalistes russes
2447:
1270:
Rafael Moneo: National Museum of Roman Art, Mérida, 1986
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
2553:
Diocletian's Palace transformed into a town, Split 1912
1114:
on all levels of the urban structure. The concept of a
910:
166:(linguistics), especially for the theme participation.
3891:
7/1959, Amsterdam-Hilversum. Program for the congress
3672:
Architecture and Structuralism - The Ordering of Space
1841:
in different languages. In the 21st century architect
1078:
interrelationships between social and built structures
3871:
is published 2021 in the series "Routledge Revivals".
3024:─ (habitat for the largest section of the population)
2901:"CIAM: Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne"
1344:: Centraal Beheer office building in Apeldoorn, 1972
655:
was a frontal attack on the Dutch representatives of
474:), members who regarded architecture as an art form (
430:
Architecture of Lively Variety (Structure and Infill)
3382:
1348:/ Diagoon, eight experimental houses in Delft, 1971
969:, "Structure and Infill by the architect", 1963-67 (
3584:
3582:
3445:
Two-Components-Approach - Structure and Coincidence
1176:(1971) and the realized social housing projects by
467:
Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM)
312:
3743:Hans van Dijk, "The demise of structuralism", in:
3435:, London 1972. User Participation. (Dutch edition
3272:. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt. p. 14.
3152:
2873:Sterrenwijk, basic structure and realization (see
2031:Diagoon housing, basic structure for participation
1231:: Housing project Homeruskwartier in Almere, 2012
1188:(1963). Also, worth mentioning are the utopias of
1120:. Tokens of identification (identifying devices).
674:
249:(Structuralism in Architecture and Urban Planning)
202:
3988:
2044:Diagoon housing, participation inside and outside
1623:The term "aesthetics of number" is introduced by
1363:: Student housing Collegio del Colle Urbino, 1966
1090:as the origin of architecture (cf. Anthropology,
647:7/1959. It was drawn up as the programme for the
406:discussed. Sometimes these occur in combination.
4537:
3794:Structuralism in Architecture and Urban Planning
3762:Megastructure - Urban Futures of the Recent Past
3604:Herman Hertzberger, "Dedicato a Schindler", in:
3579:
3461:Megastructure - Urban Futures of the Recent Past
3307:Structuralism in Architecture and Urban Planning
1613:
1434:Structuralism in Architecture and Urban Planning
712:, Bellevue-Washington / Werner Rausch, Berlin /
45:, 3 rows of building units (6+4+6) and 3 atriums
3708:Sabrina van der Ley and Markus Richter (eds.),
3182:L’activité structuraliste. In: Essais critiques
3724:Team 10 - In Search of a Utopia of the Present
3722:Max Risselada and Dirk van den Heuvel (eds.),
3677:Joaquin Warmburg and Cornelie Leopold (eds.),
3491:
3489:
3481:Team 10 - In Search of a Utopia of the Present
3479:Max Risselada and Dirk van den Heuvel (eds.),
2510:as one of the historic prototypes in his book
933:, structure and infill (urban ensembles), 1660
663:Another influential manifesto is published by
502:) and the Structuralism of the Dutch members (
243:. Contributions in architectural magazines by
3974:
3150:
3120:
2895:and members of a re-organisationcommittee of
2297:Parliament building of North Rhine-Westphalia
1863:) with the added addresses. In 2008, for the
3598:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3184:. Points (first edition Editions du Seuil).
1712:Bloomsbury London, 1972 (Patrick Hodgkinson)
1672:University of Leicester Engineering Building
187:– Alternately, as summarized by philosopher
3853:, "Architecture et 'structuralisme' ", in:
3514:
3486:
2986:─ (the city as "interior" of the community)
2861:, 1973 (Verhoeven Klunder Witstok Brinkman)
2480:did research on the Roman amphitheatres in
1889:vertical and horizontal communication units
1066:Theoretical origins, principles and aspects
3981:
3967:
2948:─ (half-way in relation to other cultures)
3865:Supports - An Alternative to Mass Housing
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3466:
3455:
3453:
3433:Supports - An Alternative to Mass Housing
3412:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3217:
2690:, urban plan and government buildings by
1246:: Zentrum Paul Klee, Museum in Bern, 2005
1240:: Madrid-Barajas Airport terminal 4, 2006
3814:), Stuttgart 1971, London-New York 1972.
3619:
3527:
3425:
3343:
3318:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
2757:Residential areas, large and small scale
2397:, Radial structure Axes Symmetries River
2121:town plan, Homeruskwartier (circle left)
2102:Homerus- kwartier, mix of styles, 2012 (
1995:designed the project Fort l'Empereur in
1839:Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing
1322:
1307:
1280:: Centre Georges-Pompidou in Paris, 1977
1075:(Working group for the investigation of
1031:
1011:
995:
976:
957:
925:
914:
669:Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing
560:
544:
528:
512:
389:
374:
351:
335:
316:
169:At the beginning of the general article
101:
86:
67:
48:
37:
18:
3905:, "Architettura e strutturalismo", in:
3731:Aldo van Eyck - The Shape of Relativity
3616:Literature – interpretations since 1958
3323:. New York: Phaidon. pp. 289–297.
3206:Aldo van Eyck - The Shape of Relativity
3179:
1618:
1219:Housing estates, buildings and projects
855:, Trondheim / Oskar Hansen, Warszawa /
173:, the following explanations are noted:
4538:
3948:Video Dutch lecture "Structuralisme",
3556:
3450:
3443:, The Hague 2000; in combination with
3362:
3127:
3065:"De Drie Hoven" for elderly people in
2899:called for the alteration of the name
1739:Office building Banca del Gottardo in
1338:: Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo, 1972
651:. The central aspect of this issue of
295:be given this year's RIBA Gold Medal?"
235:, with important contributions of the
3962:
3286:
3267:
3242:
2983:stad als interieur van de gemeenschap
2568:and Diocletian's Palace, 21st century
2448:Historic cities – reciprocity of form
1558:* 4a. – Yamanashi Culture Chamber in
285:discussed the new candidates for the
3817:Udo Kultermann, "Introduction", in:
3590:Lessons for Students in Architecture
3503:- Kenzo Tange in a lecture in 1981:
3499:, Zurich 1970. Kenzo Tange in 1966:
2886:
2833:, masterplan 1969 (David Zuiderhoek)
1922:De Drie Hoven for elderly people in
1372:: Free University of Berlin, 1963–73
911:Definition of the structuralist form
3738:Structuralism in Dutch architecture
3522:Structuralism in Dutch Architecture
3021:l'habitat pour le plus grand nombre
2224:
2219:, Villa Verde, Rio Loncamilla, 2016
2159:, prototype of a "Half-house", 2008
1779:The Children's Monument Yad Vashem
13:
2970:─ (the philosophy of the doorstep)
2541:Diocletian's Palace, original plan
2367:, Symmetries Axes River Hills etc.
2313:
1473:5. Other structures (without grid)
1470:(vertical units, horizontal units)
14:
4567:
4551:20th-century architectural styles
3933:
3800:, The Hague 2000 (participation).
3439:, Amsterdam 1961. German edition
3222:. Berlin: Jovis. pp. 36–40.
3110:, Otterlo, the Netherlands, 1959.
289:in 2012. An actual question was:
4512:
3116:, Sky House, Tokyo, Japan, 1958.
3078:
3054:─ (differentiated dwelling unit)
2866:
2850:
2838:
2822:
2810:
2794:
2782:
2763:
2737:
2722:
2699:
2680:
2654:
2624:
2612:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2519:
2432:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2289:
2262:
2231:
2209:
2194:
2189:, Lo Espejo, Don Francisco, 2007
2179:
2164:
2149:
2111:
2092:
2070:
2050:
2036:
2024:
2004:
1984:
1960:
1935:
1915:
1895:
1837:. In 1961 he published the book
1792:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1655:, "Aesthetics of Number", 1960 (
1644:
1597:
1571:
1551:
1527:
1503:
1479:
611:In 1960, the Japanese architect
427:On the other hand, there is the
313:Various movements and directions
92:McMaster Medical Centre Hamilton
3812:Urban Structures for the Future
3705:November/December 2009, London.
3337:
3151:Todorov (Ed.), Tzvetan (1965).
3007:hierarchy of human associations
2953:imagination versus common-sense
1494:, part of a larger plan, 1955 (
675:Otterlo Congress – participants
521:, "Dutch Structuralism", 1960 (
203:Structuralism and Postmodernism
178:Structuralism is a theoretical
3312:
3261:
3236:
3211:
3198:
3173:
3144:
3037:aspect of ascending dimensions
2994:─ (architecture and residents)
2967:la plus grand realité du seuil
2801:Bijlmermeer, masterplan 1965 (
2276:, "Gridless structure", 1961 (
2106:, masterplan and coordination)
1627:in the architectural magazine
643:in the architectural magazine
433:which was formulated for user
409:On the one hand, there is the
1:
3917:in Paris in partnership with
3608:September No.465/1967, Milan.
3108:The Metabolism manifesto CIAM
3051:gedifferentieerde wooneenheid
2643:
1614:Different types of structures
1608:, 1961 (Lynn Smith Womersley)
1087:archetypical behaviour of man
835:, Porto / F. Tavora, Porto /
549:Urban district Oude Haven in
340:Yamanashi Culture Chamber in
3752:Strukturalism i Arkitekturen
3647:, TU Delft Open, Delft 2020.
3422:3/1962, Amsterdam-Hilversum.
3218:Denkinger, Bernhard (2019).
2495:The Architecture of the City
1999:, for resident participation
1869:Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau
1759:Gare do Oriente, Station in
634:
492:"I am a product of Team 10."
7:
3645:The Future of Structuralism
3441:Die Träger und die Menschen
3092:
2638:, Structure and coincidence
363:designed the structuralist
10:
4572:
3942:Search term: Structuralism
3808:Stadtstrukturen für morgen
3643:Lidwine Spoormans et al.,
3348:. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer.
3319:Frampton, Kenneth (2002).
3121:Literature and annotations
2713:, government buildings by
2672:1915, architecture of the
2442:, Basic structure: S-shape
2427:, Basic structure: U-shape
1691:Salk Institute in La Jolla
1370:Candilis Josic & Woods
1302:Craig Zeidler & Strong
1186:Candilis Josic & Woods
1138:individual interpretations
460:
96:Craig Zeidler & Strong
4506:
4203:
3997:
3780:, "Strukturalismus", in:
3698:July/August 2010, London.
3344:Joedicke, Jürgen (1980).
3106:& Japanese students,
3099:Metabolism (architecture)
2382:, Basic structure: Radial
2057:Medical Faculty Housing,
1970:, urban plan 19th century
1943:Free University of Berlin
1404:Alison and Peter Smithson
533:Kasbah housing estate in
500:Alison and Peter Smithson
77:Montreal World Exposition
3679:Strukturelle Architektur
3674:, Rotterdam 2015 (2014).
3268:Klotz, Heinrich (1999).
3243:Dosse, Francois (1999).
3180:Barthes, Roland (1964).
3135:Aldo van Eyck - Writings
3032:─ (aesthetics of number)
2081:Scheeps- timmermanstraat
1977:Participation in housing
1464:4. Structures formed of
1456:3. Structures formed of
1448:2. Structures formed of
1440:1. Structures formed of
1141:(compare the concept of
775:Blanche Lemco van Ginkel
681:Otterlo Congress in 1959
498:of the English members (
415:which was formulated by
16:Movement in architecture
4519:Architecture portal
3636:Robert von der Nahmer,
3437:De Dragers en de Mensen
1651:Municipal Orphanage in
1346:(participation, inside)
30:, entrance area, 1972 (
4556:Modernist architecture
3798:2-Komponenten-Bauweise
3660:and Andrés Iacobelli,
3640:, Olympos, Delft 2023.
3632:
2083:, cubist style, 1997 (
1331:
1328:Madrid-Barajas Airport
1320:
1313:Madrid-Barajas Airport
1132:(of the built volume).
1048:
1029:
1009:
993:
974:
934:
923:
584:in the United States,
577:
558:
542:
526:
394:
387:
372:
349:
333:
276:Structuralism Reloaded
272:Structuralism Reloaded
200:
185:
122:
99:
84:
65:
46:
35:
3899:Ernesto Nathan Rogers
3790:Architecture+Urbanism
3717:Structurel-Structural
3623:
3159:. Editions du Seuil.
3067:Amsterdam-Slotervaart
2999:het ogenblik van core
2529:, original state, 305
2464:", especially on the
2322:Quotation in No.2.
2174:, Quinta Monroy, 2004
2061:near Brussels, 1976 (
1326:
1311:
1147:Ferdinand de Saussure
1035:
1015:
999:
980:
961:
929:
918:
853:Terje Moe (architect)
771:Ernesto Nathan Rogers
564:
548:
532:
516:
393:
378:
355:
339:
322:Nakagin Capsule Tower
320:
193:
175:
164:Ferdinand de Saussure
105:
90:
71:
52:
41:
22:
4463:Critical regionalism
4045:Critical regionalism
3950:University of Twente
3796:, Stuttgart 1980. –
3772:Architectural Design
3703:Architectural Design
3696:Architectural Design
3650:Bernhard Denkinger:
3588:Herman Hertzberger,
3002:─ (core of the city)
2913:CIAM '59 in Otterlo.
2412:, L'Enfant Plan 1792
2352:, Gridiron Plan 1807
2337:, Gridiron Plan 1859
1884:Structure and infill
1619:Aesthetics of number
1604:* 5. – Park Hill in
1409:Van den Broek &
1380:Halen housing estate
1206:Aesthetics of Number
1164:Structure and Infill
1135:Polyvalent form and
1000:Secondary school in
984:housing estate near
747:Christian Farenholtz
714:Willy Van Der Meeren
706:Josep Antoni Coderch
412:Aesthetics of Number
397:The anthropologist,
60:, floor plan, 1960 (
4311:International style
4303:Rationalist-Fascist
4247:Stripped Classicism
4180:Stripped Classicism
4160:Rationalist-Fascist
4085:International style
3991:modern architecture
3913:, who designed the
3893:CIAM '59 in Otterlo
3879:CIAM '59 in Otterlo
3847:2/1982, Amsterdam).
3574:CIAM '59 in Otterlo
3511:2/1982, Amsterdam).
3044:identifying devices
2879:Berkel en Rodenrijs
2859:Berkel en Rodenrijs
2527:Diocletian's Palace
2466:Diocletian's Palace
2204:, Las Anacuas, 2010
2011:Diagoon housing in
1467:communication units
1092:Claude Lévi-Strauss
963:Centre Le Corbusier
685:CIAM '59 in Otterlo
568:office building in
399:Claude Lévi-Strauss
367:Bay Plan (ill. see
160:Claude Lévi-Strauss
4394:(1940s–late 1970s)
4383:Mid-century modern
4351:Postconstructivism
4295:Streamline Moderne
4175:Streamline Moderne
4140:Postconstructivism
4095:Mid-Century modern
3729:Francis Strauven,
3668:Herman Hertzberger
3633:
3431:N. John Habraken,
3305:Arnulf Lüchinger,
3204:Francis Strauven,
3071:Herman Hertzberger
2775:Amsterdam-Zuidoost
2478:Herman Hertzberger
2272:housing estate in
2017:Herman Hertzberger
1928:Herman Hertzberger
1865:Triennale in Milan
1828:Herman Hertzberger
1765:Santiago Calatrava
1693:California, 1965 (
1633:Richard Paul Lohse
1536:Lovell Beach House
1488:Trenton Bath House
1361:Giancarlo De Carlo
1342:Herman Hertzberger
1332:
1321:
1174:Herman Hertzberger
1049:
1030:
1010:
994:
975:
939:Herman Hertzberger
935:
924:
759:Giancarlo de Carlo
667:in 1961. His book
594:Herman Hertzberger
578:
574:Herman Hertzberger
559:
543:
527:
488:Herman Hertzberger
451:Herman Hertzberger
395:
388:
373:
350:
334:
299:Herman Hertzberger
222:Denise Scott Brown
134:CIAM-Functionalism
123:
100:
85:
66:
47:
43:Kimbell Art Museum
36:
24:Kimbell Art Museum
4533:
4532:
3792:3/1977, Tokyo. –
3754:, Stockholm 1980.
3740:, Rotterdam 1992.
3681:, Bielefeld 2012.
3658:Alejandro Aravena
3524:, Rotterdam 1992.
3229:978-3-86859-551-2
3114:Kiyonori Kikutake
3085:
3029:harmony in motion
2975:l'espace corridor
2938:change and growth
2887:Themes of Team 10
2803:Siegfried Nassuth
2789:Bijlmermeer metro
2187:Santiago de Chile
2141:Alejandro Aravena
1843:Alejandro Aravena
1544:Rudolph Schindler
1492:Ewing Township NJ
1250:Alejandro Aravena
1178:Alejandro Aravena
1123:Urban Structuring
1037:Zentrum Paul Klee
824:, Philadelphia /
602:Alejandro Aravena
455:Alejandro Aravena
145:Russian Formalism
4563:
4525:Related articles
4517:
4516:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4471:Deconstructivism
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4055:Deconstructivism
3983:
3976:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3946:Francis Strauven
3903:Pier Luigi Nervi
3861:N. John Habraken
3778:Arnulf Lüchinger
3736:Wim van Heuvel,
3715:Michael Hecker,
3609:
3602:
3596:
3586:
3577:
3567:
3554:
3531:
3525:
3520:Wim van Heuvel,
3518:
3512:
3493:
3484:
3477:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3399:
3380:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3148:
3142:
3131:
3087:
3086:
2960:appreciated unit
2921:on the cover of
2870:
2854:
2842:
2826:
2814:
2798:
2786:
2767:
2741:
2726:
2709:, urban plan by
2703:
2684:
2674:Amsterdam School
2668:, urban plan by
2658:
2628:
2616:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2523:
2436:
2421:
2410:Washington, D.C.
2406:
2391:
2376:
2361:
2346:
2331:
2293:
2266:
2235:
2225:Other structures
2213:
2198:
2183:
2168:
2157:Milan, Triennale
2153:
2115:
2096:
2074:
2059:Louvain-la-Neuve
2054:
2040:
2028:
2008:
1988:
1964:
1939:
1919:
1899:
1818:In the magazine
1796:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1721:
1710:Brunswick Centre
1706:
1687:
1668:
1648:
1601:
1575:
1555:
1531:
1507:
1483:
1459:structural units
1143:langue et parole
1002:Morbio Inferiore
906:
895:
883:Eduard F. Sekler
880:
865:
843:, Staplehurst /
834:
806:Georges Candilis
791:
779:Sandy van Ginkel
767:Vico Magistretti
763:Ignazio Gardella
744:
733:
725:Paul Waltenspühl
722:
699:
657:CIAM-Rationalism
307:Traditionalismus
265:
253:Kenneth Frampton
245:Arnulf Lüchinger
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4511:
4502:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4287:New Objectivity
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4205:By start year /
4199:
4130:New Objectivity
3993:
3987:
3936:
3915:Centre Pompidou
3804:Justus Dahinden
3774:9/1974, London.
3768:Alison Smithson
3618:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3587:
3580:
3568:
3557:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3515:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3467:
3459:Reyner Banham,
3458:
3451:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3413:
3400:
3383:
3374:
3363:
3356:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3095:
3088:
3079:
2889:
2882:
2871:
2862:
2857:Sterrenwijk in
2855:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2818:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2778:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2704:
2695:
2685:
2676:
2659:
2646:
2639:
2629:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2581:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2316:
2314:Historic cities
2311:
2304:
2294:
2285:
2267:
2258:
2239:Centre Pompidou
2236:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2087:, coordination)
2075:
2066:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2020:
2009:
2000:
1989:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1940:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1900:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1788:
1777:
1768:
1757:
1748:
1737:
1728:
1725:Klinikum Aachen
1722:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1688:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1649:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1508:
1499:
1484:
1451:building groups
1430:
1421:(participation)
1382:near Bern, 1961
1350:(participation)
1288:(participation)
1266:(participation)
1254:(participation)
1233:(participation)
1221:
1068:
1016:Swiss pavillon
913:
900:
889:
874:
859:
837:Jacob B. Bakema
828:
814:André Wogenscky
785:
783:Peter Callebout
751:Alison Smithson
738:
736:Hubert Hoffmann
727:
716:
693:
677:
637:
622:"Functionalism"
566:Centraal Beheer
463:
422:Alison Smithson
315:
287:RIBA Gold Medal
259:
257:Jürgen Joedicke
205:
189:Simon Blackburn
17:
12:
11:
5:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4271:Constructivism
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4231:Prairie School
4228:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Prairie School
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Constructivism
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3998:Alphabetically
3995:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3935:
3934:External links
3932:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3911:Richard Rogers
3896:
3882:
3872:
3858:
3848:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3801:
3775:
3765:
3764:, London 1976.
3755:
3748:
3747:Deventer 1989.
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3665:
3664:, Berlin 2016.
3655:
3654:, Berlin 2019.
3648:
3641:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3597:
3578:
3555:
3526:
3513:
3507:(published in
3485:
3465:
3463:, London 1976.
3449:
3424:
3411:
3381:
3361:
3354:
3336:
3329:
3311:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3253:
3235:
3228:
3210:
3197:
3190:
3172:
3166:9 782020019293
3165:
3143:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2715:Oscar Niemeyer
2705:
2698:
2696:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2502:presented the
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2255:Richard Rogers
2237:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2139:, realized by
2124:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1894:
1852:Pritzker-Prize
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1805:Peter Eisenman
1798:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1643:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1443:building units
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1336:Kisho Kurokawa
1317:Richard Rogers
1306:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1278:Richard Rogers
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1238:Richard Rogers
1235:
1220:
1217:
1203:The principle
1161:The principle
1159:
1158:
1133:
1117:Sense of place
1095:
1082:
1067:
1064:
912:
909:
887:Radovan Nikšić
847:, Stockholm /
818:Shadrach Woods
755:Peter Smithson
710:Wendell Lovett
708:, Barcelona /
704:, Amsterdam /
676:
673:
636:
633:
490:when he said:
462:
459:
437:in housing by
330:Kisho Kurokawa
314:
311:
218:Robert Venturi
214:Charles Jencks
204:
201:
153:Roland Barthes
94:Canada, 1972 (
54:Medical Towers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4568:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Structuralism
4544:
4543:
4541:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4487:New Classical
4485:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4431:Postmodernism
4429:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4415:Structuralism
4413:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4370:(1930s–1950s)
4368:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4322:(1920s–1970s)
4320:
4319:Functionalism
4317:
4312:
4309:
4306:(1920s–1930s)
4304:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4239:Expressionism
4237:
4234:(1890s–1920s)
4232:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:Structuralism
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Postmodernism
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:New Classical
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Monumentalism
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Functionalism
4063:
4061:
4060:Expressionism
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:Aldo van Eyck
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:Félix Candela
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3758:Reyner Banham
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3355:3-7828-0459-7
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3279:3-421-03231-9
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3254:3-596-13476-5
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2829:Rozendaal in
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2637:
2636:Ponte Vecchio
2633:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:Megastructure
2509:
2505:
2504:Ponte Vecchio
2501:
2500:Reyner Banham
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:participation
2459:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Megastructure
2244:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:Adriaan Geuze
2082:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:, 1963-1973 (
1944:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:John Habraken
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:Participation
1821:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1674:, 1959–1963 (
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:Aldo van Eyck
1654:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Aldo van Eyck
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:Newport Beach
1537:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:Aldo van Eyck
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:Adriaan Geuze
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:Aldo van Eyck
1208:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1198:Yona Friedman
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:Participation
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1026:Peter Zumthor
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
949:participation
945:
944:
940:
932:
928:
921:
917:
908:
904:
899:
893:
888:
884:
878:
873:
870:, Warszawa /
869:
866:, Warszawa /
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Ralph Erskine
842:
841:John Voelcker
838:
832:
827:
826:Viana de Lima
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
789:
784:
781:, Montreal /
780:
777:, Montreal /
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
737:
731:
726:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Aldo van Eyck
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
672:
670:
666:
665:John Habraken
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Aldo van Eyck
632:
629:
625:
623:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:participation
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:John Habraken
588:in Japan and
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
552:
547:
540:
536:
531:
524:
523:Aldo van Eyck
520:
517:Orphanage in
515:
511:
509:
505:
504:Aldo van Eyck
501:
497:
496:New Brutalism
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:John Habraken
436:
435:participation
432:
431:
425:
423:
418:
417:Aldo van Eyck
414:
413:
407:
404:
400:
392:
385:
384:Gridiron plan
381:
377:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
347:
343:
338:
331:
327:
323:
319:
310:
309:, in Europe.
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:United States
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:New Brutalism
199:
198:
192:
190:
184:
183:
181:
174:
172:
171:Structuralism
167:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
149:Prague School
146:
141:
140:Structuralism
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:Structuralism
120:
119:Félix Candela
116:
112:
108:
104:
97:
93:
89:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4510:
4495:Contemporary
4447:Neo-futurism
4439:Blobitecture
4414:
4378:(1930s–1970)
4184:
4110:Neo-Futurism
4040:Contemporary
4020:Blobitecture
3926:Bauen+Wohnen
3925:
3906:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3875:Oscar Newman
3868:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:Bauen+Wohnen
3785:
3782:Bauen+Wohnen
3781:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3573:
3570:Oscar Newman
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3480:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3376:
3345:
3339:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3269:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3181:
3175:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3107:
3064:
3059:visual group
3058:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:Jacob Bakema
2890:
2881:Planetenweg)
2692:Le Corbusier
2647:
2511:
2493:
2492:in his book
2473:
2458:Jacob Bakema
2453:
2451:
2319:
2317:
2217:Constitución
2126:
2125:
2063:Lucien Kroll
1993:Le Corbusier
1976:
1975:
1974:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1877:Le Corbusier
1838:
1832:
1819:
1816:
1799:Memorial in
1785:Moshe Safdie
1637:Kuba textile
1628:
1622:
1520:Moshe Safdie
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1417:Le Corbusier
1355:Moshe Safdie
1349:
1345:
1330:, terminal 4
1287:
1284:Lucien Kroll
1265:
1253:
1232:
1229:Rem Koolhaas
1205:
1204:
1202:
1170:Le Corbusier
1163:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1129:Articulation
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
971:Le Corbusier
952:
946:
942:
936:
872:Fred Freyler
868:Jerzy Sołtan
857:Zofia Hansen
810:Aljoša Josić
749:, Hamburg /
691:Louis Miquel
689:
684:
678:
668:
662:
652:
644:
638:
628:Le Corbusier
626:
616:
610:
598:Lucien Kroll
579:
508:Jacob Bakema
491:
476:Le Corbusier
472:Rationalists
464:
429:
428:
426:
411:
410:
408:
402:
401:, remarked:
396:
302:
291:"Should the
290:
280:
275:
271:
268:
248:
226:
206:
195:
194:
186:
177:
176:
168:
157:
138:
125:
124:
109:-Factory in
81:Moshe Safdie
58:Philadelphia
4410:(1953–1970)
4386:(1933–1969)
4362:(1933–1944)
4359:PWA Moderne
4346:(1910–1939)
4298:(1925–1950)
4290:(1922–1933)
4282:(1921–1929)
4279:Rondocubism
4274:(1920–1932)
4266:(1919–1933)
4258:(1917–1931)
4226:(1890–1910)
4223:Art Nouveau
4218:(1888–1911)
4190:Sustainable
4165:Rondocubism
4150:PWA Moderne
4010:Art Nouveau
3940:ETH Library
3919:Renzo Piano
3837:Kenzo Tange
3833:Kenzo Tange
3819:Kenzo Tange
3692:Rivka Oxman
3497:Kenzo Tange
3191:202005809-X
3104:Kenzo Tange
2945:à mi-chemin
2875:Google Maps
2771:Bijlmermeer
2751:, 1962-1976
2717:, 1956-1963
2711:Lucio Costa
2694:, 1951-1964
2303:, 1979-1988
2251:Renzo Piano
1908:Kenzo Tange
1745:Mario Botta
1727:, 1971–1985
1582:1963-1973 (
1564:Kenzo Tange
1386:Kenzo Tange
1274:Renzo Piano
1244:Renzo Piano
1182:Kenzo Tange
1062:p. 16
1045:Renzo Piano
1006:Mario Botta
955:p. 56
901: [
898:Alfred Roth
896:, Zagreb /
890: [
875: [
860: [
849:Kenzo Tange
829: [
802:Arne Korsmo
786: [
757:, London /
753:, London /
739: [
728: [
717: [
694: [
613:Kenzo Tange
586:Kenzo Tange
447:Kenzo Tange
361:Kenzo Tange
346:Kenzo Tange
260: [
130:Rationalism
115:Mexico City
4540:Categories
4423:Metabolism
4335:Organicism
4215:Modernisme
4135:Organicism
4100:Modernisme
4090:Metabolism
3989:Genres of
3855:habitation
3330:0714840807
2917:Themes of
2749:Louis Kahn
2688:Chandigarh
2644:New cities
2498:. In 1976
2490:Aldo Rossi
2301:Düsseldorf
2282:Ivor Smith
1695:Louis Kahn
1512:Habitat 67
1496:Louis Kahn
1398:Louis Kahn
1190:Metabolism
1055:p. 5
907:, Zurich.
851:, Tokyo /
822:Louis Kahn
820:, Paris /
816:, Paris /
812:, Paris /
808:, Paris /
798:Geir Grung
794:Nieuwpoort
773:, Milan /
769:, Milan /
765:, Milan /
761:, Milan /
700:, Alger /
582:Louis Kahn
369:Metabolism
359:, in 1960
111:Cuautitlán
73:Habitat 67
62:Louis Kahn
32:Louis Kahn
28:Fort Worth
4479:Neomodern
4455:High-tech
4407:New Khmer
4391:Brutalism
4367:Stalinist
4170:Stalinist
4125:New Khmer
4115:Neomodern
4080:High-tech
4030:Bowellism
4025:Brutalism
3907:Casabella
2891:In 1957,
2777:, 1966–75
2666:Plan Zuid
2662:Amsterdam
2425:Amsterdam
2380:Karlsruhe
2350:Manhattan
2335:Barcelona
2278:Jack Lynn
2274:Sheffield
2270:Park Hill
2249:", 1977 (
2202:Monterrey
2078:Amsterdam
1968:Barcelona
1924:Amsterdam
1879:in 1925.
1781:Jerusalem
1653:Amsterdam
1606:Sheffield
1580:FU Berlin
1376:Atelier 5
1296:Piet Blom
1227:, office
1194:Archigram
1099:Coherence
1018:Expo 2000
990:Atelier 5
931:Amsterdam
920:Barcelona
885:, Wien /
881:, Wien /
804:, Oslo /
800:, Oslo /
745:, Graz /
734:, Genf /
635:Manifesto
570:Apeldoorn
555:Piet Blom
551:Rotterdam
539:Piet Blom
519:Amsterdam
480:Ernst May
380:Manhattan
357:Tokyo Bay
4498:(2000s–)
4490:(1990s–)
4482:(1990s–)
4474:(1980s–)
4466:(1980s–)
4458:(1970s–)
4450:(1960s–)
4442:(1960s–)
4434:(1960s–)
4399:Tropical
4343:Art Deco
4338:(1920s–)
4330:(1920s–)
4327:Futurism
4314:(1920s–)
4255:De Stijl
4195:Tropical
4070:Futurism
4050:De Stijl
4005:Art Deco
3953:Enschede
3869:Supports
3629:Brussels
3093:See also
3014:mobility
2991:identity
2925:7/1959:
2730:Brasilia
2707:Brasilia
2632:Florence
2508:Florence
2015:, 1971 (
1991:In 1934
1947:Candilis
1926:, 1974 (
1906:, 1967 (
1803:, 2005 (
1783:, 2005 (
1763:, 1998 (
1743:, 1987 (
1676:Stirling
1584:Candilis
1578:* 4b. –
1562:, 1967 (
1542:, 1926 (
1518:, 1967 (
1516:Montreal
1315:, 2006 (
1149:). User
1022:Hannover
1004:, 1976 (
988:, 1961 (
572:, 1972 (
553:, 1985 (
537:, 1973 (
293:Venturis
197:culture.
180:paradigm
147:and the
117:, 1960 (
79:, 1967 (
4426:(1959–)
4418:(1959–)
4402:(1958–)
4354:(1930s)
4263:Bauhaus
4250:(1913–)
4242:(1910–)
4015:Bauhaus
3955:, 2014.
3877:(ed.),
3625:Expo 58
3572:(ed.),
3069:,1974 (
2931:cluster
2919:Team 10
2831:Leusden
2670:Berlage
2476:3/1962
2456:2/1962
2172:Iquique
1997:Algiers
1678:-Gowan)
1534:* 3. –
1510:* 2. –
1486:* 1. –
1073:Team 10
535:Hengelo
484:Team 10
461:Origins
107:Bacardi
4375:Googie
4207:decade
4075:Googie
3829:units.
3352:
3327:
3276:
3251:
3226:
3188:
3163:
2440:Venice
2280:&
2253:&
2133:Mexico
2119:Almere
2100:Almere
1861:Images
1801:Berlin
1761:Lisbon
1741:Lugano
1635:and a
1411:Bakema
1276:&
1111:change
1105:growth
1043:2005 (
967:Zurich
283:London
241:Canada
229:Europe
3929:ETH).
3889:Forum
3843:(in:
3606:Domus
3551:Forum
3547:Forum
3420:Forum
3407:Forum
3403:Forum
2923:Forum
2909:Forum
2745:Dhaka
2605:Arles
2592:Split
2580:Split
2566:Split
2486:Lucca
2482:Arles
2474:Forum
2472:. In
2470:Split
2454:Forum
2395:Paris
2243:Paris
2137:Italy
2129:Chile
2013:Delft
1953:Woods
1950:Josic
1873:Paris
1847:Chile
1845:from
1820:Forum
1629:Forum
1590:Woods
1587:Josic
1490:, in
982:Halen
905:]
894:]
879:]
864:]
833:]
790:]
743:]
732:]
721:]
698:]
653:Forum
645:Forum
365:Tokyo
326:Tokyo
264:]
233:Japan
113:near
3901:and
3845:Plan
3826:TABK
3535:TABK
3509:Plan
3350:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3249:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3161:ISBN
2897:CIAM
2732:1990
2484:and
2365:Rome
2135:and
1904:Kofu
1859:and
1857:Maps
1560:Kofu
1196:and
1126:and
1108:and
1084:The
1041:Bern
986:Bern
600:and
506:and
443:Kofu
342:Kofu
255:and
239:and
231:and
220:and
132:'s (
3627:in
2903:to
2773:in
2506:in
2468:in
2452:In
2299:in
2245:, "
2241:in
2104:OMA
1875:by
1871:in
1826:".
1538:in
1514:in
1225:OMA
1145:by
1020:in
965:in
510:).
445:by
424:).
324:in
56:in
26:in
4542::
3863:,
3806:,
3760:,
3670:,
3581:^
3558:^
3488:^
3468:^
3452:^
3447:).
3384:^
3364:^
3288:^
3073:)
2877:,
2664:,
2634:,
2514:.
2131:,
1955:)
1910:)
1887:–
1378::
1192:,
1102:,
1081:).
1039:,
951::
903:de
892:hr
877:de
862:pl
831:pt
796:/
792:,
788:nl
741:de
730:de
719:nl
696:de
608:.
596:,
382::
278:.
266:.
262:de
216:,
191::
151:.
75:,
3982:e
3975:t
3968:v
3921:.
3810:(
3358:.
3333:.
3282:.
3257:.
3232:.
3194:.
3169:.
2805:)
2284:)
2257:)
2143::
2065:)
2019:)
1930:)
1855:(
1807:)
1787:)
1767:)
1747:)
1697:)
1659:)
1592:)
1566:)
1546:)
1522:)
1498:)
1319:)
1047:)
1028:)
1024:(
1008:)
992:)
973:)
576:)
557:)
541:)
525:)
470:(
420:(
371:)
348:)
332:)
121:)
98:)
83:)
64:)
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