124:
836:
844:
308:. The purpose was to further erase West African culture and religious beliefs. However, the enslaved Africans were able to preserve their traditions by camouflaging them within Christian holidays. For example, on Sundays, enslaved people would "put on their best clothes and go to drum dances held in different yards or on the land away from the plantation where they were allowed to grow their own crops... would dance to the music and rhythms of the skin drums and
517:
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47:
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violent or derelict crowd. It was unacceptable for women to be involved in such activities. Culturally the stigma was focused on the idea that women belonged in the home or with the children and not out in the street with the pan players. As the instrument became more mainstream women were allowed to join and the stigma that went along with playing the instrument subsided.
784:
music competition. Bands that perform all year round (both in
Trinidad and world-wide) have long prided themselves on being able to perform many types of music, particularly Latin and jazz numbers, film music and other popular tunes. Pannists also have a tradition of performing classical music which
530:
The size of the instrument varies from one pan to another. It may have almost all of the "skirt" (the cylindrical part of the oil drum) cut off and around 30 soprano-range notes. It may use the entire drum with only three bass notes per pan, in which case one person may play six such pans. The length
273:
to be sold at slave auctions. Persons of the same tribes and languages were deliberately separated and sold to different enslavers in an attempt to eradicate their traditions. In most cases, enslavers did not allow them to speak in their native tongues, forcing them to give up tradition and learn the
564:
There are several ways in which a steelpan may become out of tune (most commonly this is caused by playing the steelpan with excessive force and incorrect handling) and it is quite common that steelbands arrange to have their instruments tuned once or twice a year. A tuner must have great skill in
382:
wood. These were hit onto the ground and with other sticks in order to produce sound. Tamboo bamboo bands included percussion of a (gin) bottle and spoon. By the mid-1930s, bits of metal percussion were being used in the tamboo bamboo bands, the first probably being either the automobile brake hub
370:
established a presence in
Trinidad. The pannists, who were associated with lawlessness and violence, helped to popularise steelpan music among the soldiers, which began its international popularisation. At the time of the steelpan's popularity in Trinidad it was seen as being associated with a
788:
An international festival, the World
Steelband Music Festival, has been held intermittently in Trinidad since 1964, where steelbands perform a test piece (sometimes specially composed, or a selected calypso); a piece of choice (very often a "classic" or European art-music work); and calypso of
293:. Though they were mimicked, enslaved Africans were not allowed to join the festivities. In response, the Africans organized underground Carnivals of their own, taking place in cabins and backyards. Inspired by ancient traditions, Africans incorporated masks, feathers, beads, and drumming.
560:
further makes a strobe tuner a necessity for steelpan tuning. Steelpan makers have used strobe tuners since it was discovered that, by adjusting the overtones (first (fundamental), second, and third partial), the pan's sound seemed to sparkle in a way that it did not previously.
222:
A pan is played using a pair of straight sticks tipped with rubber; the size and type of rubber tip varies according to the class of pan being played. Some musicians use four pansticks, holding two in each hand. This grew out of
Trinidad and Tobago's early 20th-century
1911:
Helmlinger, Aurélie. "The influence of the group for the memorization of repertoire in
Trinidad and Tobago steelbands". 9th International Conference on Musical Perception and Cognition proceedings, ed. by M. Baroni, A.R. Addessi, R. Caterina, M. Costa, Bologna,
797:
has been held in the United
Kingdom as part of the annual Notting Hill Carnival celebration. Brooklyn, NY, home to a large West Indian population, has hosted an annual Steelband Panorama since 1972 as part of its annual Labor Day Carnival festivities.
1473:
485:
Company. Although first results were promising, the project has been abandoned due to lack of finances and support by local pan tuners in
Trinidad. Another method of shaping the pan was attempted: by spinning. The pan was spun on a
429:
was hired for its cast, he suggested the incorporation of three drummers from his dance company, Michael
Alexander (who made the instruments), Roderick Clavery, and Alphonso Marshall; the three doubled as dancers in the show.
394:(TASPO), formed to attend the Festival of Britain in 1951, was the first steelband whose instruments were all made from oil drums. They performed July 26, thus introducing the steelpan and a new music genre to the world. 2022
785:
dates back to 1946, both in calypso tempo (known as "The Bomb") and straight (generally in concert or music festival contexts). In these contexts, accuracy and faithfulness to the original are highly prized.
467:. This has become the standard form of note placement for lead pans. Other important developments include the tuning of harmonic overtones in individual notes, developed simultaneously and independently by
865:
The pannist's top position in a
Panorama steelband is that of the captain. These large ensembles often include section leaders: accomplished pannists that monitor the various voices in the band.
581:
by using multiple pans, particularly for the bass registers, which have fewer notes per pan owing to the larger sizes of the lower note areas. Following are some of the most popular instruments:
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choice, in a concert-style venue. Panorama, the largest steelband contest in the world, occurs during
Carnival celebrations in Trinidad. In 2020, the world's first online steelpan competition,
556:
Despite being a relatively new member of the percussion family, steelpan tuning techniques have advanced rapidly. Strobe tuners are ideally suited for the task. The need to see the first few
508:
Electronic steelpans have also been developed. One such version is the E-Pan, invented by Salmon Cupid, who holds utility patents for it. Another is the Percussive Harmonic Instrument (PHI).
1412:"News to Us: The Trinidad Steel Band Drum." The Instrumentalist, June 1961, 24. Sold by Drum City Enterprises of Hollywood, CA; photographed with Los Angeles studio percussionist Roy Harte.
490:-like device, and a roller on the end of a bar was used to sink the pan. While this did create pre-sunk pans, a problem was that there would often be scratches and grooves in the steel.
383:"iron" or the biscuit drum "boom". The former replaced the gin bottle-and-spoon, and the latter the "bass" bamboo that was pounded on the ground. In 1939 the first all-steel band,
1925:
Mémoriser à plusieurs. Expérience sur l’effet du groupe dans les steelbands (Trinidad et Tobago). Memorizing together. Group effect experiments in steelbands (Trinidad and Tobago)
1144:
477:
The Caribbean Research Institute CARIRI investigated possibilities to mass-produce raw forms with the use of pressing machines in the 1970s. Much of this project took place in
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1422:
993:
1617:
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A Swiss steelpan manufacturer (PANArt) researched the field of fine-grain sheet steel and developed a deep-drawn raw form which was additionally hardened by
961:
859:), is a person who plays the steelpan. A professional pannist may perform solo, play with a steel band, or accompany singers or solo instrumentalists.
1526:
1216:
965:
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1998:
969:
366:. These steelpans are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the
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their work to manage to make the notes sound both good and at the correct pitch. Much of the tuning work is performed using hammers.
1426:
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1505:
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406:. Hugh Borde led the National Steel Band of Trinidad & Tobago at the Commonwealth Arts Festival in England, as well as the
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1341:
1200:
262:. For example, the rhythm and pitch could indicate the location, time, and even type of dancing during an upcoming ceremony.
776:
The repertoire of the steelband is extensive. Steelbands in Trinidad have a tradition of re-interpreting the current year's
2055:
862:
Pannists may play with their respective bands in large competitions, and generally memorize everything that they perform.
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1333:
239:
1038:
1867:
Making music for the Nation: Competing identities and Esthetics in Trinidad and Tobago's Panorama Steelband Competition
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384:
1960:
1924:
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69:
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with divided surface sounding different pitches, Sets of gongs with divided surface sounding different pitches)
2434:
2424:
2304:
2092:
289:) and marched down the streets mocking African slave dress, singing, and dance customs, including banging on
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1789:
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refers to the steel drum containers from which the pans are made; the steel drum is more correctly called a
2414:
1530:
953:
781:
282:
1220:
1906:
Mémoire et jeu d'ensemble ; La mémorisation du répertoire dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago.
906:
617:
460:
17:
1642:
387:, emerged, and by 1940 it had become the preferred carnival accompaniment of young underprivileged men.
2419:
2368:
422:
319:, but segregation and indentured servitude continued. After emancipation, Africans annually celebrated
123:
573:
In the beginning of the steelband movement, players would play a single pan only, now commonly called
1858:
956:
are known for composing music later adapted to the steel pan. Noted pan tuners and producers include
250:
Steelpans developed in the early to mid 1900s, but with roots going back much earlier, including the
1702:
297:
2455:
1557:
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for carnival performance; rarely will a calypso from a previous year be heard at carnival or the
521:
407:
1917:
Les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago : Ethnomusicologie cognitive d'une mémoire d'orchestre
2309:
259:
31:
1872:
Dudley, Shannon K. "Dropping the Bomb: Steelband Performance and Meaning in 1960's Trinidad",
2319:
2071:
1895:
Geste individuel, mémoire collective: Le jeu du pan dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago
1821:
Aho, William R. "Steel Band Music in Trinidad and Tobago: The Creation of a People's Music",
340:
316:
258:
cultures. The hourglass-shaped drums were used for communicating messages at a distance with
54:
2244:
266:
216:
79:
8:
2378:
2358:
1981:
Forty Years of Steel: An Annotated Discography of Steelband and Pan Recordings, 1951–1991
1403:
Holder, Jeffrey. "Drumming on Steel Barrel-Heads." Music Journal 13:5 (May–June 1955), 9.
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235:
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152:
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1956:
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1847:
1833:
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1337:
1299:"Another Look at the History of the Steel Band No. 1 The Evolution of the Steel Band"
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1103:
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2014:
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issued a directive that all Africans (the majority of the population) would observe
941:
464:
363:
324:
110:
1844:
Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago
1100:
Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago
527:
The note's size corresponds to the pitch—the larger the oval, the lower the tone.
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2139:
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1351:
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891:
873:
819:
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604:
546:
502:
501:, were presented at the International Conference of Steel pan and Science in
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395:
375:
328:
228:
212:
186:
103:
1974:
The steelband movement. The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago
1506:"Harmony in the Caribbean: Making and Breaking the Secrets of the Steel Pan"
1121:
The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago
1061:
The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago
843:
542:
2327:
2119:
2025:
Transforming an Oil Drum Into an Instrument: Jimi Phillip Making Steel Pans
1073:
806:
474:
In the United States, steelpan instruments were marketed as early as 1961.
290:
251:
335:
occurred, which were a series of revolts during the festival. After this,
277:
In the 1780s, French colonists arrived in Trinidad and Tobago and brought
2383:
2040:
2022:
Sheppard, Chas (interviewer); Phillip, Jimi (pan tuner) (14 April 2023).
931:
901:
802:
278:
255:
174:
officially recognised the steelpan as the country's national instrument.
30:"Steel drum" redirects here. For the shipping and storage container, see
1794:
National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago
872:, the "Father of the Modern Steel Drum" and an accomplished panman, and
537:(high or low range) of the drum. The pans are usually either painted or
390:
The 55-gallon oil drum was used to make steelpans from around 1947. The
265:
In the 18th century, people from countries in West Africa were forcibly
2404:
2284:
2274:
2144:
916:
896:
824:
482:
355:
351:
2209:
1668:
1618:"History-making Panograma breathes life and love into the body of pan"
315:
In 1834, slaves were emancipated in Trinidad and Tobago following the
2264:
2229:
2204:
2149:
2134:
790:
578:
557:
550:
533:
494:
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designed the "fourths and fifths" arrangement of notes, known as the
320:
286:
208:
167:
114:
1869:. PhD dissertation; University of California Berkeley, 353pp., 1997.
1490:
1389:
516:
285:. Many white plantation owners masqueraded as slaves (presumably in
2353:
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2162:
2114:
2109:
1707:
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270:
224:
2224:
1933:
438:
374:
The first instruments developed in the evolution of steelpan were
2249:
2182:
2167:
2124:
1856:
Dudley, Shannon K. "Judging 'By the beat': Calypso versus soca",
1731:"Another Look At The History of The Steel Band (No. 2 1945–1949)"
987:
1993:
984:– a similar instrument with a convex rather than concave surface
847:
American pannist Jonathan Scales and his band performing in 2011
421:
Three steel pans were used onstage in the 1954 Broadway musical
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2254:
2234:
2219:
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379:
344:
309:
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sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn.
46:
2279:
2269:
2239:
2177:
2008:
2003:
1942:
Steel Pan Tuning – a Handbook for Steel Pan Making and Tuning
1328:
Johnson, Kim (2011). "'If yuh iron good you is king', 1939".
1145:"Rowley: Steelpan to replace Columbus' ships on Coat of Arms"
768:
487:
876:, the inventor and a skilled player of the "Ping Pong" pan.
1908:
PhD dissertation; Université Paris X Nanterre, Paris, 2005.
1703:"Morning Dance – Spyro Gyra | Credits | AllMusic"
1449:"Steelpan Drums and Steelpan App with access to MIDI Files"
817:
in the 2000s. They are featured in the early fusion album
87:
1670:
Jump Up! : Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City
143:, and sometimes, collectively with other musicians, as a
1953:
Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae
1830:
The Trinidad and Tobago Steel Pan: History and Evolution
1039:"Trinidad finally names steelpan as national instrument"
343:
were banned throughout the 1880s. They were replaced by
211:
family of instruments, and so is not a drum (which is a
1955:, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.
1448:
1330:
From tin pan to TASPO: steelband in Trinidad, 1939–1951
281:
traditions. In 1785, plantation owners held the first
2461:
Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments
27:
Musical instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago
1391:
Van Dyke Parks: The Esso Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band
1123:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 23–26.
497:. This process, and the new instruments they called
1976:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 287 pp., 1995.
2100:
398:commemorated the event. Members of TASPO included
1812:21 New Yorker Magazine page 17 December 20. 2021
442:Circle of fifths arrangement of notes on typical
2447:
1934:La virtuosité comme arme de guerre psychologique
1846:, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007;
1102:, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007;
170:as World Steelpan Day. The following year, the
238:and will soon appear on the country's redrawn
2056:
1919:, In Intellectica 48 (1) : 81–101, 2008.
1673:. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–142.
1544:
1542:
1540:
839:Steel pannist performing with a backing track
577:instruments. Later on, some steelpans became
433:
2028:(Documentary interview). Chaguanas, Trinidad
1967:Steel drums – how to play them and make them
1784:
1782:
1762:"Focal Point: Steelpan – Playing in De Band"
793:, was launched by Nevin Roach. Since 1978 a
772:A musician playing the double tenor steelpan
418:. They were featured on an album with him.
2018:, 1980, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
414:in Montreal, Canada, and later toured with
392:Trinidad All-Steel Pan Percussion Orchestra
2070:
2063:
2049:
1983:. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 1992.
1537:
801:Steelpans were introduced to the genre of
531:of the skirt generally corresponds to the
215:). Some steelpans are made to play in the
159:. Steelpan musicians are called pannists.
1928:. Annales Fyssen 24 : 216–235, 2010.
1779:
1281:
1118:
1063:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
1036:
990:– a musical instruments created from Hang
763:
2400:Classification of percussion instruments
1728:
1296:
1290:
842:
834:
767:
515:
437:
127:A steelband in Trinidad and Tobago, 2013
122:
2481:Trinidad and Tobago musical instruments
1759:
1753:
1527:"BBC: A History of the World – Objects"
1497:
1327:
1321:
14:
2448:
2085:List of percussion instruments by type
1600:
1241:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
296:In 1789, Spanish governor of Trinidad
234:The pan is the national instrument of
2044:
1937:, Ateliers d'anthropologie, 35, 2011.
1883:. Macmillan Education, London, 1999.
1666:
1192:Steel Drums and Steelbands: A History
1188:
994:List of Calypsos about Steelpan Music
219:musical cycle of fourths and fifths.
1881:Ring of Steel – Pan Sound and Symbol
1503:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
2471:20th-century percussion instruments
1899:Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles
1578:see Dudley (2008) and Thomas (1992)
1334:University of the West Indies Press
879:
32:Drum (container) § Steel drums
24:
1815:
1257:"A brief history of the steel pan"
25:
2492:
1987:
1615:
1297:Saldenha, Robert (January 2002).
1163:
568:
553:can also be applied as a finish.
354:, transformed as an orchestra of
172:Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago
2430:List of vibraphone manufacturers
189:percussion instrument made from
45:
1722:
1695:
1660:
1635:
1609:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1519:
1479:
1467:
1441:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1383:
1358:
1275:
1249:
1209:
1195:. Scarecrow Press. p. 16.
1037:Wilkinson, Bert (9 July 2024).
511:
425:. When Trinidadian-born dancer
164:United Nations General Assembly
80:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2476:Pitched percussion instruments
2081:List of percussion instruments
1137:
1112:
1092:
1066:
1053:
1030:
1020:
1006:
177:
13:
1:
2435:List of timpani manufacturers
2425:List of marimba manufacturers
1729:Saldenha, Robert (May 2005).
1189:Smith, Angela (7 June 2012).
999:
868:Influential pannists include
795:national Panorama competition
2415:List of cymbal manufacturers
1969:, Oak. Publ. New York, 1964.
1603:Music From Behind the Bridge
7:
1823:Latin American Music Review
1476:at US Patent Office website
1149:Trinidad Express Newspapers
1119:Stuempfle, Stephen (1995).
975:
830:
350:In 1937 they reappeared in
227:percussion groups known as
10:
2497:
2466:Idiophones struck directly
2420:List of drum manufacturers
2369:Indoor percussion ensemble
598:Single Tenor, or Ping Pong
541:. Other processes such as
481:in collaboration with the
434:Evolution and developments
191:200-litre industrial drums
29:
2392:
2346:
2318:
2195:
2158:
2091:
2078:
1760:Woodall, Carolyn (2008).
520:Tuning a steelpan with a
378:, tunable sticks made of
274:enslaver's own language.
245:
109:
102:
94:
78:
68:
60:
53:
44:
1901:14 : 181–202, 2001.
672:Quadrophonic (four pans)
385:Alexander's Ragtime Band
408:Esso Tripoli Steel Band
331:drumming. In 1881, the
302:Roman Catholic religion
2072:Percussion instruments
1948:, 1992. ISSN 0282-8952
1944:. Part of the series,
1589:The Steelband Movement
1394:; En hed is heel zwaar
1366:"Celebrating Steelpan"
1284:The Steelbamd Movement
848:
840:
773:
764:Music and competitions
524:
457:
410:, which played at the
128:
84:111.241.12, 111.241.22
2320:Electronic percussion
1946:Musikmuseets skrifter
1931:Helmlinger, Aurélie.
1922:Helmlinger, Aurélie.
1915:Helmlinger, Aurélie.
1904:Helmlinger, Aurélie.
1893:Helmlinger, Aurélie.
1876:46 (1): 135–64, 2002.
1862:40 (2): 269–98, 1996.
1332:. Kingston, Jamaica:
892:Winston "Spree" Simon
874:Winston "Spree" Simon
851:A pannist (sometimes
846:
838:
771:
605:Winston "Spree" Simon
519:
441:
404:Winston "Spree" Simon
317:Slavery Abolition Act
207:as it falls into the
126:
55:Percussion instrument
2347:Percussion groupings
2197:Unpitched percussion
2036:– via YouTube.
1972:Stuempfle, Stephen.
1059:Stuempfle, Stephen.
1014:"World Steelpan Day"
907:Len "Boogsie" Sharpe
283:Carnival in Trinidad
182:The modern pan is a
2379:Percussion ensemble
2359:Marching percussion
2102:Keyboard percussion
1865:Dudley, Shannon K.
1828:Blake, Felix I. R.
1825:8 (1): 26–56, 1987.
1667:Allen, Ray (2019).
1605:. pp. 137–150.
1504:Williams, Krystle.
1286:. pp. 178–183.
805:by players such as
306:Christian holy days
236:Trinidad and Tobago
157:Trinidad and Tobago
41:
2374:Percussion section
2093:Pitched percussion
1643:"2004 UK PANORAMA"
1560:on 23 January 2009
1533:on 9 October 2016.
1487:"About the P.H.I."
1423:"Pang instruments"
1336:. pp. 29–37.
1282:Stuempfle (1995).
1078:SteelPan Directory
1074:"About Steel Pans"
849:
841:
813:in the 1970s, and
774:
525:
471:and Alan Gervais.
458:
447:double second (2),
153:musical instrument
129:
39:
2443:
2442:
2410:Percussion mallet
2191:
2190:
2015:Different Timbres
1979:Thomas, Jeffrey.
1842:Dudley, Shannon;
1680:978-0-19-065684-3
1616:Blood, Sandra L.
1554:Pantrinbago.co.tt
1429:on 6 January 2009
1343:978-976-640-254-9
1202:978-0-8108-8343-7
1098:Dudley, Shannon;
1080:. 19 January 2020
982:Hang (instrument)
922:Othello Molineaux
811:Othello Molineaux
761:
760:
667:Jonathan Francis
450:double guitar (3)
298:JosĂ© MarĂa ChacĂłn
135:(also known as a
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
2488:
2098:
2097:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1999:Oil Drums to Pan
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:on 8 August 2007
1737:. Archived from
1735:Sam's Newsletter
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1647:www.carnaval.com
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:; 1995; pp.164–7
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1556:. Archived from
1546:
1535:
1534:
1529:. Archived from
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:on 14 July 2010.
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:. Archived from
1419:
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1404:
1401:
1395:
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1378:
1376:
1362:
1356:
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1314:
1309:on 7 August 2007
1305:. Archived from
1303:Sam's Newsletter
1294:
1288:
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1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
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1228:
1219:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1206:
1186:
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1158:
1156:
1151:. 18 August 2024
1141:
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1048:
1046:
1041:. Caribbean Life
1034:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
942:Robert Greenidge
880:Notable pannists
757:Rudolph Charles
746:Rudolph Charles
584:
583:
465:circle of fifths
461:Anthony Williams
455:
451:
448:
445:
423:House of Flowers
341:percussion music
325:harvest festival
49:
42:
38:
21:
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2333:Electronic drum
2314:
2187:
2154:
2087:
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2069:
2031:
2029:
2021:
1990:
1951:Manuel, Peter.
1874:Ethnomusicology
1859:Ethnomusicology
1818:
1816:Further reading
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1217:"Archived copy"
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1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
978:
966:Bertrand Kelman
946:
937:Ralph MacDonald
927:Jonathan Scales
882:
833:
815:Jonathan Scales
766:
735:Ellie Mannette
724:Ellie Mannette
713:Ellie Mannette
702:Ellie Mannette
691:Ellie Mannette
679:Rudolph Charles
656:Ellie Mannette
644:Bertie Marshall
575:around the neck
571:
514:
469:Bertie Marshall
453:
449:
446:
443:
436:
427:Geoffrey Holder
333:Canboulay riots
279:street festival
248:
180:
155:originating in
149:steel orchestra
85:
64:Steel drum, pan
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2494:
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2456:Steelpan music
2441:
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2364:Front ensemble
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2019:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1988:External links
1986:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1940:Kronman, Ulf.
1938:
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1622:Guardian.co.tt
1608:
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1496:
1489:Archived from
1478:
1466:
1455:. 3 April 2013
1440:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1382:
1370:www.google.com
1357:
1342:
1320:
1289:
1274:
1263:. 24 July 2012
1248:
1223:on 5 July 2018
1208:
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954:Lord Kitchener
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912:Russ Henderson
909:
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887:Ellie Mannette
883:
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870:Ellie Mannette
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631:Ellie Mannette
628:
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621:
620:
615:
612:
611:Spiderweb Lead
608:
607:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
570:
569:Classification
567:
543:nickel plating
513:
510:
454:tenor bass (4)
435:
432:
400:Ellie Mannette
376:tamboo bamboos
337:stick-fighting
247:
244:
179:
176:
119:
118:
107:
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
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82:
76:
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72:
70:Classification
66:
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26:
9:
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2:
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2295:Temple blocks
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2171:
2169:
2166:
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2160:
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2151:
2148:
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2140:Tubular bells
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Tubular bells
2128:
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2012:
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1961:1-59213-463-7
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1889:0-333-66128-1
1886:
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1852:0-19-532123-5
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1838:0-9525528-0-9
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1767:
1766:Diversity Now
1763:
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950:Jimmy Buffett
943:
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820:Morning Dance
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698:
696:Triple Guitar
695:
694:
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687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
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671:
670:
666:
663:
661:Double Guitar
660:
659:
655:
652:
650:Double Second
649:
648:
645:
642:
640:Mezzo-soprano
639:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:Tony Williams
616:
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582:
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548:
547:powdercoating
544:
540:
539:chrome plated
536:
535:
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523:
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506:
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503:Port-of-Spain
500:
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440:
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428:
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419:
417:
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405:
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397:
396:Google Doodle
393:
388:
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372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:gourd rattles
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
291:talking drums
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:drum language
257:
253:
252:talking drums
243:
241:
237:
232:
230:
229:tamboo bamboo
226:
220:
218:
214:
213:membranophone
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:
184:chromatically
175:
173:
169:
165:
162:In 2023, the
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
125:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:Playing range
101:
97:
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81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2328:Drum machine
2172:
2120:Glockenspiel
2030:. Retrieved
2024:
2013:
1994:Pan Trinbago
1980:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1822:
1811:
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1669:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1553:
1550:"Inventions"
1531:the original
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1491:the original
1481:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1329:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1302:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1211:
1191:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1099:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:
1008:
970:Herman Guppy
947:
867:
864:
861:
856:
852:
850:
818:
807:Dave Samuels
800:
787:
775:
637:Double Tenor
624:Invader Lead
574:
572:
563:
555:
532:
529:
526:
522:strobe tuner
512:Construction
507:
498:
492:
476:
473:
459:
420:
412:World's Fair
389:
373:
349:
339:and African
314:
295:
276:
264:
256:West African
249:
240:coat of arms
233:
221:
204:
200:
196:
195:
181:
161:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
36:
2384:Drum circle
1965:Seeger, P.
1879:Grant, Cy.
1800:21 February
1790:"Steelband"
1771:21 February
1745:21 February
1587:Stuempfle;
1511:22 February
1453:Napeinc.com
1313:22 February
958:Darren Dyke
932:Yann Tomita
902:Liam Teague
803:jazz fusion
751:Twelve Bass
356:frying pans
217:Pythagorean
178:Description
61:Other names
18:Steel drums
2450:Categories
2405:Drum stick
2310:Wood block
2285:Tambourine
2275:Snare drum
2145:Vibraphone
2004:Pan Jumbie
1689:1079400580
1130:0812233298
1000:References
948:Musicians
917:Andy Akiho
897:Ray Holman
825:Spyro Gyra
718:Tenor Bass
587:Instrument
444:tenor (1),
362:lids, and
352:Laventille
327:involving
141:steel drum
74:Percussion
2265:Mark tree
2230:Castanets
2205:Bass drum
2150:Xylophone
2135:Tubaphone
2009:PanoGrama
1352:733093608
1155:21 August
1045:20 August
791:PanoGrama
740:Nine Bass
593:Inventor
579:chromatic
558:overtones
551:hardening
534:tessitura
505:in 2000.
495:nitriding
368:U.S. Navy
364:oil drums
321:Canboulay
287:blackface
209:idiophone
201:steel pan
168:August 11
166:declared
145:steelband
98:1880–1937
95:Developed
2354:Drum kit
2305:Triangle
2300:Timbales
2173:Steelpan
2163:Handbell
2115:Crotales
2110:Carillon
2032:27 April
1714:21 April
1708:AllMusic
1627:21 April
1564:19 April
1459:19 April
1433:19 April
1267:19 April
1237:cite web
1084:25 March
976:See also
831:Pannists
782:Panorama
778:calypsos
729:Six Bass
710:Baritone
699:Baritone
688:Baritone
685:Quadduet
416:Liberace
304:and all
271:Trinidad
267:abducted
225:Carnival
133:steelpan
40:Steelpan
2338:Octapad
2290:Tam-tam
2260:Maracas
2250:Cymbals
2245:Cowbell
2210:Bodhrán
2183:Timpani
2168:Handpan
2125:Marimba
1375:26 July
1261:Bbc.com
988:Handpan
627:Soprano
614:Soprano
601:Soprano
360:dustbin
329:calypso
187:pitched
151:) is a
2255:Djembe
2235:Claves
2220:Cabasa
2215:Bongos
1959:
1887:
1850:
1836:
1796:. 2007
1687:
1677:
1652:1 July
1474:Patent
1350:
1340:
1227:5 July
1199:
1127:
1106:
968:, and
857:panman
853:panist
479:Sweden
380:bamboo
345:bamboo
246:Origin
2393:Other
2280:Taiko
2270:Parai
2240:Conga
2225:CajĂłn
2178:Tabla
1912:2006.
962:Mappo
707:Cello
675:Tenor
664:Tenor
590:Pitch
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