Stokesay Castle - Knowledge

775:, the unevenly positioned empty spaces weakening the structure, and this meant that two large buttresses had to be added to the tower during its construction to support the walls. The current floors are Victorian in origin, having been built after the fire of 1830, but the tower remains unglazed, as in the 13th century, with shutters at the windows providing protection in winter. The basement was originally only accessible from the first floor, and would have provided a secure area for storage, in addition to also containing a well. The first floor, which formed the original entrance to the tower, contains a 17th-century fireplace, reusing the original 13th-century chimney. The second floor has been subdivided in the past, but has been restored to form a single chamber, as it would have been when first built. 635: 517:. This exposed the rest of the region to attack, and in June a force of 800 Parliamentary soldiers pushed south towards Ludlow, attacking Stokesay en route. The Royalist garrison, led by Captain Daurett, was heavily outnumbered and it would have been impossible for them to effectively defend the new gatehouse, which was essentially ornamental. Nonetheless, both sides complied with the protocols of warfare at the time, resulting in a bloodless victory for the Parliamentary force: the besiegers demanded that the garrison surrender, the garrison refused, the attackers demanded a surrender for a second time, and this time the garrison were able to give up the castle with dignity. 443: 926: 670:" to communicate the context to visitors; or using the site to demonstrate restoration techniques appropriate to different periods. These were rejected in favour of a policy of minimising any physical intervention during the restoration and preserving the building in the condition it was passed to English Heritage, including its unfurnished interior. The archaeologist Gill Chitty has described this as encouraging visitors to undergo a "personal discovery of a sense of historical relationship and event" around the castle. Against this background, an extensive programme of restoration work was carried out between August 1986 and December 1989. 990: 403:, travelling across Europe to negotiate sales, and maintaining offices in Shrewsbury and London. He had become the most important wool merchant in England, helping to set government trade policies and lending money to the major nobility. Stokesay Castle would form a secure personal home for Laurence, well-positioned close to his other business operations in the region. It was also intended to be used as a commercial estate, as it was worth around £26 a year, with 120 acres (49 ha) of agricultural land, 6 acres (2.4 ha) of meadows, an expanse of woodland, along with 974: 64: 958: 942: 211:, on the earlier castle (some of which still survives) founded by its original owners the de Lacy family, from whom it passed to their de Verdun heirs, who retained feudal overlordship of Stokesay until at least 1317. Laurence 'of' Ludlow was one of the leading wool merchants in England, who intended it to form a secure private house and generate income as a commercial estate. Laurence's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century, when it passed through various private owners. By the time of the outbreak of the 44: 502: 914: 296: 790: 553: 834: 846: 740: 707: 862: 71: 723:

constructed from stone, rebuilt in timber and plaster around 1640 - controlling the entrance. The wall would have reached 34 feet (10 m) high measured from the base of the moat. The courtyard, around 150 feet (46 m) by 125 feet (38 m), contained additional buildings during the castle's history, probably including a kitchen, bakehouse and storerooms, which were pulled down around 1800.

902:, and would probably have originally shared the former's "banded" stonework. Cordingley describes the south tower as "adding prestige rather than security". Visitors would then have passed by the impressive outside of the main hall block, before entering the castle itself, which Robert Liddiard notes might have been an "anticlimax from the point of view of the medieval visitor". 626:, the Reverend James La Touche, who took a somewhat romanticised approach to the analysis of the castle's history and architecture. The castle had become a popular sight for tourists and artists by the 1870s and the gatehouse was fitted out to form a house for a caretaker to oversee the property. Following the work, the castle was in good condition once again by the late 1880s. 646:. The Allcroft family faced increasing financial difficulty in the 20th century and the castle was formally opened for visitors in 1908, with much of the revenue reinvested in the property, but funds for repairs remained in short supply. By the 1930s the Allcroft estate was in serious financial difficulties, and the payment of two sets of 282:. Originally designed as a prestigious, secure, comfortable home, the castle has changed very little since the 13th century, and is a rare, surviving example of a near complete set of medieval buildings. English Heritage has minimised the amount of interpretative material displayed at the property and kept the castle largely unfurnished. 814:

The three-storey north tower is reached by a 13th-century staircase in the hall, which leads onto the first floor. The first floor was divided into two separate rooms shortly after the construction of the tower, and contain various decorative tiles, probably from Laurence's house in Ludlow. The walls

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The solar block has two storeys and a cellar, and would have probably acted as the living space for Laurence of Ludlow when he first moved into the castle. The solar room itself is on the first floor, and is reached by external steps. The wood panelling and carved wooden fireplace are of 17th-century

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The hall and solar block are adjacent to the south tower, and were designed to be symmetrical when seen from the courtyard, although the addition of the additional stone buttresses in the 19th century has altered this appearance. The hall is 54.5 feet (16.6 m) long and 31 feet (9.4 m) wide,

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The castle was surrounded by a moat, between 15 feet (4.6 m) and 25 feet (7.6 m) across, although it is uncertain whether this was originally a dry moat, as it is in the 21st century, or water-filled from the pond and nearby stream. The spoil from digging out the moat was used to raise the

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The historian Henry Summerson is doubtful about the moat having been filled with water in the 13th century, arguing that there is no surviving evidence of it having been lined with clay - which would have improved its ability to store water - and considers that archaeological excavation will be the

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out above the stone walls beneath them; the tower has its original 13th-century fireplace, although the wooden roof is 19th-century, modelled on the 13th-century original, and the windows are 17th-century insertions. The details and the carpenters' personal marks on the woodwork show that the hall,

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noted during his visit in 1813 that it had been "abandoned to neglect, and rapidly advancing to ruin: the glass is destroyed, the ceilings and floors are falling, and the rains streams through the opening roof on the damp and mouldering walls". The smithy in the basement of the south tower resulted

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Stokesay Castle was passed by Thomas Vernon to his grandson Henry Vernon in 1563. The family had hopes of becoming members of the peerage and, possibly as a consequence, the property began to be regularly called a "castle" for the first time during this period. Henry divided his time between London

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Among its weaknesses were the positioning of its gatehouse, on the wrong side of the castle, facing away from the road, and the huge windows in the hall, reaching down to the ground and making access relatively easy to any intruder. Indeed, this vulnerability may have been intentional. Its builder

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Work began on the castle at some point after 1285, and Laurence moved into his new property in the early 1290s. The castle was, as Nigel Pounds describes it, "both pretentious and comfortable", initially comprising living accommodation and a tower to the north. In 1291 Laurence received permission

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block, protected by two stone towers. The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling, and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar. The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification, but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being

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who paid for another round of extensive restoration during the 1870s. Both of these owners attempted to limit any alterations to the existing buildings during their conservation work, which was unusual for this period. The castle became a popular location for tourists and artists, and was formally

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observed that it was "a castellated mansion rather than a castle of strength", and more recently the historian Nigel Pounds has described the castle as forming "a lightly fortified home", providing security but not intended to resist a military attack. The historian Henry Summerson describes its

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now rest on 19th-century stone supports, but would have originally reached down to the ground. The roof is considered by the historian Henry Summerson to be a "rare survival for the period". In the medieval period a wooden screen would have cut off the north end, providing a more secluded dining

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block and hall attached to a northern and southern tower; this combination of hall and tower existed elsewhere in England in the 13th century, particularly in northern England. A crenellated curtain wall, destroyed in the 17th century, enclosed a courtyard, with a gatehouse - probably originally

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Stokesay Castle forms what archaeologist Gill Chitty describes as "a comparatively complete ensemble" of medieval buildings, and their survival, almost unchanged, is extremely unusual. Historian Henry Summerson considers it "one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England".

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The castle was passed to English Heritage largely unfurnished, with minimal interpretative material in place, and it needed fresh restoration. There were various options for taking forward the work, including restoring the castle to resemble a particular period in its history; using interactive

494:, and gave large sums of money to the King's war effort. William installed a garrison in the castle, where the Baldwins were also strong Royalists, and, as the conflict progressed, the county of Shropshire became increasingly Royalist in sympathies. Despite this, by late 1644 bands of vigilante 422:

In November 1294 Laurence was drowned at sea off the south of England, and his son, William, may have finished some of the final work on Stokesay. His descendants, who took the Ludlow surname, continued to control Stokesay Castle until the end of the 15th century, when it passed into the Vernon

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Nonetheless, Stokesay Castle was intended to have a dramatic, military appearance, echoing the castles then being built by Edward I in North Wales. Visitors would have approached the castle across a causeway, with an excellent view of the south tower, potentially framed by and reflected in the

346:, John de Verdun conveyed a tenancy of his manor of Stokesay to Philip de Whichecote for a term of 3 years, which was later extended for the term of Philip's life, when it would revert to John de Verdun. However, John died in 1274 and Stokesay was inherited by his son Theobald I de Verdun. The 249:

Allcroft's descendants fell into financial difficulties during the early 20th century, however, and it became increasingly difficult for them to cover the costs of maintaining Stokesay. In 1986 Jewell Magnus-Allcroft finally agreed to place Stokesay Castle into the guardianship of

310:, meaning cattle farm, and the surname of the de Says family, who had held the land from the beginning of the 12th century onwards. Stokesay was originally owned by the de Lacy family, who had built the first Ludlow Castle within their manor of Stanton Lacy. In Domesday Book, 254:, and the castle was left to the organisation on her death in 1992. English Heritage carried out extensive restoration of the castle in the late 1980s. In the 21st century, Stokesay Castle continues to be operated as a tourist attraction, receiving 39,218 visitors in 2010. 727:

height of the courtyard. Beyond the moat were a lake and ponds that were probably intended to be viewed from the south tower. The parish church of St John the Baptist, of Norman origins but largely rebuilt in the middle of the 17th century, lies just alongside the castle.

614:, a major glove manufacturer, through which he had become extremely wealthy. The estate included Stokesay Castle, where from around 1875 onwards Allcroft undertook extensive restoration work over several years. Stokesay was in serious need of repairs: the visiting writer 564:

During the 18th century, Stokesay Castle continued to be leased by the Baldwyn family, although they sublet the property to a range of tenants; after this point it ceased to be used as a domestic dwelling. Two wood and plaster buildings, built against the side of the

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Shortly afterwards on 9 June, a Royalist force led by Sir Michael Woodhouse attempted to recapture the castle, now garrisoned by Parliament. The counter-attack was unsuccessful, ending in the rout of the Royalist forces in a skirmish at the nearby village of

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Allcroft attempted what the archaeologist Gill Chitty has described as a "simple and unaffected" programme of work, which generally attempted to avoid excessive intervention. He may have been influenced by the contemporary writings of the local

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According to legend, Stokesay was once the home of two giants, one of whom lived on View Edge, and the other on Norton Camp. They kept their treasure in Stokesay Castle, but upon losing the key to the castle, they both died of grief.

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The gatehouse is a two-storeyed, 17th-century building with exposed timber and plasterwork, constructed in a distinctively local Shropshire style. It features elaborate wooden carvings on the exterior and interior doorways, including

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Despite receiving considerable numbers of visitors – over 16,000 in 1955 – it was becoming increasingly impractical to maintain the castle, and calls were made for the State to take over the property. For several decades the owners,

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It is challenging to accurately compare 19th-century and modern prices or incomes. £103 could equate to between £8,825 and £233,300 in 2012 terms, depending on the measure used, and £215,000 to between £16 million and £329

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By chance there may have been earlier connections between Laurence de Ludlow and the de Verduns, which may add to the context within which he became their tenant. Laurence de Ludlow's wife was Agnes de Audley, daughter of

532:, to put them beyond military use, Stokesay escaped substantial harm after the war. Parliament sequestrated the property from William and ordered the slighting of the castle in 1647, but only pulled down the castle's 398:

Laurence bought the tenancy of Stokesay from Philip de Whichecote in 1281, possibly for around £266, which he could easily have afforded, as he had made a fortune from the wool trade. Laurence exported wool from the

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was the son of Adam de Audley and Emma, daughter of Ralph/Radulphus fitzOrm whose niece Alina, daughter of Robert fitzOrm, had married Engenulph de Gresley, one of the de Stafford family whose great-grandfather was

322:. The manor was later held under the de Lacys by members of the de Say family, whose name attached to 'Stoke' created the name - Stokesay - by which it is still known today. In 1241, the then lord of Stokesay, 379:. This means that Laurence de Ludlow was related by marriage to cousins of his feudal lord Theobald de Verdun. Laurence's mother-in-law Ela de Audley was the daughter of William II Longespée, whose father 434:('north Stoke' was one of the de Verdun's other manors in Shropshire, Stoke-on-Tern). It was only sometime after this date that Stokesay finally passed entirely into the possession of the Ludlow family. 338:. Margery's share of her grandfather's estates included Stokesay and a moiety of nearby Ludlow, which thereafter were held by the de Verduns. On 1 September 1270, to raise money to pay for going on the 474:, spent little time at Stokesay and by the 1640s had leased it out to Charles Baldwyn, and his son Samuel. He rebuilt the gatehouse during 1640 and 1641, however, at a cost of around £533. In 1642 the 1084:

only way to determine its original condition. Historian Robert Liddiard and the site inspector Michael Watson argue that it was water-filled, accompanying the other water features around the castle.

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It is difficult to accurately compare 17th-century and modern prices or incomes. £13,500 could equate to between £2.4 million and £466.5 million in 2012 terms, depending on the measure used.

326:, Lord of Meath, died. His son Gilbert had predeceased him, so his extensive estates were divided among Walter's granddaughters. One of these, Margery, had married Sir John de Verdun of 223:. After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645, Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender. Parliament ordered the property to be 603:, a local landowner, took a particular interest in the castle, and in 1853 convinced William to carry out further repair work on the castle, under her supervision, at a cost of £103. 498:

had risen up in Shropshire, complaining about the activities of Royalist forces in the region, and demanding, among other things, the removal of the garrison from Stokesay Castle.

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Architecturally, Stokesay Castle is "one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England", according to historian Henry Summerson. The castle comprises a walled,

989: 366:, Justiciar of Ireland and Sheriff of Staffordshire and Shropshire. James de Audley's family had been tenants and close associates of the de Verdons of Alton. James's father, 569:, were demolished around 1800, and by the early 19th century the castle was being used for storing grain and manufacturing, including barrel-making, coining and a smithy. 358:. Stokesay Castle was largely built in its present form during the 1280s and 1290s in the village of Stokesay by Laurence de Ludlow, who was a very wealthy wool merchant. 811:

origin, probably from around 1640. This woodwork would have originally been brightly painted, and included spy-holes so that the hall could be observed from the solar.

419:- and he may have used this authority to construct the southern tower, which had a particularly martial appearance and was added onto the castle shortly afterwards. 237:

noted during his visit in 1813 that it had been "abandoned to neglect, and rapidly advancing to ruin". Restoration work was carried out in the 1830s and 1850s by

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It is impossible to accurately compare 13th-century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, the average income for a baron of the period was £668 a year.

591:. This was a deliberate attempt at conserving the existing building, rather than rebuilding it, and was a very unusual approach at this time. By 1845, stone 227:, but only minor damage was done to the walls, allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century. 886:

Laurence was a newly moneyed member of the upper class, and he may not have wanted to erect a fortification that would have threatened the established

471: 216: 658:, declined these proposals and continued to run the castle privately. In 1986 Jewell finally agreed to place Stokesay Castle into the guardianship of 335: 391:, who became the wife of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. John de Verdun's grandfather, Nicholas de Verdun had been brought up at the court of Ida and 3269: 882:

military features as "superficial", and Oliver Creighton characterises Stokesay as being more of a "picturesque residence" than a fortification.

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with has three large, wooden 13th-century arches supporting the roof, unusually, given its size, using lateral wooden collars, but no vertical

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In the 18th century the Baldwyns rented the castle out for a range of agricultural and manufacturing purposes. It fell into disrepair, and the

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In the 21st century, Stokesay Castle continues to be operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction, receiving 39,218 visitors in 2010.

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The south tower forms an unequal pentagon in shape, and has three storeys with thick walls. The walls were built to contain the stairs and

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The courtyard, with the 13th-century south tower and solar block (l), the church (c) and the 17th-century wood and plaster gatehouse (r)

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It appears that in 1317, Stokesay was still being held by the Ludlows under the de Verduns. This is shown by the Inquest Post Mortem of

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hold the Vill of Stokesay for one knight's-fee under John de Grey, which John held it under Theobald de Verdun, who held of the King

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Chitty, Gill (1999), "The Tradition of Historic Consciousness: The Case of Stokesay Castle", in Chitty, Gill; Baker, David (eds.),

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along the battlements, and during the English Civil War it was equipped with additional wooden defences to protect the garrison.

768:, as well as dragons and other nude figures. It was designed as essentially an ornamental building, with little defensive value. 49: 925: 580:

in a fire in 1830, which caused considerable damage to the castle, gutting the south tower. Extensive decay in the bases of the

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By early 1645 the war had turned decisively against the King, and in February, Parliamentary forces seized the county town of

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Plan of Stokesay Castle—A: south tower; B: solar block; C: hall; D: north tower; E: well; F: courtyard; G: moat; H: gatehouse

464: 375:. Engenulph and Alina's daughter Hawise de Gresley was Henry de Audley's 2nd cousin; she had married Henry de Verdun, son of 1015: 544:

to the throne in 1660, William's lands were returned to him, and the Baldwyns continued to lease Stokesay Castle from him.

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for an associate's debts and when they defaulted, he was pursued for this money, resulting in a period of imprisonment in

442: 536:, leaving the rest of the complex intact. Samuel returned in 1649 to continue to rent the castle during the years of the 820:

solar and north tower were all constructed under the direction of the same carpenter in the late 1280s and early 1290s.

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tresses in the castle's roof posed a particular threat to the hall, as the decaying roof began to push the walls apart.

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Further repairs to Stokesay Castle were required in 1902, carried out by Allcroft's heir, Herbert, with help from the

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water-filled moat. The south tower was probably intended to resemble the gatehouses of contemporary castles such as

634: 241:, the second Earl of Craven. In 1869 the Craven estate, then heavily in debt, was sold to the wealthy industrialist 392: 2192: 1025: 877:

Stokesay Castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification. As long ago as 1787, the antiquarian

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The roof of the south tower provides views of the surrounding landscape; in the 13th-century protective wooden

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In 1869 the Craven estate, 5,200 acres (2,100 ha) in size but by now heavily mortgaged, was purchased by

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at Stokesay at the time was Reginald de Grey. In the feodaries of 1284, Laurence de Ludlow is said to

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for £13,500. The estates around Stokesay were now valuable, bringing in over £300 a year in income.

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gives the Heirs of Sir William de Lodlowe as holding of the deceased a knight's-fee in Southstoke

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The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1639–1660

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Cordingley, R. A. (1963), "Stokesay Castle, Shropshire: The Chronology of its Buildings",

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in 2010 for its final month of flying. The castle is protected under UK law as a Grade I

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and a carved fireplace with male and female figures, interspersed with grotesque heads.

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Stokesay Castle was built on a patch of slightly rising ground in the basin of the

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and pillars had been added to support parts of the hall and its roof. Research by

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Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England

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Unlike many castles in England which were deliberately seriously damaged, or

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enclosure, with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster

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Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society

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The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History

2937: 715: 706: 678: 522: 514: 207:. It was largely built in its present form in the late 13th century by 204: 34: 799: 772: 560:, including workers and visitors, by Frances Stackhouse-Acton in 1868 529: 491: 404: 262: 224: 2929: 662:, and the castle was left to the organisation on her death in 1992. 1212:

Assize Rolls, 12 H. III. (p. 50, Vol. IV, Staff. Hist. Coll.), see

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noted in 1877 that the property was in "a state of extreme decay".

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South tower at Stokesay (l), probably intended to emulate ...

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The castle viewed from the west, with the south tower to the right

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Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500

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The south tower and the hall range reflected in the castle pond

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and Stokesay, probably staying in the north tower. Henry stood

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The Victorian Country House: From the Archives of Country Life

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https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n50

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https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n50

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was published in 1851, outlining the history of the castle.

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from the King to fortify his castle - a document called a

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Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII,

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Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII,

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Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII,

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following John's death revealed that the de Verduns'

2857:. Reader's Digest Association Limited. p. 330. 2809: 2807: 2539: 1986: 1984: 1414: 1412: 2824: 2822: 2681: 2679: 2654: 2652: 1868: 1866: 1864: 3170:(Revised ed.), London, UK: English Heritage, 2615: 2613: 1454: 1452: 1276: 1274: 3080:The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure 2804: 2115: 2113: 1981: 1409: 1214:p.8 Walter Chetwynd's History of Pirehill Hundred 1102: 1100: 650:in 1946 and 1950 added to the family's problems. 587:Restoration work was carried out in the 1830s by 3246: 3186:Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England 2819: 2676: 2649: 2142: 2140: 1861: 1798: 1796: 383:, Earl of Salisbury was the illegitimate son of 3029:La Touche, James D. (1899), "Stokesay Castle", 3016:La Touche, James D. (1878), "Stokesay Castle", 2610: 2084: 2082: 1449: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1271: 905: 743:The gatehouse viewed from inside the courthouse 644:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 2886:, London, UK: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 2884:The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain 2110: 1097: 815:of the second floor are mostly half-timbered, 217:William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697) 3134:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2137: 1793: 1386:Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Volume V, 2169:"Visitor Attraction Trends in England, 2010" 2079: 1392: 782:would have been fitted into the gaps of the 16:Historic house museum in Shropshire, England 3059: 2902:, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 85–97, 2022:"Stokesay Castle: Information for Teachers" 1820:"Stokesay Castle: Information for Teachers" 1539: 52:, showing the north tower in the foreground 2915: 2840: 2717: 2701: 2604: 2564: 2533: 2521: 2398: 2280: 2268: 2252: 1787: 1731: 1703: 1337: 1235: 3165: 3150:The English Civil War: A People's History 3077: 3028: 3015: 2943: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2729: 2713: 2697: 2685: 2670: 2658: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2560: 2548: 2517: 2484: 2459: 2410: 2341: 2284: 2264: 2240: 2216: 2104: 2088: 2069: 2002: 1990: 1962: 1947: 1896: 1872: 1814: 1771: 1755: 1743: 1727: 1715: 1699: 1683: 1667: 1639: 1627: 1611: 1595: 1523: 1511: 1495: 1491: 1479: 1430: 1418: 1403: 1374: 1349: 1329: 1305: 1280: 1265: 1253: 1229: 1225: 1200: 1172: 1147: 1143: 1118: 1106: 572:The castle began to deteriorate, and the 478:broke out between the supporters of King 195:is one of the finest surviving fortified 3199: 3093: 3082:, vol. 2, New York, US: Macmillan, 3041: 2828: 2813: 2345: 2288: 1671: 1607: 1591: 1579: 788: 738: 705: 633: 551: 500: 441: 306:took its name from the Anglo-Saxon word 294: 3147: 3111: 3002:(2nd ed.), London, UK: Routledge, 2966:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2961: 2881: 2422: 1759: 1551: 1535: 610:for £215,000. Allcroft was the head of 509:, featuring 17th-century wood panelling 70: 3270:Grade I listed buildings in Shropshire 3247: 3215: 3183: 3129: 3046:, Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press, 2997: 2897: 2855:Folklore, Myths and Legends of Britain 2773: 2745: 2741: 2434: 2228: 2212: 2131: 2119: 2100: 2073: 2044: 1958: 1908: 1842: 1802: 1783: 1687: 1655: 1643: 1615: 1567: 1555: 1499: 1333: 1317: 1241: 629: 547: 437: 290: 265:. Inside, the courtyard faces a stone 3130:Pounds, Norman John Greville (1994), 2900:Managing Historic Sites and Buildings 330:in Staffordshire, son of the heiress 3275:Historic house museums in Shropshire 3265:English Heritage sites in Shropshire 3240:English Heritage visitor information 3218:Historical Sketch of Stokesay Castle 3114:The Buildings of England: Shropshire 3096:English Castles: A Guide by Counties 2979: 2193:"Stokesay Castle Takes to the Skies" 1884: 1016:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland 2852: 246:opened to paying visitors in 1908. 13: 851:... the North Wales gatehouses of 589:William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven 14: 3296: 3280:Scheduled monuments in Shropshire 3233: 3098:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 3000:The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646 2440:"Significance of Stokesay Castle" 823: 656:Philip and Jewell Magnus-Allcroft 48:Stokesay Castle, viewed from the 3152:, London, UK: Harper Perennial, 3060:Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004), 2846: 2834: 2783: 2767: 2751: 2735: 2723: 2498:"Description of Stokesay Castle" 2465:"Description of Stokesay Castle" 988: 972: 956: 940: 924: 912: 860: 844: 832: 69: 62: 42: 3204:, London, UK: Fontana History, 3064:, Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2874: 2707: 2691: 2664: 2637: 2625: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2554: 2527: 2511: 2490: 2478: 2453: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2335: 2274: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2206: 2185: 2161: 2125: 2094: 2063: 2038: 1996: 1952: 1927: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1836: 1808: 1777: 1765: 1749: 1737: 1721: 1709: 1693: 1677: 1661: 1649: 1633: 1621: 1601: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1545: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1485: 1473: 1424: 1380: 1368: 1343: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1259: 1247: 1219: 1077: 1067: 1058: 1049: 1026:Listed buildings in Craven Arms 696: 215:in 1642, Stokesay was owned by 3184:Turner, Thomas Hudson (1851), 1206: 1194: 1178: 1166: 1153: 1137: 1124: 1112: 1033:, built by John Derby Allcroft 1000: 1: 3116:, London, UK: Penguin Books, 2351:"Research on Stokesay Castle" 2294:"Research on Stokesay Castle" 2027:, English Heritage, p. 1 1935:"Research on Stokesay Castle" 1848:"Research on Stokesay Castle" 1825:, English Heritage, p. 1 1037: 752:, the biblical characters of 3260:Country houses in Shropshire 3078:Mackenzie, James D. (1896), 2791:"History of Stokesay Castle" 2365:"History of Stokesay Castle" 2308:"History of Stokesay Castle" 2174:, Visit England, p. 116 2008:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1968:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1914:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1436:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1355:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1286:"History of Stokesay Castle" 1091: 906:Carved 17th-century woodwork 734: 701: 199:in England, and situated at 7: 3112:Pevsner, Nikolaus (2000) , 2050:"History of Stokesay Court" 1009: 10: 3301: 3220:, Ludlow, UK: G. Woolley, 1021:List of castles in England 285: 3202:The King's War, 1641–1647 3166:Summerson, Henry (2012), 3094:Pettifer, Adrian (2002), 3042:Liddiard, Robert (2005), 2962:Donagan, Barbara (2010), 2944:Creighton, O. H. (2002), 556:A sketch of the castle's 542:restoration of Charles II 180: 172: 164: 159: 151: 141: 136: 125: 88: 57: 41: 28: 23: 3200:Wedgwood, C. V. (1970), 2964:War in England 1642–1649 1042: 718:. It took the form of a 601:Frances Stackhouse Acton 3216:Wright, Thomas (1921), 3148:Purkiss, Diane (2006), 3031:Archaeologia Cambrensis 2998:Hutton, Ronald (1999), 2948:, London, UK: Equinox, 348:Inquisition Post Mortem 314:is recorded as holding 213:First English Civil War 2980:Hall, Michael (2010), 2882:Britton, John (1814), 794: 744: 711: 639: 561: 510: 447: 300: 219:, a supporter of King 3255:Castles in Shropshire 2984:, London, UK: Aurum, 2853:Ash, Russell (1973). 792: 742: 709: 637: 555: 504: 445: 428:Theobald II de Verdun 417:licence to crenellate 377:Bertram III de Verdun 298: 1610:, pp. 217–218; 666:approaches such as " 423:family by marriage. 336:Theobald le Botiller 1283:, pp. 26, 28; 802:. The roof's cruck 630:20th–21st centuries 608:John Derby Allcroft 548:18th–19th centuries 438:16th–17th centuries 381:William I Longespée 291:13th–15th centuries 243:John Derby Allcroft 106: / 2793:, English Heritage 2520:, pp. 19–20; 2500:, English Heritage 2467:, English Heritage 2442:, English Heritage 2381:, Heritage Gateway 2367:, English Heritage 2353:, English Heritage 2324:, Heritage Gateway 2310:, English Heritage 2296:, English Heritage 2231:, pp. 279–281 2195:, English Heritage 2150:, Heritage Gateway 2010:, English Heritage 1970:, English Heritage 1937:, English Heritage 1916:, English Heritage 1850:, English Heritage 1642:, pp. 33–34; 1614:, pp. 32–33; 1438:, English Heritage 1357:, English Heritage 1288:, English Heritage 1228:, pp. 25–26; 795: 745: 712: 691:scheduled monument 640: 562: 511: 448: 373:Robert de Stafford 301: 209:Laurence of Ludlow 176:Laurence of Ludlow 110:52.4303°N 2.8313°W 3177:978-1-84802-016-0 3159:978-0-00-715062-5 3141:978-0-521-45828-3 3123:978-0-14-071016-8 3105:978-0-85115-782-5 3071:978-0-8108-5100-9 3009:978-0-203-00612-2 2991:978-1-84513-457-0 2973:978-0-19-956570-2 2955:978-1-904768-67-8 2909:978-1-135-64027-9 1993:, pp. 38, 40 1746:, pp. 35, 37 1462:, Measuring Worth 1268:, pp. 26, 28 476:English Civil War 470:Elizabeth's son, 461:George Mainwaring 190: 189: 185:English Civil War 3292: 3228: 3212: 3196: 3180: 3162: 3144: 3126: 3108: 3090: 3074: 3056: 3038: 3025: 3012: 2994: 2976: 2958: 2940: 2918:The Art Bulletin 2912: 2894: 2869: 2868: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2816:, pp. 44–46 2811: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2765: 2755: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2711: 2705: 2695: 2689: 2688:, pp. 11–12 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2603:, pp. 8–9; 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2551:, pp. 19–20 2546: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2379:"Shropshire HER" 2375: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2322:"Shropshire HER" 2318: 2317: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2278: 2272: 2267:, pp. 6–7; 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2148:"Shropshire HER" 2144: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2122:, pp. 92–94 2117: 2108: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2052:, Stokesay Court 2042: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1697: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1658:, pp. 13–14 1653: 1647: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1605: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1549: 1543: 1540:Manganiello 2004 1533: 1527: 1526:, pp. 32–33 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1407: 1401: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1347: 1341: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1278: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1256:, pp. 26–27 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1223: 1217: 1210: 1204: 1203:, pp. 25–27 1198: 1192: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1157: 1151: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 992: 976: 960: 944: 928: 919:A nude figure... 916: 864: 848: 836: 660:English Heritage 488:Elizabeth Stuart 465:Elizabeth Craven 332:Roesia de Verdun 252:English Heritage 146:English Heritage 137:Site information 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 115:52.4303; -2.8313 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 73: 72: 66: 46: 37: 21: 20: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3231: 3178: 3168:Stokesay Castle 3160: 3142: 3124: 3106: 3072: 3054: 3010: 2992: 2974: 2956: 2930:10.2307/3048075 2910: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2851: 2847: 2841:Cordingley 1963 2839: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2776:, p. 188; 2772: 2768: 2756: 2752: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2718:Cordingley 1963 2712: 2708: 2702:Cordingley 1963 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2605:Cordingley 1963 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2565:Cordingley 1963 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2534:Cordingley 1963 2532: 2528: 2522:Cordingley 1963 2516: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2399:Cordingley 1963 2397: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2281:Cordingley 1963 2279: 2275: 2269:Cordingley 1963 2263: 2259: 2253:Cordingley 1963 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2080: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1794: 1788:Cordingley 1963 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1732:Cordingley 1963 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1704:Cordingley 1963 1698: 1694: 1682: 1678: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1606: 1602: 1594:, p. 399; 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1554:, p. 153; 1550: 1546: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1498:, p. 157; 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1338:Cordingley 1963 1336:, p. 279; 1328: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1012: 1003: 996: 993: 984: 977: 968: 961: 952: 945: 936: 929: 920: 917: 908: 890:in the region. 875: 874: 873: 872: 871: 865: 857: 856: 849: 841: 840: 837: 826: 793:The solar block 737: 704: 699: 687:listed building 683:Stokesay Castle 675:British Airways 632: 550: 440: 368:Henry de Audley 364:James de Audley 318:of the King in 293: 288: 193:Stokesay Castle 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77:Stokesay Castle 74: 53: 29: 24:Stokesay Castle 17: 12: 11: 5: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3234:External links 3232: 3230: 3229: 3213: 3197: 3181: 3176: 3163: 3158: 3145: 3140: 3127: 3122: 3109: 3104: 3091: 3075: 3070: 3057: 3052: 3039: 3026: 3013: 3008: 2995: 2990: 2977: 2972: 2959: 2954: 2941: 2913: 2908: 2895: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2845: 2833: 2818: 2803: 2782: 2778:Summerson 2012 2766: 2762:Creighton 2002 2758:Summerson 2012 2750: 2744:, p. 87; 2734: 2730:Summerson 2012 2722: 2716:, p. 10; 2714:Summerson 2012 2706: 2700:, p. 14; 2698:Summerson 2012 2690: 2686:Summerson 2012 2675: 2671:Summerson 2012 2663: 2659:Summerson 2012 2648: 2644:Summerson 2012 2636: 2632:Summerson 2012 2624: 2620:Summerson 2012 2609: 2601:Summerson 2012 2593: 2591:, pp. 6–8 2589:Summerson 2012 2581: 2577:Summerson 2012 2569: 2563:, p. 22; 2561:Summerson 2012 2553: 2549:Summerson 2012 2538: 2526: 2518:Summerson 2012 2510: 2489: 2485:Summerson 2012 2477: 2460:Summerson 2012 2452: 2437:, p. 88; 2427: 2415: 2411:Creighton 2002 2403: 2391: 2348:, p. 45; 2344:, p. 22; 2342:Summerson 2012 2334: 2291:, p. 45; 2287:, p. 22; 2285:Summerson 2012 2283:, p. 91; 2273: 2265:Summerson 2012 2257: 2245: 2243:, pp. 6–7 2241:Summerson 2012 2233: 2221: 2217:Summerson 2012 2215:, p. 86; 2205: 2184: 2160: 2136: 2124: 2109: 2105:Summerson 2012 2103:, p. 92; 2093: 2089:Summerson 2012 2078: 2072:, p. 40; 2070:Summerson 2012 2062: 2047:, p. 91; 2037: 2005:, p. 40; 2003:Summerson 2012 1995: 1991:Summerson 2012 1980: 1965:, p. 38; 1963:Summerson 2012 1961:, p. 91; 1951: 1948:La Touche 1878 1926: 1911:, p. 91; 1901: 1897:Summerson 2012 1889: 1877: 1873:Summerson 2012 1860: 1835: 1817:, p. 37; 1815:Summerson 2012 1807: 1792: 1786:, p. 91; 1776: 1772:Summerson 2012 1764: 1758:, p. 35; 1756:Summerson 2012 1748: 1744:Summerson 2012 1736: 1730:, p. 35; 1728:Summerson 2012 1720: 1716:Summerson 2012 1708: 1702:, p. 34; 1700:Summerson 2012 1692: 1686:, p. 34; 1684:Summerson 2012 1676: 1670:, p. 34; 1668:Summerson 2012 1660: 1648: 1640:Summerson 2012 1632: 1628:Summerson 2012 1620: 1612:Summerson 2012 1600: 1596:Summerson 2012 1584: 1572: 1560: 1544: 1538:, p. 48; 1528: 1524:Summerson 2012 1516: 1512:Summerson 2012 1504: 1496:Mackenzie 1896 1494:, p. 32; 1492:Summerson 2012 1484: 1480:Summerson 2012 1472: 1448: 1433:, p. 31; 1431:Summerson 2012 1423: 1419:Summerson 2012 1408: 1404:Summerson 2012 1391: 1379: 1375:Summerson 2012 1367: 1352:, p. 28; 1350:Summerson 2012 1342: 1332:, p. 26; 1330:Summerson 2012 1322: 1310: 1306:Summerson 2012 1298: 1281:Summerson 2012 1270: 1266:Summerson 2012 1258: 1254:Summerson 2012 1246: 1234: 1230:La Touche 1899 1226:Summerson 2012 1218: 1205: 1201:Summerson 2012 1193: 1177: 1173:La Touche 1899 1165: 1152: 1148:La Touche 1899 1146:, p. 25; 1144:Summerson 2012 1136: 1123: 1119:Summerson 2012 1111: 1107:Summerson 2012 1095: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1076: 1066: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031:Stokesay Court 1028: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 987: 985: 978: 971: 969: 962: 955: 953: 946: 939: 937: 930: 923: 921: 918: 911: 907: 904: 869:Denbigh Castle 866: 859: 858: 850: 843: 842: 838: 831: 830: 829: 828: 827: 825: 824:Interpretation 822: 766:Garden of Eden 736: 733: 703: 700: 698: 695: 668:living history 631: 628: 549: 546: 439: 436: 340:Eighth Crusade 324:Walter de Lacy 292: 289: 287: 284: 239:William Craven 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 90: 86: 85: 76: 75: 68: 67: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 47: 39: 38: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3297: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3053:0-9545575-2-2 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2924:(2): 91–107, 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2866: 2864:9780340165973 2860: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2829:Liddiard 2005 2825: 2823: 2815: 2814:Liddiard 2005 2810: 2808: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2760:, p. 1; 2759: 2754: 2748:, p. 105 2747: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2466: 2462:, p. 5; 2461: 2456: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2425:, p. 296 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2347: 2346:Liddiard 2005 2343: 2338: 2323: 2309: 2295: 2290: 2289:Liddiard 2005 2286: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2194: 2188: 2170: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2023: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1936: 1930: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1887:, p. 146 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1790:, p. 102 1789: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1762:, p. 145 1761: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1706:, p. 104 1705: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1674:, p. 218 1673: 1672:Pettifer 2002 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1646:, p. 183 1645: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:Pettifer 2002 1604: 1597: 1593: 1592:Wedgwood 1970 1588: 1582:, p. 397 1581: 1580:Wedgwood 1970 1576: 1570:, p. 165 1569: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1542:, p. 135 1541: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1320:, p. 105 1319: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1244:, p. 147 1243: 1238: 1232:, p. 301 1231: 1227: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1175:, p. 301 1174: 1169: 1162: 1156: 1150:, p. 301 1149: 1145: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1080: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1048: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 991: 986: 982: 975: 970: 966: 959: 954: 950: 943: 938: 934: 927: 922: 915: 910: 909: 903: 901: 897: 891: 889: 888:Marcher Lords 883: 880: 879:Francis Grose 870: 863: 854: 847: 835: 821: 818: 812: 808: 805: 801: 791: 787: 785: 781: 776: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 741: 732: 728: 724: 721: 717: 708: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 663: 661: 657: 651: 649: 645: 636: 627: 625: 619: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 597:Thomas Turner 594: 590: 585: 583: 578: 575: 570: 568: 559: 554: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 518: 516: 508: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 444: 435: 433: 429: 424: 420: 418: 412: 410: 406: 402: 401:Welsh Marches 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 365: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344:Prince Edward 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Roger de Laci 309: 305: 297: 283: 281: 277: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 247: 244: 240: 236: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 186: 183: 179: 175: 173:Built by 171: 167: 163: 158: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 135: 132: 128: 124: 119: 91: 87: 65: 56: 51: 45: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3217: 3201: 3185: 3167: 3149: 3131: 3113: 3095: 3079: 3061: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 2999: 2981: 2963: 2945: 2921: 2917: 2899: 2883: 2875:Bibliography 2854: 2848: 2843:, p. 91 2836: 2831:, p. 46 2795:, retrieved 2785: 2769: 2764:, p. 83 2753: 2737: 2725: 2720:, p. 99 2709: 2704:, p. 96 2693: 2673:, p. 18 2666: 2661:, p. 17 2646:, p. 16 2639: 2627: 2607:, p. 99 2596: 2584: 2579:, p. 20 2572: 2567:, p. 92 2556: 2536:, p. 96 2529: 2524:, p. 92 2513: 2502:, retrieved 2492: 2480: 2469:, retrieved 2455: 2444:, retrieved 2430: 2423:Pevsner 2000 2418: 2413:, p. 81 2406: 2401:, p. 93 2394: 2383:, retrieved 2369:, retrieved 2355:, retrieved 2337: 2326:, retrieved 2312:, retrieved 2298:, retrieved 2276: 2271:, p. 91 2260: 2255:, p. 94 2248: 2236: 2224: 2208: 2197:, retrieved 2187: 2176:, retrieved 2163: 2152:, retrieved 2134:, p. 92 2127: 2107:, p. 40 2096: 2091:, p. 40 2076:, p. 91 2065: 2054:, retrieved 2040: 2029:, retrieved 2012:, retrieved 1998: 1972:, retrieved 1954: 1939:, retrieved 1929: 1918:, retrieved 1904: 1899:, p. 36 1892: 1880: 1875:, p. 38 1852:, retrieved 1838: 1827:, retrieved 1810: 1805:, p. 91 1779: 1774:, p. 37 1767: 1760:Britton 1814 1751: 1739: 1734:, p. 91 1723: 1718:, p. 35 1711: 1695: 1690:, p. 15 1679: 1663: 1651: 1635: 1630:, p. 33 1623: 1618:, p. 13 1603: 1598:, p. 32 1587: 1575: 1563: 1552:Purkiss 2006 1547: 1536:Donagan 2010 1531: 1519: 1514:, p. 32 1507: 1487: 1482:, p. 31 1475: 1464:, retrieved 1440:, retrieved 1426: 1421:, p. 21 1406:, p. 30 1382: 1377:, p. 29 1370: 1359:, retrieved 1345: 1340:, p. 93 1325: 1313: 1308:, p. 26 1301: 1290:, retrieved 1261: 1249: 1237: 1221: 1208: 1196: 1191:pages 34-37. 1180: 1168: 1155: 1139: 1126: 1121:, p. 25 1114: 1079: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1004: 892: 884: 876: 813: 809: 796: 777: 770: 746: 729: 725: 713: 697:Architecture 682: 672: 664: 652: 648:death duties 641: 620: 605: 586: 577:John Britton 571: 563: 538:Commonwealth 534:curtain wall 527: 519: 512: 490:'s court at 469: 457:Fleet Prison 449: 431: 425: 421: 413: 397: 389:Ida de Tosny 360: 355: 328:Alton Castle 315: 311: 307: 302: 256: 248: 235:John Britton 229: 197:manor houses 192: 191: 168:c. 1285–1294 160:Site history 18: 3285:Craven Arms 2797:28 December 2780:, p. 3 2774:Pounds 1994 2746:Pounds 1994 2742:Chitty 1999 2732:, p. 3 2634:, p. 8 2622:, p. 9 2504:28 December 2487:, p. 5 2471:28 December 2446:28 December 2435:Chitty 1999 2385:28 December 2371:28 December 2357:28 December 2328:28 December 2314:28 December 2300:28 December 2229:Pounds 1994 2219:, p. 3 2213:Chitty 1999 2199:28 December 2178:28 December 2154:28 December 2132:Chitty 1999 2120:Chitty 1999 2101:Chitty 1999 2074:Chitty 1999 2056:28 December 2045:Chitty 1999 2031:28 December 2014:28 December 1974:28 December 1959:Chitty 1999 1941:28 December 1920:28 December 1909:Chitty 1999 1854:28 December 1843:Turner 1851 1829:28 December 1803:Chitty 1999 1784:Chitty 1999 1688:Wright 1921 1656:Wright 1921 1644:Hutton 1999 1616:Wright 1921 1568:Hutton 1999 1558:, p. 6 1556:Wright 1921 1502:, p. 6 1500:Wright 1921 1466:28 December 1442:28 December 1361:28 December 1334:Pounds 1994 1318:Pounds 1994 1292:28 December 1242:Pounds 1994 1109:, p. 1 1001:In folklore 616:Henry James 574:antiquarian 393:Roger Bigod 280:North Wales 232:antiquarian 131:manor house 113: / 89:Coordinates 50:church yard 3249:Categories 1038:References 896:Caernarfon 853:Caernarfon 800:king-posts 773:garderobes 716:River Onny 679:Boeing 757 593:buttresses 523:Wistanstow 515:Shrewsbury 484:Parliament 405:watermills 205:Shropshire 129:Fortified 98:52°25′49″N 35:Shropshire 3210:810752964 3088:504892038 3037:: 299–304 3024:: 311–332 2892:313166450 1885:Hall 2010 1092:Citations 855: ... 764:from the 735:Buildings 702:Structure 689:and as a 681:aircraft 492:the Hague 480:Charles I 274:built by 263:gatehouse 221:Charles I 152:Condition 101:2°49′53″W 3226:22366109 1074:million. 1010:See also 867:... and 817:jettying 780:mantlets 760:and the 530:slighted 385:Henry II 304:Stokesay 276:Edward I 225:slighted 201:Stokesay 31:Stokesay 3194:9092696 2938:3048075 1388:page 37 1161:page 35 1132:page 29 981:Serpent 979:...the 931:...the 900:Denbigh 784:merlons 762:Serpent 496:clubmen 472:William 409:dovecot 352:feoffee 316:Stoches 308:stoches 286:History 3224: 3208: 3192: 3174: 3156: 3138: 3120: 3102: 3086: 3068: 3050: 3006: 2988: 2970: 2952: 2936: 2906: 2890: 2861: 807:area. 804:joists 750:angels 453:surety 407:and a 320:capite 259:moated 181:Events 155:Intact 2934:JSTOR 2172:(PDF) 2025:(PDF) 1823:(PDF) 1043:Notes 933:Devil 720:solar 624:vicar 612:Dents 582:cruck 507:solar 342:with 271:solar 165:Built 142:Owner 3222:OCLC 3206:OCLC 3190:OCLC 3172:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3118:ISBN 3100:ISBN 3084:OCLC 3066:ISBN 3048:ISBN 3004:ISBN 2986:ISBN 2968:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2904:ISBN 2888:OCLC 2859:ISBN 2799:2013 2506:2013 2473:2013 2448:2013 2387:2013 2373:2013 2359:2013 2330:2013 2316:2013 2302:2013 2201:2013 2180:2013 2156:2013 2058:2013 2033:2013 2016:2013 1976:2013 1943:2013 1922:2013 1856:2013 1831:2013 1468:2013 1444:2013 1363:2013 1294:2013 965:Adam 898:and 754:Adam 567:hall 558:hall 505:The 482:and 334:and 269:and 267:hall 126:Type 2926:doi 983:... 967:... 963:... 951:... 949:Eve 947:... 935:... 758:Eve 387:by 278:in 203:in 3251:: 3035:16 3033:, 3020:, 2932:, 2922:45 2920:, 2821:^ 2806:^ 2678:^ 2651:^ 2612:^ 2541:^ 2376:; 2362:; 2319:; 2305:; 2139:^ 2112:^ 2081:^ 2019:; 1983:^ 1946:; 1863:^ 1845:; 1795:^ 1451:^ 1411:^ 1394:^ 1273:^ 1099:^ 756:, 693:. 525:. 411:. 395:. 33:, 3022:1 2928:: 2867:. 1163:. 1134:.

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Index