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Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the
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process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for
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Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on a regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower.
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Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year, a typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product.
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Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod,
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568:(DRI) is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an
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where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into
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Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs.
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The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a
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was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the
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associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of
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An extensive picture gallery of all methods of production in North
America and Europe
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steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing.
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blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the
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Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as
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An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production:
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methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an
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use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture.
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For a mechanical device that produced sparks for lighting in mines, see
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use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from
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ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel mill
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A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however,
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The Making, Shaping and
Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition
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to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel
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for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet
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mechanically powered flashlight § "Steel mills"
176:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
556:(one of the world's largest steel producers) and
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490:Molten steel is cast into large blocks called
377:. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in
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728:Travel Channel video 1 of the Homestead Works
584:for converting molten steel to solid form, a
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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750:Trends in EAF quality capability 1980–2010
548:An ingot of steel entering a rolling mill
254:Learn how and when to remove this message
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
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367:Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks
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713:McGannon, Harold E. (editor) (1971).
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59:This article has multiple issues.
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558:Commercial Metals Company (CMC)
459:roughing rolling/billet rolling
161:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
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312:semi-finished casting products
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802:History of ferrous metallurgy
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270:Integrated steel mill in the
1045:Argon oxygen decarburization
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342:, steel mills have replaced
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1206:Differential heat treatment
700:New Delhi, October 18, 2007
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415:Třinec Iron and Steel Works
338:Since the invention of the
334:Otis Steel Mill, Ohio, 1929
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424:Interior of a steel mill
807:List of steel producers
638:List of steel producers
1035:Electro-slag remelting
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27:Plant for steelmaking
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1040:Vacuum arc remelting
1019:Basic oxygen process
1014:Electric arc furnace
604:direct strip casting
570:electric arc furnace
527:environmental hazard
485:basic oxygen furnace
356:electric arc furnace
170:improve this article
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105:to meet Knowledge's
1186:Cryogenic treatment
1009:Open hearth furnace
997:Primary (Post-1850)
988:Cementation process
875:Direct reduced iron
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510:, and occasionally
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371:Barrow-in-Furness
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1173:Martempering
1168:Austempering
1077:Low hydrogen
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895:Finery forge
891:Wrought iron
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675:. Retrieved
671:the original
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609:wire-drawing
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590:rolling mill
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397:Plan of the
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226:October 2015
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185:"Steel mill"
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168:Please help
163:verification
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124:October 2015
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114:Please help
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61:Please help
58:
1312:Steelmaking
1216:Forming gas
1120:Carburizing
977:Wootz steel
943:Steelmaking
842:sponge iron
433:iron making
383:South Korea
369:located in
362:processes.
346:, based on
304:steelmaking
296:manufacture
272:Netherlands
118:if you can.
18:Steel mills
1301:Categories
1273:Luxembourg
1253:Bangladesh
1195:Deflashing
1105:Ausforming
948:Steel mill
858:Cold blast
850:(produces
840:(produces
792:production
677:2007-08-25
649:References
288:steelworks
284:steel mill
196:newspapers
64:improve it
39:Steel Mill
1226:Quenching
1200:Hardening
1190:Deburring
1160:Tempering
1140:Nitriding
1135:Induction
1125:Cryogenic
1092:Hardening
1069:Annealing
1028:Secondary
911:Cast iron
884:Secondary
863:Hot blast
820:Ironworks
401:plant in
379:Gwangyang
344:ironworks
70:talk page
1110:Boriding
902:Puddling
852:pig iron
838:Bloomery
830:Smelting
741:Archived
694:Archived
663:"Barrow"
627:See also
597:concrete
540:Minimill
525:A major
514:such as
496:aluminum
477:pig iron
447:pig iron
348:puddling
318:or from
316:pig iron
308:iron ore
294:for the
100:require
1278:Nigeria
1061:methods
905:Furnace
633:Foundry
453:casting
326:History
210:scholar
102:cleanup
588:and a
492:blooms
352:fining
290:is an
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205:
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191:
183:
1268:Italy
1263:India
1258:China
913:(via
893:(via
790:steel
562:scrap
554:Nucor
320:scrap
300:steel
217:JSTOR
203:books
897:or
788:and
786:Iron
531:coke
520:pipe
518:and
516:bars
189:news
917:or
576:or
437:ore
350:or
298:of
286:or
172:by
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