Pound sterling - Knowledge

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Northern Irish notes, but some unfamiliar with them may reject them. However, Scottish and Northern Irish notes both tend to be accepted in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. Merchants in England generally do not accept Jersey, Guernsey, Manx, Gibraltarian, and Falkland notes but Manx notes are generally accepted in Northern Ireland. Bank of England notes are generally accepted in the Falklands and Gibraltar, but for example, Scottish and Northern Irish notes are not. Since all of the notes are denominated in sterling, banks will exchange them for locally issued notes at face value, though some in the UK have had trouble exchanging Falkland Islands notes.

4144: 4757: 646: 58: 5458: 9787: 9815: 3757: 905: 6540:, sterling depreciated sharply, declining to £1 to US$ 1.38 on 23 January 2009 and falling below £1 to €1.25 against the euro in April 2008. There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated. Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July. In the following months sterling remained broadly steady against the euro, with £1 valued on 27 May 2011 at €1.15 and US$ 1.65. 6533:

caused sterling to appreciate against other major currencies and, with the US dollar depreciating at the same time, sterling hit a 15-year high against the US dollar on 18 April 2007, with £1 reaching US$ 2 the day before, for the first time since 1992. Sterling and many other currencies continued to appreciate against the dollar; sterling hit a 26-year high of £1 to US$ 2.1161 on 7 November 2007 as the dollar fell worldwide. From mid-2003 to mid-2007, the pound/euro rate remained within a narrow range (€1.45 ± 5%).

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metric tons (27,600 long tons) of silver were received by China, principally from European powers, in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods. In order to be able to purchase Chinese exports in this period, England initially had to export to other European nations and request payment in silver, until the

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in the United Kingdom is defined such that "a debtor cannot successfully be sued for non-payment if he pays into court in legal tender." Parties can alternatively settle a debt by other means with mutual consent. Strictly speaking, it is necessary for the debtor to offer the exact amount due as there

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in circulation until 2016. The Bank of England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote was introduced on

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poll of 1,000 people suggested that 71% would vote no to the euro, 23% would vote yes, while 6% said they were unsure. Sterling did not join the Second European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) after the euro was created. Denmark and the UK had opt-outs from entry to the euro. Theoretically, every EU

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Domestic demand for silver bullion in Britain further reduced silver coinage in circulation, as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tableware. Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material, already verified for fineness by the government. As

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In 1826, banks at least 65 miles (105 km) from London were given permission to issue their own paper money. From 1844, new banks were excluded from issuing notes in England and Wales but not in Scotland and Ireland. Consequently, the number of private banknotes dwindled in England and Wales but

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on their reverse; and the reverse of the pound coin showed the whole shield. The coins were issued gradually into circulation, starting in mid-2008. They have the same sizes, shapes and weights as those with the old designs which, apart from the round pound coin which was withdrawn in 2017, continue

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Regarding the period 1750–1914 the document states: "Although there was considerable year on year fluctuation in price levels prior to 1914 (reflecting the quality of the harvest, wars, etc.) there was not the long-term steady increase in prices associated with the period since 1945". It goes on to

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had given permission for up to £150 billion to be created if necessary. It was expected that the process would continue for three months, with results only likely in the long term. By 5 November 2009, some £175 billion had been injected using QE, and the process remained less effective in

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guineas minted out of 12 troy ounces of 22-karat gold (hence, 7.6885 g fine gold) and initially worth £1 or 20 shillings. While its price in shillings was not legally fixed at first, its persistent trade value above 21 shillings reflected the poor state of clipped underweight silver coins tolerated

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Bank of England, Scottish, Northern Irish, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Falkland banknotes may be offered anywhere in the UK, although there is no obligation to accept them as a means of payment, and acceptance varies. For example, merchants in England generally accept Scottish and

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Due to repeated devaluations and spiralling inflation the Bank of England reintroduced £10 notes in 1964. In 1969, the 10/– note was replaced by the 50p coin, again due to inflation. £20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970, followed by £50 in 1981. A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and

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Sterling and the euro fluctuate in value against one another, although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar. Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007. This

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was running a budget deficit, and the Labour government's strategy emphasised high public spending. Callaghan was told there were three possible outcomes: a disastrous free fall in sterling, an internationally unacceptable siege economy, or a deal with key allies to prop up the pound while painful

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In the 17th century, English merchants tended to pay for imports in silver but were generally paid for exports in gold. This effect was notably driven by trade with the Far East, as the Chinese insisted on payments for their exports being settled in silver. From the mid-17th century, around 28,000

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The troy ounce of sterling silver was henceforth raised in price by 50% from 40 to 60 silver pennies (each penny weighing 8 grains sterling silver and containing 0.4795 g (0.01542 ozt) fine silver). The gold half-angel of 40 grains (2.578 g (0.0829 ozt) fine gold) was raised in

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is credited with introducing the system of money to central and southern England in the latter half of the eighth century, overseeing the minting of the earliest English silver pennies – emblazoned with his name. In practice they varied considerably in weight and 240 of them seldom

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For example, the purchasing power of a pound in 2006 was slightly more than that of 10p in 1971; conversely, the purchasing power of a pound in 1971 was slightly less than that of £10 in 2006. The hypothetical "shopping basket" of goods and services that cost £10 in 1971 would cost £98.04 in 2006

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caused a major decline in sterling against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear. The referendum result weakened sterling against the euro by 5% overnight. The night before the vote, sterling was trading at £1 to

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The silver basis of sterling remained essentially unchanged until the 1816 introduction of the Gold Standard, save for the increase in the number of pennies in a troy ounce from 60 to 62 (hence, 0.464 g fine silver in a penny). Its gold basis remained unsettled, however, until the gold guinea was

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shortly after its foundation in 1694. Denominations were initially handwritten on the notes at the time of issue. From 1745, the notes were printed in denominations between £20 and £1,000, with any odd shillings added by hand. £10 notes were added in 1759, followed by £5 in 1793 and £1 and £2 in

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copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the withdrawal from circulation in 1992, the oldest circulating coins usually dated from 1947: although older coins were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than

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The idea of replacing sterling with the euro was always controversial with the British public, partly because of sterling's identity as a symbol of British sovereignty and because it would, according to some critics, have led to suboptimal interest rates, harming the British economy. In December

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The alphabetic code is based on another ISO standard, ISO 3166, which lists the codes for country names. The first two letters of the ISO 4217 three-letter code are the same as the code for the country name, and, where possible, the third letter corresponds to the first letter of the

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The manuscript chronicle of the city of London says this king Henry III in 1258 coined a penny of fine gold of the weight of two sterlings and commanded it should go for 20 shillings if this be true these were the first pieces of gold coined in England NB The date should be 1257 and the value

5875:, holding 40% of the world's overseas investments. But after the end of the war, the country was highly indebted: Britain owed £850 million (about £52.3 billion today) with interest costing the country some 40% of all government spending. The British government under Prime Minister 3319:). Because the League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the "Easterlings", which was contracted to "'sterling". The OED dismisses this theory as unlikely, since the stressed first syllable would not have been elided. 21670: 5555:, the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings (£1/1/-) in 1717. But without addressing the problem of underweight silver coins, and with the high resulting gold-silver ratio of 15.2, it gave sterling a firmer footing in gold guineas rather than silver shillings, resulting in a de facto 5715:. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), while others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the core of the 5915:

To try to resume stability, a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925, under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg, but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion, not for coins. On 21 September 1931, this was abandoned during the

5787:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. £1 sterling was equal to US$ 4.87 in the 3700:

in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as "new pence"). The symbol for the penny is "p"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced "fifty pence" is often pronounced "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. The old sign

11210:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being" 11178:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being" 6883:

coins were added, but these denominations did not last. Gold coins included the half-crown, crown, angel, half-sovereign (10/–) and sovereign (£1). Elizabeth's reign also saw the introduction of the horse-drawn screw press to produce the first "milled" coins.

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to around 10.0 and remaining in the range 8.5–10.0 at the end of the 19th century. The index was 9.8 in 1914 and peaked at 25.3 in 1920, before declining to 15.8 in 1933 and 1934—prices were only about three times as high as they had been 180 years earlier.

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introduced notes for 10/– and £1 to replace gold coins. These circulated until 1928 when they were replaced by Bank of England notes. Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland. The

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resulted in further debasements toward the end of his reign, with the English penny reduced to 15 grains sterling silver (0.899 g fine silver) and the half-noble reduced to 54 grains (3.481 g fine gold). The gold-silver ratio went down to

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The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and

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for the British pound by controlling the amount of money in circulation. It has a monopoly on the issuance of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the amount of banknotes issued by seven authorized banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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The English penny remained nearly unchanged from 800 and was a prominent exception in the progressive debasements of coinage which occurred in the rest of Europe. The Tower Pound, originally divided into 240 pence, devalued to 243 pence by 1279.

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for sterling, issuing its own banknotes and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments

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also issued notes. Both banks issued some notes denominated in guineas as well as pounds. In the 19th century, regulations limited the smallest note issued by Scottish banks to be the £1 denomination, a note not permitted in England.

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However, sterling was decimalised in various British colonial territories before the United Kingdom (and in several cases in line with William Brown's proposal that the pound be divided into 1,000 parts, called mils). These included

4714:(5,400 grains, 349.9 grams) of silver into 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins were not consistent, 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and these units were used only as an 21976: 5767:

was adopted officially, with silver coins minted at a rate of 66 shillings to a troy pound (weight) of sterling silver, thus rendering them as "token" issues (i.e. not containing their value in precious metal). In 1817, the

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explaining the reasons for this and the measures which will be taken to bring this measure of inflation back in line with the 2% target. On 17 April 2007, annual CPI inflation was reported at 3.1% (inflation of the

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to the D–Mark on a 1:1 basis, meant that interest rates in other countries shadowing the D–Mark, especially the UK, were far too high relative to domestic circumstances, leading to a housing decline and recession.

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government. Among the measures, tourists were banned from taking more than £50 out of the country in travellers' cheques and remittances, plus £15 in cash; this restriction was not lifted until 1979. Sterling was

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The resulting gold-silver ratio of 1:12.55 was much higher than the ratio of 1:11 prevailing in the Continent, draining England of its silver coinage and requiring a more permanent remedy in 1351 in the form of

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were not party to the sterling area because the above-mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies' formative years. As a result of equitable trade (and rather less equitable piracy), the

12057:. The statutory rules and orders revised, being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on 31 December 1903. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: 6454:" be met, to increase the likelihood that any adoption of the euro would be in the national interest. In addition to these internal (national) criteria, the UK would have to meet the European Union's economic 7105:

which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969.

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By 1917, production of gold sovereigns had almost halted (the remaining production was for collector's sets and other very specific occasions), and by 1920, the silver coinage was debased from its original

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Silver coins known as "sterlings" were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in "pounds of sterlings," a phrase later

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Silver coins known as 'sterlings' were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in 'pounds of sterlings', a phrase later

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has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.

12245: 6393:(CPI)) very close to 2% per annum. Should CPI inflation be more than one percentage point above or below the target, the Governor of the Bank of England is required to write an open letter to the 7035:(half-crown) and 5/– (crown). The crown was only issued intermittently until 1900. It was followed by a new gold coinage in 1817 consisting of 10/– and £1 coins, known as the half sovereign and 4206:." and spoken as "three and six" or "three and sixpence" except for "1/1", "2/1" etc., which were spoken as "one and a penny", "two and a penny", etc. 5 shillings, for example, was written as "5 21144: 6979:

and 5/–. Due to the widespread export of silver in the 18th century, the production of silver coins gradually came to a halt, with the half crown and crown not issued after the 1750s, and the 6

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began issuing sterling notes, later followed by other Irish banks. These notes included the unusual denominations of 30/– and £3. The highest denomination issued by the Irish banks was £100.

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a plan to convert sterling into a decimal currency. As a result of this, on 15 February 1971, the UK decimalised sterling, replacing the shilling and the penny with a single subdivision, the

21226: 20946: 18466: 6077:, announcing soon afterwards that "the great question of a decimal coinage" was "now under serious consideration". A full proposal for the decimalisation of sterling was then tabled in the 19121: 10887: 6402:

was 4.8%). Accordingly, and for the first time, the Governor had to write publicly to the UK Government explaining why inflation was more than one percentage point higher than its target.

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as payment for English wool provided substantial economic and trade opportunities but also unsettled the currency for the next 200 years. The first monetary changes in 1344 consisted of

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the long term. In July 2012, the final increase in QE meant it had peaked at £375 billion, then holding solely UK Government bonds, representing one third of the UK national debt.

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A View Of The Gold Coin And Coinage Of England: From Henry The Third To the Present Time. Consider'd with Regard to Type, Legend, Sorts, Rarity, Weight, Fineness, Value and Proportion

12292: 10771: 6739:) (i.e. 3 nobles to the pound), together with the half and quarter noble. Reforms in 1464 saw a reduction in value of the coinage in both silver and gold, with the noble renamed the 4952:

or 20 sols, while the silver half-groat (2 pence, fine silver 1.798 g) was worth close to 1 sol parisis (1.912 g). Also, after the Flemish monetary reform of 1434, the new

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of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 10p coins and any remaining old florin coins were withdrawn from circulation over the following two years.

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A trader from HSBC visits multiple chatrooms in an attempt to manipulate the 4pm WMR fix, declaring he is a net seller in "cable" (a slang term for GBP/USD currency pairing)

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was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3

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for 8 reales. After 1800, a rate of 5/– for 8 reales was used. The Bank then issued silver tokens for 5/– (struck over Spanish dollars) in 1804, followed by tokens for 1/6

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In 1961, 1964, and 1966, sterling came under renewed pressure, as speculators were selling pounds for dollars. In summer 1966, with the value of the pound falling in the

18895: 18120: 14157: 11133: 11007: 7960:: the index was 20.2 in 1940, 33.0 in 1950, 49.1 in 1960, 73.1 in 1970, 263.7 in 1980, 497.5 in 1990, 671.8 in 2000 and 757.3 in 2005. The smallest coin in 1971 was the 7564:

Bank of England £1 notes were withdrawn in 1988. Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed, with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination.

7482:. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins over 100 years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins. 4960:(shilling) of 1.63 g fine silver was valued close to 2 pence sterling at 1.8 g. This approximate pairing of English half-nobles and half-groats to Continental 2548: 1054: 5970:

Under continuing economic pressure, and despite months of denials that it would do so, on 19 September 1949 the government devalued the pound by 30.5% to US$ 2.80. The

5473:, Britain's foremost slave trading company. The RAC transported the gold used in the coin from West Africa to England after purchasing it from African merchants in the 21009: 20984: 13729: 4278:(2 shillings) remained legal tender after decimalisation (as 2½p, 5p and 10p respectively) until 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively, but are now officially demonetised. 19396: 19001: 17716: 14056: 11728:"The big problem of large bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the origins of central banking (Working Paper, No. 2005-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA)" 10681: 1862: 19391: 11081: 6028:., or £1/12/6. It was customary to specify some prices (for example professional fees and auction prices for works of art) in guineas (abbr: gn. or gns.), although 3604:, literally, "what for what", or, figuratively, "An equal exchange or substitution". The term "nicker" (also both singular and plural) may also refer to the pound. 20966: 12875: 10645: 6597: 3050: 2926: 1749: 1200: 12178: 6249:

advised the sale of sterling investments in the face of high taxes, in a story that ended with "goodbye, Great Britain. It was nice knowing you". At the time the

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whether consideration had been given to decimalising the currency. Wrottesley raised the issue in the House of Commons again in 1833, and it was again raised by

3561:. The origins of this term are attributed to the fact that from the mid-19th century, the sterling/dollar exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 14191: 11375: 10378: 21042: 13795: 13676: 13168: 9857: 6362:" (16 September 1992) as Britain's economic performance made the exchange rate unsustainable. The event was also triggered by comments by Bundesbank president 2610: 1175: 13856: 12733: 12624: 6703:) was the principal and often the only coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century. Although some fractions of the penny were struck (see 4910:

These gold nobles, together with half-nobles (40 pence) and farthings or quarter-nobles (20 pence), became the first English gold coins produced in quantity.

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UK notes include raised print (e.g. on the words "Bank of England"); watermarks; embedded metallic thread; holograms; and fluorescent ink visible only under

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of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 5p coins and any remaining old shilling coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1991.

2566: 2148: 1190: 13879:"Can I use coins from Guernsey, Jersey, Gibraltar and the Isle of Man in the United Kingdom? Why are they made to the same specifications as British coins?" 18857: 16326: 11956: 11876: 11648: 5961: 4778:), with a Tower Pound (5,400 grains, 349.9 g) of 92.5% silver minted into 240 pennies, each penny containing 20.82 grains (1.349 g) of fine silver. Called 1040: 13194: 12233: 7465:

2017: A more secure twelve-sided bi-metallic £1 coin was introduced to reduce forgery. The old round £1 coin ceased to be legal tender on 15 October 2017.

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was extravagant, and England loosened the importation of cheaper continental coins for exchange into full-valued English coins. All these contributed to

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coin was introduced, replacing the original size that had been in use since 1969, and the first generation 50p coins were withdrawn from circulation.

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was introduced, valued at 20/–. Struck in 22‑carat gold, it contained 113 grains or 7.32238 g (0.235420 ozt) of fine gold and replaced the

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was not replaced by sterling until January 1826. The conversion rate had long been £13 Irish to £12 sterling. In 1928, six years after the

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In September 2022, under the influence of inflation and tax cuts funded by borrowing, sterling's value reached an all-time low of just over $ 1.03.

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in 1990, the reverse held true, as high German borrowing costs to fund Eastern reconstruction, exacerbated by the political decision to convert the

21493: 21054: 18837: 14104: 6725:, was introduced, with the half groat following in 1344. 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction (after the failed 6424:, ruled out membership in the eurozone for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe. 6082: 4610: 4210:." or, more commonly, "5/–" (five shillings, no pence). Various coin denominations had, and in some cases continue to have, special names, such as 1889: 942: 14130: 11111: 7513:. In 1855, the notes were converted to being entirely printed, with denominations of £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200, £300, £500 and £1,000 issued. 6786:." (lower-case L) after them, equivalent to twenty shillings) in 1489. In 1526, several new denominations of gold coins were added, including the 21483: 20911: 13352: 10877: 2875: 1744: 1185: 586: 13470: 13440: 13402: 12979: 12062: 11510: 7908:

codes. "GBP" is usually used to represent all of them; informal abbreviations resembling ISO codes are used where the distinction is important.

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code for the United Kingdom ("GB") and the first letter of "pound". In historical sources and some specialist banking uses, the abbreviation

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Notable style guides recommend that the pound sign be used without any abbreviation or qualification to indicate sterling (e.g., £12,000). The

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in 1914, with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender. Before that war, the United Kingdom had one of the world's strongest

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A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)

12943: 12098: 12087: 11710: 11543: 10202: 4198:(the solidus and denarius were Roman coins). A mixed sum of shillings and pence, such as 3 shillings and 6 pence, was written as "3/6" or "3 22415: 21886: 21665: 21269: 18820: 18713: 18510: 16908: 16811: 15979: 13947: 13379: 10598: 10415: 8563: 6294:, on a programme of fiscal austerity. Initially, sterling rocketed, moving above £1 to US$ 2.40, as interest rates rose in response to the 6066: 4774: 4765: 3649: 3641: 3043: 2906: 2601: 2528: 2497: 1454: 1364: 10474: 7900:

by their respective governments, and Bank of England notes have been made legal tender on the islands, forming a sort of one-way de facto

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Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the coinage was reformed, with the ending of production of hammered coins in 1662. The

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as its currency. However, the subject was always politically controversial, and the UK negotiated an opt-out on this issue. Following the

5667:. In some areas it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the 21831: 21642: 18803: 17656: 13886: 13769: 12152: 11734: 11298: 11213: 10446: 10273: 7594:". A giant is a one million pound note, and a titan is a one hundred million pound bank note. Giants and titans are used only within the 5630: 2871: 2658: 2280: 1205: 806: 11817: 11573: 11181: 10245: 7411:

was becoming worthwhile (with a premium of up to 11%, with smelting costs reducing this to around 4%)—although this is illegal, and the

6711:), it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change. Very few gold coins were struck, with the 6306:. Sterling fell sharply after 1980; at its lowest, £1 stood at just US$ 1.03 in March 1985, before rising to US$ 1.70 in December 1989. 21841: 21784: 21316: 21259: 20224: 18500: 17746: 15623: 14836: 11433: 9842: 6040: 5763:, and their value floated relative to gold. The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins. In 1816, the 4631: 4274:

in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel sixpences, shillings (from any period after 1816) and

2823: 2086: 1134: 596: 14542:

J. K Whitaker and Maxwell W. Hudgins, Jr. (April 1977). "The Floating Pound Sterling of the Nineteen-Thirties: An Econometric Study".

13973: 11677: 11243: 10048: 9946: 7686:

Throughout the UK, £1 and £2 coins are legal tender for any amount, with the other coins being legal tender only for limited amounts.

3111:

Sterling is the world's oldest currency in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it was the fourth-most-traded currency in the

22500: 22485: 22180: 21074: 20562: 19632: 18778: 18648: 18270: 14302: 14078: 13585: 12816: 10576: 9973: 2798: 2783: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 955: 11037: 10814: 7694:, but not in Scotland or Northern Ireland. (Bank of England 10/– and £1 notes were legal tender, as were Scottish banknotes, during 4984:

resulted in another reduction in the English penny to 12 grains sterling silver (0.719 g fine silver) and the introduction of a new

21826: 21685: 21637: 18987: 18830: 18773: 18601: 18090: 18010: 17995: 16319: 14929: 11611: 11471: 7443: 6267: 2768: 2763: 2232: 1810: 1215: 10487:

Then I went to Mr. Crew's and borrowed L10 of Mr. Andrewes for my own use, and so went to my office, where there was nothing to do

5532:

a result, sterling silver coins were being melted and fashioned into "sterling silverware" at an accelerating rate. An Act of the

601: 502: 21407: 21216: 21047: 17952: 17947: 17798: 17565: 13147: 10169: 7938:

published a research paper which included an index of prices for each year between 1750 and 2005, where 1974 was indexed at 100.

6255: 5982: 3036: 2594: 2261: 2174: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 677: 531: 19224: 12706: 12553: 4888:

weighing 120 grains (7.776 grams; 0.250 troy ounces) of the finest gold possible at the time (191/192 or 99.48% fine), (meaning

263: 22450: 22168: 21742: 21471: 21439: 21279: 21264: 21254: 21079: 21069: 21059: 21032: 18958: 18505: 18495: 18480: 18415: 17912: 17847: 17649: 14727: 14712: 14249: 12865: 12620: 6228: 6183: 6094: 6078: 6044: 5917: 5540:

standard of 95.83%. Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the

2803: 2788: 2701: 2666: 2643: 2571: 2142: 2124: 1224: 1127: 979: 926: 20808: 19219: 19214: 19209: 11141: 7973:

The following table shows the equivalent amount of goods and services that, in a particular year, could be purchased with £1.

3023: 21861: 21434: 18867: 18862: 18788: 18063: 15618: 14635: 14468: 14446: 13283: 13224: 13123: 12905: 12826: 12799: 12278: 12118: 11536:"Noble (1361–1369) ENGLAND, KINGDOM – EDWARD III, 1327–1377 – n.d., Calais Wonderful coin with fine details. Very impressive" 11333: 11274: 7945:

The value of the index in 1751 was 5.1, increasing to a peak of 16.3 in 1813 before declining very soon after the end of the

6661: 6390: 6190:

effectively ended at this time, when the majority of its members also chose to float freely against sterling and the dollar.

6186:

a little, rising to almost US$ 2.65 in March 1972 from US$ 2.42, the upper bound of the band in which it had been fixed. The

6036: 5425: 5057:

of one French ounce (30.594 g), and in 1524 it would also be the model for a standardised German currency in the form of the

4577: 2986: 2916: 2828: 2818: 2808: 2753: 2671: 2561: 2069: 984: 917: 19204: 19199: 13736: 13250: 10878:"STERLING CABLE RATES $ 3.19 TO $ 7 SINCE 1914; Top Reached When War Started and Bottom on Feb. 3, 1920, as Support Stopped" 10523:

of silver coin of the old fineness, comprising over a thousand million pieces, have already been withdrawn from circulation.

6503: 258: 22535: 22520: 22515: 21728: 21550: 21211: 21184: 19834: 18763: 18680: 7914:

are responsible for the monetary policy of their own currencies (where they exist), and have their own ISO 4217 codes. The

6399: 6291: 6243:

rising to nearly 27% in 1975. Financial markets were beginning to believe the pound was overvalued, and in April that year

6224: 6216:

UK bonds 1960–2022: the yield on UK Government benchmark ten-year bonds increased to over 15% in the 1970s and early 1980s.

5784: 5536:

in 1697 tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling's 92.5% to a new

5397: 5158: 4721: 4549: 3730: 2836: 2723: 2713: 2676: 2636: 2606: 2581: 2543: 2305: 2225: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1047: 780: 19126: 14048: 11059: 10670: 7750:

p) made for traditional wedding ceremonies and Christmas gifts, although rarely if ever seen in circulation, are formally

7591: 21901: 21846: 21789: 21708: 21652: 21620: 21454: 21139: 20904: 20161: 19940: 19899: 18852: 18768: 18621: 16312: 16004: 15192: 13707: 11901:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez, Arturo (2002). "Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century".

11073: 7435: 7292: 7225:

1971: The decimal coinage was completed when decimalisation came into effect in 1971 with the introduction of the bronze

6650: 6563: 5183: 4800: 4138: 2813: 2778: 2773: 2733: 2718: 2708: 2691: 2686: 2681: 1958: 1024: 746: 716: 687: 547: 16209: 12871: 12855: 10634: 21876: 21856: 21799: 21764: 21412: 21380: 21344: 18798: 18449: 18437: 18393: 17907: 17400: 15697: 15421: 13041: 12174: 10793: 7726: 7718: 7439: 7383: 7200: 6093:

to look into the issue. However, largely due to the hostility to decimalisation of two of the appointed commissioners,

2793: 2758: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2728: 2696: 2285: 1015: 850: 557: 19116: 18626: 13089: 13063: 12002: 7587: 7016:

coins for circulation. A small counterstamp of the King's head was used. Until 1800, these circulated at a rate of 4/9

6227:

in 1976. He was immediately told the economy was facing huge problems, according to documents released in 2006 by the

5404: 4556: 21871: 21769: 21424: 21417: 21284: 21249: 21234: 21134: 20067: 18910: 18813: 18758: 18537: 18520: 18490: 18255: 18105: 17768: 17763: 14536: 14511: 14496: 14478: 14456: 14437: 14389: 14371: 14352: 14337: 14287: 14210: 13668: 13164: 12700: 12510: 11848: 11803: 11367: 10765: 10605: 10239: 10058: 10017: 9983: 7772: 7451: 7427: 7339: 7177: 6098: 5444: 4596: 2653: 2211: 1820: 1815: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1168: 1077: 1004: 591: 17: 17942: 13791: 10968: 10943: 3584:" (singular and plural, except in the common phrase "quids in"). The term may have come via Italian immigrants from 21956: 21508: 21466: 21390: 21385: 21289: 21167: 19858: 19680: 19655: 19075: 18746: 18525: 17805: 16901: 16502: 15402: 15285: 14717: 13909: 13848: 12729: 12686: 12650: 10364: 10341: 8556: 7651:

Unlike banknotes which have separate issuers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, all British coins are issued by the

7474: 7455: 7431: 7423: 7404: 7365: 7350: 7299: 7248: 7244: 7226: 7204: 7181: 7117: 6559:(QE). This was the first time in the United Kingdom's history that this measure had been used, although the Bank's 6487: 6351: 6250: 6070: 5848: 4263: 4255: 3993: 3964: 3928: 3899: 3773: 3710: 2237: 2037: 2032: 1763: 858: 738: 672: 653: 282: 14280:

World Currency Monitor Annual, 1976–1989: Pound Sterling: The Value of the British Pound Sterling in Foreign Terms

12616: 7524:

was still the currency of Scotland, these notes were denominated in sterling in values up to £100. From 1727, the

22540: 22530: 22460: 22019: 21836: 21774: 21700: 21395: 21244: 21191: 21154: 21119: 21093: 20994: 20156: 19010: 18900: 18847: 18708: 18653: 18485: 18388: 17867: 17815: 17741: 14934: 14405: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 7491: 6560: 6389:). The Bank is now responsible for setting its base rate of interest so as to keep inflation (as measured by the 6102: 6059:, survived the transfer to a full decimal system in 1971, with examples surviving in British coinage until 1993. 5378: 4530: 4259: 3977: 2921: 1164: 1146: 1113: 11945: 11865: 11641: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 5411: 4563: 4266:

had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of every British monarch from

3136: 22525: 22510: 21966: 21754: 21680: 21575: 21528: 21444: 21364: 21324: 21114: 20897: 20217: 20047: 19867: 19346: 18920: 18825: 18731: 18584: 18432: 18420: 18341: 17827: 17096: 17075: 14415: 14202: 13581: 13190: 12505:

Ma Tak Wo 2004, Illustrated Catalogue of Hong Kong Currency, Ma Tak Wo Numismatic Co., Ltd. Kowloon, Hong Kong.

12051:"Proclamation, dated December 20 1825, assimilating the Gold and Silver Coinages in Great Britain and Ireland." 9950: 7722: 7615: 7407:

coins (which are 97% copper) exceeded those coins' face value to such an extent that melting down the coins by

7335:, historically valued at five shillings (25p), was re-tariffed for future issues as a commemorative coin at £5. 6537: 6326:(DM), with the unintended result of a rapid rise in inflation as the economy boomed due to low interest rates. 5939:

at a rate of £1 = US$ 4.03. (Only the year before, it had been US$ 4.86.) This rate was maintained through the

5382: 4627: 4534: 2457: 2170: 2138: 2002: 1800: 1780: 881: 708: 627: 614: 539: 489: 13999: 13607: 13001: 11674:"A medieval silver coin; a double petard of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders (1467–1477)" 4807:

weighing twice the silver penny and valued at 20 silver pence was also issued in 1257 but was not successful.

4748:

penny respectively were also minted, but small change was more commonly produced by cutting up a whole penny.

22470: 22455: 22408: 22175: 21981: 21911: 21881: 21851: 21816: 21718: 21690: 21608: 21516: 21400: 21179: 20929: 19625: 19594: 19456: 19298: 18842: 18751: 18690: 18616: 18403: 18383: 18162: 17686: 17672: 17393: 16572: 15690: 14794: 13090:"ECB's subscribed capital to remain steady after Bank of England leaves the European System of Central Banks" 6822:(1547–1553). This debasement was halted in 1552, and new silver coinage was introduced, including coins for 1 6552: 5872: 5247:

After 1551 new denominations were introduced, weighing similarly to 1464-issued coins but increased in value

3392:: the Bank of England has exclusively used the single bar variant since 1975. Historically, a simple capital 3225: 3206: 2999: 2246: 2007: 754: 19181: 14518: 13645: 13545: 5559:. Silver and copper tokens issued by private entities partly relieved the problem of small change until the 22294: 22218: 22190: 22136: 21939: 21929: 21866: 21821: 21794: 21647: 21632: 21329: 21304: 21239: 21129: 20712: 20123: 20057: 19675: 19541: 18905: 18726: 18589: 18567: 18547: 18476: 18398: 18275: 18265: 18260: 17932: 17897: 17753: 16618: 16544: 15451: 14819: 14768: 14758: 12756: 12400: 12370: 11265:

Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

9852: 7911: 7782: 7470: 7419: 7400: 7361: 7240: 6657:

had already been cut to their lowest level ever (0.5%) and it was unlikely that they would be cut further.

5748: 5393: 5086: 4545: 3629: 2981: 2841: 2425: 2324: 2254: 2241: 2217: 2048: 2043: 277: 19336: 19264: 19176: 19171: 19166: 11503:"Content and Fineness of the Gold Coins of England and Great Britain: Henry III – Richard III (1257–1485)" 10997:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 20 August 1993.

3100:

is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the

22465: 22185: 22163: 22131: 22126: 22108: 22049: 21971: 21961: 21896: 21759: 21723: 21521: 21299: 20938: 20867: 20118: 20062: 20031: 19695: 19641: 19589: 19036: 19018: 18741: 18721: 18562: 18425: 18207: 18110: 17820: 17793: 17773: 17261: 16894: 15471: 15436: 15431: 15222: 14363: 13817: 13308: 12315: 10144: 9993:: The UK currency. The name originated from the pound Easterling, formerly used in trade with the Baltic. 9768: 8549: 7170: 6685: 6586: 6459: 6421: 6411: 6394: 6315: 6271: 6263: 5884: 4786:

that was traditionally used, and sterling silver coins did not wear down as rapidly as fine silver ones.

4134: 4050: 3633: 3140: 2891: 2451: 2310: 2117: 1151: 1082: 759: 620: 297: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19280: 19259: 19254: 19161: 19059: 19054: 19049: 14108: 7001:

guinea (7/–) were introduced in 1797. The copper penny was the only one of these coins to survive long.

6653:, the Governor of the Bank of England, had also suggested there were no other monetary options left, as 4029: 4024: 4019: 242: 237: 232: 22245: 22146: 21986: 20697: 20431: 20166: 20052: 20021: 19700: 18940: 18552: 17758: 16597: 14924: 14381: 14134: 11351:

added up to a pound. There were at that time no larger denomination coins – pounds and

11103: 9847: 7896:

are unregulated by the Bank of England and are issued independently. However, they are maintained at a

7792: 5680: 5521: 4981: 3012: 2330: 1979: 1923: 1775: 1141: 1092: 302: 19316: 19249: 19080: 19044: 15169: 13343: 11502: 4143: 4003: 3998: 3322: 227: 22475: 22381: 22141: 21946: 21919: 21429: 21309: 20540: 20210: 19959: 19908: 19685: 18572: 18410: 18346: 18336: 18331: 16383: 15812: 15187: 14814: 14753: 14628: 13462: 13432: 12970: 12050: 10707:"Maintenance Agency | ISO 4217 – Currency Code Maintenance: Get the Correct Currency Code | List One" 10641: 7393: 7256: 7211: 7004:

To alleviate the shortage of silver coins, between 1797 and 1804, the Bank of England counterstamped

6831: 6794: 5991: 5971: 5525: 5311: 5266: 4219: 3403: 3151: 2861: 2856: 2315: 2298: 2275: 2195: 2184: 1928: 1884: 1061: 312: 287: 12342: 4756: 22279: 21809: 21449: 21196: 20752: 20742: 20103: 20006: 19917: 19705: 19690: 19618: 17837: 17202: 16841: 16645: 16443: 15828: 15381: 15131: 15091: 14161: 11759: 11397: 10085: 10069: 7935: 7552:

had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England. Fearful of mass forgery by the

7036: 6925: 6774: 6708: 6240: 5927:, with its value determined by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy. 5769: 5611: 5343: 4244: 3548: 2534: 2266: 1805: 1032: 660: 632: 307: 292: 19442: 19386: 15144: 14586: 14021: 12841:

Wren-Lewis, Simon, et al. (June 1991). "Evaluating the U.K.'s Choice of Entry Rate into the ERM",

10842: 10298: 7607: 6569:

The process saw the Bank of England creating new money for itself, which it then used to purchase

5779:

By the 19th century, sterling notes were widely accepted outside Britain. The American journalist

5081:

occurred amidst the 16th century influx of precious metals from the Americas arriving through the

3569:

Historically almost every British coin had a widely recognised nickname, such as "tanner" for the

22480: 22424: 22337: 22158: 22093: 21804: 21461: 20545: 20113: 20026: 19935: 19926: 19810: 18245: 17832: 17783: 17132: 15274: 14773: 14594: 14429: 14079:"British Royal Mint – What are the legal tender amounts acceptable for the United Kingdom coins?" 13818:"Act of Parliament gives devolved responsibility to the MPC with reserve powers for the Treasury" 12932: 12655: 12095: 12084: 11795:

Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752

11707: 11535: 10206: 8372: 7730: 7343: 7267: 7185: 6921: 6839: 6704: 6347: 6287: 6245: 6074: 5978: 5560: 5371: 5282: 5274: 5141: 4935: 4864:

weighing 108 gr (6.998 g; 0.225 ozt) and valued at 6 shillings (or 72 pence). (or

4725: 4646: 4523: 4227: 4151: 3948: 3915: 3878: 3831: 3782: 3574: 3570: 3558: 3170:. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the 3112: 2901: 2158: 2129: 2063: 1938: 964: 146: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19370: 19365: 18030: 13939: 13375: 10407: 22274: 21339: 20577: 20277: 20202: 19555: 19191: 18930: 16783: 16627: 16219: 15487: 15391: 15149: 14669: 8778: 7942:

say that "Since 1945 prices have risen in every year with an aggregate rise of over 27 times".

7915: 7576: 7525: 6645:

The Bank of England had stated in 2009 that the decision had been taken to prevent the rate of

6386: 5965: 5840: 5812: 5021: 4795:

coins in 1266, and their subsequent popularity, led to additional denominations in the form of

3143: 2463: 1842: 1120: 700: 57: 19422: 17210: 15745: 13878: 12144: 11727: 11209: 10753: 10438: 10267: 7540:

proliferated in Scotland and Ireland. The last English private banknotes were issued in 1921.

3592:, the name for a number of currency units used in Italy until the 19th century; or from Latin 22429: 22269: 22225: 22088: 21674: 20732: 20483: 19954: 19780: 19144: 18685: 18675: 18442: 18290: 18157: 18135: 18068: 17872: 17778: 16996: 16636: 16488: 16428: 15846: 15658: 15217: 15197: 15106: 15086: 14944: 14707: 14684: 14664: 13761: 11793: 11566: 11467: 11177: 10677: 10550:

A View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of England from the Norman Conquest to the Present Time

10229: 9834: 7459: 7369: 7354: 7189: 7053: 7013: 6941: 6909: 6811: 6726: 6585:. The initial amount stated to be created through this method was £75 billion, although 6491: 6440: 6436: 6303: 6122: 6029: 5723: 5533: 5470: 4919: 4861: 4828: 4693: 4275: 4248: 4211: 4167: 3672: 3617: 3536: 3453: 2966: 2846: 2434: 2350: 1795: 16850: 16794: 16699: 11427: 7097:

coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with

5418: 4570: 3515:

code "GBP" (e.g., GBP 12,000) may also be seen should disambiguation become necessary.

22289: 22230: 22195: 22083: 22056: 21567: 20787: 20737: 20652: 20436: 20309: 20128: 19973: 18665: 18658: 18313: 18250: 18222: 18197: 18192: 18167: 18125: 17927: 17882: 17877: 17706: 17190: 17089: 16830: 16709: 16602: 16397: 16214: 16076: 15941: 15446: 15242: 15232: 15227: 15139: 15116: 14621: 13969: 13403:"Exchange Rates Today: British Pound Slumps Vs Euro, Dollar As UK Services Hits Record Low" 11673: 11235: 8669: 7332: 6929: 6899: 6788: 6757: 6731: 6669: 6622: 6455: 6330: 6199: 6175: 6167: 5944: 5936: 5895:

to just .500 fine. That was due to a drastic increase in silver prices from an average 27/6

5852: 5816: 5457: 5289: 5175: 5122: 5094: 5082: 4977: 4885: 4215: 3467: 3263:

was the origin of its definition, manufacture, and name: the German name for the Baltic is

3218: 3132: 3116: 2190: 2180: 1916: 1721: 1716: 667: 409: 31: 20072: 16684: 14397:

The international role of the pound sterling: Its benefits and costs to the United Kingdom

14306: 14082: 13577: 10572: 5859:

on International Coinage examined the issues, resulting in a decision against joining it.

4877:

Pennies reduced further to 18 gr (1.2 g; 0.038 ozt) of sterling silver (or

8: 22366: 22284: 22262: 22257: 22240: 22235: 22213: 22103: 22061: 20747: 20622: 20612: 20607: 19893: 18285: 18240: 18232: 18177: 18085: 18020: 17711: 17534: 16944: 16458: 16146: 15930: 15759: 15375: 15359: 15269: 15247: 15237: 15046: 15036: 15026: 14844: 14826: 13006: 7897: 6556: 6548: 6451: 6062: 5708: 5671:. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included 5607: 5466: 4923: 4769: 4680: 4650: 3756: 2576: 2383: 2153: 2092: 1997: 1992: 1953: 1902: 682: 569: 513: 16535: 15572: 15182: 12821:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290. 12794:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 11607: 11460: 5053:(480 grains, 31.1035 g) of sterling silver. It was approximately on a par with France's 3577:. Since decimalisation these have mostly fallen out of use except as parts of proverbs. 3389: 22361: 22317: 22098: 22076: 22071: 22039: 21951: 21124: 20818: 20762: 20702: 20682: 20657: 20642: 20302: 19565: 19513: 18361: 18351: 18318: 18217: 18187: 18080: 18055: 18015: 17295: 17043: 16939: 16746: 16689: 16091: 16085: 16051: 15946: 15670: 15492: 15154: 15121: 15096: 15081: 15076: 15051: 15041: 15031: 14949: 14555: 14345:

The political pound: British investment overseas and exchange controls past—and future?

14165: 12965: 12598: 12200: 12031: 11926: 11918: 9820: 9660: 7923: 7881: 7557: 6665: 6428: 6363: 6275: 5880: 5876: 5638: 5626: 5603: 5509: 4832: 4171: 3668: 3613: 3528: 3463: 2407: 2343: 2290: 2133: 1857: 1087: 866: 579: 474: 96: 17596: 13144: 11627:

which gives the fine silver content of a Stuiver as 3.4 × 0.479 or almost 1.63 g.

10177: 7131: 6450:

had pledged to hold a public referendum to decide on the adoption of the Euro should "

5883:

tried to make up for the deficit with a deflationary policy, but this only led to the

5646: 5462: 22376: 22322: 21924: 20637: 20617: 20503: 20446: 20329: 20093: 18130: 18100: 17544: 17519: 17504: 17231: 17161: 17151: 17116: 17053: 17001: 16929: 16866: 16820: 16704: 15919: 15855: 15666: 15654: 15642: 15577: 15111: 15061: 15056: 14939: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14789: 14532: 14507: 14492: 14489:

Rethinking Our Centralised Monetary System: The Case for a System of Local Currencies

14474: 14452: 14433: 14411: 14385: 14367: 14348: 14333: 14291: 14283: 14250:"Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of Money in the United Kingdom from 1971 to 2009" 14216: 14206: 13064:"ECB welcomes ratification of agreement on orderly UK withdrawal from European Union" 12822: 12795: 12696: 12690: 12602: 12594: 12545: 12506: 12284: 12274: 11930: 11844: 11809: 11799: 11270: 10761: 10379:"History of the use of the single crossbar pound sign on Bank of England's banknotes" 10235: 10054: 10013: 9979: 9243: 7691: 7390: 6933: 6378: 6179: 6129: 6110: 5712: 5704: 5634: 2320: 1972: 1968: 1963: 818: 797: 771: 645: 14253: 11608:"The Vierlander, a precursor of the Euro. A first step towards monetary unification" 11586:

In 1427 a Mark (244.752 g) of silver was worth 8 livre tournois or 6.4 livre parisis

22371: 22354: 22349: 22332: 22312: 22118: 20971: 20722: 20627: 20587: 20498: 20488: 20411: 20235: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20108: 20088: 20016: 19728: 19153: 18915: 18356: 18305: 18115: 18095: 17570: 17509: 17458: 17180: 17123: 17084: 17038: 16986: 16981: 16971: 16694: 16423: 16350: 15951: 15899: 15582: 15562: 15557: 15426: 15330: 15258: 15101: 15071: 15066: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14849: 14547: 14524: 14473:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. 14451:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications. 12590: 12577: 11910: 10969:"Quid | Definition of Quid by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Quid" 10722: 9862: 9164: 8538: 8529: 8375:

around the world, and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates.

7976:

The table shows that from 1971 to 2023, the buying power of a pound fell by 94.4%.

7619: 7517: 7479: 7184:

which were the same size as, equivalent in value to, and circulated alongside, the

6589: 6578: 6334: 6090: 6035:

Formal parliamentary proposals to decimalise sterling were first made in 1824 when

5856: 5820: 5672: 5642: 5576: 5537: 5513: 5128:

Prior to 1551, English coin denominations closely matched with corresponding sol (2

5054: 5033: 4949: 4791: 4315:. Here is a summary of changes to its value in terms of silver or gold until 1816. 3803: 3637: 3260: 3147: 3096: 2631: 2519: 2511: 2490: 2474: 2076: 2027: 1877: 1867: 837: 767: 116: 18643: 17446: 13275: 13216: 13115: 12897: 11325: 11290: 10548: 7926:

are set at a fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the British pound by local governments.

7153: 5061:, which also weighed 1 German ounce of silver or 29.232 g (0.9398 ozt). 22044: 21934: 21625: 21585: 20707: 20667: 20421: 20365: 20282: 20171: 19560: 19308: 19234: 19027: 18611: 18532: 17937: 17902: 17892: 17862: 17736: 17611: 17601: 17489: 17319: 17171: 17063: 16991: 16949: 16789: 16567: 16418: 16355: 16199: 16125: 16056: 16046: 16041: 16036: 15924: 15914: 15873: 15807: 15764: 15592: 15441: 14804: 14321: 13407:

Exchange Rates UK – Live Coverage of the British Pound & Other G10 Currencies

13246: 13151: 12351: 12206: 12102: 12091: 11714: 11589:

Hence one livre weighed 38.24 g and one sol at 1.912 g. Compare with 40

10847: 10442: 10411: 9081: 7946: 7919: 7703: 7687: 7672: 7640: 7636: 7533: 7510: 7505: 7149: 6913:, worth 20/–, followed in 1619. The first base metal coins were also introduced: 6660:

The inflation rate rose in following years, reaching 5.2% per year (based on the

6637: 6574: 6544: 6382: 6359: 6236: 6220: 6012:, with various widely understood notations. The same amount could be stated as 32 5868: 5844: 5792: 5756: 5752: 5739: 5668: 5615: 5586: 5572: 5474: 5078: 5012:. The reduction in the English penny approximately matched those with the French 4779: 4715: 4178:." – not from the first letter of "shilling", but from the Latin 3818: 3471: 3201: 3158: 3091: 2402: 2200: 1847: 1829: 1105: 728: 574: 439: 382: 131: 17641: 17463: 15335: 12407:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 19 November 1967. p. 1, sec. 1. 10470: 7635:

of the United Kingdom which has been delegated authority by the government, the

7061:

in 1887. In 1860, copper was replaced by bronze in the farthing (quarter penny,

4120:

This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

3763: 21538: 21476: 21037: 20920: 20862: 20824: 20782: 20727: 20687: 20647: 20632: 20602: 20592: 20557: 20520: 20476: 20456: 20441: 20416: 20350: 20314: 20287: 20272: 20262: 20257: 20098: 19992: 19978: 19757: 19751: 19710: 19521: 18638: 18182: 17922: 17701: 17696: 17615: 17344: 17241: 17236: 17146: 17058: 17033: 16825: 16761: 16751: 16741: 16562: 16438: 16204: 16184: 16158: 16130: 16061: 15909: 15904: 15894: 15802: 15786: 15781: 15770: 15733: 15728: 15597: 15537: 15522: 15517: 14959: 14859: 14763: 13699: 13615: 13492: 12730:"GBP Forecast to See Support at 1.40 v US Dollar, But 1983 Lows a Step Too Far" 12211: 12207:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 11981: 11347: 11239: 11034:"Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: British Antarctic Territory" 10882: 10115: 8422: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8387: 7901: 7893: 7595: 7102: 7082: 7005: 6654: 6582: 6475: 6114: 6105:), decimalisation in Britain was effectively quashed for over a hundred years. 5836: 5728: 5700: 5664: 5478: 5339: 5058: 4707: 4668: 4267: 4180: 3693: 3498: 3341: 3253: 3171: 3167: 3079: 2948: 2468: 2163: 2056: 2052: 896: 353: 14528: 7904:. Internationally they are considered local issues of sterling so do not have 7126: 4615: 4270:

onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in

3450:

for pound derives from medieval Latin documents: "L" was the abbreviation for

3295:). In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their 50: 22444: 21713: 21274: 21172: 21162: 20961: 20956: 20792: 20777: 20530: 20515: 20510: 20493: 20471: 20451: 20426: 20401: 20345: 20011: 19968: 19786: 19599: 18515: 18295: 18073: 18025: 18005: 17917: 17575: 17529: 17514: 17499: 17473: 17431: 17339: 17280: 17226: 17141: 17017: 16773: 16679: 16413: 16304: 16244: 16194: 16189: 15967: 15878: 15587: 15532: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15345: 15304: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14854: 14690: 14220: 13518: 12682: 12494:

European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865–1873)

11813: 9792: 9764: 9583: 9427: 8532:

around the world. As of 2020, it is ranked fourth in value held as reserves.

7611: 7086: 7058: 6432: 6355: 6323: 6187: 6118: 5986: 5828: 5800: 5788: 5773: 5764: 5716: 5692: 5684: 5658: 5556: 5490: 5469:

in 1686. The "Elephant and Castle" motif below his head is the symbol of the

4953: 4163: 3850: 3587: 3381: 3363: 947: 904: 814: 18542: 14600: 13033: 12288: 9924: 6936:, a number of siege coinages were produced, often in unusual denominations. 6715:(equal in value to 20 silver pennies) a rare example. However, in 1279, the 6520: 6358: 2.95. However, the country was forced to withdraw from the system on " 5069: 21580: 20951: 20856: 20772: 20757: 20662: 20597: 20572: 20567: 20535: 20466: 20461: 20375: 20370: 20355: 20324: 20319: 20292: 19987: 19526: 18633: 18280: 18152: 17619: 17580: 17560: 17524: 17468: 17441: 17436: 17369: 17364: 17354: 17285: 17166: 17048: 16976: 16799: 16756: 16588: 16553: 16392: 16360: 16235: 16031: 15754: 15646: 15602: 15567: 15552: 15547: 15527: 15340: 15325: 15309: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14295: 13550: 12927: 12761: 11841:

The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast

9806: 9505: 8879: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 7957: 7889: 7755: 7751: 7695: 7679: 7632: 7572: 7549: 7496: 7412: 7408: 7174: 7139: 7098: 7009: 6745: 6717: 6417: 6319: 6299: 6048: 5940: 5808: 5804: 5760: 5596: 5548: 5541: 5236: 5191: 5024:

made the English groat (4-pence) mutually exchangeable with the Burgundian

4985: 4796: 4764:

The early pennies were struck from fine silver (as pure as was available).

4699: 4688: 4305: 4297: 4271: 3660: 3653: 3600: 3535:(in various styles) has been used to indicate sterling. Many stocks on the 3249: 3162: 3124: 2504: 2207: 1985: 912: 793: 376: 20889: 12843:

The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies Vol. LIV Supplement

11914: 11036:. British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 25 March 2010. Archived from 7353:

was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the

7342:

was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the

6955:, 2 and 5 guinea coins. The silver coinage consisted of denominations of 1 5508:

for payment. Milled shillings of full weight were hoarded and exported to

4710:(757–796), who introduced a "sterling" coin made by physically dividing a 3325:

states that the (pre-Norman) Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had silver coins called

22066: 21996: 20767: 20717: 20692: 20677: 20582: 20525: 20406: 20391: 20360: 19997: 19414: 18324: 18172: 18147: 18140: 17961: 17788: 17630: 17374: 17359: 17290: 16715: 16671: 16609: 16495: 16253: 15542: 14967: 14919: 14914: 14737: 12646: 12523:

The Coins and Banknotes of Palestine Under the British Mandate, 1927–1947

12268: 12115:"The Central Bank of Barbados: Students' Centre – Money: Bits and Pieces" 10976: 9326: 7707: 7675:(red) and overseas territories (blue) using sterling or their local issue 7656: 7645: 7580: 7544: 7521: 7219: 7078: 6850: 6443:

the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro.

6232: 6162: 6117:

from 1955 until 1960 (and continued on the island as the division of the

6003: 5962:

Economic history of the United Kingdom § 1945–1951: Age of Austerity

5696: 5619: 5592: 5050: 4783: 4711: 4654: 4155: 3697: 3664: 3625: 3459: 3397: 3230: 2393: 1852: 1009: 960: 888: 722: 639: 564: 12429:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 25 February 1824, vol 10, cc445–49

11922: 10356: 10333: 7415:

of copper has subsequently fallen dramatically from these earlier peaks.

6891:

to the English throne, a new gold coinage was introduced, including the

6204: 3223:

There are various theories regarding the origin of the word "sterling".

359: 20845: 20672: 20552: 20297: 19531: 18000: 17623: 17385: 17349: 17310: 17252: 17197: 16934: 16526: 16517: 16480: 16433: 15682: 14876: 14722: 14581: 14559: 12534:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HL, Deb 10 March 1966, vol 273, cc1211–16

12474:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 12 June 1855, vol 138, cc1867–909

12438:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 10 August 1833, vol 20, cc482–502

12270:

The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933

12140: 12035: 12018: 7885: 7652: 7509:

1797. The lowest two denominations were withdrawn after the end of the

7145: 6815: 6712: 6447: 6295: 5924: 5923:

Since the suspension of the gold standard in 1931, sterling has been a

5900: 5780: 5552: 5385: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5090: 4804: 4537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4150:'s hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal notation: the hat costs 4147: 3475: 3431: 3375: 3239: 3193:

are the units of account. This is analogous to the distinction between

3087: 2485: 2270: 1835: 444: 137: 16579: 16022: 11269:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 330. 7418:

In April 2008, an extensive redesign of the coinage was unveiled. The

6486:, on 31 January 2020, the Bank of England ended its membership of the 5776:

as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard.

5020:; furthermore, from 1469 to 1475 an agreement between England and the 3607: 934: 22344: 22252: 19948: 18979: 17887: 17330: 17306: 17185: 16886: 16367: 14732: 14674: 12938: 12483:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 23 July 1857, vol 147, cc304–29

12465:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 9 June 1853, vol 127, cc1352–59

12456:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 5 April 1853, vol 125, cc595–96

10815:"What does GBX mean when buying stocks on the London Stock Exchange?" 7953: 6893: 6819: 6646: 6612: 6513: 5974:

prompted several other currencies to be devalued against the dollar.

4619: 3659:

The other British Overseas Territories have a local currency that is

3645: 3554: 3300: 2479: 2097: 2012: 872: 414: 14551: 12447:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 27 April 1847, vol 92, cc13–23

6462:(2010–2015) ruled out joining the euro for that parliamentary term. 5360: 5107:

rd reduction in the bullion content of each pound sterling in 1551.

4512: 3229:

states that the "most plausible" etymology is a derivation from the

22205: 19610: 19466: 17416: 16965: 16465: 16450: 16335: 16175: 16098: 16068: 15988: 15819: 15713: 15018: 14679: 14590: 13995: 13619: 11523:

Fineness 23.875 karats = 191/192, coins in Nobles, Halves, Quarters

11352: 10498: 7905: 7710:

banknotes are legal tender only in their respective jurisdictions.

7196: 7157: 6888: 6761: 6381:

government handed over day-to-day control of interest rates to the

5892: 5862: 5676: 5580: 5512:, while clipped, hand-hammered shillings stayed in circulation (as 4819: 4663: 4642: 4293: 4194: 3524: 3512: 3504: 3483: 3434:

was still using this style of notation as late as 1939. The glyphs

3195: 3128: 3075: 3067: 2994: 2440: 2365: 2360: 1946: 77: 14402: 14049:"Man arrested for using £100 coin in Tesco wins £5,000 in damages" 9865: – other currencies with a "pound" unit of account. 7027:

In 1816, a new silver coinage was introduced in denominations of 6

6772:, equivalent to twelve pence) in 1487 and the pound (known as the 6458:(Maastricht criteria) before being allowed to adopt the euro. The 6274:(IMF) announced the conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in 4174:, making 240 pence to the pound. The symbol for the shilling was " 395: 22031: 20396: 18935: 17156: 16837: 16665: 16472: 16280: 16171: 16116: 16107: 16013: 14809: 14504:

Politics and the Pound: The Conservatives' Struggle with Sterling

12860: 11060:"Money - St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice" 10269:

The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Volumes 19–20

7568: 5824: 4957: 4658: 2976: 2446: 1788: 20232: 14190:

O'Donoghue, Jim; Goulding, Louise; Allen, Grahame (March 2004).

10035:) the chief monetary unit of the UK and several other countries. 9765:

World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves

7667: 6270:

set out to force domestic policy changes. In November 1976, the

3304: 3243: 3233: 22327: 20828: 17957: 17326: 17302: 17272: 16722: 10819: 8457: 7376: 7051:

coin issued only for colonial use after 1855. In 1848, the 2/–

6983:

and 1/– stopping production in the 1780s. In response, copper 1

6918: 6483: 5796: 4892:

pure gold) and valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence (80 pence, or

4672: 3676: 3621: 3539:

are quoted in penny sterling, using the unofficial code "GBX".

3296: 2881: 2081: 20872: 19720: 14613: 14358:

Barry Eichengreen (Editor), Michael D. Bordo (Editor) (1993).

13463:"British Pound (GBP) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate history" 11708:

https://www.pressreader.com/uk/coin-collector/20210813/page/33

6366:

who suggested the pound would eventually have to be devalued.

6009: 5587:

Currency of Great Britain (1707) and the United Kingdom (1801)

4667:, the Roman equivalent of the penny; the shilling to "s" from 4638: 4128: 3479: 22304: 20851: 18670: 17248: 16271: 16226: 16162: 15864: 14799: 14575: 14131:"Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories?" 13730:"Security by Design – A closer look at Bank of England notes" 11624:

Stuiver weighs 3,4 g and has a fineness of 479/1000 silver...

10800: 7372: 6570: 6508: 5832: 5599:

to sterling at a value of £12 Scots = £1 sterling.

4853:

grains (1.312 g; 0.042 ozt) of sterling silver (or

3709:

in order to avoid confusion between the two units. A decimal

3487: 3470:. A "pound sterling" was literally a tower pound (weight) of 3442: 3007: 2020: 11760:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain" 11461:"MONEY AND COINAGE IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE" 11398:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain" 10711:(The official list of ISO 4217 alphabetic and numeric codes) 10141:"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves" 10140: 10068:: The name given to the currency of the United Kingdom (cf. 7583:; and the notes incorporate a total of 85 specialized inks. 7500:

Selection of current sterling banknotes printed by all banks

6212: 6128:

Later, in 1966, the UK Government decided to include in the

6008:

Until decimalisation, amounts in sterling were expressed in

5920:, and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25%. 5910: 4288: 2887:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

457: 20241: 17453: 17266: 16766: 16510: 16376: 16289: 16262: 16151: 15997: 15837: 15738: 14644: 14520:

The European Monetary System: Developments and Perspectives

14189: 12818:

Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979–2003

12058: 8772: 7553: 7469:

As of 2020, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the

6673: 6525: 6479: 6259: 6154:. The word "new" was omitted from coins minted after 1981. 5688: 3430:

after them, was used in newspapers, books and letters. The

3120: 2938: 2371: 12024:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

12019:"Review of "Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780" 4998:

th pound or 40 pence. The gold-silver ratio rose again to

3436: 3146:. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held 427: 360:§ Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories 13493:"Exchange rates: Why has the value of the pound tumbled?" 13433:"British Pound (GBP) to Euro (EUR) exchange rate history" 13092:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020. 13066:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020. 12872:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 2 Jul 1997 (Pt 21)" 12791:

An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992

7274:) coin, which had continued in circulation at a value of 6914: 6467: 5935:

In 1940, an agreement with the US pegged sterling to the

5731:

became the most common coin within the English colonies.

2943: 14523:. Occasional Paper No. 73. International Monetary Fund. 12030:(4). North American Conference on British Studies: 724. 10536:

Barnum and Bailey share certificate (early 20th century)

10176:. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from 7980:

Buying power of one pound compared to its value in 1971

7683:

is no obligation for the other party to provide change.

7291:

1982: The word "new" was dropped from the coinage and a

6302:. The high exchange rate was widely blamed for the deep 3729:

p, worth 1.2 old pennies) was issued until 1984 but was

1201:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

12377:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. E2. 11733:. Leibniz Information Centre for Economics. p. 8. 11267:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

7532:

With the extension of sterling to Ireland in 1825, the

6341: 6073:

in 1853, resulting in the Chancellor of the Exchequer,

5641:

restored Irish autonomy within the British Empire, the

5618:, the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the 3280: 3264: 9972:

Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth; Black, John (2017).

9858:

List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom

6460:

Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government

4645:, a shilling into twelve pence, and a penny into four 3333:

was derived from a pound (weight) of these sterlings.

13344:"Bank 'prints' £75bn and cuts interest rates in half" 12578:"INFLATION ECONOMICS: THE HEATH–BARBER BOOM, 1972–74" 11706:

whose silver content was 0.3 gram or only 0.4 penny.

11008:"British Antarctic Territory Currency Ordinance 1990" 7623:

20 February 2020, followed by a polymer £50 in 2021.

6547:

announced that it would pump £75 billion of new

5622:

soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.

4304:

The pound sterling emerged after the adoption of the

3527:

currency code for sterling is "GBP", formed from the

3406: 1191:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

13376:"Bank of England, Asset Purchase Facility – Results" 13165:"GBPUSD=X: Basic Chart for GBP/USD – Yahoo! Finance" 12317:

The pound sterling : A history of English money

11642:"Burgundian Double Patards In Late Medieval England" 10231:

Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne

9971: 9782: 6435:

to the euro, the British sovereign bases on Cyprus (

6385:(a policy that had originally been advocated by the 4902:

rd of a pound). The pure gold-silver ratio was thus

22018: 10841:Barrett, Claer; Aglionby, John (12 November 2014). 7662: 6504:

Economy of the United Kingdom § Exchange rates

6069:, raised the issue of full decimalisation again in 5867:The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of 5566: 3608:

Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

3446:may occasionally be encountered. Use of the letter 14426:The Financial System in Nineteenth-Century Britain 13342: 12969: 12931: 12576: 12017: 11600: 5743:"Shield reverse" sovereign of Queen Victoria, 1842 4630:. By the ninth century it was equal to 240 silver 4251:(21s, 21/–, £1–1–0 or £1.05 in decimal notation). 3416: 3248:, to yield "little star". The reference is to the 1180:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 18649:Glasgow International Financial Services District 17671: 14660:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union 12933:"Puritanism comes too naturally for 'Huck' Brown" 10914:'Research Guidance' Weights and Measures § Money" 10428:("£1 1st Series Treasury Issue" to "£5 Series B") 7655:, an independent enterprise (wholly owned by the 7399:2007: By now the value of copper in the pre-1992 6760:saw the introduction of two important coins: the 5579:a year later. The Bank of England began to issue 3279:) and from this the Baltic merchants were called 3256:in the twelfth century, which bore a small star. 1771:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 22442: 14378:Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 14376:Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz (1971). 12651:"Brutal Realism and the Promise of Better Times" 11635: 11633: 10729:. International Organisation for Standardisation 10499:His Majesty's Stationery Office (10 July 1939). 7043:coin was reintroduced in 1836, followed by the 3 5863:First world war: suspension of the gold standard 5851:in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the 5111:price from 40 pence to 60 pence (5 shillings or 5077:The last significant depreciation in sterling's 14282:. Bank of America/Meckler Mecklermedia (1990). 14047:Paton, Ryan; Parkman, Chloe (29 October 2021). 13544:Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (12 November 2013). 13309:"ECB, Bank of England cut rates to record lows" 12234:"The Interest Burden of Inter-Government Debts" 10840: 10546: 10164: 10162: 9890: 9888: 6346:On 8 October 1990 the Conservative government ( 4831:, the introduction of gold coins received from 3682: 3127:. Together with those three currencies and the 19026: 16334: 12681: 12496:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) p. 144 11203: 11201: 11199: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11159: 10944:"Why is it called a quid? History of the Quid" 10402: 10400: 10293: 10291: 7659:) which also mints coins for other countries. 6887:Following the succession of the Scottish King 6372: 6309: 6140:. For example, a price tag of £1/12/6. became 5785:her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days 4319:Value of £1 sterling in grams and troy ounces 1196:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 20905: 20218: 20192:List of people on coins of the United Kingdom 19626: 18995: 17657: 17401: 16902: 16320: 15698: 14629: 14605: 14403:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). 14133:. royalmint.com. 11 July 2014. Archived from 13600: 13570: 12971:"Euro reaches field that is for ever England" 12401:"British devalue pound, ask $ 1 million loan" 11900: 11698:One problem cited was the importation of the 11630: 10540: 10050:The Handbook of International Financial Terms 8557: 6945:was introduced in 1663, soon followed by the 6743:and worth 10/– (i.e. 2 to the pound) and the 4956:was valued close to 40 pence while the Dutch 3673:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3585: 3388:, which (depending on typeface) may be drawn 3205:when discussing the official currency of the 3185:is the name of the currency as a whole while 3044: 16812:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 15980:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14465: 14443: 14046: 13543: 13145:FXGraph: Graphical Display of Currency Rates 12193: 11785: 10720: 10501:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1938 Volume No.69" 10468: 10159: 9885: 7504:The first sterling notes were issued by the 7057:was introduced, followed by the short-lived 6478:, the United Kingdom could have adopted the 6471:nation but Denmark must eventually sign up. 6322:, decided that sterling should "shadow" the 5903:in the period between 1894 and 1913, to 89/6 5085:. Enforcement of monetary standards amongst 4706:The origins of sterling lie in the reign of 4611:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066) 3650:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 3642:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3082:and nine of its associated territories. The 2602:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2529:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2498:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 20919: 14158:Inflation: the value of the pound 1750–2005 13843: 13841: 13839: 13642:"Notes recently withdrawn from circulation" 13519:"Pound hits record low after tax cut plans" 12692:Goodbye, Great Britain: The 1976 IMF Crisis 12313: 12139: 11196: 11156: 10760:. London: Spiramus Press Ltd. p. 838. 10397: 10288: 7956:has had a dramatic effect during and after 5631:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4948:th pound, 40 pence) was worth close to one 3593: 3580:A common slang term for the pound unit is " 3557:is referred to as "cable" in the wholesale 3491: 3451: 3424:) placed before the numerals, or an italic 3357: 3351: 3345: 1206:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 22496:Currencies of British Overseas Territories 20912: 20898: 20225: 20211: 19633: 19619: 19002: 18988: 17664: 17650: 17408: 17394: 16909: 16895: 16327: 16313: 15705: 15691: 15624:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism 14636: 14622: 14014: 12964: 12617:"The Cabinet Papers – Global oil shortage" 12364: 12362: 12360: 11752: 11610:. Museum of the National Bank of Belgium. 11487:240–243 pennies minted from a Tower Pound. 11390: 10234:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 10046: 10003: 10001: 9843:Commonwealth banknote-issuing institutions 8564: 8550: 8371:Sterling is freely bought and sold on the 7586:The Bank of England produces notes named " 7571:. Three printing techniques are involved: 7520:began issuing notes in 1695. Although the 6749:introduced at the noble's old value of 6/8 5544:, thus discouraging the melting of coins. 5136:) denominations in the Continent, namely: 3553:The exchange rate of sterling against the 3051: 3037: 2149:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 2087:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 30:"GBP" redirects here. For other uses, see 22546:Currencies with multiple banknote issuers 22506:Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations 20563:Japanese government-issued Oceanian pound 14517:Horst Ungerer, Jouko J. Hauvonen (1990). 14022:"Foreign travel advice: Falkland Islands" 13792:"Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes" 13336: 13334: 12757:"Sometimes it can pay to break the rules" 12203:inflation figures are based on data from 11791: 11264: 9876: 8537:Currency composition of official foreign 7702:, which was repealed on 1 January 1946.) 7690:notes are legal tender for any amount in 6814:'s reign (1509–1547) saw a high level of 5950: 5911:Interwar period: gold standard reinstated 5849:International Monetary Conference of 1867 5445:Learn how and when to remove this message 4661:. The penny was abbreviated to "d", from 4597:Learn how and when to remove this message 1525:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 17415: 15712: 13910:"Can I spend Scottish money in England?" 13836: 13666: 13367: 13303: 13301: 12926: 12543: 11838: 11497: 11495: 11452: 11425: 11074:"1984: Halfpenny coin to meet its maker" 10937: 10935: 10843:"Traders' forex chatroom banter exposed" 10575:. The Dozenal Society of Great Britain. 10133: 10072:). Also called pound sterling or pounds. 10008:Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). "Pound". 7666: 7495: 7458:coins were changed from cupro-nickel to 6735:worth six shillings and eight pence (6/8 6611: 6607: 6519: 6507: 6497: 6446:The government of former Prime Minister 6254:economic reforms were put in place. The 6211: 6203: 6161: 5947:which governed post-war exchange rates. 5738: 5456: 5068: 4818: 4755: 4614: 4287: 4142: 17958:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 17898:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 17566:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark 13270: 13268: 12721: 12393: 12357: 12266: 12133: 12048: 11974: 11323: 10371: 10228:Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003). 10227: 10083: 10012:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 9998: 9978:(5 ed.). Oxford University Press. 7478:their face value, so they tended to be 6193: 6182:from August 1971 onwards. At first, it 5649:, initially pegged at par to sterling. 5121:pound) and was henceforth known as the 14: 22443: 19009: 16916: 14410:(18th ed.). Krause Publications. 13697: 13373: 13340: 13331: 13191:"ECB ratings: Pound sterling in Euros" 12878:from the original on 22 September 2017 12754: 12727: 12645: 12574: 12544:Casciani, Dominic (29 December 2006). 11863: 11114:from the original on 21 September 2021 10941: 10651:from the original on 14 September 2021 10477:from the original on 23 September 2019 10084:Rendall, Alasdair (12 November 2007). 10077: 10047:Moles, Peter; Terry, Nicholas (1999). 10007: 7328:p coin was withdrawn from circulation. 7093:coin was introduced; the last silver 3 6157: 5994:to £1 = US$ 2.40 on 18 November 1967. 4789:The introduction of the larger French 4687:); and the pound to "L" (subsequently 2572:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 519: 22017: 20893: 20206: 19614: 18983: 17645: 17389: 16890: 16308: 15686: 15619:European Financial Stability Facility 14810:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor) 14617: 14604: 14469:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 14447:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 14230:from the original on 22 February 2014 14192:"Consumer Price Inflation since 1750" 13710:from the original on 16 February 2014 13669:"The inkjet counterfeiter (Wired UK)" 13382:from the original on 16 February 2013 13298: 13227:from the original on 3 September 2017 13126:from the original on 26 February 2009 13044:from the original on 3 September 2017 12908:from the original on 15 December 2007 12845:, University of Manchester, pp. 1–22. 12814: 12769:from the original on 27 February 2013 12663:from the original on 22 February 2014 12556:from the original on 3 September 2017 12368: 12204: 11725: 11492: 11436:from the original on 4 September 2021 11084:from the original on 18 February 2015 10932: 10855:from the original on 18 February 2022 10751: 10745: 10671:"Style guide for authors and editors" 10579:from the original on 12 November 2020 7247:(2p) coins and the withdrawal of the 5575:was founded in 1694, followed by the 5202: 4782:, the alloy is harder than the 99.9% 4281: 3303:, which by the 1340s was also called 2917:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2562:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 22491:Currencies of the Crown Dependencies 19640: 18964: 18681:London Platinum and Palladium Market 15011:Coins by country with minting rights 14155: 14059:from the original on 31 October 2021 13920:from the original on 21 October 2014 13907: 13473:from the original on 24 October 2016 13443:from the original on 24 October 2016 13400: 13319:from the original on 18 January 2018 13265: 13253:from the original on 2 February 2011 13249:. Oanda Corporation. 16 April 2011. 12787: 12736:from the original on 6 February 2015 12709:from the original on 17 October 2015 12627:from the original on 3 February 2011 12181:from the original on 4 November 2007 12155:from the original on 21 January 2021 12149:Around the World in Seventy-Two Days 12117:. Centralbank.org.bb. Archived from 12083:The relevant enabling acts were the 11943: 11680:from the original on 11 January 2022 11654:from the original on 7 November 2021 11639: 11564: 11513:from the original on 20 October 2020 11355:were merely useful units of account. 11208:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896). 11207: 11176:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896). 11175: 10471:"Diary of Samuel Pepys/1660/January" 10449:from the original on 4 December 2019 10418:from the original on 15 January 2019 10309:from the original on 3 December 2013 10040: 8018: Equivalent buying power 8012: Equivalent buying power 8006: Equivalent buying power 8000: Equivalent buying power 7994: Equivalent buying power 7988: Equivalent buying power 7970:p, worth about 6.4p in 2015 prices. 7875: 7601: 7480:removed from circulation and hoarded 6690: 6566:suggested it was not an experiment. 6494:were reallocated to other EU banks. 6342:Following the European Currency Unit 5652: 5383:adding citations to reliable sources 5354: 4971: 4823:Edward III noble (80 pence), 1354–55 4535:adding citations to reliable sources 4506: 2637:British National (Overseas) passport 2582:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2544:British Overseas Territories citizen 2038:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1934:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 20162:List of British banknotes and coins 16005:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 15193:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 14002:from the original on 10 August 2018 13996:"100 Falkland Island Pounds to GBP" 13940:"Currency used in Northern Ireland" 13700:"Britain's £1m and £100m banknotes" 13679:from the original on 12 August 2014 13116:"Pound reaches 26-year dollar high" 12898:"Rate hike fear as inflation jumps" 12755:Keegan, William (26 October 2003). 12546:"Crisis threatened nuclear weapons" 12525:(Jefferson: McFarland, 2001) p. 26f 12295:from the original on 6 October 2021 12273:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11875:. British Numismatic Society: 393. 11780:3d, 6d, 2/6, 5/- issued since 1551. 10912:Manuscripts and Special Collections 10902: 10890:from the original on 5 January 2022 10774:from the original on 17 August 2022 10507:from the original on 17 August 2022 10276:from the original on 7 January 2017 10248:from the original on 7 January 2017 6802:) and two shillings and six pence ( 6598:2016 UK referendum on EU membership 5663:Sterling circulated in much of the 4982:Great Slump of the mid-15th century 4814: 4626:The pound was a unit of account in 4139:List of British banknotes and coins 3409: 1631:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 688:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 24: 19465: 15422:European Monetary Cooperation Fund 14820:European payments initiative (EPI) 14272: 14156:Webb, Dominic (13 February 2006). 13976:from the original on 24 March 2014 13970:"Foreign travel advice: Gibraltar" 13824:from the original on 14 March 2010 13588:from the original on 15 March 2017 13197:from the original on 1 August 2013 13034:"Most Britons 'still oppose euro'" 13014:from the original on 24 March 2014 12411:from the original on 15 April 2021 12381:from the original on 15 April 2021 12314:Feavearyear, Albert Edgar (1963). 12248:from the original on 15 April 2021 12151:. The Pictorial Weeklies Company. 12015: 11955:. British Numismatic Society: 98. 11792:Pettigrew, William Andrew (2013). 11770:from the original on 21 April 2021 11404:from the original on 21 April 2021 11014:from the original on 12 April 2021 10920:from the original on 12 March 2014 10385:from the original on 25 March 2022 10354: 10331: 10205:. Sterling Judaica. Archived from 9927:. Bank of England. 31 October 2022 9894:Scotland and Northern Ireland only 7626: 7081:, production of the sovereign and 6818:which continued into the reign of 6649:falling below the 2% target rate. 5477:, who in turn sourced it from the 3687: 3462:(weight), which in time became an 3384:for the pound unit of sterling is 25: 22557: 18911:Confederation of British Industry 18106:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 17769:Department for Business and Trade 17764:Competition and Markets Authority 14567: 14546:. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 1478-1485. 14428:. The Victorian Archives Series. 14107:. Bank of England. Archived from 14028:from the original on 14 June 2014 13859:from the original on 9 April 2014 13772:from the original on 24 July 2019 13735:. Bank of England. Archived from 13698:Bowlby, Chris (26 January 2013). 13644:. Bank of England. Archived from 13355:from the original on 3 March 2014 13286:from the original on 6 March 2009 13276:"Bank to pump £75bn into economy" 13217:"Pound hits new low against euro" 13070:from the original on 11 July 2020 12982:from the original on 3 March 2014 12946:from the original on 3 March 2014 12868:. 2 July 1997. col. 303–303. 12371:"How the British pound plummeted" 12175:"Investment - World Gold Council" 11477:from the original on 6 April 2021 11458: 11336:from the original on 21 July 2021 11301:from the original on 16 June 2008 10942:Crispe, Stuart (30 August 2023). 10687:from the original on 26 June 2021 10606:International Labour Organization 10367:from the original on 25 May 2022. 10344:from the original on 2 June 2022. 9903:£50 in 1966 is about £1176 today. 6266:(EEC), and in light of this, the 6258:feared the crisis could endanger 5997: 5815:(or equivalent currencies of the 5783:carried Bank of England notes on 5722:The original English colonies on 5281:, replacing the groat; and a new 4913: 4751: 4154:6 (ten shillings and sixpence, a 1816:Greater London Authority Act 1999 22501:Currencies of the British Empire 22486:Currencies of the United Kingdom 18963: 18954: 18953: 17806:Office for Budget Responsibility 16503:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15665: 15653: 15641: 14815:Single euro payments area (SEPA) 14718:European System of Central Banks 14242: 14183: 14149: 14123: 14097: 14071: 14040: 13988: 13962: 13950:from the original on 5 July 2018 13932: 13908:King, Mark (12 September 2012). 13901: 13889:from the original on 6 July 2018 13871: 13810: 13784: 13754: 13722: 13691: 13660: 13634: 13558:from the original on 17 May 2017 13537: 13511: 13485: 13455: 13425: 13413:from the original on 7 July 2016 13394: 13239: 13209: 13183: 13157: 13138: 13108: 13096:from the original on 4 June 2020 13082: 13056: 13026: 12994: 12958: 12920: 12890: 12848: 12835: 12808: 12781: 12748: 12675: 12639: 12609: 12595:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2010.02028.x 12344:A History of the Canadian Dollar 12065:from the original on 12 May 2021 11962:from the original on 12 May 2021 11882:from the original on 11 May 2021 11866:"The Gold Coinage of Charles II" 11820:from the original on 6 June 2022 11740:from the original on 12 May 2021 11614:from the original on 12 May 2021 11576:from the original on 12 May 2021 11546:from the original on 12 May 2021 11378:from the original on 12 May 2021 11324:Lowther, Ed (14 February 2014). 11246:from the original on 9 July 2021 11216:from the original on 12 May 2021 11184:from the original on 12 May 2021 10615:from the original on 17 May 2022 9827: 9813: 9799: 9785: 8366: 7663:Legal tender and national issues 7379:coins continued in circulation). 7130: 7125: 7109: 7085:was suspended, and although the 6512:The cost of £1 sterling in 6488:European System of Central Banks 6431:switching its currency from the 6352:European Exchange Rate Mechanism 6166:The cost of 1 pound sterling in 5966:Anglo-American loan § Terms 5955: 5879:and Chancellor of the Exchequer 5734: 5567:Establishment of modern currency 5359: 5273:, replacing the half-groat; the 5097:which resulted in a significant 4904:1:(80 × 15.73 / 119.38) = 1:10.5 4760:Penny of Henry III, 13th century 4511: 4184:. The symbol for the penny was " 4166:, the pound was divided into 20 3762: 3755: 3518: 3219:Sterling silver § Etymology 3006: 2993: 2975: 2960: 1031: 933: 903: 871: 745: 715: 644: 619: 546: 56: 49: 22020:Countries of the United Kingdom 21120:Countries of the United Kingdom 17742:Governor of the Bank of England 14643: 14406:Standard Catalog of World Coins 14303:"Bank of England Banknotes FAQ" 13798:from the original on 3 May 2019 13171:from the original on 5 May 2010 13002:"Should Britain join the euro?" 12861:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 12568: 12537: 12528: 12515: 12499: 12486: 12477: 12468: 12459: 12450: 12441: 12432: 12423: 12369:Nevin, Louis (3 October 1976). 12336: 12324: 12307: 12260: 12226: 12167: 12107: 12077: 12042: 12009: 11995: 11937: 11894: 11857: 11832: 11798:. UNC Press Books. p. 11. 11719: 11692: 11676:. Portable Antiquities Scheme. 11666: 11558: 11528: 11419: 11360: 11317: 11283: 11258: 11228: 11126: 11096: 11066: 11052: 11026: 11000: 10991: 10961: 10870: 10834: 10807: 10786: 10714: 10699: 10663: 10627: 10591: 10565: 10528: 10492: 10469:Samuel Pepys (2 January 1660). 10461: 10431: 10348: 10325: 10260: 10221: 10195: 10116:"Triennial Central Bank Survey" 10096:from the original on 3 May 2008 9897: 7767:Maximum usable as legal tender 7610:, issued by Northern Ireland's 7492:Banknotes of the pound sterling 7024:and 3/– between 1811 and 1816. 6928:coins followed in the reign of 6103:Governor of the Bank of England 5930: 5625:In 1801, Great Britain and the 5486:fixed at 21 shillings in 1717. 5370:needs additional citations for 5350: 5089:was loose, spending under King 4890:120gr @ 0.9948 fine = 119.38 gr 4866:108gr @ 0.9948 fine = 107.44 gr 4855:20.25gr @ 0.925 fine = 18.73 gr 4679:, later evolving into a simple 4522:needs additional citations for 3417:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} 3168:guarantee convertibility at par 2922:United Nations Security Council 602:Other constitutional principles 21115:Counties of the United Kingdom 18921:Federation of Small Businesses 17097:British Indian Ocean Territory 17076:British Indian Ocean Territory 14203:Office for National Statistics 14105:"Other British Islands' Notes" 13582:Office for National Statistics 12728:Samson, Rob (5 January 2015). 11326:"A short history of the pound" 10573:"A brief history of the pound" 10108: 9965: 9951:Office for National Statistics 9939: 9917: 5073:Crown (5/–) of Edward VI, 1551 5064: 4988:of 40 grains (2.578 g), worth 4936:French monetary reform of 1425 4502: 3736: 3564: 3474:. In the British pre-decimal ( 3466:unit of weight defined as the 3356:is a noun meaning 'pound' and 3259:Another theory holds that the 2458:British Indian Ocean Territory 2003:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1801:English votes for English laws 1781:Council of Nations and Regions 540:Politics of the United Kingdom 490:Office for National Statistics 27:Currency of the United Kingdom 13: 1: 22451:Currencies with ISO 4217 code 20802:Historical antecedents (mass) 19595:Economy of the United Kingdom 18691:Alternative Investment Market 18671:London Interbank Offered Rate 18627:List of UK building societies 17673:Economy of the United Kingdom 16573:Netherlands Antillean guilder 14795:Economy of the European Union 13578:"Inflation and price indices" 13341:Duncan, Gary (6 March 2009). 11944:MAYS, JAMES O'DONALD (1978). 11565:Shaw, William Arthur (1896). 10973:Lexico Dictionaries | English 9947:"Inflation and price indices" 9910: 8541:(1965–2023, fourth quarters) 7195:1969: The curved equilateral 6555:, through a process known as 4309: 4254:By the 1950s, coins of Kings 3226:The Oxford English Dictionary 2577:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 2008:Scottish statutory instrument 1583:Scottish Parliament elections 1069:Justices of the Supreme Court 334:; 1224 years ago 329: 21887:Universal basic income (UBI) 20713:Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound 19542:British Overseas Territories 18906:British Chambers of Commerce 18901:British Bankers' Association 14925:2 € commemorative coins 14759:European Stability Mechanism 14347:. Henderson Administration. 14326:The Perspective of the World 13374:Meaden, Sam (6 April 2013). 11839:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). 10794:"CHAPS ISO 20022 over SWIFT" 9869: 9853:List of currencies in Europe 7912:British Overseas Territories 7485: 7368:coins began to be minted in 7355:florin or two shilling coins 7173:were introduced. These were 6439:) followed suit, making the 6427:On 1 January 2008, with the 6281: 6239:were still being felt, with 6231:. The effects of the failed 6010:pounds, shillings, and pence 5749:American War of Independence 5493:was introduced in 1663 with 4950:Livre Parisis (French pound) 4170:, and each shilling into 12 3683:Subdivisions and other units 3630:British Overseas Territories 3478:) currency system, the term 3212: 2842:politics of Northern Ireland 2044:Government of Wales Act 1998 1176:UK Parliament constituencies 7: 22536:Currencies of South America 22521:Currencies of the Caribbean 22516:Currencies of North America 21892:Water supply and sanitation 21591:Weapons of mass destruction 21576:His Majesty's Naval Service 20868:Carolingian monetary system 17794:Chancellor of the Exchequer 17774:Financial Conduct Authority 16210:São Tomé and Príncipe dobra 15432:European Monetary Institute 14364:University of Chicago Press 14330:Civilisation and Capitalism 12049:Pulling, Alexander (1904). 11946:"SILVER TOKENS AND BRISTOL" 11466:. Department of Economics, 10723:"ISO 4217 - Currency Codes" 10361:Online Etymology Dictionary 10338:Online Etymology Dictionary 10145:International Monetary Fund 9778: 9769:International Monetary Fund 7700:Currency (Defence) Act 1939 7442:coins feature parts of the 6686:Coins of the pound sterling 6587:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6484:UK's withdrawal from the EU 6422:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6412:United Kingdom and the euro 6395:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6377:In 1997, the newly elected 6373:Following inflation targets 6316:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6310:Following the Deutsche Mark 6272:International Monetary Fund 6264:European Economic Community 5465:minted during the reign of 5049:th pound sterling made one 4968:persisted up to the 1560s. 4839:English pennies reduced to 4306:Carolingian monetary system 4135:Coins of the pound sterling 3634:British Antarctic Territory 3329:and that the compound noun 2452:British Antarctic Territory 1776:Legislative consent motions 918:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 10: 22562: 21987:Stereotypes of the British 20698:Prince Edward Island pound 20432:British West African pound 20339:Local alternative currency 20167:List of British currencies 18941:UK Payments Administration 17893:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 17717:Government-owned companies 16598:Trinidad and Tobago dollar 15286:Other extant EU currencies 15132:Monetary agreement with EU 14382:Princeton University Press 13944:www.discoveringireland.com 13883:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk 13608:"The new 12-sided £1 coin" 12331:The Board of Trade Journal 12177:. Gold.org. 26 July 2011. 11953:British Numismatic Journal 11873:British Numismatic Journal 11372:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk 10910:"University of Nottingham 10754:"Section 2: Abbreviations" 10086:"Economic terms explained" 10010:Canadian Oxford Dictionary 9848:List of British currencies 9762: 8523: 8381:Current GBP exchange rates 7489: 7190:florin (two shilling coin) 7165:British coinage timeline: 6695:The silver penny (plural: 6683: 6538:2007–2008 financial crisis 6501: 6409: 6197: 6174:With the breakdown of the 6001: 5959: 5656: 5522:British East India Company 4879:18 @ 0.925 fine = 15.73 gr 4608: 4132: 4126: 3731:withdrawn due to inflation 3546: 3373: 3238:for "star" with the added 3216: 3207:People's Republic of China 3094:of sterling, and the word 2892:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 29: 22402: 22303: 22204: 22152:First Minister and deputy 22117: 22030: 22026: 22013: 22009: 21910: 21750: 21741: 21699: 21616: 21607: 21566: 21507: 21376: 21372: 21363: 21225: 21153: 21105: 21101: 21092: 21025: 20937: 20928: 20838: 20801: 20541:Italian East African lira 20384: 20338: 20250: 20141: 20081: 20040: 19719: 19648: 19574: 19547:(at parity with sterling) 19540: 19512: 19455: 19413: 19379: 19358: 19354: 19347:Danske Bank/Northern Bank 19345: 19307: 19297: 19273: 19242: 19233: 19190: 19152: 19143: 19109: 19068: 19035: 19017: 18949: 18884: 18701: 18600: 18465: 18458: 18374: 18304: 18231: 18206: 18054: 18043: 18016:National champions policy 18011:Recessions and recoveries 17988: 17928:1979 Winter of Discontent 17863:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 17855: 17846: 17838:UK Trade & Investment 17747:Monetary Policy Committee 17725: 17679: 17589: 17553: 17482: 17424: 17219: 17109: 17026: 17010: 16958: 16922: 16859: 16734: 16658: 16406: 16384:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 16343: 16139: 15960: 15887: 15813:Central African CFA franc 15795: 15721: 15636: 15611: 15480: 15460: 15367: 15358: 15318: 15294: 15283: 15259:Countries and territories 15256: 15206: 15188:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 15167: 15130: 15017: 15010: 14958: 14930:Other commemorative coins 14875: 14868: 14835: 14782: 14754:Stability and Growth Pact 14746: 14700: 14652: 14611: 14606:Links to related articles 14544:Southern Economic Journal 14529:10.5089/9781557751720.084 14487:Lewis D. Solomon (1996). 13849:"Legal Tender Guidelines" 13546:"UK inflation since 1948" 13193:. European Central Bank. 12695:. Yale University Press. 12244:: 342. 2 September 1922. 11426:Snelling, Thomas (1763). 11224:– via Google Books. 11192:– via Google Books. 10642:World Health Organization 10553:. T. Snelling. p. ii 9975:A Dictionary of Economics 8380: 7773:£100 (produced from 2015) 7315:p coin was last produced. 7124: 7116: 6849:and 5/–. In the reign of 6290:was elected to office in 5972:1949 sterling devaluation 5614:. In accordance with the 5602:In 1707, the kingdoms of 5087:its constituent provinces 4929:40 × 0.899 / 3.481 = 10.3 4459: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4118: 4049: 4011: 3985: 3976: 3961: 3945: 3938: 3925: 3912: 3905: 3884: 3863: 3856: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3817: 3809: 3799: 3794: 3750: 3369: 2967:United Kingdom portal 2857:Northern Ireland Protocol 2196:Non-metropolitan District 1885:Northern Ireland Act 1998 1135:Monetary Policy Committee 587:Parliamentary sovereignty 512: 496: 483: 473: 468: 450: 438: 420: 408: 388: 374: 369: 346: 325: 320: 271: 250: 219: 212: 202: 195: 185: 178: 159: 152: 145: 130: 122: 112: 107: 95: 83: 76: 44: 21780:Environmental inequality 20753:South West African pound 20743:Southern Rhodesian pound 17953:2009 bank rescue package 17948:2008 bank rescue package 17913:1929–39 Great Depression 17784:HM Revenue & Customs 17692:Employee-owned companies 16646:Turks and Caicos Islands 15829:Central African Republic 15612:Former fiscal provisions 15382:European Monetary System 15172:using euro per agreement 14502:Philip Stephens (1995). 14162:House of Commons Library 13467:www.exchangerates.org.uk 13437:www.exchangerates.org.uk 11903:Journal of World History 11593:sterling at 36 g, 2 11414:2d, 4d issued since 1347 11368:"Halfpenny and Farthing" 10599:"ILO House style manual" 10547:Thomas Snelling (1762). 10299:"Pound sterling (money)" 8373:foreign exchange markets 8363:(and £163.40 in 2022). 7936:House of Commons Library 7929: 7783:£20 (produced from 2013) 7618:) in 2000, was the only 7266:1980: Withdrawal of the 7120:coin (new design, 2016) 7101:, with the exception of 7074:), halfpenny and penny. 6798:, worth five shillings ( 6679: 5629:were united to form the 5612:Kingdom of Great Britain 3652:) is either sterling or 3612:The currency of all the 3559:foreign exchange markets 3549:Cable (foreign exchange) 3542: 3177: 2535:Turks and Caicos Islands 1806:Greater London Authority 956:Leader of the Opposition 661:William, Prince of Wales 530:This article is part of 520:§ Pegged currencies 68:Series G II £50 banknote 20546:Italian Somaliland lira 18121:List of counties by GVA 17903:1873–79 Long Depression 17868:Agricultural Revolution 17833:UK Statistics Authority 17133:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15261:using euro unilaterally 14774:European Fiscal Compact 14595:Foreign exchange market 14430:Oxford University Press 13766:www.bankofengland.co.uk 13010:. London. 12 May 2003. 12732:. Pound Sterling Live. 12656:The Wall Street Journal 12350:27 January 2012 at the 12205:Clark, Gregory (2017). 12101:8 November 2014 at the 12090:8 November 2014 at the 11726:Quinn, Stephen (2005). 11713:10 January 2022 at the 10303:Encyclopædia Britannica 7298:1983: A (round, brass) 6528:in sterling (from 1999) 6466:2008, the results of a 6405: 6348:Third Thatcher ministry 6246:The Wall Street Journal 6032:were no longer in use. 5943:and became part of the 5583:from "the late 1600s". 5561:Great Recoinage of 1816 5524:was able to foster the 5288:In silver or gold: the 5285:or testoon (1s or 1/–). 4938:, the gold half-noble ( 4768:was introduced by King 3705:was not reused for the 3366:, meaning 'by weight'. 3323:Encyclopædia Britannica 3305: 3281: 3265: 3244: 3234: 3113:foreign exchange market 2281:Community council areas 2159:Non-metropolitan county 1939:Law of Northern Ireland 22541:Currencies of Zimbabwe 22531:Currencies of Scotland 22461:Circulating currencies 21666:Science and technology 20578:Lombardo-Venetian lira 20278:Falkland Islands pound 19556:Falkland Islands pound 19192:Royal Bank of Scotland 18931:Institute of Directors 18896:Business organisations 18821:Science and technology 18714:International students 18426:Working Time Directive 17799:Debt Management Office 16784:Falkland Islands pound 16628:British Virgin Islands 16220:West African CFA franc 15488:European Currency Unit 15174:without minting rights 14670:European banking union 12815:James, Harold (2020). 12575:Steele, G. R. (2010). 12267:Steiner, Zara (2005). 11864:Stride, H. G. (1955). 11843:. Simon and Schuster. 10758:Leach's Tax Dictionary 10752:Leach, Robert (2021). 10190:sterling, n.1 and adj. 10121:. BIS. 27 October 2022 8528:Sterling is used as a 7916:Falkland Islands pound 7676: 7526:Royal Bank of Scotland 7501: 6642: 6529: 6517: 6354:(ERM), with £1 set at 6350:) decided to join the 6217: 6209: 6171: 6125:from 1926 until 1948. 5985:were tightened by the 5951:History (1946–present) 5744: 5724:mainland North America 5526:indirect sale of opium 5482: 5074: 5022:Burgundian Netherlands 4918:The exigencies of the 4824: 4766:In 1158, a new coinage 4761: 4716:accounting convenience 4641:one pound into twenty 4623: 4622:penny (eighth century) 4301: 4164:decimalisation in 1971 4159: 3598:via the common phrase 3594: 3586: 3492: 3490:referred to the Roman 3452: 3418: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3144:special drawing rights 2620:Diplomatic missions of 2464:British Virgin Islands 22526:Currencies of Oceania 22511:Currencies of England 21643:Free trade agreements 20733:Solomon Islands pound 20484:French colonial livre 20233:Currency units named 20032:Five guineas (£5/5/–) 20017:Double sovereign (£2) 19993:Half sovereign (10/–) 18926:Industry trade groups 18686:London Stock Exchange 18676:London Metal Exchange 18443:Trades Union Congress 18136:East London Tech City 17980:Cost-of-living crisis 17918:1948–52 Marshall Plan 17873:Industrial Revolution 16637:Caribbean Netherlands 16489:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16444:East Caribbean dollar 16429:Cayman Islands dollar 15847:Republic of the Congo 15659:European Union portal 15208:Potential adoption by 15198:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14945:Europa coin programme 14708:European Central Bank 14665:Capital Markets Union 14491:. Praeger Publishers 14466:Pick, Albert (1994). 14444:Pick, Albert (1990). 14343:John Brennan (1983). 13167:. Finance.yahoo.com. 12621:The National Archives 11915:10.1353/jwh.2002.0035 11468:University of Toronto 11138:The Royal Mint Museum 11108:The Royal Mint Museum 10886:. 22 September 1931. 10721:Staff writer (2015). 10408:"Withdrawn banknotes" 10272:. 1903. p. 129. 9835:United Kingdom portal 7826:25p (pre-1990 crown) 7670: 7608:Northern Bank £5 note 7499: 7349:1992: A new, smaller 7338:1990: A new, smaller 7156:, and Northern Irish 7008:(8 reales) and other 6615: 6608:Annual inflation rate 6543:On 5 March 2009, the 6523: 6511: 6498:Recent exchange rates 6492:European Central Bank 6437:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 6215: 6207: 6168:United States dollars 6165: 6136:, which was worth 2.4 6121:until 1983); and the 5885:Depression of 1920–21 5855:was discussed, and a 5742: 5729:Spanish milled dollar 5534:Parliament of England 5471:Royal African Company 5460: 5338:And in gold: the new 5072: 4822: 4799:worth four pence and 4759: 4653:system introduced by 4649:was adopted from the 4618: 4291: 4146: 4133:Further information: 3537:London Stock Exchange 3482:(or Lsd) for pounds, 3419: 3217:Further information: 2862:British–Irish Council 2847:Good Friday Agreement 2659:Free trade agreements 2624:in the United Kingdom 2435:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2351:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1911:deputy First Minister 1796:Governance of England 807:Deputy Prime Minister 22471:Currencies of Europe 22456:Currencies of Africa 21992:World Heritage Sites 21785:Environmental issues 21489:Female party leaders 21130:Overseas territories 20788:Western Samoan pound 20738:South Carolina pound 20653:North Carolina pound 20310:South Sudanese pound 20129:Landmarks of Britain 20022:Two guineas (£2/2/–) 18720:Entertainment & 17943:Late-2000s recession 17938:1992 Black Wednesday 17878:Financial Revolution 17707:FTSE Fledgling Index 17610:(pegged currencies: 16215:Sierra Leonean leone 15942:South Sudanese pound 15481:Preceding currencies 15447:European debt crisis 14837:International status 14449:: Specialized Issues 14424:Mary Poovey (2002). 13667:Higginbotham, Adam. 13584:. 15 December 2021. 13223:. 29 December 2008. 12968:(27 December 2007). 12788:Naef, Alain (2022). 12689:(19 February 1992). 7793:£5 (post-1990 crown) 7758:issued by the Mint. 7731:pre-decimalisation 6 6853:(1558–1603), silver 6782:before numerals or " 6662:Consumer Price Index 6630: CPIH (CPI+OOH) 6490:, and shares in the 6456:convergence criteria 6441:Sovereign Base Areas 6391:Consumer Price Index 6331:German reunification 6298:policy of targeting 6208:UK inflation history 6200:1976 sterling crisis 6194:1976 sterling crisis 6176:Bretton Woods system 6020:., 32/6, £1. 12 5945:Bretton Woods system 5853:Latin Monetary Union 5817:Latin Monetary Union 5591:In the 17th century 5379:improve this article 5095:the Great Debasement 5083:Habsburg Netherlands 4986:half-angel gold coin 4978:Great Bullion Famine 4922:during the reign of 4827:During the reign of 4531:improve this article 4188:.", from the French 3656:to sterling at par. 3404: 3390:with one or two bars 3133:basket of currencies 3117:United States dollar 2426:Overseas Territories 2191:Metropolitan Borough 1917:Emma Little-Pengelly 1858:Combined authorities 1216:UK general elections 683:Counsellors of State 597:Separation of powers 326:Date of introduction 32:GBP (disambiguation) 20623:New Hampshire pound 20613:New Brunswick pound 20608:Massachusetts pound 20114:Quintuple sovereign 19979:Quarter guinea (5/3 19969:Double florin (4/–) 18416:Equal opportunities 18021:Economic liberalism 17923:1974 Three-Day Week 17908:1926 general strike 17712:FTSE SmallCap Index 17535:Transnistrian ruble 16945:Turkmenistani manat 16619:U.S. Virgin Islands 16459:Antigua and Barbuda 16147:Cape Verdean escudo 15931:Somaliland shilling 15760:Mauritanian ouguiya 15746:Plazas de soberanía 15462:Previous EU members 15376:Snake in the tunnel 14827:Euro Currency Index 14171:on 23 November 2011 13794:. Bank of England. 13762:"Polymer banknotes" 13648:on 10 November 2013 13525:. 26 September 2022 13499:. 26 September 2022 13378:. Bank of England. 13150:7 July 2006 at the 13007:The Daily Telegraph 12966:Theodoulou, Michael 12649:(2 December 2009). 11144:on 27 February 2015 10678:Bloomsbury Academic 10439:"Current banknotes" 10381:. Bank of England. 10209:on 30 December 2013 10203:"Easterling theory" 9953:. 18 September 2024 8542: 7981: 7898:fixed exchange rate 7725:(crown) coins, and 7460:nickel-plated steel 7047:in 1838, with the 4 6557:quantitative easing 6474:As a member of the 6452:five economic tests 6400:Retail Prices Index 6158:Free-floating pound 6113:from 1863 to 1866; 6087:Lancashire Southern 6063:John Benjamin Smith 6037:Sir John Wrottesley 5907:. in August 1920. 5681:British West Africa 5547:During the time of 4803:worth two pence. A 4708:King Offa of Mercia 4651:livre carolingienne 4628:Anglo-Saxon England 4320: 3786:coin issued in 1963 3777:coin issued in 1967 3747: 3301:Steelyard of London 3137:calculate the value 2649:UK–CD Customs Union 2413:UK-CD Customs Union 2384:Bailiwick of Jersey 2171:Unitary authorities 2154:Metropolitan county 2139:Ceremonial counties 2093:Act of Senedd Cymru 1998:Scottish Parliament 1954:Scottish devolution 492:, 18 September 2024 87:GBP (numeric: 41: 22466:Currencies of Asia 21686:Telecommunications 21638:Economic geography 21494:Political scandals 21125:Crown Dependencies 20763:Tripolitanian lira 20748:South African pond 20703:Rhode Island pound 20683:Pennsylvania pound 20658:Nova Scotian pound 20643:Newfoundland pound 20303:Saint Helena pound 20157:Sterling banknotes 20124:The Queen's Beasts 19988:Third guinea (7/–) 19941:Fifteen pence (1/3 19729:Quarter farthing ( 19566:Saint Helena pound 19514:Crown Dependencies 19459:(no longer issued) 19301:(currently issued) 19011:Sterling banknotes 18831:Telecommunications 17996:Economic geography 17445:(pegged currency: 17296:Israeli new shekel 17044:Bhutanese ngultrum 16940:Tajikistani somoni 16917:Currencies of Asia 16851:Venezuelan bolívar 16795:Paraguayan guaraní 16747:Bolivian boliviano 16700:Nicaraguan córdoba 16690:Guatemalan quetzal 16092:South African rand 16086:Saint Helena pound 16052:Mozambican metical 15947:Tanzanian shilling 15671:Numismatics portal 15493:Austrian schilling 15170:Non-EU territories 14845:Proposed eurobonds 14395:John Kevin Green. 14309:on 12 October 2007 13612:The New Pound Coin 13247:"Historical rates" 13040:. 1 January 2009. 12856:"Budget Statement" 12521:Howard M. Berlin, 12238:The Economic World 12201:Retail Price Index 12096:Currency Act, 1927 12005:. Bank of England. 11982:"Rampant Scotland" 11764:TreasureRealms.com 11400:. Treasure Realm. 10305:. 13 August 2013. 10147:. 23 December 2022 9821:Numismatics portal 8536: 7979: 7924:Saint Helena pound 7882:Crown Dependencies 7677: 7558:Operation Bernhard 7502: 6668:had reached 7.1%, 6643: 6616:UK inflation data 6596:The result of the 6530: 6518: 6429:Republic of Cyprus 6364:Helmut Schlesinger 6288:Conservative Party 6276:public expenditure 6218: 6210: 6172: 5881:Austen Chamberlain 5877:David Lloyd George 5813:French territories 5745: 5639:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5627:Kingdom of Ireland 5483: 5075: 4920:Hundred Years' War 4825: 4762: 4639:system of dividing 4624: 4496:0.235420 ozt 4479:0.235420 ozt 4318: 4302: 4282:History (600–1945) 4160: 4013: Rarely used 3741: 3669:New Zealand dollar 3614:Crown Dependencies 3573:and "bob" for the 3529:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 3414: 3362:is a noun, in the 2408:Common Travel Area 2344:Crown Dependencies 2311:Preserved counties 2291:Shires of Scotland 867:King-in-Parliament 252: Rarely used 39: 22438: 22437: 22398: 22397: 22394: 22393: 22390: 22389: 22005: 22004: 21737: 21736: 21603: 21602: 21599: 21598: 21484:Political parties 21408:Foreign relations 21359: 21358: 21355: 21354: 21088: 21087: 21065:Mass surveillance 21043:Foreign relations 20976:Second World War 20887: 20886: 20881: 20880: 20638:New Zealand pound 20618:New Guinean pound 20504:Saint Lucia livre 20447:Connecticut pound 20330:Ukrainian hryvnia 20200: 20199: 20137: 20136: 20094:Quarter sovereign 19998:Half guinea (10/6 19868:Three halfpence ( 19608: 19607: 19549: 19508: 19507: 19451: 19450: 19409: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19288: 19139: 19138: 19135: 19134: 19019:England and Wales 18977: 18976: 18880: 18879: 18659:Lloyd's of London 18370: 18369: 18342:Industrialisation 18256:Industrialisation 18039: 18038: 17968:COVID-19 pandemic 17888:1815–46 Corn Laws 17639: 17638: 17627: 17545:Ukrainian hryvnia 17520:Kazakhstani tenge 17505:Azerbaijani manat 17450: 17383: 17382: 17232:Azerbaijani manat 17172:Philippine peso ( 17162:Malaysian ringgit 17152:Indonesian rupiah 17117:Australian dollar 17054:Maldivian rufiyaa 17002:New Taiwan dollar 16930:Kazakhstani tenge 16884: 16883: 16867:Caribbean guilder 16821:Surinamese dollar 16705:Panamanian balboa 16685:Costa Rican colón 16302: 16301: 15920:Seychellois rupee 15856:Equatorial Guinea 15680: 15679: 15632: 15631: 15578:Portuguese escudo 15354: 15353: 15163: 15162: 15006: 15005: 14935:Identifying marks 14790:Economy of Europe 14747:Fiscal provisions 14340:(in French 1979). 13401:Lawrence, Colin. 13122:. 18 April 2007. 12904:. 17 April 2007. 12828:978-1-108-83501-5 12801:978-1-108-83999-0 12280:978-0-19-151881-2 12085:Coinage Act, 1926 12016:Meikle, Maureen. 12003:"Early banknotes" 11640:Spufford, Peter. 11507:treasurerealm.com 11276:978-0-470-65632-7 10635:"WHO style guide" 10355:Harper, Douglas. 10332:Harper, Douglas. 9775: 9774: 9244:Australian dollar 8782: 8539:exchange reserves 8521: 8520: 8360: 8359: 7876:Pegged currencies 7873: 7872: 7727:decimal sixpences 7692:England and Wales 7602:Polymer banknotes 7205:ten shilling note 7186:one shilling coin 7163: 7162: 6991:coins and a gold 6934:English Civil War 6691:Pre-decimal coins 6640:housing inflation 6387:Liberal Democrats 6304:recession of 1981 6229:National Archives 6123:Palestine Mandate 6081:in June 1855, by 6075:William Gladstone 6053:Kilmarnock Burghs 5992:devalued by 14.3% 5983:exchange controls 5805:Dutch territories 5713:Southern Rhodesia 5653:Use in the Empire 5455: 5454: 5447: 5429: 5322:), replacing the 5296:), replacing the 4972:Great slump, 1464 4607: 4606: 4599: 4581: 4500: 4499: 4192:, from the Latin 4125: 4124: 3987: Freq. used 3790: 3789: 3628:) and a third of 3448:⟨L⟩ 3396:(in the historic 3340:derives from the 3336:The English word 3061: 3060: 2852:UK–Ireland border 2644:Visa requirements 2595:Foreign relations 2549:Visa requirements 2523: 2514: 2507: 2331:Historic counties 2218:Historic counties 1964:Scotland Act 1998 1186:Political parties 1083:England and Wales 1016:King-on-the-Bench 948:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 583: 525: 524: 221: Freq. used 72: 71: 65:£1 coin (obverse) 18:Sterling currency 16:(Redirected from 22553: 22476:Pound (currency) 22418: 22411: 22119:Northern Ireland 22028: 22027: 22015: 22014: 22011: 22010: 21748: 21747: 21661: 21614: 21613: 21472:House of Commons 21440:Local government 21374: 21373: 21370: 21369: 21280:Renewable energy 21265:hydroelectricity 21103: 21102: 21099: 21098: 20935: 20934: 20914: 20907: 20900: 20891: 20890: 20723:Sammarinese lira 20628:New Jersey pound 20588:Luxembourg livre 20499:New France livre 20489:Guadeloupe livre 20412:Australian pound 20227: 20220: 20213: 20204: 20203: 20187:Coins of Ireland 20182:Scottish coinage 20177:Old Head coinage 20152: 20109:Double sovereign 20038: 20037: 20027:Five pounds (£5) 19886: 19884: 19883: 19880: 19877: 19873: 19850: 19848: 19847: 19844: 19841: 19826: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19817: 19802: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19793: 19773: 19771: 19770: 19767: 19764: 19758:Third farthing ( 19744: 19742: 19741: 19738: 19735: 19670: 19668: 19667: 19664: 19661: 19642:Sterling coinage 19635: 19628: 19621: 19612: 19611: 19585: 19545: 19463: 19462: 19457:Northern Ireland 19356: 19355: 19352: 19351: 19305: 19304: 19299:Northern Ireland 19240: 19239: 19154:Bank of Scotland 19150: 19149: 19033: 19032: 19024: 19023: 19004: 18997: 18990: 18981: 18980: 18967: 18966: 18957: 18956: 18916:Co-operatives UK 18506:Hydroelectricity 18481:Renewable energy 18463: 18462: 18347:Renewable energy 18328: 18276:Renewable energy 18064:Atlantic Gateway 18052: 18051: 17883:Panic of 1796–97 17853: 17852: 17666: 17659: 17652: 17643: 17642: 17609: 17571:Macedonian denar 17540: 17510:Belarusian ruble 17495: 17459:Hungarian forint 17444: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17387: 17386: 17333: 17313: 17275: 17255: 17205: 17181:Singapore dollar 17136: 17127: 17124:Christmas Island 17100: 17085:Sri Lankan rupee 17079: 17039:Bangladeshi taka 16997:Mongolian tögrög 16987:South Korean won 16982:North Korean won 16972:Hong Kong dollar 16911: 16904: 16897: 16888: 16887: 16875: 16845: 16815: 16777: 16725: 16718: 16695:Honduran lempira 16674: 16649: 16640: 16631: 16622: 16613: 16592: 16583: 16557: 16548: 16539: 16536:Saint Barthélemy 16530: 16521: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16475: 16468: 16461: 16454: 16424:Barbadian dollar 16387: 16371: 16351:Bermudian dollar 16329: 16322: 16315: 16306: 16305: 16293: 16284: 16275: 16266: 16257: 16248: 16239: 16230: 16179: 16166: 16120: 16111: 16102: 16079: 16072: 16026: 16017: 16008: 15992: 15983: 15952:Ugandan shilling 15900:Djiboutian franc 15868: 15859: 15850: 15841: 15832: 15823: 15749: 15707: 15700: 15693: 15684: 15683: 15669: 15657: 15645: 15583:Sammarinese lira 15573:Monégasque franc 15563:Luxembourg franc 15558:Lithuanian litas 15427:Delors Committee 15416: 15410: 15405: 15399: 15394: 15388: 15365: 15364: 15331:Hungarian forint 15298: 15292: 15291: 15183:Saint Barthélemy 15015: 15014: 14873: 14872: 14850:Reserve currency 14638: 14631: 14624: 14615: 14614: 14602: 14601: 14579: 14578: 14576:Official website 14484: 14471:: General Issues 14462: 14421: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14305:. Archived from 14266: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14252:. Archived from 14246: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14235: 14229: 14196: 14187: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14170: 14164:. Archived from 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14101: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14090: 14085:on 10 March 2014 14081:. Archived from 14075: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14044: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14007: 13992: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13936: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13925: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13875: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13845: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13788: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13777: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13741: 13734: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13715: 13695: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13684: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13627: 13618:. Archived from 13604: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13593: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13489: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13371: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13346: 13338: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13315:. 6 March 2009. 13305: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13282:. 5 March 2009. 13272: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13161: 13155: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13101: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13060: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13030: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12973: 12962: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12951: 12935: 12930:(24 July 2007). 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12869: 12866:House of Commons 12852: 12846: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12687:Cairncross, Alec 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12583:Economic Affairs 12580: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12561: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12526: 12519: 12513: 12503: 12497: 12490: 12484: 12481: 12475: 12472: 12466: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12448: 12445: 12439: 12436: 12430: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12405:Spokesman-Review 12397: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12375:Spokesman-Review 12366: 12355: 12340: 12334: 12333:, 7 January 1932 12328: 12322: 12321: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12111: 12105: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12061:. pp. 8–9. 12046: 12040: 12039: 12021: 12013: 12007: 12006: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11961: 11950: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11881: 11870: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11775: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11739: 11732: 11723: 11717: 11700:galley halfpence 11696: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11637: 11628: 11626: 11621: 11619: 11604: 11598: 11588: 11583: 11581: 11562: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11518: 11499: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11482: 11476: 11465: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11364: 11358: 11357: 11343: 11341: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11291:"Pound sterling" 11287: 11281: 11280: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11205: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11173: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11140:. Archived from 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11040:on 20 April 2009 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11004: 10998: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10975:. Archived from 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10939: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10734: 10718: 10712: 10710: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10686: 10675: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10650: 10639: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10614: 10603: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10544: 10538: 10534:see for example 10532: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10514: 10512: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10435: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10404: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10316: 10314: 10295: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10166: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10005: 9996: 9995: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9921: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9883: 9880: 9863:Pound (currency) 9837: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9809: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9661:Other currencies 9165:Chinese renminbi 8783: 8776: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8543: 8535: 8530:reserve currency 8378: 8377: 7982: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7761: 7760: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7736:, equivalent to 7620:polymer banknote 7550:Second World War 7518:Bank of Scotland 7327: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7257:(old) threepence 7238: 7237: 7233: 7169:1968: The first 7154:Scottish thistle 7134: 7129: 7114: 7113: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7014:Spanish colonial 7000: 6999: 6995: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6810:) respectively. 6699:; abbreviation: 6635: 6629: 6620: 6590:Alistair Darling 6579:commercial paper 6575:government bonds 6524:The cost of one 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6091:Royal Commission 6079:House of Commons 6045:House of Commons 5979:currency markets 5941:Second World War 5918:Great Depression 5857:Royal Commission 5697:Irish Free State 5643:Irish Free State 5610:merged into the 5577:Bank of Scotland 5551:, Master of the 5549:Sir Isaac Newton 5538:Britannia silver 5528:to the Chinese. 5506: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5394:"Pound sterling" 5387: 5363: 5355: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034:Charles the Rash 5016:and the Flemish 5011: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4930: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4881:pure silver) and 4880: 4867: 4857:pure silver) and 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4815:Edward III, 1351 4747: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4686: 4678: 4671:(written with a 4602: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4546:"Pound sterling" 4539: 4515: 4507: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4014: 3988: 3967: 3951: 3931: 3918: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3847: 3825: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3679:) use the euro. 3638:Falkland Islands 3597: 3591: 3495: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3395: 3387: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3318: 3315: 3314:Easterlings Hall 3312: 3308: 3306:Esterlingeshalle 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3261:Hanseatic League 3247: 3237: 3148:reserve currency 3053: 3046: 3039: 3011: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2987:Northern Ireland 2980: 2979: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2902:The Commonwealth 2531: 2520:Tristan da Cunha 2518: 2512:Ascension Island 2510: 2502: 2500: 2491:Pitcairn Islands 2475:Falkland Islands 2437: 2374: 2226:Northern Ireland 2028:Welsh devolution 1903:Michelle O'Neill 1878:Northern Ireland 1868:Cornwall Council 1684:Senedd elections 1128:Deputy governors 1093:Northern Ireland 1055:Deputy President 1035: 937: 927:House of Commons 907: 875: 768:Starmer ministry 749: 719: 648: 623: 577: 550: 527: 526: 499: 486: 464: 461: 459: 453: 434: 431: 429: 423: 404: 401: 399: 397: 391: 379: 342: 340: 335: 331: 253: 222: 205: 188: 171: 170: 169: 165: 140: 103: 90: 60: 53: 46: 45: 42: 38: 21: 22561: 22560: 22556: 22555: 22554: 22552: 22551: 22550: 22441: 22440: 22439: 22434: 22421: 22414: 22407: 22386: 22299: 22200: 22113: 22022: 22001: 21906: 21862:Public holidays 21842:Life expectancy 21733: 21695: 21675:London Exchange 21671:Stock exchanges 21659: 21658:Pound sterling 21626:Bank of England 21595: 21586:Royal Air Force 21562: 21503: 21435:Law enforcement 21351: 21260:hydraulic frac. 21221: 21202:Lakes and lochs 21149: 21145:Former colonies 21084: 21080:Women's history 21055:Law enforcement 21021: 20967:First World War 20924: 20918: 20888: 20883: 20882: 20877: 20834: 20819:Moneyer's pound 20797: 20708:Rhodesian pound 20668:Palestine pound 20437:Byzantine litra 20422:Bermudian pound 20380: 20366:Liverpool pound 20334: 20283:Gibraltar pound 20246: 20231: 20201: 20196: 20172:Jubilee coinage 20150: 20133: 20077: 20036: 20012:Guinea (£1/1/–) 19960:Half crown (2/6 19881: 19878: 19875: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19845: 19842: 19839: 19838: 19836: 19821: 19818: 19815: 19814: 19812: 19797: 19794: 19791: 19790: 19788: 19787:Half farthing ( 19768: 19765: 19762: 19761: 19759: 19739: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19730: 19715: 19665: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19644: 19639: 19609: 19604: 19583: 19570: 19561:Gibraltar pound 19544: 19536: 19504: 19447: 19401: 19375: 19341: 19309:Bank of Ireland 19285: 19269: 19235:Clydesdale Bank 19229: 19186: 19131: 19110:Non-circulating 19105: 19064: 19028:Bank of England 19013: 19008: 18978: 18973: 18945: 18888: 18886: 18876: 18784:Pharmaceuticals 18697: 18612:Baltic Exchange 18603: 18596: 18468: 18454: 18376: 18366: 18322: 18300: 18227: 18209: 18202: 18047: 18045: 18035: 18031:Nationalisation 17984: 17842: 17737:Bank of England 17729: 17727: 17721: 17675: 17670: 17640: 17635: 17612:Gibraltar pound 17602:Norwegian krone 17597:Icelandic króna 17585: 17549: 17538: 17493: 17490:Abkhazian apsar 17478: 17420: 17414: 17384: 17379: 17325: 17320:Jordanian dinar 17301: 17271: 17247: 17215: 17211:Vietnamese đồng 17195: 17130: 17121: 17105: 17094: 17073: 17064:Pakistani rupee 17022: 17006: 16992:Macanese pataca 16954: 16950:Uzbekistani sum 16918: 16915: 16885: 16880: 16871: 16855: 16835: 16809: 16790:Guyanese dollar 16771: 16730: 16721: 16714: 16670: 16654: 16643: 16634: 16625: 16616: 16607: 16586: 16577: 16568:Jamaican dollar 16551: 16542: 16533: 16524: 16515: 16501: 16494: 16487: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16457: 16448: 16419:Bahamian dollar 16402: 16381: 16365: 16356:Canadian dollar 16339: 16338:of the Americas 16333: 16303: 16298: 16287: 16278: 16269: 16260: 16251: 16242: 16233: 16224: 16200:Liberian dollar 16169: 16156: 16135: 16126:Swazi lilangeni 16114: 16105: 16096: 16075: 16066: 16057:Namibian dollar 16047:Mauritian rupee 16042:Malawian kwacha 16037:Malagasy ariary 16020: 16011: 16002: 15986: 15977: 15956: 15925:Somali shilling 15915:Kenyan shilling 15883: 15874:Congolese franc 15862: 15853: 15844: 15835: 15826: 15817: 15808:Burundian franc 15791: 15765:Moroccan dirham 15743: 15717: 15711: 15681: 15676: 15628: 15607: 15593:Slovenian tolar 15476: 15465: 15463: 15456: 15442:Black Wednesday 15412: 15408: 15401: 15397: 15390: 15386: 15350: 15314: 15296: 15288: 15279: 15263: 15260: 15252: 15211: 15210:other countries 15209: 15202: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15159: 15126: 15002: 14954: 14864: 14831: 14805:Euro calculator 14778: 14742: 14696: 14648: 14642: 14607: 14574: 14573: 14570: 14565: 14552:10.2307/1057113 14481: 14459: 14418: 14362:. Published by 14322:Fernand Braudel 14312: 14310: 14301: 14275: 14273:Further reading 14270: 14269: 14259: 14257: 14256:on 3 April 2010 14248: 14247: 14243: 14233: 14231: 14227: 14213: 14199:Economic Trends 14194: 14188: 14184: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14137:on 14 June 2017 14129: 14128: 14124: 14114: 14112: 14111:on 21 July 2017 14103: 14102: 14098: 14088: 14086: 14077: 14076: 14072: 14062: 14060: 14045: 14041: 14031: 14029: 14020: 14019: 14015: 14005: 14003: 13994: 13993: 13989: 13979: 13977: 13968: 13967: 13963: 13953: 13951: 13938: 13937: 13933: 13923: 13921: 13906: 13902: 13892: 13890: 13877: 13876: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13847: 13846: 13837: 13827: 13825: 13820:. Opsi.gov.uk. 13816: 13815: 13811: 13801: 13799: 13790: 13789: 13785: 13775: 13773: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13745: 13743: 13739: 13732: 13728: 13727: 13723: 13713: 13711: 13696: 13692: 13682: 13680: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13625: 13623: 13606: 13605: 13601: 13591: 13589: 13576: 13575: 13571: 13561: 13559: 13542: 13538: 13528: 13526: 13517: 13516: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13476: 13474: 13461: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13444: 13431: 13430: 13426: 13416: 13414: 13399: 13395: 13385: 13383: 13372: 13368: 13358: 13356: 13339: 13332: 13322: 13320: 13307: 13306: 13299: 13289: 13287: 13274: 13273: 13266: 13256: 13254: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13230: 13228: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13200: 13198: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13152:Wayback Machine 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13073: 13071: 13062: 13061: 13057: 13047: 13045: 13032: 13031: 13027: 13017: 13015: 13000: 12999: 12995: 12985: 12983: 12963: 12959: 12949: 12947: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12896: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12854: 12853: 12849: 12840: 12836: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12753: 12749: 12739: 12737: 12726: 12722: 12712: 12710: 12703: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12644: 12640: 12630: 12628: 12615: 12614: 12610: 12573: 12569: 12559: 12557: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12529: 12520: 12516: 12504: 12500: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12478: 12473: 12469: 12464: 12460: 12455: 12451: 12446: 12442: 12437: 12433: 12428: 12424: 12414: 12412: 12399: 12398: 12394: 12384: 12382: 12367: 12358: 12352:Wayback Machine 12341: 12337: 12329: 12325: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12281: 12265: 12261: 12251: 12249: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12217: 12215: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12173: 12172: 12168: 12158: 12156: 12138: 12134: 12124: 12122: 12121:on 14 June 2008 12113: 12112: 12108: 12103:Wayback Machine 12092:Wayback Machine 12082: 12078: 12068: 12066: 12047: 12043: 12014: 12010: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11979: 11975: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11948: 11942: 11938: 11899: 11895: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11868: 11862: 11858: 11851: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11806: 11790: 11786: 11773: 11771: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11730: 11724: 11720: 11715:Wayback Machine 11697: 11693: 11683: 11681: 11672: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11647:. p. 113. 11644: 11638: 11631: 11617: 11615: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11579: 11577: 11563: 11559: 11549: 11547: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11516: 11514: 11501: 11500: 11493: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11463: 11457: 11453: 11439: 11437: 11424: 11420: 11407: 11405: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11381: 11379: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11339: 11337: 11322: 11318: 11304: 11302: 11289: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11219: 11217: 11206: 11197: 11187: 11185: 11174: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11006: 11005: 11001: 10996: 10992: 10982: 10980: 10979:on 11 June 2020 10967: 10966: 10962: 10952: 10950: 10940: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10891: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10858: 10856: 10848:Financial Times 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10787: 10777: 10775: 10768: 10750: 10746: 10732: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10545: 10541: 10533: 10529: 10518: 10517:Some 58,000,000 10510: 10508: 10497: 10493: 10480: 10478: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10443:Bank of England 10437: 10436: 10432: 10421: 10419: 10412:Bank of England 10406: 10405: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10353: 10349: 10330: 10326: 10312: 10310: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10242: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10183: 10181: 10180:on 25 June 2015 10168: 10167: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10113: 10109: 10099: 10097: 10082: 10078: 10061: 10045: 10041: 10031:) (pl. same or 10020: 10006: 9999: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9945: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9928: 9925:"Our banknotes" 9923: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9886: 9881: 9877: 9872: 9833: 9828: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9812: 9805: 9800: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9776: 9082:Canadian dollar 8770: 8570: 8526: 8369: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7947:Napoleonic Wars 7932: 7920:Gibraltar pound 7878: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7704:Channel Islands 7688:Bank of England 7673:British Islands 7665: 7641:monetary policy 7637:Bank of England 7629: 7627:Monetary policy 7604: 7534:Bank of Ireland 7511:Napoleonic wars 7506:Bank of England 7494: 7488: 7396:was introduced. 7324: 7320: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7302:was introduced. 7295:was introduced. 7284: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7112: 7079:First World War 7067: 7063: 7062: 7006:Spanish dollars 6997: 6993: 6992: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6903:(20/–) and the 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6768:; known as the 6693: 6688: 6682: 6641: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6583:corporate bonds 6553:British economy 6545:Bank of England 6506: 6500: 6414: 6408: 6383:Bank of England 6375: 6360:Black Wednesday 6344: 6312: 6284: 6237:1973 oil crisis 6221:James Callaghan 6202: 6196: 6160: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6097:(a banker) and 6067:Stirling Burghs 6043:, asked in the 6006: 6000: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5933: 5913: 5869:First World War 5865: 5845:Austria-Hungary 5843: 24.02 in 5811: 25.22 in 5757:Bank of England 5753:Napoleonic wars 5737: 5669:Canadian dollar 5661: 5655: 5647:new Irish pound 5633:. However, the 5616:Treaty of Union 5589: 5573:Bank of England 5569: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5451: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5388: 5386: 5376: 5364: 5353: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5292:(5/- (5s) or 60 5265:In silver: the 5261:times, namely: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5235:) and noble or 5227: 5223: 5222: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5132:) and livre (40 5117: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5079:silver standard 5067: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5032:) minted under 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4974: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4928: 4916: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4878: 4865: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4829:King Edward III 4817: 4780:sterling silver 4754: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4684: 4676: 4659:Frankish Empire 4637:The accounting 4613: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4540: 4538: 4528: 4516: 4505: 4493:7.32238 g 4476:7.32238 g 4446:0.331 ozt 4429:0.497 ozt 4412:0.672 ozt 4395:0.746 ozt 4312: 4284: 4264:William IV 4256:George III 4236: 4232: 4231: 4141: 4131: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4012: 3986: 3962: 3946: 3926: 3913: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3845: 3823: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3690: 3688:Decimal coinage 3685: 3610: 3567: 3551: 3545: 3521: 3472:sterling silver 3447: 3441: 3435: 3425: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3221: 3215: 3180: 3159:Bank of England 3152:global reserves 3131:, it forms the 3057: 3028: 3024:Other countries 3019: 3018: 3017: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2974: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2935: 2913: 2898: 2868: 2833: 2663: 2628: 2616: 2597: 2587: 2586: 2558: 2540: 2539: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2484: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2445: 2433: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2403:British Islands 2399: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2353: 2346: 2336: 2335: 2316:Principal areas 2302: 2295: 2258: 2251: 2229: 2222: 2121: 2113: 2103: 2102: 2046: 2035: 2033:1997 referendum 2024: 2017: 1966: 1959:1997 referendum 1950: 1943: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1848:London Assembly 1843:Mayoral cabinet 1830:Mayor of London 1818: 1811:1998 referendum 1792: 1785: 1766: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1171: 1157: 1156: 1138: 1108: 1106:Bank of England 1098: 1097: 1074: 1020: 1012: 1007: 997: 996: 975:59th Parliament 971: 968: 959: 946: 922: 916: 892: 877: 870: 853: 843: 842: 824: 822: 810: 801: 789: 775: 763: 734: 729:King-in-Council 725: 703: 693: 692: 664: 617: 607: 606: 575:Treaty of Union 560: 497: 484: 456: 451: 426: 421: 394: 389: 383:Bank of England 375: 365: 338: 336: 333: 251: 220: 203: 186: 167: 163: 162: 160: 136: 101: 88: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22559: 22549: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22481:Pound sterling 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22436: 22435: 22433: 22432: 22427: 22420: 22419: 22412: 22404: 22403: 22400: 22399: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22388: 22387: 22385: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22358: 22357: 22347: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22338:First Minister 22335: 22330: 22320: 22315: 22309: 22307: 22301: 22300: 22298: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22266: 22265: 22255: 22250: 22249: 22248: 22246:First Minister 22243: 22238: 22228: 22223: 22222: 22221: 22210: 22208: 22202: 22201: 22199: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22178: 22173: 22172: 22171: 22161: 22156: 22155: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22134: 22129: 22123: 22121: 22115: 22114: 22112: 22111: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22091: 22086: 22081: 22080: 22079: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22053: 22052: 22047: 22036: 22034: 22024: 22023: 22007: 22006: 22003: 22002: 22000: 21999: 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21944: 21943: 21942: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21916: 21914: 21908: 21907: 21905: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21813: 21812: 21807: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21751: 21745: 21739: 21738: 21735: 21734: 21732: 21731: 21729:Rail transport 21726: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21705: 21703: 21697: 21696: 21694: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21668: 21663: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21629: 21628: 21617: 21611: 21605: 21604: 21601: 21600: 21597: 21596: 21594: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21572: 21570: 21564: 21563: 21561: 21560: 21559: 21558: 21551:Prime Minister 21548: 21547: 21546: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21513: 21511: 21505: 21504: 21502: 21501: 21499:Shadow Cabinet 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21480: 21479: 21477:House of Lords 21474: 21464: 21459: 21458: 21457: 21452: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21421: 21420: 21410: 21405: 21404: 21403: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21377: 21367: 21361: 21360: 21357: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21342: 21334: 21333: 21332: 21327: 21319: 21314: 21313: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21294: 21293: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21237: 21231: 21229: 21223: 21222: 21220: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21188: 21187: 21177: 21176: 21175: 21170: 21159: 21157: 21151: 21150: 21148: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21111: 21109: 21107:Administrative 21096: 21090: 21089: 21086: 21085: 21083: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21051: 21050: 21040: 21035: 21029: 21027: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21012: 21004: 21003: 21002: 20997: 20989: 20988: 20987: 20982: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20943: 20941: 20932: 20926: 20925: 20923: articles 20921:United Kingdom 20917: 20916: 20909: 20902: 20894: 20885: 20884: 20879: 20878: 20876: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20863:Roman currency 20860: 20854: 20849: 20842: 20840: 20836: 20835: 20833: 20832: 20822: 20816: 20805: 20803: 20799: 20798: 20796: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20783:Virginia pound 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20728:Sardinian lira 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20688:Peruvian libra 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20648:Nigerian pound 20645: 20640: 20635: 20633:New York pound 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20603:Maryland pound 20600: 20595: 20593:Malawian pound 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20558:Jamaican pound 20555: 20550: 20549: 20548: 20543: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20521:Ghanaian pound 20518: 20513: 20508: 20507: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20481: 20480: 20479: 20477:Livre tournois 20474: 20464: 20459: 20457:Delaware pound 20454: 20449: 20444: 20442:Canadian pound 20439: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20417:Bahamian pound 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20392:Aeginetan mina 20388: 20386: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20342: 20340: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20315:Sudanese pound 20312: 20307: 20306: 20305: 20300: 20295: 20290: 20288:Guernsey pound 20285: 20280: 20275: 20273:Alderney pound 20268:Pound sterling 20265: 20263:Lebanese pound 20260: 20258:Egyptian pound 20254: 20252: 20248: 20247: 20230: 20229: 20222: 20215: 20207: 20198: 20197: 20195: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20145: 20143: 20139: 20138: 20135: 20134: 20132: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20099:Half sovereign 20096: 20091: 20085: 20083: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20044: 20042: 20035: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20007:Sovereign (£1) 20004: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19957: 19952: 19938: 19936:Shilling (1/–) 19933: 19924: 19915: 19906: 19897: 19892:(Ceylon & 19865: 19856: 19832: 19808: 19784: 19755: 19725: 19723: 19717: 19716: 19714: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19652: 19650: 19649:Decimal system 19646: 19645: 19638: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19615: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19590:Sterling coins 19587: 19578: 19576: 19572: 19571: 19569: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19552: 19550: 19538: 19537: 19535: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19522:Guernsey pound 19518: 19516: 19510: 19509: 19506: 19505: 19503: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19471: 19469: 19460: 19453: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19419: 19417: 19411: 19410: 19407: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19400: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19373: 19368: 19362: 19360: 19349: 19343: 19342: 19340: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19313: 19311: 19302: 19295: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19287: 19286: 19284: 19283: 19277: 19275: 19271: 19270: 19268: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19246: 19244: 19237: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19196: 19194: 19188: 19187: 19185: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19158: 19156: 19147: 19141: 19140: 19137: 19136: 19133: 19132: 19130: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19113: 19111: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19072: 19070: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19041: 19039: 19030: 19021: 19015: 19014: 19007: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18984: 18975: 18974: 18972: 18971: 18961: 18950: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18892: 18890: 18882: 18881: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18865: 18855: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18834: 18833: 18828: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18793: 18792: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18766: 18764:Legal services 18761: 18756: 18755: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18718: 18717: 18716: 18705: 18703: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18662: 18661: 18651: 18646: 18644:Euronext.liffe 18641: 18636: 18631: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18614: 18608: 18606: 18598: 18597: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18592: 18587: 18579: 18578: 18577: 18576: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18557: 18556: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18530: 18529: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18473: 18471: 18460: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18446: 18445: 18435: 18430: 18429: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18408: 18407: 18406: 18396: 18391: 18389:Businesspeople 18386: 18380: 18378: 18372: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18316: 18310: 18308: 18302: 18301: 18299: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18237: 18235: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18220: 18214: 18212: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18183:Thames Gateway 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18066: 18060: 18058: 18049: 18041: 18040: 18037: 18036: 18034: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17992: 17990: 17986: 17985: 17983: 17982: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17965: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17859: 17857: 17850: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17824: 17823: 17818: 17811:Pound sterling 17808: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17796: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17744: 17733: 17731: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17702:FTSE 250 Index 17699: 17697:FTSE 100 Index 17694: 17689: 17683: 17681: 17677: 17676: 17669: 17668: 17661: 17654: 17646: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17633: 17628: 17616:Guernsey pound 17604: 17599: 17593: 17591: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17557: 17555: 17551: 17550: 17548: 17547: 17542: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17439: 17434: 17428: 17426: 17425:European Union 17422: 17421: 17413: 17412: 17405: 17398: 17390: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17345:Lebanese pound 17342: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17317: 17316: 17315: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17277: 17276: 17264: 17262:Emirati dirham 17259: 17258: 17257: 17242:Egyptian pound 17239: 17237:Bahraini dinar 17234: 17229: 17223: 17221: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17213: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17147:Cambodian riel 17144: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17128: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17087: 17082: 17081: 17080: 17069:Pound sterling 17066: 17061: 17059:Nepalese rupee 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17034:Afghan afghani 17030: 17028: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17020: 17014: 17012: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16962: 16960: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16919: 16914: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16891: 16882: 16881: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16863: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16853: 16848: 16847: 16846: 16828: 16826:Uruguayan peso 16823: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16764: 16762:Colombian peso 16759: 16754: 16752:Brazilian real 16749: 16744: 16742:Argentine peso 16738: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16719: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16641: 16632: 16623: 16614: 16600: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16584: 16570: 16565: 16563:Haitian gourde 16560: 16559: 16558: 16549: 16540: 16531: 16522: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16499: 16492: 16485: 16476: 16469: 16462: 16455: 16441: 16439:Dominican peso 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16410: 16408: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16340: 16332: 16331: 16324: 16317: 16309: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16285: 16276: 16267: 16258: 16249: 16240: 16231: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16205:Nigerian naira 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16185:Gambian dalasi 16182: 16181: 16180: 16167: 16159:Canary Islands 16149: 16143: 16141: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16133: 16131:Zambian kwacha 16128: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16112: 16103: 16089: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16073: 16062:Zimbabwean ZiG 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16018: 16009: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15984: 15970: 15964: 15962: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15910:Ethiopian birr 15907: 15905:Eritrean nakfa 15902: 15897: 15895:Comorian franc 15891: 15889: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15870: 15869: 15860: 15851: 15842: 15833: 15824: 15810: 15805: 15803:Angolan kwanza 15799: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15787:Tunisian dinar 15784: 15782:Sudanese pound 15779: 15771:Sahrawi peseta 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15736: 15734:Egyptian pound 15731: 15729:Algerian dinar 15725: 15723: 15719: 15718: 15710: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15687: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15674: 15662: 15650: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15621: 15615: 15613: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15600: 15598:Spanish peseta 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15523:Finnish markka 15520: 15518:Estonian kroon 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15484: 15482: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15472:United Kingdom 15468: 15466: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15455: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15406: 15395: 15379: 15371: 15369: 15362: 15356: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15312: 15307: 15301: 15299: 15289: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15266: 15264: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15223:Czech Republic 15220: 15214: 15212: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15179: 15177: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15136: 15134: 15128: 15127: 15125: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15023: 15021: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14881: 14879: 14870: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14860:World currency 14857: 14852: 14847: 14841: 14839: 14833: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14786: 14784: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14764:Euro Plus Pact 14761: 14756: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14704: 14702: 14701:Administration 14698: 14697: 14695: 14694: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14649: 14641: 14640: 14633: 14626: 14618: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14599: 14598: 14587:Pound Sterling 14584: 14569: 14568:External links 14566: 14564: 14563: 14540: 14515: 14500: 14485: 14479: 14463: 14457: 14441: 14422: 14416: 14400: 14393: 14374: 14356: 14341: 14319: 14299: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14241: 14211: 14182: 14148: 14122: 14096: 14070: 14053:Liverpool Echo 14039: 14013: 13987: 13961: 13931: 13900: 13870: 13835: 13809: 13783: 13753: 13721: 13690: 13659: 13633: 13622:on 8 July 2017 13616:The Royal Mint 13599: 13569: 13536: 13510: 13484: 13454: 13424: 13393: 13366: 13330: 13297: 13264: 13238: 13208: 13182: 13156: 13137: 13107: 13081: 13055: 13025: 12993: 12957: 12919: 12889: 12847: 12834: 12827: 12807: 12800: 12780: 12747: 12720: 12701: 12683:Burk, Kathleen 12674: 12638: 12608: 12567: 12536: 12527: 12514: 12498: 12492:Luca Einaudi, 12485: 12476: 12467: 12458: 12449: 12440: 12431: 12422: 12392: 12356: 12335: 12323: 12306: 12279: 12259: 12225: 12212:MeasuringWorth 12192: 12166: 12132: 12106: 12076: 12041: 12008: 11994: 11973: 11936: 11909:(2): 391–427. 11893: 11856: 11849: 11831: 11804: 11784: 11751: 11718: 11691: 11665: 11629: 11599: 11597:at 1.8 g. 11572:. p. 33. 11557: 11527: 11491: 11470:. p. 10. 11451: 11418: 11389: 11359: 11316: 11282: 11275: 11257: 11240:British Museum 11227: 11195: 11155: 11125: 11095: 11065: 11051: 11025: 10999: 10990: 10960: 10931: 10901: 10883:New York Times 10869: 10833: 10806: 10785: 10766: 10744: 10740:currency name. 10713: 10698: 10662: 10626: 10590: 10564: 10539: 10527: 10491: 10460: 10430: 10396: 10370: 10347: 10324: 10287: 10259: 10240: 10220: 10194: 10170:"Entry 189985" 10158: 10132: 10107: 10076: 10066:Sterling (UK). 10059: 10039: 10029:pound sterling 10018: 9997: 9984: 9964: 9938: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9896: 9884: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9824: 9810: 9796: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980:Pound sterling 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8546: 8534: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8461: 8453: 8452: 8426: 8423:Yahoo! Finance 8418: 8417: 8391: 8388:Google Finance 8383: 8382: 8368: 8365: 8358: 8357: 8356: £0.0695 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8324: £0.0707 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8292: £0.0726 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8260: £0.0744 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8228: £0.0777 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8196: £0.0780 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8164: £0.0800 8162: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8132: £0.0560 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8094: £0.0612 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8056: £0.0678 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7931: 7928: 7902:currency union 7894:Guernsey pound 7877: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7717:Commemorative 7664: 7661: 7628: 7625: 7603: 7600: 7596:banking system 7490:Main article: 7487: 7484: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7448: 7416: 7397: 7387: 7380: 7375:(the original 7358: 7347: 7344:shilling coins 7336: 7329: 7316: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7264: 7227:half new penny 7223: 7208: 7193: 7161: 7160: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7122: 7121: 7111: 7108: 7103:Maundy coinage 7083:half-sovereign 7039:. The silver 4 6692: 6689: 6684:Main article: 6681: 6678: 6655:interest rates 6638:Owner occupied 6632: 6626: 6617: 6609: 6606: 6536:Following the 6502:Main article: 6499: 6496: 6476:European Union 6410:Main article: 6407: 6404: 6374: 6371: 6343: 6340: 6311: 6308: 6283: 6280: 6225:Prime Minister 6198:Main article: 6195: 6192: 6159: 6156: 6130:Queen's Speech 6095:Lord Overstone 6002:Main article: 5999: 5998:Decimalisation 5996: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5932: 5929: 5912: 5909: 5864: 5861: 5835: 9.46 in 5736: 5733: 5665:British Empire 5657:Main article: 5654: 5651: 5645:established a 5593:Scots currency 5588: 5585: 5568: 5565: 5479:Ashanti Empire 5453: 5452: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5340:half sovereign 5336: 5286: 5245: 5244: 5199: 5066: 5063: 5059:Guldengroschen 4973: 4970: 4915: 4914:Henry IV, 1412 4912: 4908: 4907: 4882: 4870: 4869: 4862:double florins 4858: 4816: 4813: 4772:(known as the 4753: 4752:Medieval, 1158 4750: 4605: 4604: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4372:10.41 ozt 4370: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355:11.25 ozt 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4298:silver pennies 4283: 4280: 4268:Queen Victoria 4260:George IV 4127:Main article: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4069: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3738: 3735: 3694:decimalisation 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3609: 3606: 3566: 3563: 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3520: 3517: 3411: 3374:Main article: 3371: 3368: 3331:pound sterling 3254:Norman England 3214: 3211: 3179: 3176: 3172:British Empire 3106:pound sterling 3090:) is the main 3080:United Kingdom 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3003: 2989: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2872:European Union 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2607:Foreign policy 2604: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2515: 2508: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469:Cayman Islands 2466: 2460: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2286:Civil parishes 2283: 2278: 2273: 2264: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2208:Civil parishes 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201:London Borough 2198: 2193: 2178: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2164:Greater London 2161: 2156: 2146: 2136: 2127: 2115: 2114: 2111:Administration 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2064:First Minister 2060: 2057:Wales Act 2017 2053:Wales Act 2014 2041: 2030: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1980:First Minister 1976: 1961: 1956: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1897:First Minister 1893: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1813: 1803: 1798: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1732:UK referendums 1730: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365:1910 (Jan–Feb) 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225:1801 co-option 1221: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1172: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1132: 1131: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078:United Kingdom 1073: 1072: 1062:The Lord Hodge 1059: 1058: 1045: 1044: 1029: 1028: 1008: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 982: 977: 970: 969: 951: 950: 931: 930: 921: 920: 901: 900: 897:House of Lords 886: 885: 863: 862: 854: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 830: 812: 811: 791: 790: 781:Prime Minister 765: 764: 743: 742: 713: 712: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 658: 657: 637: 636: 618: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 572: 570:Bill of Rights 567: 561: 556: 555: 552: 551: 543: 542: 536: 535: 523: 522: 516: 510: 509: 500: 494: 493: 487: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 466: 465: 454: 452: Website 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 424: 422: Website 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 398:.bankofengland 392: 390: Website 386: 385: 380: 372: 371: 367: 366: 364: 363: 356: 354:United Kingdom 350: 348: 344: 343: 327: 323: 322: 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 273: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 254: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 223: 217: 216: 214: 210: 209: 206: 200: 199: 197: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 180: 176: 175: 172: 157: 156: 154: 150: 149: 143: 142: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 85: 81: 80: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22558: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22448: 22446: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22422: 22417: 22413: 22410: 22406: 22405: 22401: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22356: 22353: 22352: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22325: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22308: 22306: 22302: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22264: 22261: 22260: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22220: 22217: 22216: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22209: 22207: 22203: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22170: 22167: 22166: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22139: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22124: 22122: 22120: 22116: 22110: 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22078: 22075: 22074: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22038: 22037: 22035: 22033: 22029: 22025: 22021: 22016: 22012: 22008: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21941: 21938: 21937: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21913: 21909: 21903: 21902:Welfare state 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21847:Mental health 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21802: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21790:Ethnic groups 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21752: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21740: 21730: 21727: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21714:Bus transport 21712: 21710: 21709:Air transport 21707: 21706: 21704: 21702: 21698: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21676: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21656: 21654: 21653:Manufacturing 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21606: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21573: 21571: 21569: 21565: 21557: 21554: 21553: 21552: 21549: 21545: 21542: 21541: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21529:Civil service 21527: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21512: 21510: 21506: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21469: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21456: 21455:republicanism 21453: 21451: 21448: 21447: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21419: 21416: 21415: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21402: 21399: 21398: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21378: 21375: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21362: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21335: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21322: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21297: 21295: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21275:North Sea oil 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21242: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21232: 21230: 21228: 21224: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21186: 21183: 21182: 21181: 21178: 21174: 21173:Great Britain 21171: 21169: 21166: 21165: 21164: 21163:British Isles 21161: 21160: 21158: 21156: 21152: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21112: 21110: 21108: 21104: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21091: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21049: 21046: 21045: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21030: 21028: 21024: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21007: 21005: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20992: 20990: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20977: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20962:Edwardian era 20960: 20958: 20957:Victorian era 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20942: 20940: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20927: 20922: 20915: 20910: 20908: 20903: 20901: 20896: 20895: 20892: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20847: 20844: 20843: 20841: 20839:See also 20837: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20820: 20817: 20814: 20810: 20807: 20806: 20804: 20800: 20794: 20793:Zambian pound 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20778:Venetian lira 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20598:Maltese pound 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20538: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20516:Georgia pound 20514: 20512: 20511:Gambian pound 20509: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20494:Haitian livre 20492: 20490: 20487: 20486: 20485: 20482: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20472:Livre parisis 20470: 20469: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20452:Cypriot pound 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20427:Biafran pound 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20402:Angevin pound 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20389: 20387: 20383: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20351:Brixton pound 20349: 20347: 20346:Bristol pound 20344: 20343: 20341: 20337: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20249: 20244: 20243: 20238: 20237: 20228: 20223: 20221: 20216: 20214: 20209: 20208: 20205: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20147: 20146: 20144: 20140: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20084: 20080: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20045: 20043: 20041:Commemorative 20039: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20001: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19982: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19963: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19950: 19946: 19944: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19930: 19925: 19923: 19921: 19916: 19914: 19912: 19909:Threepence (3 19907: 19905: 19903: 19898: 19895: 19891: 19889: 19866: 19864: 19862: 19857: 19855: 19853: 19833: 19831: 19829: 19809: 19807: 19805: 19785: 19782: 19778: 19776: 19756: 19753: 19749: 19747: 19727: 19726: 19724: 19722: 19718: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19654: 19653: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19636: 19631: 19629: 19624: 19622: 19617: 19616: 19613: 19601: 19600:Sterling area 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19580: 19579: 19577: 19573: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19543: 19539: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19515: 19511: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19472: 19470: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19416: 19412: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19378: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19363: 19361: 19359:Current issue 19357: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19344: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19312: 19310: 19306: 19303: 19300: 19296: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19272: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19247: 19245: 19243:Current issue 19241: 19238: 19236: 19232: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19189: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19155: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19142: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19114: 19112: 19108: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19042: 19040: 19038: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19016: 19012: 19005: 19000: 18998: 18993: 18991: 18986: 18985: 18982: 18970: 18962: 18960: 18952: 18951: 18948: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18893: 18891: 18889:organisations 18883: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18860: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18823: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18796: 18794: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18771: 18770: 18769:Manufacturing 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18724: 18723: 18719: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18710: 18707: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18660: 18657: 18656: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18622:List of banks 18620: 18619: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18607: 18605: 18599: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18582: 18580: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18560: 18558: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18531: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18516:North Sea oil 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18482: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18464: 18461: 18457: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18440: 18439: 18438:Trades unions 18436: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18409: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18373: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18326: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18309: 18307: 18303: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18230: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18213: 18211: 18205: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18075: 18074:Big City Plan 18072: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18057: 18053: 18050: 18042: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18026:Privatisation 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18006:Gold standard 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17987: 17981: 17978: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17969: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17933:1986 Big Bang 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17856:Chronological 17854: 17851: 17849: 17845: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17724: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17687:Co-operatives 17685: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17674: 17667: 17662: 17660: 17655: 17653: 17648: 17647: 17644: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17594: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17576:Serbian dinar 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17552: 17546: 17543: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17530:Russian ruble 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17515:Georgian lari 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17500:Armenian dram 17498: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17481: 17475: 17474:Swedish krona 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17447:Faroese króna 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17432:Bulgarian lev 17430: 17429: 17427: 17423: 17418: 17411: 17406: 17404: 17399: 17397: 17392: 17391: 17388: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17340:Kuwaiti dinar 17338: 17334: 17332: 17328: 17323: 17322: 17321: 17318: 17314: 17312: 17308: 17304: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17281:Georgian lari 17279: 17274: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17256: 17254: 17250: 17245: 17244: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17227:Armenian dram 17225: 17224: 17222: 17218: 17212: 17209: 17204: 17200: 17199: 17194: 17193: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17142:Brunei dollar 17140: 17135: 17134: 17129: 17126: 17125: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17115: 17114: 17112: 17108: 17099: 17098: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17078: 17077: 17072: 17071: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17031: 17029: 17025: 17019: 17018:Russian ruble 17016: 17015: 17013: 17009: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16957: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16925: 16921: 16912: 16907: 16905: 16900: 16898: 16893: 16892: 16889: 16874: 16873:starting 2025 16870: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16858: 16852: 16849: 16844: 16843: 16839: 16834: 16833: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16814: 16813: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16785: 16781: 16776: 16775: 16774:French Guiana 16770: 16769: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16737: 16733: 16724: 16720: 16717: 16713: 16712: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16680:Belize dollar 16678: 16673: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16648: 16647: 16642: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16591: 16590: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16556: 16555: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16509: 16504: 16500: 16497: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16446: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16414:Aruban florin 16412: 16411: 16409: 16405: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16386: 16385: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16375: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16363: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16342: 16337: 16330: 16325: 16323: 16318: 16316: 16311: 16310: 16307: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16259: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16245:Guinea-Bissau 16241: 16238: 16237: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16195:Guinean franc 16193: 16191: 16190:Ghanaian cedi 16188: 16186: 16183: 16178: 16177: 16173: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16160: 16155: 16154: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16095: 16094: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16078: 16077:mosi-oa-Tunya 16074: 16071: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15976: 15975: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15968:Botswana pula 15966: 15965: 15963: 15959: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15879:Rwandan franc 15877: 15875: 15872: 15867: 15866: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15834: 15831: 15830: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15772: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15720: 15715: 15708: 15703: 15701: 15696: 15694: 15689: 15688: 15685: 15673: 15672: 15668: 15663: 15661: 15660: 15656: 15651: 15649: 15648: 15644: 15639: 15638: 15635: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15588:Slovak koruna 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15538:Greek drachma 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15513:Dutch guilder 15511: 15509: 15508:Cypriot pound 15506: 15504: 15503:Croatian kuna 15501: 15499: 15498:Belgian franc 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15473: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15459: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15415: 15407: 15404: 15396: 15393: 15385: 15384: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15347: 15346:Swedish krona 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15305:Bulgarian lev 15303: 15302: 15300: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15282: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15255: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15166: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15133: 15129: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15020: 15016: 15013: 15009: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14869:Denominations 14867: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14745: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14713:ECB president 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14699: 14693: 14692: 14691:Euro-Skulptur 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14651: 14646: 14639: 14634: 14632: 14627: 14625: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14610: 14603: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14577: 14572: 14571: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14537:1-55775-172-2 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14513: 14512:0-333-63296-6 14509: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14497:0-275-95376-9 14494: 14490: 14486: 14482: 14480:0-87341-207-9 14476: 14472: 14470: 14464: 14460: 14458:0-87341-149-8 14454: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14439: 14438:0-19-515057-0 14435: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14407: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14390:0-691-00354-8 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14373: 14372:0-226-06587-1 14369: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14353:0-9508735-0-0 14350: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14338:1-84212-289-4 14335: 14331: 14328:, Vol III of 14327: 14323: 14320: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14288:0-88736-543-4 14285: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14255: 14251: 14245: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14212:0-11-621671-9 14208: 14204: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14152: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14084: 14080: 14074: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14043: 14027: 14023: 14017: 14001: 13997: 13991: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13935: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13904: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13840: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13797: 13793: 13787: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13757: 13742:on 7 May 2016 13738: 13731: 13725: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13694: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13663: 13647: 13643: 13637: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13603: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13573: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13540: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13397: 13381: 13377: 13370: 13354: 13350: 13345: 13337: 13335: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13302: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13252: 13248: 13242: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13212: 13196: 13192: 13186: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13069: 13065: 13059: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13003: 12997: 12981: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12961: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12934: 12929: 12928:Treneman, Ann 12923: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12851: 12844: 12838: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12811: 12803: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12751: 12735: 12731: 12724: 12708: 12704: 12702:0-300-05728-8 12698: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12684: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12612: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12571: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12540: 12531: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12511:962-85939-3-5 12508: 12502: 12495: 12489: 12480: 12471: 12462: 12453: 12444: 12435: 12426: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12396: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12353: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12339: 12332: 12327: 12319: 12318: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12263: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12045: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12020: 12012: 12004: 11998: 11983: 11977: 11958: 11954: 11947: 11940: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11897: 11878: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11852: 11850:9781451603736 11846: 11842: 11835: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11805:9781469611815 11801: 11797: 11796: 11788: 11781: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11634: 11625: 11613: 11609: 11603: 11596: 11592: 11587: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11561: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11524: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11496: 11488: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11459:Munro, John. 11455: 11448: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11422: 11415: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11356: 11354: 11349: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11061: 11055: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10994: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10949: 10945: 10938: 10936: 10919: 10915: 10913: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10866: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10802: 10795: 10789: 10773: 10769: 10767:9781913507190 10763: 10759: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10708: 10702: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10630: 10611: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10552: 10551: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10524: 10521: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10476: 10472: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10357:"pound (n.1)" 10351: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10292: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10241:9780521521932 10237: 10233: 10232: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10191: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10117: 10111: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10060:9780198294818 10056: 10052: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10027::2. (in full 10026: 10021: 10019:9780195418163 10015: 10011: 10004: 10002: 9994: 9992: 9987: 9985:9780198759430 9981: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9900: 9891: 9889: 9879: 9875: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9825: 9822: 9811: 9808: 9797: 9794: 9793:Europe portal 9783: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9584:Dutch guilder 9581: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9428:Deutsche Mark 9425: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8531: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8367:Exchange rate 8364: 8355: 8352: 8350: £0.0910 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: £0.0952 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8286: £0.0943 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8254: £0.0980 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8126: £0.0826 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: £0.0850 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: £0.0900 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7934:In 2006, the 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880:In Britain's 7868: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756:bullion coins 7754:, as are the 7753: 7735: 7734: 7729:(6p, not the 7728: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7612:Northern Bank 7609: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7543:In 1914, the 7541: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7498: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7447:to circulate. 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7409:entrepreneurs 7406: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7370:copper-plated 7367: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7317: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7245:two new pence 7242: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7218:, 12.5p) was 7217: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7203:replaced the 7202: 7199:cupro-nickel 7198: 7194: 7192:respectively. 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7171:decimal coins 7168: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110:Decimal coins 7107: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087:gold standard 7084: 7080: 7075: 7073: 7060: 7059:double florin 7056: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6944: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6932:. During the 6931: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6865: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756:The reign of 6754: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6624: 6614: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6433:Cypriot pound 6430: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6324:Deutsche Mark 6321: 6317: 6314:In 1988, the 6307: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6256:US Government 6252: 6251:UK Government 6248: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6188:sterling area 6185: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119:Cypriot pound 6116: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6083:William Brown 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057:ten new pence 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6041:Staffordshire 6038: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5956:Bretton Woods 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5925:fiat currency 5921: 5919: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789:United States 5786: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5765:gold standard 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5735:Gold standard 5732: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5717:sterling area 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:British India 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5659:Sterling area 5650: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557:gold standard 5554: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5514:Gresham's law 5511: 5510:the Continent 5492: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5475:Guinea region 5472: 5468: 5467:King James II 5464: 5459: 5449: 5446: 5438: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: – 5395: 5391: 5390:Find sources: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5368:This section 5366: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5267:threepence (3 5264: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5220: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5108: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5055:livre parisis 5052: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026:double patard 5023: 5019: 5015: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4924:King Henry IV 4921: 4911: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4863: 4859: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4792:gros tournois 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4601: 4598: 4590: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: – 4547: 4543: 4542:Find sources: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4520:This section 4518: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473:3.58 ozt 4472: 4470:111.4 g 4469: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4457:3.58 ozt 4456: 4454:111.4 g 4453: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4443:10.31 g 4442: 4440:3.70 ozt 4439: 4437:115.1 g 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426:15.47 g 4425: 4423:5.55 ozt 4422: 4420:172.6 g 4419: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409:20.89 g 4408: 4406:6.94 ozt 4405: 4403:215.8 g 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4392:23.21 g 4391: 4389:8.32 ozt 4388: 4386:258.9 g 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4369:323.7 g 4368: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352:349.9 g 4351: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4292:A pound = 20 4290: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4070: 4068: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3832:Denominations 3829: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3745:(pre-decimal) 3734: 3732: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519:Currency code 3516: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3399: 3391: 3383: 3382:currency sign 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364:ablative case 3360: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3283: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102:British pound 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2907:member states 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824:United States 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2554:Visa policies 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276:Council areas 2274: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070:Eluned Morgan 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121:Andrew Bailey 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048:The Lord Reed 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1025:Supreme Court 1022: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1001: 1000: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 966: 962: 958: 957: 953: 952: 949: 945: 944: 940: 939: 938: 936: 929: 928: 924: 923: 919: 915: 914: 910: 909: 908: 906: 899: 898: 894: 893: 891: 890: 884: 883: 879: 878: 876: 874: 868: 861: 860: 859:UK Parliament 856: 855: 852: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 823: 820: 816: 815:Angela Rayner 809: 808: 804: 803: 802: 799: 795: 787: 783: 782: 778: 777: 776: 773: 769: 761: 757: 756: 752: 751: 750: 748: 741: 740: 739:HM Government 736: 735: 733: 732: 730: 724: 720: 718: 711: 710: 709:Privy Council 706: 705: 702: 697: 696: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 663: 662: 656: 655: 654:Heir apparent 651: 650: 649: 647: 642: 641: 634: 630: 629: 625: 624: 622: 616: 611: 610: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 581: 580:Acts of Union 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 559: 554: 553: 549: 545: 544: 541: 538: 537: 533: 529: 528: 521: 517: 515: 511: 508: 504: 501: 498: Method 495: 491: 488: 485: Source 482: 478: 476: 472: 467: 463: 455: 449: 446: 443: 441: 437: 433: 425: 419: 416: 413: 411: 407: 403: 393: 387: 384: 381: 378: 373: 368: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 349: 345: 328: 324: 319: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 270: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 249: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 218: 215: 211: 207: 201: 198: 194: 190: 184: 181: 177: 173: 158: 155: 151: 148: 147:Denominations 144: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 106: 100: 98: 94: 86: 82: 79: 75: 67: 64: 63: 59: 55: 52: 48: 47: 43: 37: 33: 19: 22280:Homelessness 22094:Homelessness 21877:Social class 21857:Prostitution 21800:Homelessness 21657: 21581:British Army 21413:Human rights 21401:By-elections 21381:Constitution 20952:Georgian era 20857:Pound (mass) 20812: 20773:Vatican lira 20758:Tongan pound 20663:Ottoman lira 20573:Libyan pound 20568:Jersey livre 20536:Italian lira 20531:Israeli lira 20467:French livre 20462:Fijian pound 20376:Totnes pound 20371:Stroud pound 20356:Exeter pound 20325:Turkish lira 20320:Syrian pound 20293:Jersey pound 20267: 20245:, or similar 20240: 20234: 20148: 20073:Maundy money 19999: 19980: 19961: 19955:Florin (2/–) 19942: 19928: 19919: 19918:Fourpence (4 19910: 19901: 19887: 19860: 19851: 19827: 19803: 19774: 19745: 19581: 19546: 19527:Jersey pound 19380:Discontinued 19274:Discontinued 19127:£100,000,000 19069:Discontinued 18838:Supermarkets 18804:Construction 18799:Architecture 18634:Canary Wharf 18467:Resource and 18450:Unemployment 18421:Minimum wage 18384:Billionaires 18281:Silicon Glen 18153:M11 Corridor 17810: 17620:Jersey pound 17606: 17581:Turkish lira 17561:Albanian lek 17539:unrecognised 17525:Moldovan leu 17494:unrecognised 17469:Romanian leu 17464:Polish złoty 17442:Danish krone 17437:Czech koruna 17370:Turkish lira 17365:Syrian pound 17355:Qatari riyal 17324: 17300: 17286:Iranian rial 17246: 17196: 17173: 17167:Myanmar kyat 17131: 17122: 17095: 17074: 17068: 17049:Indian rupee 16977:Japanese yen 16872: 16836: 16810: 16804: 16800:Peruvian sol 16782: 16772: 16757:Chilean peso 16644: 16635: 16626: 16617: 16608: 16589:Sint Maarten 16587: 16578: 16554:Sint Maarten 16552: 16545:Saint Martin 16543: 16534: 16525: 16516: 16479: 16449: 16393:Mexican peso 16382: 16366: 16361:Danish krone 16288: 16279: 16270: 16261: 16252: 16243: 16236:Burkina Faso 16234: 16225: 16170: 16157: 16115: 16106: 16097: 16084: 16067: 16032:Lesotho loti 16021: 16012: 16003: 15987: 15978: 15972: 15936:unrecognized 15935: 15929: 15863: 15854: 15845: 15836: 15827: 15818: 15776:unrecognized 15775: 15769: 15755:Libyan dinar 15744: 15664: 15652: 15647:Money portal 15640: 15603:Vatican lira 15568:Maltese lira 15553:Latvian lats 15548:Italian lira 15528:French franc 15341:Romanian leu 15336:Polish złoty 15326:Czech koruna 15310:Danish krone 15155:Vatican City 14940:Starter kits 14689: 14543: 14519: 14503: 14488: 14467: 14445: 14425: 14404: 14396: 14377: 14359: 14344: 14329: 14325: 14311:. 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Retrieved 9919: 9899: 9878: 9807:Money portal 9659: 9582: 9506:French franc 9504: 9426: 9325: 9242: 9163: 9080: 8979: 8978: 8880:Japanese yen 8878: 8777:(until 1999— 8771: 8668: 8527: 8491:From OANDA: 8370: 8361: 8344: £0.119 8338: £0.161 8332: £0.303 8312: £0.123 8306: £0.176 8300: £0.358 8280: £0.125 8274: £0.190 8268: £0.407 8248: £0.123 8242: £0.199 8236: £0.439 8222: £0.102 8216: £0.133 8210: £0.207 8204: £0.510 8190: £0.106 8184: £0.136 8178: £0.214 8172: £0.592 8158: £0.109 8152: £0.141 8146: £0.227 8140: £0.735 8120: £0.112 8114: £0.144 8108: £0.239 8102: £0.855 8082: £0.115 8076: £0.146 8070: £0.250 8064: £0.935 8044: £0.117 8038: £0.152 8032: £0.271 7975: 7972: 7958:World War II 7952: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7910: 7890:Jersey pound 7879: 7752:legal tender 7732: 7716: 7712: 7696:World War II 7685: 7680:Legal tender 7678: 7650: 7633:central bank 7630: 7605: 7585: 7573:offset litho 7566: 7562: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7515: 7503: 7468: 7444:Royal Shield 7413:market value 7382:1997: A new 7271: 7260: 7252: 7215: 7175:cupro-nickel 7164: 7140:Elizabeth II 7099:cupro-nickel 7094: 7090: 7076: 7071: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7003: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6940: 6938: 6908: 6907:(30/–). 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pound 15533:German Mark 15437:Enlargement 15102:Netherlands 14738:Euro summit 14408:: 1801–1991 14234:14 February 13802:12 December 13714:14 February 13562:14 February 13018:14 February 12986:14 February 12950:14 February 12882:8 September 12773:14 February 12713:15 February 12667:14 February 12631:22 December 12185:22 December 12159:16 February 12141:Bly, Nellie 11088:14 February 10894:18 February 10859:18 February 10727:www.iso.org 10313:19 February 10213:19 February 10184:28 February 10151:31 December 10125:28 December 10100:14 February 9931:28 November 9882:Less common 9327:Swiss franc 8026: £1.00 8015: Year 8009: Year 8003: Year 7997: Year 7991: Year 7985: Year 7646:HM Treasury 7616:Danske Bank 7581:letterpress 7522:pound Scots 7391:bi-metallic 7249:(old) penny 7220:demonetised 7077:During the 6851:Elizabeth I 6808:two and six 6727:gold florin 6651:Mervyn King 6564:Mervyn King 6516:(from 1990) 6268:US Treasury 6233:Barber Boom 6184:appreciated 6178:, sterling 6004:Decimal Day 5759:notes were 5747:During the 5705:New Zealand 5635:Irish pound 5620:pound Scots 5463:guinea coin 5435:August 2022 5342:(10/–) and 5332:angel of 20 5306:angel of 40 5275:sixpence (6 5065:Tudor, 1551 5014:sol Parisis 4886:gold nobles 4868:pure gold). 4801:half groats 4784:fine silver 4722:Halfpennies 4712:Tower pound 4655:Charlemagne 4503:Anglo-Saxon 4338:Troy ounces 4308:in England 4156:half guinea 3846: 1.05 3737:Pre-decimal 3698:Decimal Day 3665:U.S. dollar 3626:Isle of Man 3468:tower pound 3460:Roman pound 3350:, in which 3347:lībra pondō 3344:expression 3290:Easterlings 3231:Old English 2769:New Zealand 2764:Netherlands 2654:Visa policy 2632:UK passport 2394:Isle of Man 2321:Communities 2271:Sheriffdoms 2089:(1999–2011) 1853:London Plan 1169:referendums 1010:Charles III 990:List of MPs 961:Rishi Sunak 889:Charles III 851:Legislature 828:Departments 723:Charles III 678:Prerogative 640:Charles III 628:The Monarch 592:Rule of law 565:Magna Carta 22445:Categories 22333:Government 22241:Government 22236:Parliament 21952:Literature 21832:Innovation 21765:Demography 21660:(currency) 21509:Government 21467:Parliament 21391:Devolution 21386:Corruption 21321:Materials 21255:geothermal 20939:Chronology 20846:Pound sign 20673:Papal lira 20553:Jaca pound 20526:Irish punt 20407:Attic mina 20298:Manx pound 20151:(currency) 19811:Farthing ( 19721:£sd system 19584:(currency) 19532:Manx pound 19117:£1,000,000 18868:High-speed 18863:Inter-city 18779:Automotive 18759:Healthcare 18747:Television 18737:Newspapers 18581:Materials 18496:Geothermal 18469:production 18411:Labour law 18394:Demography 18377:and labour 18158:Manchester 18069:Birmingham 18001:Free trade 17730:regulation 17624:Manx pound 17417:Currencies 17350:Omani rial 17311:Gaza Strip 17253:Gaza Strip 17198:East Timor 16935:Kyrgyz som 16527:Martinique 16518:Guadeloupe 16481:Montserrat 16434:Cuban peso 16336:Currencies 15714:Currencies 15452:Withdrawal 15275:Montenegro 15150:San Marino 15092:Luxembourg 14998:500 € 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1147:Banknotes 1041:President 1005:Judiciary 833:Ministers 701:Executive 615:The Crown 514:Pegged by 475:Inflation 469:Valuation 415:De La Rue 213:Banknotes 22425:Category 22377:Religion 22323:Politics 22290:Religion 22231:Politics 22219:timeline 22206:Scotland 22191:Religion 22142:Assembly 22137:Politics 22104:Religion 22062:Politics 22050:timeline 21967:Religion 21947:Identity 21810:Scotland 21755:Cannabis 21681:Taxation 21568:Military 21450:monarchs 21445:Monarchy 21365:Politics 21325:forestry 21305:Scottish 21296:Fishing 21155:Physical 21075:Taxation 21070:Military 21060:Maritime 21033:Economic 21026:By topic 20991:Postwar 20985:military 20980:civilian 20972:Interwar 20142:See also 19870:⁠1 19859:Penny (1 19575:See also 19145:Scotland 18959:Category 18887:business 18853:Aviation 18826:Internet 18732:Gambling 18639:The City 18604:services 18585:Forestry 18568:Scottish 18559:Fishing 18501:Fracking 18433:Pensions 18241:Aberdeen 18233:Scotland 18208:Northern 18178:Somerset 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3916:Shilling 3879:Shilling 3742:Sterling 3618:Guernsey 3575:shilling 3571:sixpence 3525:ISO 4217 3513:ISO 4217 3505:denarius 3274:East Sea 3252:used in 3196:renminbi 3183:Sterling 3129:renminbi 3076:currency 3068:ISO code 3064:Sterling 3000:Scotland 2829:Zimbabwe 2819:Portugal 2809:Pakistan 2754:Malaysia 2672:Barbados 2441:Anguilla 2366:Alderney 2361:Guernsey 2255:Scotland 2242:Counties 2049:2006 Act 1973:2016 Act 1969:2012 Act 1947:Scotland 1929:Assembly 1890:2006 Act 1821:2007 Act 1114:Governor 1088:Scotland 838:Agencies 532:a series 430:.delarue 370:Issuance 78:ISO 4217 40:Sterling 22409:Outline 22382:Symbols 22372:Culture 22355:tourism 22350:Economy 22313:History 22295:Symbols 22285:Culture 22263:tourism 22258:Economy 22214:History 22196:Symbols 22186:Culture 22169:tourism 22164:Economy 22127:History 22109:Symbols 22099:Culture 22077:tourism 22072:Economy 22040:History 22032:England 21982:Theatre 21977:Symbols 21935:Cuisine 21912:Culture 21882:Suicide 21852:Poverty 21817:Housing 21805:England 21743:Society 21719:Driving 21691:Tourism 21609:Economy 21517:Cabinet 21317:Hunting 21300:English 21197:Geology 21180:Climate 20930:History 20825:Grzywna 20397:AM-Lira 20385:Defunct 20082:Bullion 19885:⁠ 19849:⁠ 19837:⁠ 19825:⁠ 19813:⁠ 19801:⁠ 19789:⁠ 19772:⁠ 19760:⁠ 19743:⁠ 19731:⁠ 19669:⁠ 19657:⁠ 19037:Current 18969:Commons 18936:Make UK 18843:Tourism 18809:Housing 18789:Exports 18752:Theatre 18617:Banking 18563:English 18459:Sectors 18404:Poverty 18357:Tourism 18352:Swansea 18337:History 18332:Fishing 18319:Cardiff 18286:Tourism 18266:History 18261:Fishing 18218:Belfast 18210:Ireland 18188:Tourism 18163:Reading 18111:Fishing 18091:Croydon 18081:Bristol 18056:England 17848:History 17821:Coinage 17590:Western 17483:Eastern 17201:, with 17157:Lao kip 16923:Central 16840:, with 16838:Ecuador 16666:Bitcoin 16659:Central 16580:Curaçao 16473:Grenada 16281:Senegal 16172:Madeira 16117:Namibia 16108:Lesotho 16023:Réunion 16014:Mayotte 15796:Central 15368:General 15360:History 15243:Romania 15233:Hungary 15228:Denmark 15140:Andorra 15072:Ireland 15062:Germany 15052:Finland 15047:Estonia 15037:Croatia 15032:Belgium 15027:Austria 14783:Economy 14653:General 14580:of the 14560:1057113 14201:(604). 14175:21 July 14141:28 July 14115:28 July 13924:28 July 13683:28 July 13652:31 July 13386:6 April 13359:5 March 13323:6 March 13290:5 March 13100:29 June 13074:29 June 12036:4052591 11824:20 June 11704:soldino 11440:19 July 11340:22 July 11332:. 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