649:
837:
7084:
226:
923:
blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure or, more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this high ratio of expansion of steam, the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.
6998:
7098:
6658:
5808:
582:
1959:
4399:. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
7211:
down to an efficient range, turbine efficiency was greatly reduced, and early turbine ships had poor cruising ranges. A solution that proved useful through most of the steam turbine propulsion era was the cruising turbine. This was an extra turbine to add even more stages, at first attached directly to one or more shafts, exhausting to a stage partway along the HP turbine, and not used at high speeds. As reduction gears became available around 1911, some ships, notably the
858:
397:
322:. The Parsons turbine also turned out to be easy to scale up. Parsons had the satisfaction of seeing his invention adopted for all major world power stations, and the size of generators had increased from his first 7.5 kilowatts (10.1 hp) set up to units of 50,000 kilowatts (67,000 hp) capacity. Within Parsons' lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times, and the total output from turbo-generators constructed by his firm
40:
6734:
4672:
6702:
7169:, which has direct drive to each propeller shaft, the efficient speed of the turbine was reduced after initial trials by directing the steam flow through all three direct drive turbines (one on each shaft) in series, probably totaling around 200 turbine stages operating in series. Also, there were three propellers on each shaft for operation at high speeds. The high shaft speeds of the era are represented by one of the first US turbine-powered
7071:
292:
7763:, PTC 6S-1988, Procedures for Routine Performance Test of Steam Turbines. These ASME performance test codes have gained international recognition and acceptance for testing steam turbines. The single most important and differentiating characteristic of ASME performance test codes, including PTC 6, is that the test uncertainty of the measurement indicates the quality of the test and is not to be used as a commercial tolerance.
833:
A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications. A typical 1930s-1960s naval installation is illustrated below; this shows high- and low-pressure turbines driving a common reduction gear, with a geared cruising turbine on one high-pressure turbine.
7367:
915:
6761:(or liquid-vapor mix depending on application) at a lower temperature and pressure than it entered with and is sent to the condenser to be cooled. The first law enables us to find a formula for the rate at which work is developed per unit mass. Assuming there is no heat transfer to the surrounding environment and that the changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible compared to the change in specific
6677:. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10β15 RPM (0.17β0.25 Hz) to slowly warm the turbine. The warm-up procedure for large steam turbines may exceed ten hours.
756:
6325:
2971:
805:
turbine and continues its expansion. Using reheat in a cycle increases the work output from the turbine and also the expansion reaches conclusion before the steam condenses, thereby minimizing the erosion of the blades in last rows. In most of the cases, maximum number of reheats employed in a cycle is 2 as the cost of super-heating the steam negates the increase in the work output from turbine.
7114:, advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines are smaller size, lower maintenance, lighter weight, and lower vibration. A steam turbine is efficient only when operating in the thousands of RPM, while the most effective propeller designs are for speeds less than 300 RPM; consequently, precise (thus expensive) reduction gears are usually required, although numerous early ships through
1949:
663:) and in land-based power applications, it had been determined that it was desirable to use one or more Curtis wheels at the beginning of a multi-stage turbine (where the steam pressure is highest), followed by reaction stages. This was more efficient with high-pressure steam due to reduced leakage between the turbine rotor and the casing. This is illustrated in the drawing of the German 1905
1055:
7128:, in which an electrical generator run by the high-speed turbine is used to run one or more slow-speed electric motors connected to the propeller shafts; precision gear cutting may be a production bottleneck during wartime. Turbo-electric drive was most used in large US warships designed during World War I and in some fast liners, and was used in some troop transports and mass-production
611:. Nozzles appear similar to blades, but their profiles converge near the exit. This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles. Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit. A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a
6865:
actual and the ideal turbines, but at turbine exit, steam's energy content ('specific enthalpy') for the actual turbine is greater than that for the ideal turbine because of irreversibility in the actual turbine. The specific enthalpy is evaluated at the same steam pressure for the actual and ideal turbines in order to give a good comparison between the two.
7289:
reciprocating engines and geared or ungeared cruising turbines on one or two shafts. However, once fully geared turbines proved economical in initial cost and fuel they were rapidly adopted, with cruising turbines also included on most ships. Beginning in 1915 all new Royal Navy destroyers had fully geared turbines, and the United States followed in 1917.
6757:
steam leaves the nozzle it is moving at high velocity towards the blades of the turbine rotor. A force is created on the blades due to the pressure of the vapor on the blades causing them to move. A generator or other such device can be placed on the shaft, and the energy that was in the steam can now be stored and used. The steam leaves the turbine as a
902:, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20 to 90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades or
2658:
5554:
6647:
7322:, launched 1935β36, introduced double-reduction gearing. This further increased the turbine speed above the shaft speed, allowing smaller turbines than single-reduction gearing. Steam pressures and temperatures were also increasing progressively, from 300 psi (2,100 kPa)/425 Β°F (218 Β°C) on the World War I-era
6041:
721:-based ceramics. Using a thermal protective coating limits the temperature exposure of the nickel superalloy. This reduces the creep mechanisms experienced in the blade. Oxidation coatings limit efficiency losses caused by a buildup on the outside of the blades, which is especially important in the high-temperature environment.
6721:. This means the full load speed is 100% and the no-load speed is 105%. This is required for the stable operation of the network without hunting and drop-outs of power plants. Normally the changes in speed are minor. Adjustments in power output are made by slowly raising the droop curve by increasing the spring pressure on a
7751:
British, German, other national and international test codes are used to standardize the procedures and definitions used to test steam turbines. Selection of the test code to be used is an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, and has some significance to the design of the turbine and
7408:
was refitted with geared turbines in a 1931β1933 refit, the remaining turbo-electric ships retained the system throughout their careers. This system used two large steam turbine generators to drive an electric motor on each of four shafts. The system was less costly initially than reduction gears and
832:
These arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines. Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator. Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator.
640:
impulse stage (invented by Curtis and also called a "Curtis wheel") is a row of fixed nozzles followed by two or more rows of moving blades alternating with rows of fixed blades. This divides the velocity drop across the stage into several smaller drops. A series of velocity-compounded impulse stages
7139:
The higher cost of turbines and the associated gears or generator/motor sets is offset by lower maintenance requirements and the smaller size of a turbine in comparison with a reciprocating engine of equal power, although the fuel costs are higher than those of a diesel engine because steam turbines
688:
to be returned to the boilers. On the left are several additional reaction stages (on two large rotors) that rotate the turbine in reverse for astern operation, with steam admitted by a separate throttle. Since ships are rarely operated in reverse, efficiency is not a priority in astern turbines, so
7649:
Today, propulsion steam turbine cycle efficiencies have yet to break 50%, yet diesel engines routinely exceed 50%, especially in marine applications. Diesel power plants also have lower operating costs since fewer operators are required. Thus, conventional steam power is used in very few new ships.
7336:
and later ships. A standard configuration emerged of an axial-flow high-pressure turbine (sometimes with a cruising turbine attached) and a double-axial-flow low-pressure turbine connected to a double-reduction gearbox. This arrangement continued throughout the steam era in the US Navy and was also
6756:
steam (or dry saturated steam, depending on application) leaves the boiler at high temperature and high pressure. At entry to the turbine, the steam gains kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle (a fixed nozzle in an impulse type turbine or the fixed blades in a reaction type turbine). When the
6713:
is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly to prevent damage and some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity) require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an overspeed trip, which causes the governor and throttle
635:
turbine. Impulse stages may be either pressure-compounded, velocity-compounded, or pressure-velocity compounded. A pressure-compounded impulse stage is a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of moving blades, with multiple stages for compounding. This is also known as a Rateau turbine, after its
7210:
The quest for economy was even more important when cruising speeds were considered. Cruising speed is roughly 50% of a warship's maximum speed and 20-25% of its maximum power level. This would be a speed used on long voyages when fuel economy is desired. Although this brought the propeller speeds
6689:
steam with a high dryness fraction. This prevents the rapid impingement and erosion of the blades which occurs when condensed water is blasted onto the blades (moisture carry over). Also, liquid water entering the blades may damage the thrust bearings for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along
922:
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-like shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary
791:
Non-condensing turbines are most widely used for process steam applications, in which the steam will be used for additional purposes after being exhausted from the turbine. The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure. These are commonly
2180:
6864:
efficiency. This compares the actual performance of the turbine with the performance that would be achieved by an ideal, isentropic, turbine. When calculating this efficiency, heat lost to the surroundings is assumed to be zero. Steam's starting pressure and temperature is the same for both the
804:
Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high-pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the
701:
experienced by the blades. Because of the high temperatures and high stresses of operation, steam turbine materials become damaged through these mechanisms. As temperatures are increased in an effort to improve turbine efficiency, creep becomes significant. To limit creep, thermal coatings and
7288:
arose following World War I. This need was compounded by the US not launching any cruisers 1908β1920, so destroyers were required to perform long-range missions usually assigned to cruisers. So, various cruising solutions were fitted on US destroyers launched 1908β1916. These included small
6680:
During normal operation, rotor imbalance can lead to vibration, which, because of the high rotation velocities, could lead to a blade breaking away from the rotor and through the casing. To reduce this risk, considerable efforts are spent to balance the turbine. Also, turbines are run with
7044:
The turbines used for electric power generation are most often directly coupled to their generators. As the generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power system, the most common speeds are 3,000 RPM for 50 Hz systems, and
572:
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <0.75 kW (<1 hp) units (rare) used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 1,500 MW (2,000,000 hp) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several
5338:
4988:
7267:
in 1914. The lingering fondness for reciprocating machinery was because the US Navy had no plans for capital ships exceeding 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) until after World War I, so top speed was less important than economical cruising. The United States had acquired the
3304:
906:. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.
3971:
593:. Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge. This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades. A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an
1938:
7012:
to produce most (about 80%) of the world's electricity. The advent of large steam turbines made central-station electricity generation practical, since reciprocating steam engines of large rating became very bulky, and operated at slow speeds. Most central stations are
6714:
valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to close. If these valves fail then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often catastrophically. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special quality materials.
6485:
6320:{\displaystyle {d\eta _{b} \over d\rho }={\frac {\left(1-\rho ^{2}+2\rho \cos \alpha _{1}\right)\left(4\cos \alpha _{1}-4\rho \right)-2\rho \left(2\cos \alpha _{1}-\rho \right)\left(-2\rho +2\cos \alpha _{1}\right)}{(1-\rho ^{2}+2\rho \cos \alpha _{1})^{2}}}=0}
2966:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta V_{w}&=V_{w1}-\left(-V_{w2}\right)\\&=V_{w1}+V_{w2}\\&=V_{r1}\cos \beta _{1}+V_{r2}\cos \beta _{2}\\&=V_{r1}\cos \beta _{1}\left(1+{\frac {V_{r2}\cos \beta _{2}}{V_{r1}\cos \beta _{1}}}\right)\end{aligned}}}
5980:
7340:
When US Navy warship construction resumed in the early 1950s, most surface combatants and aircraft carriers used 1,200 psi (8,300 kPa)/950 Β°F (510 Β°C) steam. This continued until the end of the US Navy steam-powered warship era with the
7152:
The development of steam turbine marine propulsion from 1894 to 1935 was dominated by the need to reconcile the high efficient speed of the turbine with the low efficient speed (less than 300 rpm) of the ship's propeller at an overall cost competitive with
285:
designed a reaction turbine that was put to work there. In 1807, Polikarp
Zalesov designed and constructed an impulse turbine, using it for the fire pump operation. In 1827 the Frenchmen Real and Pichon patented and constructed a compound impulse turbine.
5798:
6669:. When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a
728:
of these alloys is composed of different regions of composition. A uniform dispersion of the gamma-prime phase β a combination of nickel, aluminum, and titanium β promotes the strength and creep resistance of the blade due to the microstructure.
865:
The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft, but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed. To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing, this force must be counteracted by an opposing force.
7304:
too much armour had been sacrificed in its pursuit. The
British used exclusively turbine-powered warships from 1906. Because they recognized that a long cruising range would be desirable given their worldwide empire, some warships, notably the
1969:
4846:
3525:
6725:. Generally this is a basic system requirement for all power plants because the older and newer plants have to be compatible in response to the instantaneous changes in frequency without depending on outside communication.
4127:
3146:
630:
at low speeds. A reaction stage is a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of moving nozzles. Multiple reaction stages divide the pressure drop between the steam inlet and exhaust into numerous small drops, resulting in a
313:
that generated 7.5 kilowatts (10.1 hp) of electricity. The invention of
Parsons' steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare. Parsons' design was a
2340:
3719:
7221:, had them on cruising turbines while retaining direct drive main turbines. Reduction gears allowed turbines to operate in their efficient range at a much higher speed than the shaft, but were expensive to manufacture.
2599:
679:
known as the throttleman). It passes through five Curtis wheels and numerous reaction stages (the small blades at the edges of the two large rotors in the middle) before exiting at low pressure, almost certainly to a
7187:. The first turbine was called the high pressure (HP) turbine, the last turbine was the low pressure (LP) turbine, and any turbine in between was an intermediate pressure (IP) turbine. A much later arrangement than
5644:
5334:
3785:
3637:
1472:
6400:
4666:
7202:, launched in 1934, in which each shaft is powered by four turbines in series connected to the ends of the two input shafts of a single-reduction gearbox. They are the HP, 1st IP, 2nd IP, and LP turbines.
6953:
4752:
4259:
4189:
3820:
3034:
2451:
5549:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=V_{1}^{2}-{\frac {V_{1}^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {U^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {2UV_{1}\cos \alpha _{1}}{2}}\\&={\frac {V_{1}^{2}-U^{2}+2UV_{1}\cos \alpha _{1}}{2}}\end{aligned}}}
1602:
345:
developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1896, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904. He taught at the
6833:
1765:
2505:
813:
Extracting type turbines are common in all applications. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler
4679:
The enthalpy drop in the fixed blades, with the assumption that the velocity of steam entering the fixed blades is equal to the velocity of steam leaving the previously moving blades is given by:
3574:
6490:
5343:
5233:
4851:
4840:
2663:
6642:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\eta _{b}}_{\text{reaction}}&={\frac {2\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}}{1+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}}}\\{\eta _{b}}_{\text{impulse}}&=\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}\end{aligned}}}
8443:
5655:
4395:. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the stator. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the
8728:
3425:
8541:
5863:
6033:
1720:
5855:
3087:
498:
8180:
6438:
3346:
1966:
A stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle set and a moving wheel. The stage efficiency defines a relationship between enthalpy drop in the nozzle and work done in the stage.
6477:
5076:
5036:
4309:
4014:
384:, an impulse type, which had been originally developed and patented by the U.S. company International Curtis Marine Turbine Company, was developed in the 1900s in conjunction with
2229:
144:
into precision parts using technologies that first became available in the 20th century; continued advances in durability and efficiency of steam turbines remains central to the
7706:
is sufficient to last 40 circumnavigations of the globe β potentially sufficient for the vessel's entire service life. Nuclear propulsion has only been applied to a very few
4342:
1521:
5161:
5118:
4519:
4489:
4372:
1757:
878:
rotor, the blades in each half face opposite ways, so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together. This design of rotor is also called
4436:
1663:
1631:
9105:
3812:
3375:
8698:
Latief, Fahamsyah H; Kakehi, Koji (2013). "Effects of Re content and crystallographic orientation on creep behavior of aluminized Ni-base single crystal superalloys".
7743:
on the track. However, a disadvantage is less flexible output power so that turbine locomotives were best suited for long-haul operations at a constant output power.
7390:, launched in 1917. Over the next eight years the US Navy launched five additional turbo-electric-powered battleships and two aircraft carriers (initially ordered as
1351:
7728:
driven by a steam turbine. The first steam turbine rail locomotive was built in 1908 for the
Officine Meccaniche Miani Silvestri Grodona Comi, Milan, Italy. In 1924
4582:
4552:
3115:
2241:
1371:
1307:
1277:
1245:
1215:
1183:
1153:
1049:
992:
7183:
The use of turbines in several casings exhausting steam to each other in series became standard in most subsequent marine propulsion applications, and is a form of
6693:
Maintenance requirements of modern steam turbines are simple and incur low costs (typically around $ 0.005 per kWh); their operational life often exceeds 50 years.
4785:
2653:
2626:
2394:
2367:
1121:
1094:
1019:
962:
7224:
Cruising turbines competed at first with reciprocating engines for fuel economy. An example of the retention of reciprocating engines on fast ships was the famous
4040:
3141:
4459:
1329:
3430:
2175:{\displaystyle {\eta _{\mathrm {stage} }}={\frac {\mathrm {Work~done~on~blade} }{\mathrm {Energy~supplied~per~stage} }}={\frac {U\Delta V_{w}}{\Delta h}}}
9138:
743:
can be added to the alloy to improve creep strength. The addition of these elements reduces the diffusion of the gamma prime phase, thus preserving the
4524:
The effect of expansion of steam over the moving blades is to increase the relative velocity at the exit. Therefore, the relative velocity at the exit
594:
8009:
4045:
8439:
4590:
341:
is simpler and less expensive and does not need to be pressure-proof. It can operate with any pressure of steam, but is considerably less efficient.
8736:
7759:
has produced several performance test codes on steam turbines. These include ASME PTC 6β2004, Steam
Turbines, ASME PTC 6.2-2011, Steam Turbines in
6871:
6690:
with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high-quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.
4682:
4374:
increases, the work done on the blades reduces, but at the same time surface area of the blade reduces, therefore there are less frictional losses.
3642:
7049:, the turbine generator sets may be arranged to operate at half these speeds, but with four-pole generators, to reduce erosion of turbine blades.
8545:
8210:
7409:
made the ships more maneuverable in port, with the shafts able to reverse rapidly and deliver more reverse power than with most geared systems.
7245:
had triple-expansion engines on the two outboard shafts, both exhausting to an LP turbine on the center shaft. After adopting turbines with the
2513:
7337:
used in some Royal Navy designs. Machinery of this configuration can be seen on many preserved World War II-era warships in several countries.
7180:, launched in 1909, which had direct drive turbines and whose three shafts turned at 724 rpm at 28.35 knots (52.50 km/h; 32.62 mph).
4983:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=\Delta h_{f}+\Delta h_{m}\\&={\frac {V_{1}^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {V_{r2}^{2}-V_{r1}^{2}}{2}}\end{aligned}}}
503:
9110:
8276:
8173:
8071:
159:
from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.
5559:
7904:
3036:. The ratio of steam velocities relative to the rotor speed at the outlet to the inlet of the blade is defined by the friction coefficient
5172:
3299:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}={\frac {2U\Delta V_{w}}{{V_{1}}^{2}}}={\frac {2U}{V_{1}}}\left(\cos \alpha _{1}-{\frac {U}{V_{1}}}\right)(1+kc)}
817:
to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or left uncontrolled. Extracted steam results in a
5238:
7045:
3,600 RPM for 60 Hz systems. Since nuclear reactors have lower temperature limits than fossil-fired plants, with lower steam
3727:
3579:
7979:
1383:
8395:
6333:
3966:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}=2\left(\rho \cos \alpha _{1}-\rho ^{2}\right)(1+kc)={\frac {1}{2}}\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}(1+kc)}
4202:
4132:
281:. A more modern version of this car was produced some time in the late 18th century by an unknown German mechanic. In 1775 at Soho
8591:
2976:
7427:
launched in 1927, geared turbines were used to conserve weight, and remained in use for all fast steam-powered ships thereafter.
2399:
1933:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}={\frac {\mathrm {Work~Done} }{\mathrm {Kinetic~Energy~Supplied} }}={\frac {U\Delta V_{w}}{{V_{1}}^{2}}}}
7351:
of the early 1970s. Amphibious and auxiliary ships continued to use 600 psi (4,100 kPa) steam post-World War II, with
1526:
9169:
7284:. Thus, the US Navy in 1900β1940 had the greatest need of any nation for fuel economy, especially as the prospect of war with
6771:
9054:
9037:
Waliullah, Noushad (2017). "An overview of
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies and its opportunities in Bangladesh".
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8809:
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8635:
8349:
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1066:
paves the way for a better understanding of the relationship between the various velocities. In the adjacent figure we have:
348:
7707:
6665:
Because of the high pressures used in the steam circuits and the materials used, steam turbines and their casings have high
5001:
9357:
9096:
9087:
Steam
Turbines: A Book of Instruction for the Adjustment and Operation of the Principal Types of this Class of Prime Movers
7467:
616:
3530:
4790:
454:
4438:
is equal to the kinetic energy supplied to the fixed blades (f) + the kinetic energy supplied to the moving blades (m).
861:
A two-flow turbine rotor. The steam enters in the middle of the shaft, and exits at each end, balancing the axial force.
9307:
7459:
6717:
During normal operation in synchronization with the electricity network, power plants are governed with a five percent
4998:. This consists of symmetrical rotor and stator blades. For this turbine the velocity triangle is similar and we have:
250:
1759:) can be defined as the ratio of the work done on the blades to kinetic energy supplied to the fluid, and is given by
371:(English: The Steam Turbine and its prospective use as a Heat Engine) was published in Berlin in 1903. A further book
8860:
7664:
use a nuclear reactor to create steam for turbines. As of 2024, the main propulsion steam turbines (HP & LP) for
5975:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}={\frac {2\rho (\cos \alpha _{1}-\rho )}{1-\rho ^{2}+2\rho \cos \alpha _{1}}}}
779:. The exhausted steam is at a pressure well below atmospheric, and is in a partially condensed state, typically of a
3380:
759:
A low-pressure steam turbine in a nuclear power plant. These turbines exhaust steam at a pressure below atmospheric.
648:
9377:
9372:
9029:
7850:
7557:
7509:
7306:
6666:
684:. The condenser provides a vacuum that maximizes the energy extracted from the steam, and condenses the steam into
604:
521:
446:
5080:
6758:
6686:
5988:
1668:
7824:
5818:
3039:
7413:
7412:
Some ocean liners were also built with turbo-electric drive, as were some troop transports and mass-production
7129:
17:
6407:
3311:
7669:
7391:
874:- the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends, or a combination of any of these. In a
836:
724:
The nickel-based blades are alloyed with aluminum and titanium to improve strength and creep resistance. The
623:
6443:
5041:
4268:
771:
Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. These turbines receive steam from a
237:
The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic
9347:
9132:
8013:
7710:
due to the expense of maintenance and the regulatory controls required on nuclear systems and fuel cycles.
3979:
930:
states that the sum of the moments of external forces acting on a fluid which is temporarily occupying the
707:
388:. It was used in John Brown-engined merchant ships and warships, including liners and Royal Navy warships.
8579:
7590:. Most other naval forces have either retired or re-engined their steam-powered warships. As of 2020, the
2185:
9352:
9337:
8837:
8562:
7537:
7380:
7144:. To reduce fuel costs the thermal efficiency of both types of engine have been improved over the years.
7125:
5793:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}={\frac {2U(2V_{1}\cos \alpha _{1}-U)}{V_{1}^{2}-U^{2}+2V_{1}U\cos \alpha _{1}}}}
3308:
The ratio of the blade speed to the absolute steam velocity at the inlet is termed the blade speed ratio
2235:
1952:
472:
198:. About 42% of all electricity generation in the United States in 2022 was by the use of steam turbines.
9116:
Guide to the Test of a 100 K.W. De Laval Steam
Turbine with an Introduction on the Principles of Design
9271:
9162:
8409:
7567:
7519:
533:
217:). In large installations, even the sturdiest turbine will shake itself apart if operated out of trim.
8268:
8217:
7397:). Ten more turbo-electric capital ships were planned, but cancelled due to the limits imposed by the
824:
Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power.
7661:
7655:
7547:
7444:
7312:, were fitted with cruising turbines from 1912 onwards following earlier experimental installations.
7257:
7246:
476:
323:
183:
8254:
3117:
and depicts the loss in the relative velocity due to friction as the steam flows around the blades (
622:
Except for low-power applications, turbine blades are arranged in multiple stages in series, called
9342:
9229:
8819:
7719:
7700:
7330:
7026:
4314:
1480:
306:
156:
133:
86:
8079:
5123:
4494:
4464:
9367:
7495:
7458:
In the U.S. Navy, the conventionally powered steam turbine is still in use on all but one of the
7398:
7014:
6710:
6673:
is engaged when there is no steam to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent
4350:
1733:
385:
7911:
4412:
1639:
1607:
404:
The present day manufacturing industry for steam turbines consists of the following companies:
9362:
9123:
8482:
7777:
7609:
7481:
7480:
following in 2006 by decommissioning its last conventional steam-powered surface warships, the
7384:
7323:
7199:
7005:
3790:
3353:
657:
353:
for a decade until 1897, and later founded a successful company that was incorporated into the
8799:
7083:
2973:
The ratio of the cosines of the blade angles at the outlet and inlet can be taken and denoted
9155:
8874:
7637:
7627:
7473:
7421:
7316:
2454:
1336:
357:
firm after his death. One of the founders of the modern theory of steam and gas turbines was
179:
76:
8936:
8614:
7739:
The main advantages of a steam turbine locomotive are better rotational balance and reduced
7358:, launched in 2001, possibly the last non-nuclear steam-powered ship built for the US Navy.
6989:(but note that the adjacent diagram does not show state 4s: it is vertically below state 3)
4557:
4527:
3094:
1356:
1282:
1252:
1220:
1190:
1158:
1128:
1024:
967:
428:
337:) accelerated the steam to full speed before running it against a turbine blade. De Laval's
9224:
8653:
7987:
7577:
7352:
7124:, had direct drive from the steam turbines to the propeller shafts. Another alternative is
6722:
4763:
2631:
2604:
2372:
2345:
1099:
1072:
997:
940:
664:
509:
210:
195:
9039:
2017 International
Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE)
8387:
361:, a Slovak physicist and engineer and professor at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now
326:
and by their licensees, for land purposes alone, had exceeded thirty million horse-power.
8:
9318:
9244:
9219:
7733:
7587:
7154:
7065:
7058:
7038:
7018:
6718:
4019:
3120:
698:
319:
258:
187:
9079:
9014:
585:
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50% reaction turbine
225:
9189:
9060:
8686:
8602:
7665:
7613:
7595:
7342:
7253:
7215:
7141:
7009:
6997:
4991:
4444:
1314:
1247:
are the swirl velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively, in the moving reference.
899:
744:
494:
450:
329:
Other variations of turbines have been developed that work effectively with steam. The
278:
269:
in
England (1648). The devices described by Taqi al-Din and Wilkins are today known as
242:
230:
202:
171:
318:
type. His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled up shortly after by an American,
9050:
8999:
8994:
Johnston, Ian (2019). "The Rise of the Brown-Curtis Turbine". In Jordan, John (ed.).
8963:
8942:
8918:
Steam and gas turbines: with a supplement on The prospects of the thermal prime mover
8904:
Steam and Gas Turbines: With a Supplement on The Prospects of the Thermal Prime Mover
8884:
8856:
8805:
8784:
8759:
8715:
8690:
8678:
8631:
8616:
Gas Turbine Handbook Principles and Practices By Tony Giampaolo: Gas Turbine Handbook
7772:
7691:
applications) or the logistics of refuelling pose significant problems (for example,
7505:
7297:
7174:
7102:
7022:
6682:
3724:
Therefore, the maximum value of stage efficiency is obtained by putting the value of
3520:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{d\rho }}\left(2{\cos \alpha _{1}-\rho ^{2}}(1+kc)\right)=0}
1063:
934:
is equal to the net time change of angular momentum flux through the control volume.
818:
776:
718:
681:
422:
418:
167:
9064:
8876:
Dampf- und Gasturbinen. Mit einem Anhang ΓΌber die Aussichten der WΓ€rmekraftmaschinen
8481:
Takaishi, Tatsuo; Numata, Akira; Nakano, Ryouji; Sakaguchi, Katsuhiko (March 2008).
7097:
763:
Turbine types include condensing, non-condensing, reheat, extracting and induction.
9042:
8707:
8670:
7725:
7677:
7563:
7556:
commissioned in the early 2000s. The Chinese Navy currently operates steam-powered
7543:
7515:
7030:
7029:(CSP) to create the steam. Steam turbines can also be used directly to drive large
927:
814:
685:
612:
191:
145:
9086:
6868:
The isentropic efficiency is found by dividing the actual work by the ideal work.
9266:
9194:
9100:
8957:
8916:
8902:
8850:
8778:
8774:
8753:
8711:
8625:
8341:
8216:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 2008. p. 13. Archived from
7623:
7329:
to 615 psi (4,240 kPa)/850 Β°F (454 Β°C) on some World War II
7281:
6657:
4388:
867:
543:
484:
466:
414:
334:
262:
175:
66:
9115:
9111:
Flow Phenomenon in Steam Turbine Disk-Stator Cavities Channeled by Balance Holes
9093:
5807:
4122:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}(1+k)}
9204:
9046:
8881:
Steam and Gas Turbines: With an appendix on the prospective use as heat engines
8645:
7954:Π‘Π°Π²Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Π² Π., Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π. Π‘. ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊ. 1953
7760:
7681:
7452:
7239:
7192:
7034:
6745:
6733:
2335:{\displaystyle h_{1}+{\frac {1}{2}}{V_{1}}^{2}=h_{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}{V_{2}}^{2}}
931:
870:
can be used for the shaft bearings, the rotor can use dummy pistons, it can be
725:
539:
517:
490:
408:
342:
129:
121:
7466:
decommissioned its last conventional steam-powered surface warship class, the
4587:
In terms of velocities, the enthalpy drop over the moving blades is given by:
581:
229:
A 250 kW industrial steam turbine from 1910 (right) directly linked to a
9331:
9276:
9239:
8912:
8898:
8870:
8719:
8682:
7787:
7687:
Nuclear power is often chosen where diesel power would be impractical (as in
7605:
7440:
7370:
7301:
7046:
6749:
6738:
6701:
6674:
3714:{\displaystyle \rho _{opt}={\frac {U}{V_{1}}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha _{1}}
780:
358:
254:
214:
45:
1958:
1377:
Then by the law of moment of momentum, the torque on the fluid is given by:
890:. This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine.
9289:
9249:
8440:"Mitsubishi Heavy starts construction of first Sayaendo series LNG carrier"
7782:
7591:
7477:
7417:
7162:
7133:
6670:
4265:
For a given steam velocity work done per kg of steam would be maximum when
793:
555:
551:
266:
2594:{\displaystyle \eta _{N}={\frac {{V_{2}}^{2}}{2\left(h_{1}-h_{2}\right)}}}
9294:
9214:
9199:
9178:
8288:
8286:
7937:
7740:
7651:
7529:
7491:
7448:
7436:
7269:
7225:
7115:
6753:
2601:, where the enthalpy (in J/Kg) of steam at the entrance of the nozzle is
857:
796:
facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed.
656:
By 1905, when steam turbines were coming into use on fast ships (such as
513:
396:
246:
152:
141:
56:
39:
1054:
792:
found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and
9234:
9209:
8674:
7696:
7692:
7463:
7293:
7277:
7212:
6861:
1636:
When Ο is the angular velocity of the turbine, then the blade speed is
732:
713:
Protective coatings are used to reduce the thermal damage and to limit
703:
547:
282:
270:
257:
described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a
8283:
7420:. However, when the US designed the "treaty cruisers", beginning with
5639:{\displaystyle W=U\Delta V_{w}=U\left(2V_{1}\cos \alpha _{1}-U\right)}
4671:
443:, BTT-Bremer Turbinentechnik GmbH, K&K Turboservice GmbH (Germany)
9259:
8883:] (in German) (Supplement to the 5th ed.). Springer-Verlag.
7732:
built the steam turbine locomotive T18 001, operational in 1929, for
7688:
7583:
7573:
7525:
7487:
7170:
7111:
740:
714:
527:
238:
206:
137:
132:
on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by
7070:
291:
9128:
7120:
7075:
6762:
672:
297:
5329:{\displaystyle V_{r1}^{2}=V_{1}^{2}+U^{2}-2UV_{1}\cos \alpha _{1}}
7643:
7633:
7619:
7601:
7553:
7501:
7348:
7232:
7088:
3780:{\displaystyle {\frac {U}{V_{1}}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha _{1}}
3632:{\displaystyle {\frac {U}{V_{1}}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha _{1}}
1309:
are the relative velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
1123:
are the absolute velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
736:
590:
480:
440:
163:
136:
in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbine involves advanced
117:
8413:
7873:
7366:
1467:{\displaystyle T={\dot {m}}\left(r_{2}V_{w2}-r_{1}V_{w1}\right)}
914:
9147:
8824:
8542:"Global gas and steam turbine market to reach $ 43.5bn by 2020"
7273:
6985:
is the specific enthalpy at state 4s for the isentropic turbine
6860:
To measure how well a turbine is performing we can look at its
6395:{\displaystyle \rho _{opt}={\frac {U}{V_{1}}}=\cos \alpha _{1}}
4661:{\displaystyle \Delta h_{m}={\frac {V_{r2}^{2}-V_{r1}^{2}}{2}}}
4396:
4392:
772:
755:
676:
668:
434:
354:
310:
7957:
8480:
7729:
7376:, a nuclear icebreaker with nuclear-turbo-electric propulsion
7285:
7161:
were not available for the high powers required by ships, so
6948:{\displaystyle \eta _{t}={\frac {h_{3}-h_{4}}{h_{3}-h_{4s}}}}
4747:{\displaystyle \Delta h_{f}={\frac {V_{1}^{2}-V_{0}^{2}}{2}}}
4254:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}=\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}}
4184:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}=\cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}}
4129:. If the friction due to the blade surface is neglected then
1948:
1185:
are the flow velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
460:
368:
Die Dampfturbinen und ihre Aussichten als WΓ€rmekraftmaschinen
125:
3029:{\displaystyle c={\frac {\cos \beta _{2}}{\cos \beta _{1}}}}
8661:
Keyser, Paul (1992). "A new look at Heron's Steam Engine".
8580:"Cruising Turbines of the Y-100 Naval Propulsion Machinery"
7756:
7158:
2446:{\displaystyle {\Delta h}\approx {\frac {1}{2}}{V_{2}}^{2}}
8772:
8298:
8292:
8255:"Speed Droop and Power Generation. Application Note 01302"
6976:
is the specific enthalpy at state 4 for the actual turbine
4554:
is always greater than the relative velocity at the inlet
1597:{\displaystyle F_{u}={\dot {m}}\left(V_{w1}-V_{w2}\right)}
840:
Starboard steam turbine machinery arrangement of Japanese
9124:
Extreme Steam- Unusual Variations on The Steam Locomotive
8592:"CFX Aids Design of World's Most Efficient Steam Turbine"
8322:
7494:
ended its steam era with the decommissioning of its last
7057:"Turbine Steam Ship" redirects here. For other uses, see
697:
A major challenge facing turbine design was reducing the
377:(English: Steam and Gas Turbines) was published in 1922.
362:
9094:
Steam Turbine Construction at Mike's Engineering Wonders
8450:
8310:
8154:
8118:
8106:
7861:
6828:{\displaystyle {\frac {\dot {W}}{\dot {m}}}=h_{3}-h_{4}}
5802:
9023:
8462:
8420:
8356:
7695:). It has been estimated that the reactor fuel for the
5811:
Comparing Efficiencies of Impulse and Reaction turbines
2628:
and the enthalpy of steam at the exit of the nozzle is
2500:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{stage}}=\eta _{b}\eta _{N}}
937:
The swirling fluid enters the control volume at radius
8516:
8504:
8235:
8094:
8040:
7918:
7435:
Since the 1980s, steam turbines have been replaced by
2231:
is the specific enthalpy drop of steam in the nozzle.
750:
8852:
Turbine Steam Path: Mechanical Design and Manufacture
8835:
8142:
8130:
7879:
7851:"Electricity Net Generation From An Electric Turbine"
6874:
6774:
6488:
6446:
6410:
6336:
6044:
5991:
5866:
5821:
5658:
5562:
5341:
5241:
5175:
5126:
5083:
5044:
5004:
4849:
4793:
4787:
is very small and hence can be neglected. Therefore,
4766:
4685:
4593:
4560:
4530:
4497:
4467:
4447:
4415:
4353:
4317:
4271:
4205:
4135:
4048:
4022:
3982:
3823:
3793:
3730:
3645:
3582:
3533:
3433:
3383:
3356:
3314:
3149:
3123:
3097:
3042:
2979:
2661:
2634:
2607:
2516:
2463:
2402:
2375:
2348:
2244:
2188:
1972:
1768:
1736:
1671:
1642:
1610:
1529:
1483:
1386:
1359:
1339:
1317:
1285:
1255:
1223:
1193:
1161:
1131:
1102:
1075:
1027:
1000:
970:
943:
675:, controlled manually by an operator (in this case a
8483:"Approach to High Efficiency Diesel and Gas Engines"
7905:"Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D."
7508:, the Russian Navy currently operates steam-powered
6845:
is the rate at which work is developed per unit time
4194:
3569:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha _{1}}
893:
261:. Steam turbines were also described by the Italian
8052:
8028:
6728:
5228:{\displaystyle E=V_{1}^{2}-{\frac {V_{r1}^{2}}{2}}}
4835:{\displaystyle \Delta h_{f}={\frac {V_{1}^{2}}{2}}}
1523:. Therefore, the tangential force on the blades is
8987:Evaluating and Improving Steam Turbine Performance
8911:
7963:
7885:
7805:
6947:
6827:
6744:The steam turbine operates on basic principles of
6641:
6471:
6432:
6394:
6319:
6027:
5974:
5849:
5792:
5638:
5548:
5328:
5227:
5155:
5112:
5070:
5030:
4982:
4834:
4779:
4746:
4660:
4576:
4546:
4513:
4483:
4453:
4430:
4391:blades themselves are arranged to form convergent
4366:
4336:
4303:
4253:
4183:
4121:
4034:
4008:
3965:
3806:
3779:
3713:
3631:
3568:
3519:
3419:
3369:
3340:
3298:
3135:
3109:
3081:
3028:
2965:
2647:
2620:
2593:
2499:
2445:
2388:
2361:
2334:
2223:
2174:
1932:
1751:
1714:
1657:
1625:
1604:. The work done per unit time or power developed:
1596:
1515:
1466:
1365:
1345:
1323:
1301:
1271:
1239:
1209:
1177:
1147:
1115:
1088:
1043:
1013:
986:
956:
589:Turbine blades are of two basic types, blades and
8544:. Power Engineering International. Archived from
8368:
8205:
8203:
8201:
7974:
7972:
7205:
671:enters from the right at high pressure through a
652:Diagram of an AEG marine steam turbine circa 1905
305:The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by
9329:
9131:of 350MW Steam Turbine with Boiler developed by
8474:
4668:(it contributes to a change in static pressure)
9139:"Super-Steam...An Amazing Story of Achievement"
8652:. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
7276:as territories in 1898, and lacked the British
7101:Parsons turbine from the 1928 Polish destroyer
827:
8627:U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History
8198:
7969:
3420:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\eta _{b}}{d\rho }}=0}
2457:of blade efficiency and nozzle efficiency, or
898:An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an
44:The rotor of a modern steam turbine used in a
9163:
8998:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 58β68.
8729:"New Benchmarks for Steam Turbine Efficiency"
8650:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
8211:"Technology Characterization: Steam Turbines"
7612:respectively operate two and six former U.S.
6661:A modern steam turbine generator installation
4758:is the inlet velocity of steam in the nozzle
1962:Graph depicting efficiency of impulse turbine
174:to harness its motion into electricity. Such
8926:Streeter, Tony (2007). "Testing the Limit".
8697:
8160:
7658:with a steam turbine than to re-liquify it.
7079:, 1894, the first steam turbine-powered ship
6851:is the rate of mass flow through the turbine
6652:
747:resistance, strength, and creep resistance.
372:
366:
346:
9016:A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine
8823:
8755:Wet-steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
8751:
8726:
8468:
8304:
8166:
7654:which often find it more economical to use
7256:reverted to reciprocating machinery on the
6705:Diagram of a steam turbine generator system
6028:{\displaystyle {d\eta _{b} \over d\rho }=0}
5556:Work done (for unit mass flow per second):
1715:{\displaystyle W={\dot {m}}U(\Delta V_{w})}
573:classifications for modern steam turbines.
561:Trillium Flow Technologies (United Kingdom)
9170:
9156:
8780:Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
8727:Leyzerovich, Alexander S (1 August 2002).
7908:History of Science and Technology in Islam
5850:{\displaystyle {\rho }={\frac {U}{V_{1}}}}
3082:{\displaystyle k={\frac {V_{r2}}{V_{r1}}}}
786:
692:
38:
8612:
8560:
8148:
8046:
5235:From the inlet velocity triangle we have
5169:and obtaining all the expressions we get
821:in the downstream stages of the turbine.
689:only a few stages are used to save cost.
667:marine steam turbine. The steam from the
576:
213:, and uneven expansion (various forms of
27:Machine that uses steam to rotate a shaft
8993:
8962:(Third ed.). Taylor & Francis.
8955:
8925:
8915:; Loewenstein, Louis Centennial (1945).
8623:
8510:
8426:
8362:
8328:
8241:
7594:operates four steam-powered former U.S.
7365:
7096:
7082:
7069:
6996:
6855:
6732:
6700:
6656:
6433:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}_{\text{max}}}
5806:
4670:
4491:+ enthalpy drop over the moving blades,
3341:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {U}{V_{1}}}}
1957:
1947:
1053:
913:
856:
835:
754:
647:
580:
395:
290:
224:
155:that derives much of its improvement in
8934:
8897:
8869:
8848:
8818:
8589:
8522:
8456:
8316:
8136:
8124:
8112:
8100:
8058:
8034:
7811:
7724:A steam turbine locomotive engine is a
7361:
7263:of 1912, then went back to turbines on
6967:is the specific enthalpy at state three
4461:= enthalpy drop over the fixed blades,
4407:Energy input to the blades in a stage:
2453:. Furthermore, stage efficiency is the
627:
309:, whose first model was connected to a
14:
9330:
8938:Protective Coatings for Turbine Blades
8660:
8644:
8398:from the original on 22 November 2013.
8342:"1,500-ton destroyers in World War II"
8064:
7924:
7867:
7231:of 1911, which along with her sisters
6479:in the expression of blade efficiency
6472:{\displaystyle \rho =\cos \alpha _{1}}
5071:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\alpha _{2}}
5031:{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=\beta _{2}}
4304:{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\alpha _{1}=1}
3721:(for a single stage impulse turbine).
808:
766:
717:. These coatings are often stabilized
706:with solid-solution strengthening and
315:
9151:
8773:Moran, Michael J; Shapiro, Howard N;
8663:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
8577:
8539:
8374:
8352:from the original on 5 November 2013.
7626:currently operates two steam-powered
5803:Condition of maximum blade efficiency
4994:or 50% reaction and this is known as
4402:
4009:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}}
918:A selection of impulse turbine blades
400:A steam turbine without its top cover
338:
295:The first steam turbine-powered ship
277:driven small toy car was designed by
274:
8836:O'Connor, JJ; Robertson, EF (1999).
8630:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
8279:from the original on 8 January 2011.
8174:"Steam Turbines (Course No. M-3006)"
7662:Nuclear-powered ships and submarines
7445:nuclear-powered ships and submarines
7147:
7052:
6765:we arrive at the following equation
4378:
2224:{\displaystyle \Delta h=h_{2}-h_{1}}
455:Triveni Engineering & Industries
8842:The MacTutor History of Mathematics
8797:
8446:from the original on 7 August 2014.
7891:
7087:High and low pressure turbines for
6696:
4990:A very widely used design has half
1943:
1725:
909:
751:Steam supply and exhaust conditions
301:: fastest in the world at that time
24:
9308:Timeline of heat engine technology
9078:"Steam Turbine", The Engineer Guy
8978:
8410:"Historic Naval Ships Association"
8392:www.leander-project.homecall.co.uk
7455:continue to use steam propulsion.
5572:
4880:
4864:
4794:
4686:
4594:
4498:
4468:
4422:
3172:
2666:
2404:
2189:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1895:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1696:
852:
799:
558:, Chart Industries (United States)
241:, described in the 1st century by
25:
9389:
9072:
8590:Deckers, Matthias (Summer 2003).
8186:from the original on 2 April 2012
8072:"SocGen - China Losing Its Shine"
7383:was introduced on the battleship
7296:, speed was a priority until the
7008:use large steam turbines driving
7001:A direct-drive 5 MW steam turbine
6440:is found by putting the value of
4195:Conclusions on maximum efficiency
894:Principle of operation and design
499:Nevsky Turbine Plant (Nevsky NTW)
9177:
7430:
6752:shown in the adjoining diagram.
6729:Thermodynamics of steam turbines
6709:The control of a turbine with a
522:Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod
391:
349:Γcole des mines de Saint-Γtienne
9032:: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
8752:Leyzerovich, Alexander (2005).
8432:
8402:
8380:
8334:
8261:
8247:
8002:
7948:
7443:on other ships; exceptions are
7300:in mid-1916 showed that in the
7157:. In 1894, efficient reduction
6992:
151:The steam turbine is a form of
9106:Tutorial: "Superheated Steam"
9019:. New York: D Appleton and Co.
8804:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
8269:"Thermodynamics Steam Turbine"
7964:Stodola & Loewenstein 1945
7930:
7897:
7843:
7825:"Sir Charles Algernon Parsons"
7817:
7713:
7462:amphibious assault ships. The
7206:Cruising machinery and gearing
6299:
6254:
5923:
5898:
5719:
5681:
4116:
4104:
3960:
3945:
3906:
3891:
3503:
3488:
3293:
3278:
2510:Nozzle efficiency is given by
1709:
1693:
1665:. The power developed is then
1477:For an impulse steam turbine:
13:
1:
9012:
8855:. Vol. III a. PennWell.
8831:. Cambridge University Press.
8777:; Bailey, Margaret B (2010).
8540:Bayar, Tildy (31 July 2014).
8492:. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
8010:"Charles Parsons 1854 β 1931"
7880:O'Connor & Robertson 1999
7793:
6737:T-s diagram of a superheated
4337:{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=0}
1516:{\displaystyle r_{2}=r_{1}=r}
1331:is the velocity of the blade.
201:Technical challenges include
9133:The University of Queensland
8712:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.01.022
5156:{\displaystyle V_{r1}=V_{2}}
5113:{\displaystyle V_{1}=V_{r2}}
4514:{\displaystyle \Delta h_{m}}
4484:{\displaystyle \Delta h_{f}}
1353:is the guide vane angle and
828:Casing or shaft arrangements
708:grain boundary strengthening
643:pressure-velocity compounded
608:
7:
9358:History of the steam engine
8984:
8849:Sanders, William P (2004).
7766:
7126:turbo-electric transmission
6681:high-quality steam: either
4367:{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}}
2236:first law of thermodynamics
1953:Convergent-divergent nozzle
1752:{\displaystyle {\eta _{b}}}
710:are used in blade designs.
10:
9394:
9047:10.1109/ECACE.2017.7913020
9041:. CUET. pp. 844β849.
8956:Whitaker, Jerry C (2006).
8563:"Nickel Based Superalloys"
8532:
7746:
7717:
7682:Curtiss-Wright Corporation
7184:
7063:
7056:
6748:using the part 3-4 of the
4431:{\displaystyle E=\Delta h}
1658:{\displaystyle U=\omega r}
1626:{\displaystyle W=T\omega }
220:
9316:
9303:
9285:
9185:
9036:
9026:Thermische Turbomaschinen
8959:AC Power Systems Handbook
8783:. John Wiley & Sons.
8624:Friedman, Norman (2004).
8565:. University of Cambridge
7546:; it also operates three
7021:; some installations use
7006:Electrical power stations
6653:Operation and maintenance
3807:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}}
3370:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}}
2369:is appreciably less than
1021:with tangential velocity
964:with tangential velocity
626:, which greatly improves
550:, Skinner Power Systems,
324:C. A. Parsons and Company
170:, it can be coupled to a
98: (140 years ago)
92:
82:
72:
62:
52:
37:
32:
8613:Giampaolo, Tony (2014).
8561:Bhadeshia, HKDH (2003).
8161:Latief & Kakehi 2013
7798:
7720:Steam turbine locomotive
7680:are manufactured by the
7280:'s worldwide network of
7027:concentrated solar power
7015:fossil fuel power plants
3976:For equiangular blades,
567:
386:John Brown & Company
157:thermodynamic efficiency
9378:Marine steam propulsion
9373:19th-century inventions
9135:, in Brisbane Australia
8801:Power Plant Engineering
7829:Encyclopædia Britannica
7532:currently operates INS
7399:Washington Naval Treaty
6683:superheated (dry) steam
6330:and this finally gives
5985:For maximum efficiency
1346:{\displaystyle \alpha }
787:Non-condensing turbines
693:Blade design challenges
182:which can be fueled by
9129:Interactive Simulation
8928:Steam Railway Magazine
8700:Materials & Design
8257:(pdf). Woodward. 1991.
7778:Mercury vapour turbine
7755:In the United States,
7610:Republic of China Navy
7377:
7252:launched in 1909, the
7200:Long Beach, California
7107:
7094:
7080:
7002:
6949:
6829:
6741:
6706:
6662:
6643:
6473:
6434:
6396:
6321:
6029:
5976:
5851:
5812:
5794:
5640:
5550:
5330:
5229:
5157:
5114:
5072:
5032:
4984:
4836:
4781:
4748:
4676:
4662:
4578:
4577:{\displaystyle V_{r1}}
4548:
4547:{\displaystyle V_{r2}}
4515:
4485:
4455:
4432:
4368:
4338:
4305:
4255:
4185:
4123:
4036:
4010:
3967:
3808:
3781:
3715:
3633:
3570:
3521:
3421:
3371:
3342:
3300:
3137:
3111:
3110:{\displaystyle k<1}
3083:
3030:
2967:
2649:
2622:
2595:
2501:
2447:
2390:
2363:
2336:
2225:
2176:
1963:
1955:
1934:
1753:
1716:
1659:
1627:
1598:
1517:
1468:
1367:
1366:{\displaystyle \beta }
1347:
1325:
1303:
1302:{\displaystyle V_{r2}}
1273:
1272:{\displaystyle V_{r1}}
1241:
1240:{\displaystyle V_{w2}}
1211:
1210:{\displaystyle V_{w1}}
1179:
1178:{\displaystyle V_{f2}}
1149:
1148:{\displaystyle V_{f1}}
1117:
1090:
1059:
1045:
1044:{\displaystyle V_{w2}}
1015:
988:
987:{\displaystyle V_{w1}}
958:
919:
862:
849:
760:
653:
586:
577:Blade and stage design
401:
374:Dampf und Gas-Turbinen
373:
367:
365:) in Zurich. His work
347:
302:
234:
180:thermal power stations
9250:Steam (reciprocating)
9013:Thurston, RH (1878).
8941:. ASM International.
8838:"Heron of Alexandria"
8578:Bowie, David (2010).
7684:in Summerville, SC.
7474:landing platform dock
7439:on fast ships and by
7395:-class battlecruisers
7369:
7155:reciprocating engines
7100:
7086:
7073:
7000:
6950:
6856:Isentropic efficiency
6830:
6736:
6704:
6660:
6644:
6474:
6435:
6397:
6322:
6030:
5977:
5852:
5810:
5795:
5641:
5551:
5331:
5230:
5158:
5115:
5073:
5033:
4985:
4837:
4782:
4780:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
4749:
4674:
4663:
4579:
4549:
4516:
4486:
4456:
4433:
4369:
4339:
4306:
4256:
4186:
4124:
4037:
4011:
3968:
3809:
3787:in the expression of
3782:
3716:
3634:
3571:
3522:
3422:
3372:
3343:
3301:
3138:
3112:
3084:
3031:
2968:
2650:
2648:{\displaystyle h_{2}}
2623:
2621:{\displaystyle h_{1}}
2596:
2502:
2448:
2391:
2389:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
2364:
2362:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
2337:
2226:
2177:
1961:
1951:
1935:
1754:
1717:
1660:
1628:
1599:
1518:
1469:
1368:
1348:
1326:
1304:
1274:
1242:
1212:
1180:
1150:
1118:
1116:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
1091:
1089:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
1057:
1046:
1016:
1014:{\displaystyle r_{2}}
994:and leaves at radius
989:
959:
957:{\displaystyle r_{1}}
917:
860:
839:
758:
651:
584:
431:(Czech - South Korea)
399:
294:
228:
148:of the 21st century.
77:Energy transformation
8739:on 18 September 2009
8654:University of Aleppo
8601:(23). Archived from
8346:destroyerhistory.org
7914:on 18 February 2008.
7752:associated systems.
7504:. Amongst the other
7476:, in 2002, with the
7381:Turbo-electric drive
7362:Turbo-electric drive
7315:In the US Navy, the
7019:nuclear power plants
6872:
6772:
6723:centrifugal governor
6486:
6444:
6408:
6334:
6042:
5989:
5864:
5819:
5656:
5560:
5339:
5239:
5173:
5124:
5081:
5042:
5002:
4847:
4791:
4764:
4683:
4591:
4558:
4528:
4495:
4465:
4445:
4413:
4351:
4315:
4269:
4203:
4133:
4046:
4020:
3980:
3821:
3791:
3728:
3643:
3580:
3531:
3431:
3381:
3354:
3312:
3147:
3143:for smooth blades).
3121:
3095:
3040:
2977:
2659:
2632:
2605:
2514:
2461:
2400:
2373:
2346:
2242:
2186:
1970:
1766:
1734:
1669:
1640:
1608:
1527:
1481:
1384:
1357:
1337:
1315:
1283:
1253:
1221:
1191:
1159:
1129:
1100:
1073:
1025:
998:
968:
941:
775:and exhaust it to a
609:Brown-Curtis turbine
382:Brown-Curtis turbine
9348:Egyptian inventions
9319:Thermodynamic cycle
9230:Pistonless (Rotary)
9220:Photo-Carnot engine
9090:by Hubert E Collins
9024:Traupel, W (1977).
8985:Cotton, KC (1998).
8935:Tamarin, Y (2002).
8608:on 24 October 2005.
8223:on 18 November 2012
8082:on 23 December 2015
7980:"The Steam Turbine"
7870:, pp. 107β124.
7734:Deutsche Reichsbahn
7588:Type 051B destroyer
7066:Marine steam engine
7059:TS (disambiguation)
7039:thermal power plant
7010:electric generators
6719:droop speed control
5738:
5487:
5390:
5370:
5277:
5259:
5219:
5196:
4969:
4948:
4919:
4826:
4737:
4719:
4651:
4630:
4035:{\displaystyle c=1}
3136:{\displaystyle k=1}
1373:is the blade angle.
809:Extracting turbines
767:Condensing turbines
638:velocity-compounded
633:pressure-compounded
451:Larsen & Toubro
320:George Westinghouse
140:to form high-grade
9353:English inventions
9338:1884 introductions
9099:2021-02-26 at the
8820:Parsons, Charles A
8775:Boettner, Daisie D
8758:. PennWell Books.
8675:10.1007/BF00374742
8619:. Digital Designs.
7708:commercial vessels
7666:United States Navy
7378:
7310:-class battleships
7261:-class battleships
7254:United States Navy
7250:-class battleships
7165:was necessary. In
7142:thermal efficiency
7108:
7095:
7081:
7003:
6945:
6825:
6742:
6707:
6663:
6639:
6637:
6469:
6430:
6392:
6317:
6025:
5972:
5847:
5813:
5790:
5724:
5636:
5546:
5544:
5473:
5376:
5356:
5326:
5263:
5242:
5225:
5202:
5182:
5153:
5110:
5068:
5028:
4992:degree of reaction
4980:
4978:
4952:
4931:
4905:
4832:
4812:
4777:
4744:
4723:
4705:
4677:
4658:
4634:
4613:
4574:
4544:
4511:
4481:
4451:
4428:
4364:
4334:
4301:
4251:
4181:
4119:
4032:
4006:
3963:
3804:
3777:
3711:
3629:
3566:
3517:
3417:
3367:
3338:
3296:
3133:
3107:
3079:
3026:
2963:
2961:
2645:
2618:
2591:
2497:
2443:
2386:
2359:
2332:
2221:
2172:
1964:
1956:
1930:
1749:
1730:Blade efficiency (
1712:
1655:
1623:
1594:
1513:
1464:
1363:
1343:
1321:
1299:
1269:
1237:
1207:
1175:
1145:
1113:
1086:
1060:
1041:
1011:
984:
954:
928:moment of momentum
920:
900:isentropic process
863:
850:
761:
654:
587:
429:Doosan Ε koda Power
402:
303:
279:Ferdinand Verbiest
243:Hero of Alexandria
235:
128:and uses it to do
87:Charles A. Parsons
9325:
9324:
9142:Popular Mechanics
9119:
9056:978-1-5090-5627-9
9005:978-1-4728-3595-6
8969:978-0-8493-4034-5
8948:978-1-61503-070-5
8890:978-3-642-50854-7
8826:The Steam Turbine
8811:978-0-07-043599-5
8790:978-0-470-49590-2
8765:978-1-59370-032-4
8733:Power Engineering
8637:978-1-55750-442-5
8548:on 30 August 2016
8442:. December 2012.
8319:, pp. 26β31.
8293:Moran et al. 2010
8273:www.roymech.co.uk
8127:, pp. 23β25.
8115:, pp. 20β22.
7773:Balancing machine
7704:-class submarines
7678:aircraft carriers
7564:aircraft carriers
7516:aircraft carriers
7506:blue-water navies
7414:destroyer escorts
7334:-class destroyers
7320:-class destroyers
7298:Battle of Jutland
7185:cross-compounding
7148:Early development
7130:destroyer escorts
7053:Marine propulsion
7031:centrifugal pumps
6943:
6797:
6795:
6785:
6602:
6580:
6509:
6427:
6371:
6309:
6070:
6017:
5970:
5883:
5845:
5788:
5540:
5458:
5414:
5394:
5223:
4974:
4923:
4830:
4742:
4656:
4454:{\displaystyle E}
4379:Reaction turbines
4222:
4152:
4079:
4065:
3920:
3840:
3759:
3746:
3693:
3680:
3611:
3598:
3548:
3447:
3409:
3336:
3271:
3230:
3205:
3077:
3024:
2952:
2589:
2471:
2422:
2311:
2266:
2170:
2137:
2120:
2108:
2081:
2043:
2034:
2019:
1928:
1884:
1858:
1837:
1799:
1687:
1552:
1402:
1324:{\displaystyle U}
1064:velocity triangle
1058:Velocity triangle
884:double-axial-flow
815:feedwater heaters
735:elements such as
719:zirconium dioxide
423:Dongfang Electric
419:Shanghai Electric
124:from pressurized
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
9385:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9149:
9148:
9117:
9068:
9033:
9020:
9009:
8990:
8973:
8952:
8931:
8922:
8908:
8894:
8866:
8845:
8832:
8830:
8815:
8798:Nag, PK (2002).
8794:
8769:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8735:. Archived from
8723:
8694:
8657:
8641:
8620:
8609:
8607:
8596:
8586:
8584:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8490:Technical Review
8487:
8478:
8472:
8469:Leyzerovich 2002
8466:
8460:
8459:, p. 14β15.
8454:
8448:
8447:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8416:on 22 June 2013.
8412:. Archived from
8406:
8400:
8399:
8388:"Steam Turbines"
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8338:
8332:
8331:, p. 23β24.
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8305:Leyzerovich 2005
8302:
8296:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8185:
8179:. PhD Engineer.
8178:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8078:. Archived from
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8012:. Archived from
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7986:. Archived from
7976:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7934:
7928:
7927:, p. 34β35.
7922:
7916:
7915:
7910:. Archived from
7901:
7895:
7894:, pp. 432β.
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7726:steam locomotive
7668:nuclear-powered
7650:An exception is
7544:aircraft carrier
7282:coaling stations
6984:
6975:
6966:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6925:
6924:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6811:
6810:
6798:
6796:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6776:
6697:Speed regulation
6675:uneven expansion
6648:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6565:
6564:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6534:
6533:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6272:
6271:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6198:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6151:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6098:
6097:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6046:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5993:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5943:
5942:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5831:
5826:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5767:
5766:
5751:
5750:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5696:
5695:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5650:blade efficiency
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5608:
5607:
5584:
5583:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5519:
5518:
5500:
5499:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5437:
5436:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5364:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5309:
5308:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5271:
5258:
5253:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5213:
5201:
5195:
5190:
5167:Parson's turbine
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5139:
5138:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5093:
5092:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5053:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5014:
5013:
4996:Parson's turbine
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4947:
4942:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4913:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4876:
4875:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4675:Velocity diagram
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4629:
4624:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4403:Blade efficiency
4385:reaction turbine
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4236:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3944:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3913:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3549:
3541:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3385:
3377:is maximum when
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3322:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2987:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2934:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2820:
2805:
2804:
2789:
2788:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2698:
2697:
2678:
2677:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2118:
2106:
2079:
2059:
2041:
2032:
2017:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1944:Stage efficiency
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1856:
1835:
1812:
1797:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1726:Blade efficiency
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1571:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1418:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1009:
993:
991:
990:
985:
983:
982:
963:
961:
960:
955:
953:
952:
910:Impulse turbines
613:reaction turbine
602:
601:
507:
376:
370:
352:
331:de Laval turbine
178:are the core of
146:energy economics
106:
104:
99:
42:
30:
29:
21:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9343:Arab inventions
9328:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9312:
9299:
9281:
9181:
9176:
9101:Wayback Machine
9075:
9057:
9030:Springer Verlag
9006:
8981:
8979:Further reading
8976:
8970:
8949:
8891:
8863:
8812:
8791:
8766:
8742:
8740:
8646:Hassan, Ahmad Y
8638:
8605:
8594:
8582:
8568:
8566:
8551:
8549:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8521:
8517:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8493:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8467:
8463:
8455:
8451:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8425:
8421:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8386:
8385:
8381:
8373:
8369:
8361:
8357:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8327:
8323:
8315:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8291:
8284:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8240:
8236:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8199:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8147:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8123:
8119:
8111:
8107:
8103:, pp. 7β8.
8099:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8033:
8029:
8019:
8017:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7923:
7919:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7866:
7862:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7769:
7761:Combined Cycles
7749:
7722:
7716:
7624:Ecuadorian Navy
7490:. In 2013, the
7453:auxiliary ships
7433:
7364:
7308:Queen Elizabeth
7208:
7191:can be seen on
7150:
7068:
7062:
7055:
7035:feedwater pumps
6995:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6933:
6929:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6904:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6858:
6819:
6815:
6806:
6802:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6759:saturated vapor
6731:
6699:
6667:thermal inertia
6655:
6636:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6599:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6573:
6569:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6512:
6506:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6463:
6459:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6424:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6386:
6382:
6365:
6361:
6356:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6241:
6237:
6215:
6211:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6176:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6129:
6118:
6114:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6062:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6009:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5963:
5959:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5891:
5889:
5880:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5805:
5781:
5777:
5762:
5758:
5746:
5742:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5691:
5687:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5648:Therefore, the
5619:
5615:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5579:
5575:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5543:
5542:
5530:
5526:
5514:
5510:
5495:
5491:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5444:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5419:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5360:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5304:
5300:
5285:
5281:
5272:
5267:
5254:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5214:
5206:
5200:
5191:
5186:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5147:
5143:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5022:
5018:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4977:
4976:
4964:
4956:
4943:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4732:
4727:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4646:
4638:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4381:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4228:
4219:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3849:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3751:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3705:
3701:
3685:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3623:
3619:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3560:
3556:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:. That implies
3481:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2060:
2004:
2002:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1946:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1813:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1703:
1699:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1005:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
948:
944:
942:
939:
938:
912:
896:
868:Thrust bearings
855:
853:Two-flow rotors
848:-class cruisers
830:
811:
802:
800:Reheat turbines
789:
769:
753:
695:
617:Parsons turbine
599:
598:
595:impulse turbine
579:
570:
501:
415:Harbin Electric
394:
339:impulse turbine
335:Gustaf de Laval
307:Charles Parsons
275:impulse turbine
263:Giovanni Branca
223:
203:rotor imbalance
176:turbogenerators
134:Charles Parsons
130:mechanical work
102:
100:
97:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9391:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9368:Steam turbines
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9272:Thermoacoustic
9269:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9175:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9136:
9126:
9121:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9091:
9082:
9081:
9074:
9073:External links
9071:
9070:
9069:
9055:
9034:
9021:
9010:
9004:
8991:
8989:. Cotton Fact.
8980:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8968:
8953:
8947:
8932:
8923:
8913:Stodola, Aurel
8909:
8907:. McGraw-Hill.
8899:Stodola, Aurel
8895:
8889:
8867:
8861:
8846:
8833:
8816:
8810:
8795:
8789:
8770:
8764:
8749:
8724:
8695:
8669:(2): 107β124.
8658:
8642:
8636:
8621:
8610:
8587:
8575:
8558:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:, p. 292.
8515:
8503:
8473:
8461:
8449:
8431:
8429:, p. 477.
8419:
8401:
8379:
8367:
8365:, p. 472.
8355:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8307:, p. 111.
8297:
8282:
8260:
8246:
8234:
8197:
8165:
8153:
8149:Bhadeshia 2003
8141:
8129:
8117:
8105:
8093:
8063:
8051:
8047:Giampaolo 2014
8039:
8027:
8001:
7990:on 13 May 2010
7968:
7956:
7947:
7942:steamindex.com
7929:
7917:
7896:
7884:
7872:
7860:
7842:
7816:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7768:
7765:
7748:
7745:
7718:Main article:
7715:
7712:
7441:diesel engines
7432:
7429:
7363:
7360:
7302:battlecruisers
7207:
7204:
7149:
7146:
7054:
7051:
7025:steam, or use
6994:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6791:
6784:
6781:
6746:thermodynamics
6730:
6727:
6698:
6695:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6420:
6416:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6328:
6327:
6316:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5983:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5888:
5876:
5872:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5804:
5801:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5539:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
4973:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4774:
4770:
4755:
4741:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4450:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4404:
4401:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4361:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4262:
4261:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4215:
4211:
4196:
4193:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4145:
4141:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4058:
4054:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3833:
3829:
3801:
3797:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3576:and therefore
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3364:
3360:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2642:
2638:
2615:
2611:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2383:
2379:
2356:
2352:
2342:Assuming that
2329:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1745:
1741:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1342:
1332:
1320:
1310:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1110:
1106:
1083:
1079:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1008:
1004:
981:
978:
974:
951:
947:
932:control volume
911:
908:
895:
892:
888:double-exhaust
854:
851:
829:
826:
810:
807:
801:
798:
788:
785:
768:
765:
752:
749:
726:microstructure
694:
691:
605:Rateau turbine
600:Curtis turbine
578:
575:
569:
566:
563:
562:
559:
544:Elliot Company
540:Curtiss-Wright
537:
531:
525:
518:Power Machines
488:
470:
464:
458:
444:
438:
432:
426:
412:
393:
390:
343:Auguste Rateau
273:. In 1672, an
222:
219:
122:thermal energy
120:that extracts
108:
107:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:Classification
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
18:Steam turbines
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9390:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9363:Steam engines
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9320:
9315:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9278:
9277:Manson engine
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9255:Steam turbine
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9190:Carnot engine
9188:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9173:
9168:
9166:
9161:
9159:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9144:, August 1937
9143:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9035:
9031:
9028:(in German).
9027:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9011:
9007:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8982:
8971:
8965:
8961:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8862:9781628702989
8858:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8750:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8622:
8618:
8617:
8611:
8604:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8581:
8576:
8564:
8559:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8537:
8524:
8519:
8513:, p. 85.
8512:
8511:Streeter 2007
8507:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8465:
8458:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8428:
8427:Friedman 2004
8423:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8376:
8371:
8364:
8363:Friedman 2004
8359:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8330:
8329:Friedman 2004
8325:
8318:
8313:
8306:
8301:
8294:
8289:
8287:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8256:
8250:
8244:, p. 35.
8243:
8242:Whitaker 2006
8238:
8219:
8212:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8182:
8175:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8150:
8145:
8139:, p. 5β.
8138:
8133:
8126:
8121:
8114:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8048:
8043:
8036:
8031:
8016:on 5 May 2010
8015:
8011:
8005:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7965:
7960:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7869:
7864:
7857:. March 2024.
7856:
7852:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7789:
7788:Tesla turbine
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7606:Egyptian Navy
7603:
7600:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7586:and the lone
7585:
7582:
7580:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7536:, a modified
7535:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7431:Current usage
7428:
7426:
7425:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7407:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7382:
7375:
7374:
7373:50 Let Pobedy
7368:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7244:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
6999:
6990:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6866:
6863:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6789:
6782:
6779:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6750:Rankine cycle
6747:
6740:
6739:Rankine cycle
6735:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6712:
6703:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6659:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6593:
6589:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6500:
6496:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6418:
6414:
6402:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6314:
6311:
6303:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6022:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5886:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5809:
5800:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5716:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5651:
5646:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5465:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4971:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4842:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4739:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4673:
4669:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4585:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4506:
4502:
4476:
4472:
4448:
4439:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4359:
4355:
4346:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4143:
4139:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4042:, and we get
4029:
4026:
4023:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3306:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3090:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2640:
2636:
2613:
2609:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2381:
2377:
2354:
2350:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2139:
1999:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1739:
1723:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1340:
1333:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1108:
1104:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1006:
1002:
979:
976:
972:
949:
945:
935:
933:
929:
924:
916:
907:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
859:
847:
843:
838:
834:
825:
822:
820:
819:loss of power
816:
806:
797:
795:
784:
782:
778:
774:
764:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
700:
690:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
650:
646:
644:
639:
634:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
592:
583:
574:
565:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:-Atomenergo,
515:
511:
505:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
398:
392:Manufacturing
389:
387:
383:
378:
375:
369:
364:
360:
359:Aurel Stodola
356:
351:
350:
344:
340:
336:
333:(invented by
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
300:
299:
293:
289:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Ottoman Egypt
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
227:
218:
216:
215:thermal shock
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
188:nuclear fuels
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:rotary motion
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:steam turbine
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:Steam turbine
31:
19:
9290:Beale number
9254:
9245:Split-single
9179:Heat engines
9141:
9085:
9038:
9025:
9015:
8996:Warship 2019
8995:
8986:
8958:
8937:
8927:
8917:
8903:
8880:
8875:
8851:
8841:
8825:
8800:
8779:
8754:
8743:12 September
8741:. Retrieved
8737:the original
8732:
8703:
8699:
8666:
8662:
8649:
8626:
8615:
8603:the original
8598:
8567:. Retrieved
8550:. Retrieved
8546:the original
8523:Sanders 2004
8518:
8506:
8494:. Retrieved
8489:
8476:
8464:
8457:Deckers 2003
8452:
8434:
8422:
8414:the original
8404:
8391:
8382:
8370:
8358:
8345:
8336:
8324:
8317:Parsons 1911
8312:
8300:
8272:
8263:
8249:
8237:
8225:. Retrieved
8218:the original
8190:22 September
8188:. Retrieved
8168:
8156:
8144:
8137:Tamarin 2002
8132:
8125:Parsons 1911
8120:
8113:Parsons 1911
8108:
8101:Parsons 1911
8096:
8084:. Retrieved
8080:the original
8076:documents.mx
8075:
8066:
8059:Stodola 2013
8054:
8049:, p. 9.
8042:
8035:Parsons 1911
8030:
8018:. Retrieved
8014:the original
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7988:the original
7983:
7959:
7950:
7941:
7938:"James Watt"
7932:
7920:
7912:the original
7907:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7854:
7845:
7835:19 September
7833:. Retrieved
7828:
7819:
7812:Stodola 1927
7807:
7783:Steam engine
7754:
7750:
7738:
7723:
7701:
7686:
7660:
7656:boil-off gas
7652:LNG carriers
7648:
7638:
7628:
7614:
7596:
7592:Mexican Navy
7578:
7568:
7558:
7548:
7538:
7534:Vikramaditya
7533:
7520:
7510:
7496:
7482:
7478:Italian Navy
7468:
7457:
7449:LNG carriers
7437:gas turbines
7434:
7423:
7418:World War II
7411:
7405:
7403:
7392:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7354:
7343:
7339:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7314:
7307:
7291:
7264:
7258:
7247:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7209:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7166:
7163:direct drive
7151:
7138:
7134:World War II
7119:
7109:
7103:
7090:
7074:
7043:
7004:
6993:Direct drive
6988:
6956:
6867:
6859:
6848:
6842:
6837:
6743:
6716:
6708:
6692:
6679:
6671:turning gear
6664:
6403:
6329:
5984:
5814:
5652:is given by
5649:
5647:
5166:
5164:
4995:
4843:
4760:
4678:
4586:
4523:
4440:
4409:
4406:
4384:
4382:
4016:, therefore
3975:
3816:
3723:
3350:
3307:
3091:
2509:
2233:
1965:
1729:
1635:
1476:
1376:
1061:
936:
925:
921:
903:
897:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
845:
841:
831:
823:
812:
803:
794:desalination
790:
770:
762:
731:
723:
712:
696:
659:
655:
642:
641:is called a
637:
636:inventor. A
632:
621:
588:
571:
564:
556:Leonardo DRS
552:Baker Hughes
403:
381:
379:
330:
328:
304:
296:
288:
267:John Wilkins
236:
211:bearing wear
200:
196:solar energy
184:fossil fuels
162:Because the
161:
150:
142:steel alloys
113:
111:
9295:West number
9215:Minto wheel
9200:Gas turbine
8706:: 485β492.
8569:4 September
8227:25 February
7984:Birr Castle
7925:Hassan 1976
7868:Keyser 1992
7741:hammer blow
7714:Locomotives
7693:icebreakers
7576:along with
7549:Brahmaputra
7530:Indian Navy
7492:French Navy
7270:Philippines
7140:have lower
7116:World War I
6754:Superheated
6404:Therefore,
926:The law of
876:double flow
872:double flow
704:superalloys
660:Dreadnought
624:compounding
502: [
271:steam jacks
265:(1629) and
251:Taqi al-Din
249:. In 1551,
247:Roman Egypt
153:heat engine
73:Application
57:Heat engine
46:power plant
9332:Categories
9235:Rijke tube
9118:circa 1920
8921:. P Smith.
8871:Stodola, A
8552:3 November
8375:Bowie 2010
8086:3 November
7794:References
7697:Royal Navy
7636:(modified
7584:destroyers
7574:destroyers
7569:Sovremenny
7526:destroyers
7521:Sovremenny
7488:destroyers
7464:Royal Navy
7460:Wasp-class
7406:New Mexico
7387:New Mexico
7294:Royal Navy
7278:Royal Navy
7240:HMHS
7213:battleship
7195:Queen Mary
7171:destroyers
7118:, such as
7112:steamships
7064:See also:
7033:, such as
7023:geothermal
6862:isentropic
783:near 90%.
733:Refractory
628:efficiency
548:GE Vernova
514:Energomash
473:Mitsubishi
283:James Watt
192:geothermal
166:generates
9260:Aeolipile
8873:(2013) .
8720:0261-3069
8691:122957344
8683:0003-9519
8599:CFXUpdate
7689:submarine
7559:Kuznetsov
7511:Kuznetsov
7497:Tourville
7424:Pensacola
7422:USS
7404:Although
7393:Lexington
7385:USS
7353:USS
7242:Britannic
7233:RMS
7226:RMS
7216:USS
7193:RMS
7175:USS
6927:−
6902:−
6877:η
6813:−
6793:˙
6783:˙
6687:saturated
6627:α
6623:
6590:η
6571:α
6567:
6540:α
6536:
6497:η
6461:α
6457:
6448:ρ
6415:η
6384:α
6380:
6339:ρ
6290:α
6286:
6280:ρ
6265:ρ
6261:−
6239:α
6235:
6223:ρ
6217:−
6204:ρ
6201:−
6192:α
6188:
6174:ρ
6168:−
6160:ρ
6154:−
6145:α
6141:
6116:α
6112:
6106:ρ
6091:ρ
6087:−
6067:ρ
6053:η
6035:, we get
6014:ρ
6000:η
5961:α
5957:
5951:ρ
5936:ρ
5932:−
5921:ρ
5918:−
5909:α
5905:
5896:ρ
5871:η
5824:ρ
5779:α
5775:
5740:−
5714:−
5705:α
5701:
5661:η
5626:−
5617:α
5613:
5573:Δ
5528:α
5524:
5489:−
5446:α
5442:
5397:−
5372:−
5318:α
5314:
5292:−
5198:−
5165:Assuming
5060:α
5047:β
5020:β
5007:α
4950:−
4881:Δ
4865:Δ
4795:Δ
4721:−
4687:Δ
4632:−
4595:Δ
4499:Δ
4469:Δ
4423:Δ
4356:α
4320:α
4287:α
4283:
4243:α
4239:
4210:η
4173:α
4169:
4140:η
4096:α
4092:
4053:η
3998:β
3985:β
3937:α
3933:
3878:ρ
3874:−
3865:α
3861:
3855:ρ
3828:η
3796:η
3769:α
3765:
3703:α
3699:
3648:ρ
3621:α
3617:
3558:α
3554:
3535:ρ
3479:ρ
3475:−
3466:α
3462:
3444:ρ
3406:ρ
3392:η
3359:η
3316:ρ
3254:−
3245:α
3241:
3173:Δ
3152:η
3015:β
3011:
2997:β
2993:
2943:β
2939:
2912:β
2908:
2869:β
2865:
2830:β
2826:
2798:β
2794:
2708:−
2700:−
2667:Δ
2571:−
2519:η
2489:η
2479:η
2466:η
2412:≈
2405:Δ
2396:, we get
2209:−
2190:Δ
2164:Δ
2149:Δ
1976:η
1896:Δ
1771:η
1740:η
1697:Δ
1685:˙
1650:ω
1621:ω
1574:−
1550:˙
1434:−
1400:˙
1361:β
1341:α
777:condenser
741:ruthenium
715:oxidation
686:feedwater
682:condenser
658:HMS
645:turbine.
530:(Ukraine)
528:Turboatom
239:Aeolipile
231:generator
207:vibration
172:generator
138:metalwork
9267:Stirling
9195:Fluidyne
9097:Archived
9065:42153522
8901:(1927).
8822:(1911).
8648:(1976).
8444:Archived
8396:Archived
8350:Archived
8277:Archived
8181:Archived
7892:Nag 2002
7767:See also
7702:Vanguard
7644:frigates
7634:frigates
7620:frigates
7608:and the
7602:frigates
7554:frigates
7469:Fearless
7371:NS
7355:Iwo Jima
7349:frigates
7332:Fletcher
7259:New York
7248:Delaware
7189:Turbinia
7167:Turbinia
7121:Turbinia
7089:SS
7076:Turbinia
6763:enthalpy
6711:governor
6508:reaction
3817:We get:
880:two-flow
842:Furutaka
673:throttle
536:(France)
524:(Russia)
437:(France)
411:(Brazil)
316:reaction
298:Turbinia
93:Invented
83:Inventor
63:Industry
9205:Hot air
8533:Sources
7747:Testing
7639:Leander
7629:Condell
7502:frigate
7451:. Some
7292:In the
7235:Titanic
7228:Olympic
7047:quality
6601:impulse
5857:, then
4754:where V
4393:nozzles
4383:In the
2455:product
2234:By the
904:buckets
781:quality
745:fatigue
737:rhenium
669:boilers
591:nozzles
495:Ural TW
491:Silmash
487:(Japan)
481:Toshiba
469:(Italy)
467:Ansaldo
457:(India)
441:Siemens
425:(China)
221:History
164:turbine
118:machine
101: (
9240:Rocket
9225:Piston
9063:
9053:
9002:
8966:
8945:
8930:(336).
8887:
8859:
8828:
8808:
8787:
8762:
8718:
8689:
8681:
8634:
8020:10 May
7994:10 May
7855:US EIA
7676:class
7670:Nimitz
7641:-class
7631:-class
7622:. The
7617:-class
7604:. The
7599:-class
7581:-class
7571:-class
7561:-class
7551:-class
7541:-class
7528:. The
7523:-class
7513:-class
7499:-class
7485:-class
7483:Audace
7471:-class
7346:-class
7325:Wickes
7274:Hawaii
7265:Nevada
7218:Nevada
7104:Wicher
6957:where
6838:where
4397:stator
4387:, the
3639:. Now
2182:Where
2119:
2107:
2080:
2042:
2033:
2018:
1857:
1836:
1798:
844:- and
773:boiler
677:sailor
463:(Iran)
435:Alstom
355:Alstom
311:dynamo
233:(left)
67:Energy
9061:S2CID
8879:[
8687:S2CID
8606:(PDF)
8595:(PDF)
8583:(PDF)
8496:6 May
8486:(PDF)
8221:(PDF)
8214:(PDF)
8184:(PDF)
8177:(PDF)
7831:. n.d
7799:Notes
7730:Krupp
7327:class
7318:Mahan
7286:Japan
7177:Smith
7159:gears
7037:at a
6685:, or
4389:rotor
2470:stage
886:, or
699:creep
607:, or
568:Types
506:]
461:MAPNA
194:, or
126:steam
116:is a
9051:ISBN
9000:ISBN
8964:ISBN
8943:ISBN
8885:ISBN
8857:ISBN
8806:ISBN
8785:ISBN
8760:ISBN
8745:2010
8716:ISSN
8679:ISSN
8632:ISBN
8571:2008
8554:2015
8498:2019
8229:2013
8192:2011
8088:2015
8022:2009
7996:2009
7837:2010
7757:ASME
7674:Ford
7672:and
7615:Knox
7597:Knox
7579:Luda
7539:Kiev
7518:and
7447:and
7344:Knox
7272:and
7238:and
7091:Maui
7017:and
4441:Or,
3427:or,
3102:<
1279:and
1217:and
1155:and
1096:and
846:Aoba
739:and
477:KwHI
447:BHEL
380:The
259:spit
103:1884
96:1884
9210:Jet
9043:doi
8708:doi
8671:doi
7699:'s
7646:).
7416:in
7198:in
7132:in
7110:In
6614:cos
6558:cos
6527:cos
6454:cos
6426:max
6377:cos
6283:cos
6232:cos
6185:cos
6138:cos
6109:cos
5954:cos
5902:cos
5882:max
5815:If
5772:cos
5698:cos
5610:cos
5521:cos
5439:cos
5311:cos
4347:As
4311:or
4274:cos
4230:cos
4221:max
4160:cos
4151:max
4083:cos
4064:max
3924:cos
3858:cos
3839:max
3762:cos
3696:cos
3614:cos
3551:cos
3459:cos
3238:cos
3008:cos
2990:cos
2936:cos
2905:cos
2862:cos
2823:cos
2791:cos
665:AEG
615:or
534:EDF
510:KTZ
485:IHI
409:WEG
363:ETH
253:in
245:in
9334::
9059:.
9049:.
8840:.
8731:.
8714:.
8704:49
8702:.
8685:.
8677:.
8667:44
8665:.
8597:.
8488:.
8394:.
8390:.
8348:.
8344:.
8285:^
8275:.
8271:.
8200:^
8074:.
7982:.
7971:^
7940:.
7853:.
7827:.
7736:.
7566:,
7401:.
7173:,
7136:.
7041:.
6982:4s
5120:,
5038:,
4584:.
4521:.
4191:.
3973:.
3814:.
3348:.
3089:.
2655:.
2507:.
2238::
1722:.
1633:.
1062:A
1051:.
882:,
619:.
603:,
597:,
554:,
546:,
542:,
520:,
512:,
508:,
504:ru
497:,
493:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
453:,
449:,
421:,
417:,
209:,
205:,
190:,
186:,
112:A
9171:e
9164:t
9157:v
9067:.
9045::
9008:.
8972:.
8951:.
8893:.
8865:.
8844:.
8814:.
8793:.
8768:.
8747:.
8722:.
8710::
8693:.
8673::
8656:.
8640:.
8585:.
8573:.
8556:.
8500:.
8471:.
8377:.
8295:.
8231:.
8194:.
8163:.
8151:.
8090:.
8061:.
8037:.
8024:.
7998:.
7966:.
7944:.
7882:.
7839:.
7814:.
7061:.
6980:h
6973:4
6971:h
6964:3
6962:h
6938:s
6935:4
6931:h
6922:3
6918:h
6910:4
6906:h
6897:3
6893:h
6886:=
6881:t
6849:αΉ
6843:αΊ
6821:4
6817:h
6808:3
6804:h
6800:=
6790:m
6780:W
6631:1
6618:2
6610:=
6594:b
6575:1
6562:2
6554:+
6551:1
6544:1
6531:2
6523:2
6517:=
6501:b
6465:1
6451:=
6419:b
6388:1
6374:=
6367:1
6363:V
6359:U
6354:=
6349:t
6346:p
6343:o
6315:0
6312:=
6304:2
6300:)
6294:1
6277:2
6274:+
6269:2
6258:1
6255:(
6249:)
6243:1
6229:2
6226:+
6220:2
6213:(
6208:)
6196:1
6182:2
6178:(
6171:2
6164:)
6157:4
6149:1
6135:4
6131:(
6126:)
6120:1
6103:2
6100:+
6095:2
6084:1
6080:(
6073:=
6064:d
6057:b
6049:d
6023:0
6020:=
6011:d
6004:b
5996:d
5965:1
5948:2
5945:+
5940:2
5929:1
5924:)
5913:1
5899:(
5893:2
5887:=
5875:b
5841:1
5837:V
5833:U
5828:=
5783:1
5769:U
5764:1
5760:V
5756:2
5753:+
5748:2
5744:U
5735:2
5730:1
5726:V
5720:)
5717:U
5709:1
5693:1
5689:V
5685:2
5682:(
5679:U
5676:2
5670:=
5665:b
5633:)
5629:U
5621:1
5605:1
5601:V
5597:2
5593:(
5589:U
5586:=
5581:w
5577:V
5570:U
5567:=
5564:W
5538:2
5532:1
5516:1
5512:V
5508:U
5505:2
5502:+
5497:2
5493:U
5484:2
5479:1
5475:V
5468:=
5456:2
5450:1
5434:1
5430:V
5426:U
5423:2
5417:+
5412:2
5407:2
5403:U
5392:2
5387:2
5382:1
5378:V
5367:2
5362:1
5358:V
5354:=
5347:E
5322:1
5306:1
5302:V
5298:U
5295:2
5287:2
5283:U
5279:+
5274:2
5269:1
5265:V
5261:=
5256:2
5251:1
5248:r
5244:V
5221:2
5216:2
5211:1
5208:r
5204:V
5193:2
5188:1
5184:V
5180:=
5177:E
5149:2
5145:V
5141:=
5136:1
5133:r
5129:V
5106:2
5103:r
5099:V
5095:=
5090:1
5086:V
5064:2
5056:=
5051:1
5024:2
5016:=
5011:1
4972:2
4966:2
4961:1
4958:r
4954:V
4945:2
4940:2
4937:r
4933:V
4926:+
4921:2
4916:2
4911:1
4907:V
4901:=
4889:m
4885:h
4878:+
4873:f
4869:h
4862:=
4855:E
4828:2
4823:2
4818:1
4814:V
4808:=
4803:f
4799:h
4773:0
4769:V
4756:0
4740:2
4734:2
4729:0
4725:V
4716:2
4711:1
4707:V
4700:=
4695:f
4691:h
4654:2
4648:2
4643:1
4640:r
4636:V
4627:2
4622:2
4619:r
4615:V
4608:=
4603:m
4599:h
4570:1
4567:r
4563:V
4540:2
4537:r
4533:V
4507:m
4503:h
4477:f
4473:h
4449:E
4426:h
4420:=
4417:E
4360:1
4344:.
4332:0
4329:=
4324:1
4299:1
4296:=
4291:1
4278:2
4247:1
4234:2
4226:=
4214:b
4177:1
4164:2
4156:=
4144:b
4117:)
4114:k
4111:+
4108:1
4105:(
4100:1
4087:2
4077:2
4074:1
4069:=
4057:b
4030:1
4027:=
4024:c
4002:2
3994:=
3989:1
3961:)
3958:c
3955:k
3952:+
3949:1
3946:(
3941:1
3928:2
3918:2
3915:1
3910:=
3907:)
3904:c
3901:k
3898:+
3895:1
3892:(
3888:)
3882:2
3869:1
3851:(
3847:2
3844:=
3832:b
3800:b
3773:1
3757:2
3754:1
3749:=
3742:1
3738:V
3734:U
3707:1
3691:2
3688:1
3683:=
3676:1
3672:V
3668:U
3663:=
3658:t
3655:p
3652:o
3625:1
3609:2
3606:1
3601:=
3594:1
3590:V
3586:U
3562:1
3546:2
3543:1
3538:=
3515:0
3512:=
3508:)
3504:)
3501:c
3498:k
3495:+
3492:1
3489:(
3483:2
3470:1
3455:2
3451:(
3441:d
3437:d
3415:0
3412:=
3403:d
3396:b
3388:d
3363:b
3332:1
3328:V
3324:U
3319:=
3294:)
3291:c
3288:k
3285:+
3282:1
3279:(
3275:)
3267:1
3263:V
3259:U
3249:1
3234:(
3226:1
3222:V
3217:U
3214:2
3208:=
3201:2
3194:1
3190:V
3181:w
3177:V
3170:U
3167:2
3161:=
3156:b
3131:1
3128:=
3125:k
3105:1
3099:k
3073:1
3070:r
3066:V
3060:2
3057:r
3053:V
3047:=
3044:k
3019:1
3001:2
2984:=
2981:c
2956:)
2947:1
2931:1
2928:r
2924:V
2916:2
2900:2
2897:r
2893:V
2886:+
2883:1
2879:(
2873:1
2857:1
2854:r
2850:V
2846:=
2834:2
2818:2
2815:r
2811:V
2807:+
2802:1
2786:1
2783:r
2779:V
2775:=
2763:2
2760:w
2756:V
2752:+
2747:1
2744:w
2740:V
2736:=
2725:)
2719:2
2716:w
2712:V
2704:(
2695:1
2692:w
2688:V
2684:=
2675:w
2671:V
2641:2
2637:h
2614:1
2610:h
2585:)
2579:2
2575:h
2566:1
2562:h
2557:(
2553:2
2547:2
2540:2
2536:V
2528:=
2523:N
2493:N
2483:b
2475:=
2439:2
2432:2
2428:V
2420:2
2417:1
2408:h
2382:2
2378:V
2355:1
2351:V
2328:2
2321:2
2317:V
2309:2
2306:1
2301:+
2296:2
2292:h
2288:=
2283:2
2276:1
2272:V
2264:2
2261:1
2256:+
2251:1
2247:h
2217:1
2213:h
2204:2
2200:h
2196:=
2193:h
2167:h
2157:w
2153:V
2146:U
2140:=
2134:e
2131:g
2128:a
2125:t
2122:s
2116:r
2113:e
2110:p
2104:d
2101:e
2098:i
2095:l
2092:p
2089:p
2086:u
2083:s
2077:y
2074:g
2071:r
2068:e
2065:n
2062:E
2057:e
2054:d
2051:a
2048:l
2045:b
2039:n
2036:o
2030:e
2027:n
2024:o
2021:d
2015:k
2012:r
2009:o
2006:W
2000:=
1993:e
1990:g
1987:a
1984:t
1981:s
1924:2
1917:1
1913:V
1904:w
1900:V
1893:U
1887:=
1881:d
1878:e
1875:i
1872:l
1869:p
1866:p
1863:u
1860:S
1854:y
1851:g
1848:r
1845:e
1842:n
1839:E
1833:c
1830:i
1827:t
1824:e
1821:n
1818:i
1815:K
1810:e
1807:n
1804:o
1801:D
1795:k
1792:r
1789:o
1786:W
1780:=
1775:b
1744:b
1710:)
1705:w
1701:V
1694:(
1691:U
1682:m
1676:=
1673:W
1653:r
1647:=
1644:U
1618:T
1615:=
1612:W
1591:)
1585:2
1582:w
1578:V
1569:1
1566:w
1562:V
1557:(
1547:m
1541:=
1536:u
1532:F
1511:r
1508:=
1503:1
1499:r
1495:=
1490:2
1486:r
1461:)
1455:1
1452:w
1448:V
1442:1
1438:r
1429:2
1426:w
1422:V
1416:2
1412:r
1407:(
1397:m
1391:=
1388:T
1319:U
1295:2
1292:r
1288:V
1265:1
1262:r
1258:V
1233:2
1230:w
1226:V
1203:1
1200:w
1196:V
1171:2
1168:f
1164:V
1141:1
1138:f
1134:V
1109:2
1105:V
1082:1
1078:V
1037:2
1034:w
1030:V
1007:2
1003:r
980:1
977:w
973:V
950:1
946:r
105:)
20:)
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