566:
578:
602:
699:
590:
687:
661:
1304:
614:
1280:
649:
637:
520:
1292:
221:
34:
719:
236:. The stringer is the structural member that carries the load of the staircase, the tread is the horizontal part that is stepped on, and the riser board is the vertical part which runs the width of the structure. There are many types of stairs: open, closed, fully housed, winding, and so on, to mention a few of them.
1273:) is limited in that it does not have tables that allow for work with unequal pitched roofs. Irregular hip/valley rafters are characterized by plan angles that are not equal or 45°. The top plates can be 90° at the outside corners or various other angles. There are numerous irregular h/v roof plans.
746:
of the triangle are the top wall plates of the structure. The side cut is located at the intersection of the given pitch column and the side cut of the hip/valley row. The regular hip/valley rafter runs at a 45° angle to the main roof and the unit of measurement is 16.97 inches of run. Regular
629:
The octagon scale allows the user to inscribe an octagon inside a square, given the length of the side of the square. The markings indicate half the length of the octagon's sides, which can be set to a compass or divider. Arcs drawn from the midpoints of the square's sides will intersect the square
551:
Difference in lengths jacks. The jack rafters lie in the same plane as the common rafter but connect the top plate (the wall) or ridge board to the hip or valley rafter respectively. Since the hip or valley rafter meets the ridge board and the common rafter at angles of 45 degrees, the jack rafters
239:
Laying out a staircase requires rudimentary math. There are numerous building codes to which staircases must conform. In an open area the designer can incorporate a more desirable staircase. In a confined area this becomes more challenging. In most staircases there is one more rise than there are
197:
were typically 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide and 50 millimetres (2.0 in) from the edge of the timber when working with softwoods, giving rise to the width of the blade. Likewise, mortises and tenons were traditionally 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide when working in hardwoods, explaining
1021:
The tangent is in a base 12. The tangent x 12 = side cut of jack rafters. This corresponds to the side cut on the Steel square. The complementary angles of the arc tan are used on most angle measuring devices in construction. The tangent of hip, valley, and jack rafters are less than 1.00 in all
729:
are also used to verify and determine roofing calculations. Some are programmed to calculate all side cuts for hip, valley and jack regular rafters to be exactly 45° for all rafter pitches. The rafter table is expressed in inches, and the higher the numerical value of the pitch, the greater the
958:
The side cut is located at the intersection of the side cut of jack rafters row and the pitch column on the Steel square. There is a row for the difference in length of jacks, 16 and 24 inch centers on the blade. The tangents are directly proportional for both centers.
565:
259:
piece of lumber. A framing square is placed on the lumber so that the desired rise and tread marks meet the edge of the board. The outline of the square is traced. The square is slid up the board until the tread is placed on the mark and the process is
211:
A steel square is self-proving and self-calibrating in that you can lay out a perpendicular line, flip the square over, and determine the size and direction of the error. The error can be corrected by opening or closing the angle with a center punch.
1098:
The plumb cut for jack and common rafters are the same angles. The level cut or seat cut is the complementary angle of the plumb cut. The notch formed at the intersection of the level and plumb cut Is commonly referred to as the bird's mouth .
547:
Hip or valley rafter per foot of run. The hip or valley rafter also connects the ridge to the plate, but lies at a 45-degree angle to the common rafter. This number gives the length of the hip or valley rafter per seventeen units of
266:
The stringer in this example has two pieces of tread stock. This allows for a slight overhang. There is also a space in between the boards. The bottom of the stringer must be cut to the thickness of the tread. This step is called
1266:
698:
1249:
601:
577:
680:
to prevent racking under lateral loads. The diagonal scale is useful for determining the length of the a knee brace desired for a given distance from the joint between the post and beam.
552:
will have varying lengths when they intersect the hip or valley. Depending on the spacing of the rafters, their lengths will vary by a constant factor—this number is the common difference.
801:
1157:
1014:
853:
571:
The relationship between hip, jack and common rafters, and how they tie into the ridge and bottom plate. The rafters are fastened to the horizontal ridge board at the peak of the roof.
906:
1022:
pitches above 0°. An eighteen pitch has a side cut angle of 29.07° and a two pitch has a side cut angle of 44.56° for jack rafters. This is a variation of 15.5° between pitches.
224:
Theoretical rise and run of stringer, placement of square, marking of tread and rise, dropping the stringer, ABC=90°, total rise of stringer = 2R-T, total run of stringer = 2AB.
123:. It consists of a long, wider arm and a shorter, narrower arm, which meet at an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle). Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the
613:
555:
This angle can be cut on the fly by aligning this given number on the blade of the steel square and the twelve-inch mark on the tongue, and drawing a line along the tongue.
1269:). There is also a comprehensive rafter table for 6 & 8 sided polygon roofs (first time ever on a framing square). The traditional steel square's rafter table (
589:
1626:
730:
difference between side cut angles within a given pitch. Only a level roof, or a 0 pitch will require a 45° angle side cut (cheek cut) for hip and jack rafters.
1262:
263:
The board is cut along the dotted lines, and the top plumb cut and the bottom level cut are traced by holding the square on the opposite side.
686:
938:
The side cut of the hip/valley rafter = (Tangent)(12) = side cut in inches. The side cuts in the rafter table are all in a base 12. The
1619:
1968:
1169:
The plumb cut of the hip/valley rafter is expressed in the formula. The level cut is the complementary angle or 90° minus the arc tan.
523:
This is a common rafter with the two different cuts. The plumb cut fits in the ridge board and the Bird's mouth fits on the wall plate.
636:
1303:
494:
This table shows five different types of rafter calculations and one table for marking an angle called the side cut or cheek cut.
1921:
1177:
1931:
1612:
747:
hip/valley and jack rafters have different bevel angles within any given pitch and the angle decreases as the pitch increases.
648:
198:
the width of the tongue. This allowed for quick layouts of mortise and tenon joints when working both hard and softwoods.
1896:
1279:
942:
can be determined from any given pitch. Most power tools and angle measuring devices use 90° as 0° in construction. The
1547:
1524:
1480:
131:, and such squares are no longer invariably made of steel (as they were many decades ago); they can also be made of
1973:
174:
scale. On the newer framing squares there are degree conversions for different pitches and fractional equivalents.
1978:
939:
755:
1595:
1107:
967:
807:
742:
has two angles that equal 45° then the two sides are equidistant. The rafter is the hypotenuse and the legs or
859:
607:
Hip and jack rafters use twelve as a common reference while aligning the desired pitch in the side cut column.
630:
at the vertices of the planned octagon. All that remains is to cut four triangular sections from the square.
107:. Carpenters use various tools to lay out structures that are square (that is, built at accurately measured
1732:
1677:
660:
583:
The side cut is the beveled angle of the hip or valley rafter that fits into the ridge board in this image.
1588:
Build a classic timber-framed house : planning and design, traditional materials, affordable methods
1425:
271:. After one stringer is cut this piece becomes the pattern that is traced onto the remaining stringers.
119:
refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially of various
1936:
1030:
This is a reference table for side cuts versus pitch. (only valid for 90 degrees eave angle) :
1291:
619:
Hip and valley rafters use seventeen as the common reference for marking the plumb cut of a rafter.
155:
20:
1983:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1926:
1916:
1672:
1906:
1403:
1946:
1941:
1647:
1635:
708:, or the hypotenuse, for the different legs of the triangle for which a brace is to be cut.
8:
1911:
1757:
1692:
943:
505:
1842:
1667:
1536:
1509:
1372:
1350:
256:
1712:
1591:
1543:
1520:
1495:
1476:
1459:
595:
Common and jack rafters all use twelve as the common reference to mark the plumb cut.
500:
There is a table of numbers on the face side of the steel square; this is called the
252:(horizontal measurement). The stringer will rest partially on the horizontal surface.
194:
146:; the shorter narrower arm, is 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide, and is called the
1727:
1687:
1559:
537:
83:
1767:
528:
Common rafter per foot of run. The common rafter connects the peak of a roof (the
1792:
1557:
Gochnour, Chris (February 2006). "11 Essential
Measuring and Woodworking Tools".
1604:
504:. The rafter table allows the carpenter to make quick calculations based on the
1867:
1862:
1787:
1682:
739:
677:
178:
1962:
1872:
1852:
1822:
1747:
1742:
1516:
1338:
1320:
1270:
142:
The longer wider arm is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide, and is called the
64:
1832:
1817:
1802:
1797:
1772:
1737:
1707:
1697:
1652:
1367:
1342:
947:
519:
190:
1362:
1722:
1702:
1411:
1334:
1261:
The only
Framing Square that has tables for unequal pitched roofs is the
233:
229:
108:
1847:
1837:
1782:
1752:
1717:
1662:
1346:
726:
533:
513:
228:
Stairs usually consist of three components. They are the stringer, the
167:
1762:
1326:
104:
88:
16:
Flat tool used in carpentry to mark right angles and calculate angles
558:
Cutting hip and valley cripple rafters are all cut in a similar way.
1827:
1657:
1377:
743:
532:) to the base of a roof (the plate). This number gives the length (
220:
163:
159:
132:
1812:
512:
of the roof. Each column describes a different roof inclination (
171:
136:
33:
1499:
1463:
718:
508:. The table is organized by columns that correspond to various
151:
1777:
509:
120:
112:
642:
Octagon table located on the front side of the steel square.
1857:
1244:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}.\,}
1333:
is a guide for establishing right angles (90° angles) or
692:
This is the location of the diagonal scale on the square.
150:. The square has many uses, including laying out common
19:"Carpenter's square" redirects here. For the plant, see
1093:
1180:
1110:
970:
862:
810:
758:
1402:Elliot, J. Hamilton (1910), Cobleigh, Rolfe (ed.),
733:
1538:Constructing Staircases Balustrades & Landings
1535:
1508:
1309:Intersecting irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.
1243:
1164:
1151:
1008:
900:
847:
795:
407:Difference in length of jacks 24 inch centers
378:Difference in length of jacks 16 inch centers
1634:
725:In addition to use the square tool, construction
1960:
1256:
713:
1620:
654:Octagon table viewed from an aluminum square.
1590:. Pownal, Vt. : Storey Communications.
946:of the arc tan are used with tools like the
1337:, usually made of metal. There are various
953:
796:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {12^{2}+12^{2}}}\,}
536:) of the common rafter per twelve units of
1627:
1613:
1577:Falconer, John (1925). Ednie, John (ed.).
1033:Pitch expressed in rise units / run units
32:
1506:
1456:The Carpenters' Steel Square and Its Uses
1240:
1152:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{b}}.\,}
1148:
1009:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {16}{z}}\,}
1005:
929:Z = difference in L of jack rafter 16" OC
897:
848:{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {c^{2}+P^{2}}}\,}
844:
792:
516:) and contains the following information:
139:, which are light and resistant to rust.
1576:
1556:
901:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {c}{L}}\,}
518:
349:Hip or valley rafter length per foot run
219:
1470:
1453:
1408:Handy Farm Devices and How to Make Them
465:Side cut of hip rafter or valley rafter
1961:
1533:
1458:. The Industrial Publication Company.
1401:
1608:
1585:
1489:
1395:
1314:
1285:irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.
1094:Plumb cut of jack and common rafters
676:Knee bracing is a common feature in
177:Framing squares may also be used as
1087:Pitch 1/12 ==> 45,10 deg
1084:Pitch 2/12 ==> 45,22 deg
1081:Pitch 3/12 ==> 45,90 deg
1078:Pitch 4/12 ==> 46,54 deg
1075:Pitch 5/12 ==> 47,33 deg
1072:Pitch 6/12 ==> 48,15 deg
1069:Pitch 7/12 ==> 49,17 deg
1066:Pitch 8/12 ==> 50,19 deg
1060:Pitch 10/12 ==> 52,54 deg
1057:Pitch 11/12 ==> 53,49 deg
1054:Pitch 12/12 ==> 54,69 deg
1051:Pitch 13/12 ==> 55,88 deg
1048:Pitch 14/12 ==> 56,94 deg
184:
13:
1567:
1426:"Framing Square Test & Repair"
1090:Pitch 0/12 ==> 45,00 deg
1063:Pitch 9/12 ==> 51,25 deg
717:
14:
1995:
1969:Woodworking measuring instruments
1581:. Carpentry and Joinery. Gresham.
671:
320:Common rafter length per foot run
1302:
1290:
1278:
734:Side cut hip/valley rafter table
697:
685:
659:
647:
635:
624:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
248:(vertical measurement), and the
215:
1494:. Vol. 3. Theodore Audel.
1492:Carpenters and Builders Library
1447:
1165:Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters
436:Side cut length of jack rafters
275:
1454:Hodgson, Frederick T. (1880).
1418:
206:
1:
1383:
1045:Pitch 15/12 ==> 57,99 deg
1042:Pitch 16/12 ==> 59,07 deg
1039:Pitch 17/12 ==> 60,10 deg
1036:Pitch 18/12 ==> 60,86 deg
704:The diagonal scale gives the
111:), many of which are made of
1678:Coordinate-measuring machine
1257:Irregular hip/valley rafters
1026:Side cut angles versus pitch
7:
1534:Spence, William P. (2000).
1356:
714:Calculators in roof framing
10:
2000:
1318:
493:
18:
1881:
1643:
1563:(182). Taunton Press: 75.
1507:Schuttner, Scott (1990).
1404:"Use of the Steel Square"
1263:Chappell Universal Square
916:
911:
666:4 steps to draw Octagons.
76:
57:
40:
31:
1922:Machine and metalworking
1490:Ulrey, Harry F. (1972).
1388:
954:Side cut of jack rafters
21:Scrophularia marilandica
1974:Dimensional instruments
1932:Measuring and alignment
1542:. Sterling Publishing.
1475:. Sterling Publishing.
1979:Woodworking hand tools
1471:Siegele, H.H. (1981).
1271:patented April 23,1901
1245:
1153:
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281:Blade of steel square
225:
201:
1572:. Bath: E. A. Lovell.
1246:
1154:
1011:
903:
850:
798:
721:
522:
269:dropping the stringer
223:
1897:Cutting and abrasive
1733:Laser measuring tool
1586:Sobon, Jack (1994).
1297:irregular roof plan.
1178:
1108:
968:
944:complementary angles
860:
808:
756:
1638:and alignment tools
1511:Basic Stairbuilding
1351:combination squares
506:Pythagorean theorem
282:
195:mortises and tenons
69:Carpentry hand tool
28:
1843:Thread pitch gauge
1668:Combination square
1373:Combination square
1315:Carpenter's square
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129:carpenter's square
103:is a tool used in
84:Carpenter's pencil
50:Carpenter's square
26:
1956:
1955:
1648:Architect's scale
1267:patent #7,958,645
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926:L = rafter length
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1991:
1728:Laser line level
1693:Engineer's scale
1688:Drafting machine
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1582:
1579:The Steel Square
1573:
1570:The Steel Square
1564:
1560:Fine Woodworking
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1473:The Steel Square
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185:Blade and tongue
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1339:types of square
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189:In traditional
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115:, but the name
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1984:Squares (tool)
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1887:Types of tools
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1873:Winding sticks
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1863:Weighing scale
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274:
273:
272:
264:
261:
253:
217:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
186:
183:
179:winding sticks
125:framing square
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
80:
78:
74:
73:
71:
70:
67:
65:Type of square
61:
59:
58:Classification
55:
54:
52:
51:
48:
47:Framing square
44:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
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1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
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1964:
1948:
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1854:
1853:Vernier scale
1851:
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1748:Measuring rod
1746:
1744:
1743:Marking gauge
1741:
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1549:0-8069-8101-6
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1526:0-942391-44-6
1522:
1518:
1517:Taunton Press
1513:
1512:
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1497:
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1484:
1482:0-8069-8854-1
1478:
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1430:Inspectapedia
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1354:
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1348:
1344:
1343:speed squares
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1321:Square (tool)
1305:
1300:
1293:
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1199:
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695:
688:
683:
682:
681:
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662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
633:
632:
631:
625:Octagon scale
615:
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603:
598:
591:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
561:
557:
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341:
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336:
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325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
285:
284:
270:
265:
262:
258:
257:two-by-twelve
254:
251:
247:
243:
242:
241:
237:
235:
231:
222:
216:Stair framing
213:
199:
196:
192:
182:
180:
175:
173:
170:scale and an
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
75:
68:
66:
63:
62:
60:
56:
49:
46:
45:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1833:Tape measure
1818:Straightedge
1808:Steel square
1807:
1803:Spirit level
1798:Speed square
1773:Radius gauge
1738:Lesbian rule
1708:French curve
1698:Feeler gauge
1653:Beam compass
1587:
1578:
1569:
1568:Lanham, Wm.
1558:
1537:
1510:
1491:
1472:
1455:
1448:Bibliography
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1414:and Company.
1407:
1397:
1335:mitre angles
1330:
1324:
1260:
1168:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
957:
948:speed square
937:
737:
724:
705:
675:
628:
541:
529:
502:rafter table
501:
499:
276:Roof framing
268:
249:
245:
238:
227:
210:
191:timber frame
188:
176:
158:rafters and
147:
143:
141:
128:
124:
117:steel square
116:
109:right angles
101:steel square
100:
98:
27:Steel square
1947:Woodworking
1723:Laser level
1703:Flat spline
1435:10 December
1412:Orange Judd
1347:try squares
727:calculators
207:Calibration
162:. It has a
41:Other names
1963:Categories
1848:Try square
1838:Theodolite
1783:Set square
1768:Protractor
1758:Micrometer
1753:Meterstick
1663:Chalk line
1597:0882668420
1384:References
1341:, such as
540:distance (
538:horizontal
534:hypotenuse
255:This is a
168:board foot
1763:Plumb-bob
1636:Measuring
1327:carpentry
923:P = pitch
260:repeated.
193:joinery,
172:octagonal
105:carpentry
89:Plumb bob
77:Used with
1902:Forestry
1892:Cleaning
1828:T-square
1658:Calipers
1500:74099760
1464:06036488
1378:Hip roof
1357:See also
706:diagonal
240:treads.
232:and the
164:diagonal
137:polymers
133:aluminum
1927:Masonry
1917:Kitchen
1868:Wiggler
1813:Stencil
1788:Skirret
1673:Compass
1363:Trammel
940:arc tan
912:Legend
744:catheti
489:10.88"
460:10.00"
431:28.88"
402:19.25"
373:18.76"
344:14.42"
166:scale,
152:rafters
1937:Mining
1907:Garden
1823:Square
1594:
1546:
1523:
1498:
1479:
1462:
1331:square
510:slopes
424:33.94"
417:38.44"
410:43.25"
395:22.63"
388:25.63"
381:28.88"
366:20.78"
359:22.65"
352:24.74"
337:16.97"
330:19.21"
323:21.63"
160:stairs
148:tongue
121:angles
1942:Power
1778:Ruler
1389:Notes
1368:Punch
738:If a
530:ridge
514:pitch
482:9.81"
468:8.25"
439:6.69"
234:riser
230:tread
144:blade
113:steel
1912:Hand
1858:Vise
1592:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1496:LCCN
1477:ISBN
1460:LCCN
1437:2021
1349:and
1329:, a
548:run.
475:9.0"
453:8.5"
446:7.5"
246:rise
244:The
99:The
1718:Jig
1325:In
1265:, (
542:run
315:8"
309:10"
306:12"
303:13"
300:14"
297:15"
294:16"
291:17"
288:18"
250:run
202:Use
156:hip
135:or
127:or
1965::
1519:.
1515:.
1428:.
1410:,
1406:,
1353:.
1345:,
998:16
950:.
782:12
769:12
544:).
312:9"
181:.
154:,
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1600:.
1552:.
1529:.
1502:.
1485:.
1466:.
1439:.
1238:.
1230:2
1226:b
1222:+
1217:2
1213:a
1208:P
1203:=
1200:t
1197:n
1194:e
1191:g
1188:n
1185:a
1182:t
1146:.
1141:b
1138:P
1133:=
1130:t
1127:n
1124:e
1121:g
1118:n
1115:a
1112:t
1001:z
993:=
990:t
987:n
984:e
981:g
978:n
975:a
972:t
893:L
890:c
885:=
882:t
879:n
876:e
873:g
870:n
867:a
864:t
838:2
834:P
830:+
825:2
821:c
815:=
812:L
786:2
778:+
773:2
763:=
760:c
23:.
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